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• How to determine the best byte size for the dd command

  - by James

  I know that doing a dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/hdb does a deep hard drive copy. I've heard that people have been able to speed up the process by increasing the number of bytes that are read and written at a time (512) with the "bs" option. People have suggested that the optimal byte size is due to sector size. I personally think it would have something to do with the amount of cache that the hard drive has. My question is: What determines the ideal byte size for copying from a hard drive? and Why does that determine the ideal byte size?

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• infiniband network between 3 servers

  - by grumpf

  Let's say I have 3 different servers, each one with an infiniband card. Each card has 2 different ports. (I don't know about the model yet) Is it possible to create 3 different networks and to allow the 3 servers to communicate with each other without any problems? (and any spof). I guess I just have to setup the /etc/hosts correctly. I really don't know about infiniband, so please help me :) Thanks in advance. EDIT: Point is to NOT USE a switch!

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• Dovecot/Postfix-mysql e-mail Aliases are not correctly forwarded

  - by jo_fryli

  I recently set up Dovecot/postfix-mysql on my Debian Squeeze Server and I have a bit of a problem. When ever I send a email to an alias ([email protected] forwarded to [email protected] for example) Postfix (or Dovecot, I'm not quite sure) puts this email into a Mailbox rather than forwarding it to the real Mail-Adress. I have tested all the MySQL queries and they all behave the way I intend them to do. foobar dovecot: deliver([email protected]): msgid=<000001385b464c9a-e40af11e-3bf4-49f6-903d-1d2369f6bfb6-000000@barfoo: saved mail to INBOX master.cf main.cf Keep in mind that normal E-Mail sending and receiving works just fine! I have set up my MySQL Tables with Postfixadmin. Thanks for your help!

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• Postfix character encoding?

  - by Camran

  I use Postfix as a mailserver. I have Ubuntu OS. Then I use PHP to send emails. Problem is that none of my emails are encoded properly by a mailsoftware which my VPS provider uses. According to them, the problem lies with me. It is only the name field which isn't encoded properly. For example "Björn" becomes "Björn" in my emails. However, when I echo the $name, it outputs "Björn" which is correct. Also, gmail and hotmail does show it correctly. The strange part is that the "text" (the message itself) is encoded properly. I use the following for sending mail: $headers="MIME-Version: 1.0"."\n"; $headers.="Content-type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8"."\n"; $headers.="From: $name <$email>"."\n"; $name= iconv(mb_detect_encoding($name), "UTF-8//IGNORE//TRANSLIT", $name); //// I HAVE TRIED WITH AND WITHOUT THE LINE ABOVE, NO DIFFERENCE mail($to, '=?UTF-8?B?'.base64_encode($subject).'?=', $text, $headers, '[email protected]'); I have tried with and without the iconv line also, no luck. The last thing I can think of is POSTFIX, could there be a setting for character encoding there? Anybody knows?

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• understanding mount -o bind

  - by Ionut

  Few questions after the following commands: mount -o bind /new_disk/home/user/ /home/user/ mount -o bind --no-mtab /new_disk/home/user/ /home/user/ What is the difference between the two commands other than " Mount without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only filesystem." What is the difference between mount -o bind and mount --bind ...if there are Let's suppose i don't know there is a partition mounted using -o bind --no-mtab...where can I find if there is any mound point with bind ? The only way i can detect this is grep user /proc/mounts but in that line there is no info abut bind. Thank you.

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• Webcam microphone input in Gnome/pulseaudio

  - by sdaau

  Just got a "Trust" webcam, which gets recognized on my Ubuntu Lucid. It has a built in microphone - which also gets recognized - however, I cannot really get it to act as the system microphone input? Here are some screenshots of what is shown by gnome-volume-control: The default window shows Trust webcam - which has two profiles: "Analog Mono Input" and "Off" - of course, I have it on "Analog Mono Input": However, on the "Input" tab - there is no matching "device for sound input" - neither a matching connector: Then I installed pavucontrol - but that doesn't show that much more; it tells first that gnome-volume-control reads from "Internal Audio Analog Stereo": Then in "Input devices" tab, there is again nothing resembling the mic input from webcam: Finally, under "Configuration" tab, the "Trust" webcam shows, but even if its profile is on "Analog Mono Input", nothing much happens:   So, does anyone know how I could get this webcam microphone to be recognized as the system input? Many thanks in advance for any answers, Cheers!

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• Changing MAC address on the Fly on old kernel 2.6.x

  - by shaiss

  I'm doing some research on old kernels and running the following on 2.6.7 or 2.6.8 gives a resource busy error. But on 2.6.28 the command works as expected. How would I determine which kernel allowed this command to change the mac address on the fly? ip link set dev addr You can see some screenshots below. Thank you!

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• How can I download a package and all of its dependencies with apt-get

  - by Velislav Marinov

  I'm using Ubuntu 12.04 and I would like to use apt-get to download a package and all of it's depenedcies. Those packages will have to be installed on computers with no internet connection, so in addition to the base package I also need to all of the package's dependcies as well. Is there an easy way to do this (like in muon package manager)? I now that I can use the apt-get download command for this, but I don't want to manually specify each package that muon recommends to install or upgrade.

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• How to change default sendmail SMTP error codes, responses, and/or DSN text?

  - by Mikey B

  CentOS 5.x - SendMail Hi Guys, I'm curious -- is there any way to customize the STMP error codes, response text, and/or DSN body text in sendmail? If so, where is this stored? Thanks, Mike

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• Multiheaded X.org with a single workspace-pool

  - by blauwblaatje

  I've got an idea for x.org/$randomwindowmanager in combination with a multiheaded setup, but I haven't figured out how it should work. Also I don't really know where to place the feature request. Now for the idea. I've been working with screen (wikipedia:GNU_Screen) for some years now. One thing I like about it, is the fact that I can get a multi-display mode (screen -x), so you can have multiple terminals all connected to the same screen. The fun thing about it, is that you can get 2 terminals with the same content and switch my onscreen layout, without moving the terminals. I admit, in screen it's not extremely useful, but I think for a wm it can be. Imagine this. You've got two monitors and 4 workdesks. On one workdesk I've got my IDE with code, on the second one I've got the output, on the third one I've got the documentation and on the forth one I've got my e-mail and IM clients. At one moment, I want my IDE and output on my monitors, another moment my code and documentation and Yet another moment my IM to consult a colleague and documentation or code. Finally my colleague comes to help me at my desk. I'd like it if we could both watch the same workdesk without him sitting on my lap, so I turn one monitor so he can see it better. It would be great if we could see the same thing that's on my monitor (exclude mousepointer). The thing with most WMs is that your workspaces on the two monitors are either separated or glued together. If they're separated, you can change workspaces on each monitor autonomous, but you can't exchange applications between monitors because they're different x-clients (iirc). If they're glued together (xinerama), you can exchange the applications, but when changing your workspace, the other monitors change too. So, what I'd like to know is this. Is this already possible or should I submit a feature request somewhere (and if so, where?)

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• Very High Network out in ec2 instance

  - by Jatin

  I launched an ubuntu-14.04-64bit instance in Amazon EC2 two days back. And I started Tomcat 7.0.54 in that instance and deployed my application war files. It has no other software installed other than tomcat and the default ones. In the past 2 days, its shows 858 GB of Data Transfer(Network Out) from that instance. I have attached a graph of Amazon CloudWatch Metric "Network Out" My application does not do any data download/upload. Its a Java Spring application and the front end is in HTML&Javascript. My application traffic was very low (less than 20 hits) in those 2 days. Is there a way to find out why these data transfers happened and also to find what data has been transferred. If you can see in graph, network out was 20gb per minute. Some more info: Network in was negligible CPU Utilization was very high Everything else was low

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• [Ubuntu] Can't change permission for bash.bashrc file

  - by user20285

  I tried following the example from here (http://catcode.com/teachmod/chmod_cmd2.html): Open up publicity.html for reading and writing by anyone. Before: -rw-r--r-- publicity.html Command: chmod og=rw publicity.html After: -rw-rw-rw- publicity.html Here's my terminal session: username@ubuntu:/etc$ -rw-r--r-- bash.bashrc -rw-r--r--: command not found username@ubuntu:/etc$ chmod og=rw bash.bashrc chmod: changing permissions of `bash.bashrc': Operation not permitted username@ubuntu:/etc$ -rw-rw-rw- bash.bashrc -rw-rw-rw-: command not found

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• How to kill user processes from the same user?

  - by Grey

  I opened a VNC server and my VNC session is suddenly dead. I have lot of xterms open. When I ssh to the machine. and type users I see a bunch of users – my user accounts, like: userA UserA UserA UserA UserA UserA UserA I know I can use pkill -u usersname Since I can only log in as userA, every time I run pkill-u UserA, it will just kill my current session. but other userAs are still there What can I do?

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• How to make a vm scale when demand for resource increases

  - by Cray XT3

  i am having a server with 16 virtual core and 24G RAM,using Xen virtualization and ubuntu as dom0 Created 4 VMs (in para mode),each with different applications. CPU Load vary on each vm,somtimes first vm reaches nearly 100% CPU and others under 25% or even less. So is there a way in which vm can get cpu from other vms when they are not actually using it or utilization is under 25%.Same in the case of RAM also. I am not sure whether i am mentioning Cloud here. Initially i would like to give every vm a single VCPU,but can scale up to 8 or more by taking cpu from other vms if they are not using it. Is there any kind of tool that makes vm to scale its resources when demand increases. Is cloudstack and openstack designed for these kind of purpose or is that just a GUI to manage VMs.

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• System time wrong after running ntpdate because DST ignored

  - by Ian Dunn

  When I run ntpdate, my system clock displays the time as an hour behind what it should be. I know that ntpdate does everything in UTC, so I'm guessing there's a timezone setting wrong and it's ignoring Daylight Savings Time, but I can't figure it out. Here's what I've done so far: ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/EST /etc/localtime to set the timezone Set UTC=true in /etc/sysconfig/clock so that DST will be automatically applied date -s hh:mm::ss to set system clock correctly hwclock -systohc --utc to set the hardware clock correctly At this point date and hwclock both display the correct time. But if I then run ntpdate 0.us.pool.ntp.org, the date output is an hour behind what it should be. I've looked at a dozen tutorials and can't figure out what I'm doing wrong. Does anyone have any ideas?

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• Raid1 with active and spare partition

  - by Daniel Baron

  I am having the following problem with a RAID1 software raid partition on my Ubuntu system (10.04 LTS, 2.6.32-24-server in case it matters). One of my disks (sdb5) reported I/O errors and was therefore marked faulty in the array. The array was then degraded with one active device. Hence, I replaced the harddisk, cloned the partition table and added all new partitions to my raid arrays. After syncing all partitions ended up fine, having 2 active devices - except one of them. The partition which reported the faulty disk before, however, did not include the new partition as an active device but as a spare disk: md3 : active raid1 sdb5[2] sda5[1] 4881344 blocks [2/1] [_U] A detailed look reveals: root@server:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md3 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 2 8 21 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb5 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 So here is the question: How do I tell my raid to turn the spare disk into an active one? And why has it been added as a spare device? Recreating or reassembling the array is not an option, because it is my root partition. And I can not find any hints to that subject in the Software Raid HOWTO. Any help would be appreciated. Current Solution I found a solution to my problem, but I am not sure that this is the actual way to do it. Having a closer look at my raid I found that sdb5 was always listed as a spare device: mdadm --examine /dev/sdb5 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 0 0 0 0 0 removed 1 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 2 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 so readding the device sdb5 to the array md3 always ended up in adding the device as a spare. Finally I just recreated the array mdadm --create /dev/md3 --level=1 -n2 -x0 /dev/sda5 /dev/sdb5 which worked. But the question remains open for me: Is there a better way to manipulate the summaries in the superblock and to tell the array to turn sdb5 from a spare disk to an active disk? I am still curious for an answer.

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• iptables question

  - by RubyFreak

  i have a small network, with one valid IP and a firewall with 3 network interfaces (LAN, WAN, DMZ). I want to enable PAT on this valid IP to redirect http traffic to a server in my DMZ. (done) I want to enable MASQ on this ip from traffic that comes from my LAN (done) I want from my LAN as well to access my http server at DMZ. (partially) Question: in the above scenario, i cannot from my LAN, to access my http server in the DMZ, since it has the IP used by the MASQ (the only valid ip that i have). What would be the best option to solve this problem? network interfaces: eth0 (WAN) eth1 (DMZ) eth2 (LAN) /sbin/iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE /sbin/iptables -A FORWARD --o eth1 -d 2.2.2.2 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT /sbin/iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -d 1.1.1.1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 2.2.2.2 /sbin/iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT /sbin/iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT /sbin/iptables -A FORWARD -i eth2 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT

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• fstab line for auto mount drive that all users can read/write

  - by evilblender

  I have installed a cable that connects from the CPU's SATA motherboard connection to a removable drives' ESATA connection. I would like to be able to swap drives on the ESATA connection and have all users be able to read and write to these drives. I have created the directory /archive/ where I would like the drive(s) to mount. The drives are all formatted Fat 32 - but in the future I may use HFS for formatting. When I used the command (as root): mount /dev/sdc1 /archive the drive was mounted (but read only) What can I use in my /etc/fstab file that will allow drives to be mounted and unmounted by all users on the system? (both reading and writing) Also, will I be able to mount and unmount these drives without shutting down? or will I need to reboot every time I want to change drives? Thank you. Jeff

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• unable to decompress a *.tar.xz file

  - by neubert

  Per http://askubuntu.com/a/107976 I tried tar xf php-5.6.0RC4.tar.xz and tar -xJf php-5.6.0RC4.tar.xz and in both cases I get the following: tar (child): xz: Cannot exec: No such file or directory tar (child): Error is not recoverable: exiting now tar: Child returned status 2 tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now Here's php-5.6.0RC4.tar.xz: http://downloads.php.net/tyrael/php-5.6.0RC4.tar.xz I'm running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.

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• Debian Bluetooth headphones not working

  - by cYrus

  Hardware Headphones Bluetooth dongle Maybe not exactly these models. Setup I tried to follow some guides, here's what I've done so far: Install software: sudo apt-get install bluez-utils bluez-alsa Reboot (just to be sure): $ dmesg | grep -i bluetooth [ 20.268212] Bluetooth: Core ver 2.16 [ 20.268230] Bluetooth: HCI device and connection manager initialized [ 20.268233] Bluetooth: HCI socket layer initialized [ 20.268235] Bluetooth: L2CAP socket layer initialized [ 20.268239] Bluetooth: SCO socket layer initialized [ 20.284685] Bluetooth: RFCOMM TTY layer initialized [ 20.284692] Bluetooth: RFCOMM socket layer initialized [ 20.284693] Bluetooth: RFCOMM ver 1.11 [ 20.335375] Bluetooth: BNEP (Ethernet Emulation) ver 1.3 [ 20.335378] Bluetooth: BNEP filters: protocol multicast The deamon is running: $ /etc/init.d/bluetooth status [ ok ] bluetooth is running. Plug the dongle: $ dmesg | tail [...] [23108.352034] usb 5-2: new full-speed USB device number 2 using ohci_hcd [23108.571131] usb 5-2: New USB device found, idVendor=0a12, idProduct=0001 [23108.571136] usb 5-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=0, SerialNumber=0 [23108.629042] usbcore: registered new interface driver btusb Put the headphones in pairing mode, and try scanning: $ hcitool scan Scanning ... Found nothing. What's next? What should I try? I'll update this answer as soon as you provide me hints.

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• Mass editing videos on Ubuntu?

  - by rick

  Hi, I'm trying to add a watermark and a credits image to all of my old videos. I downloaded them off YouTube so they are all flv (H.264?). Is there some software that will allow me do simple edits in batches? I know a little bit of Python and tried looking at some of the library but they all seem like overkill (and way above my head). So is there a solution besides getting some software and going through all my videos and doing it manually? They are all mostly the same length, but it would be nice to specify a relative position for my credits. e.g. show a static image for 10 seconds when the video is at 95%

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• Serial converter - cat /dev/ttyUSB0 hangs on open

  - by Alex

  I am using Ubuntu 11.04 and attached a Garmin data cable. The device gets recognized [17718.502138] USB Serial support registered for pl2303 [17718.502181] pl2303 2-1:1.0: pl2303 converter detected [17718.513416] usb 2-1: pl2303 converter now attached to ttyUSB0 [17718.513443] usbcore: registered new interface driver pl2303 [17718.513446] pl2303: Prolific PL2303 USB to serial adaptor driver ... but when I do a strace cat /dev/ttyUSB0 it hangs on the open part and does not continue any more open("/dev/ttyUSB0", O_RDONLY|O_LARGEFILEC If I do the same on Ubuntu 12.04 it stops on fread(" ... ") which is okay, as there is currently no data comming in at this port. I am not sure if it is just a different configuration of the system or an driver related problem. How can I track this down further? Unfortunately I can not update the old Ubuntu 11.04 system for different reasons at the moment.

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• recovering a broken GNOME-desktop in debian wheezy

  - by morgon

  an hour ago I had a working gnome-desktop on my debian system (thinkpad x121e). Then I installed compiz that crashed. After a reboot the gnome-desktop no longer started. Then I did some upgrades with aptitude, all gnome-packages seem to be there, but it is still not working. On startup I get a login-dialog, when I login there is no desktop, only some window-manager running that allows me to start a terminal. When I run "gnome-session" I get the error message "failed to load session "gnome". So how do I get back to a working desktop? I have tried "tasksel install gnome-desktop --new-install" but that just displays a progress window that after half an hour still shows 0%. Can someone help me please? I have tried "

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• Fedora Core 11 won't boot without a monitor

  - by feihtthief

  I have a P4 system that I installed Fedora 11 on. It will not boot without a monitor attached. The monitor can be off (not even have power plugged in), but must be attached. Without a monitor the hard disk thrashes around a bit like it's starting up services, but does not get to the point where I can ssh into the box. I have set the default runlevel to 3 and removed the rhgb entry from grub. Any suggestions welcome. Edit: I have already set the run-level to 3. The machine boots up fine with the monitor plugged in to the point where I can SSH into it. as soon as i unplug the monitor and reboot, it will not boot to that point.

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• One NIC going to sleep on Centos system

  - by sbleon

  I have two Dell boxes with two ethernet ports a piece. I have a cable directly connecting two of these ports, creating a tiny LAN with 10.3.3.x addresses. The other port on each box is hooked up to a switch and has a DHCP-supplied address to talk to the outside world. I've noticed that when scp'ing large files from one box to the other over the private LAN, the transfers sometimes stall. It appears that any other network activity on either box will cause the transfer to resume. Wake-on-LAN is disabled on all interfaces according to ethtool. What else could be causing these stalled transfers?

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