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• How can I set deadline as the I/O scheduler for USB Flash devices by using udev rules?

  - by ????

  I have set CFQ as the default I/O scheduler. I often get bad performance when I write data into a Flash device. This is resolved if I use deadline as the I/O scheduler for USB Flash devices. I can't always change the scheduler manually, right? I think writing udev rules is a good idea. Can someone please write rules for me? I want: When I plug in a USB device, detect the type of the device. If it is a portable USB hard disk, do nothing (I think if a device has more than one partitions, it always a portable hard disk. If it is a USB Flash device, set deadline as it's scheduler.

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• Command to determine whether ZooKeeper Server is Leader or Follower

  - by utrecht

  Introduction A ZooKeeper Quorum consisting of three ZooKeeper servers has been created. The zoo.cfg located on all three ZooKeeper servers looks as follows: maxClientCnxns=50 # The number of milliseconds of each tick tickTime=2000 # The number of ticks that the initial # synchronization phase can take initLimit=10 # The number of ticks that can pass between # sending a request and getting an acknowledgement syncLimit=5 # the directory where the snapshot is stored. dataDir=/var/lib/zookeeper # the port at which the clients will connect clientPort=2181 server.1=ip1:2888:3888 server.2=ip2:2888:3888 server.3=ip3:2888:3888 It is clear that one of the three ZooKeeper servers will become the Leader and the others Followers. If the Leader ZooKeeper server has been shutdown the Leader election will start again. The aim is to check if another ZooKeeper server will become the Leader if the Leader server has been shut down. Question Which command needs to be issued to check whether a ZooKeeper server is a Leader or a Follower?

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• Why not block ICMP?

  - by Agvorth

  I think I almost have my iptables setup complete on my CentOS 5.3 system. Here is my script... # Establish a clean slate iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -F # Flush all rules iptables -X # Delete all chains # Disable routing. Drop packets if they reach the end of the chain. iptables -P FORWARD DROP # Drop all packets with a bad state iptables -A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP # Accept any packets that have something to do with ones we've sent on outbound iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # Accept any packets coming or going on localhost (this can be very important) iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # Accept ICMP iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT # Allow ssh iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow httpd iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSL iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Block all other traffic iptables -A INPUT -j DROP For context, this machine is a Virtual Private Server Web app host. In a previous question, Lee B said that I should "lock down ICMP a bit more." Why not just block it altogether? What would happen if I did that (what bad thing would happen)? If I need to not block ICMP, how could I go about locking it down more?

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• Can only bring up one of two interfaces

  - by mstaessen

  I'm having a bizarre issue with my HP Proliant DL 360 G4p server. It has two gigabit ethernet interfaces but I can bring up only one of them. This is starting to freak me out and that's why I turned here. I'm running the x64 ubuntu 11.10 server edition. lshw -c network shows that the second interface is disabled. I have no idea why ans how to enable it. $ sudo lshw -c network *-network:0 description: Ethernet interface product: NetXtreme BCM5704 Gigabit Ethernet vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:02:02.0 logical name: eth0 version: 10 serial: 00:18:71:e3:6d:26 size: 100Mbit/s capacity: 1Gbit/s width: 64 bits clock: 66MHz capabilities: pcix pm vpd msi bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=tg3 driverversion=3.119 duplex=full firmware=5704-v3.27b, ASFIPMIc v2.36 ip=10.48.8.x latency=64 link=yes mingnt=64 multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=100Mbit/s resources: irq:25 memory:fdf70000-fdf7ffff *-network:1 DISABLED description: Ethernet interface product: NetXtreme BCM5704 Gigabit Ethernet vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 2.1 bus info: pci@0000:02:02.1 logical name: eth1 version: 10 serial: 00:18:71:e3:6d:25 capacity: 1Gbit/s width: 64 bits clock: 66MHz capabilities: pcix pm vpd msi bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=tg3 driverversion=3.119 firmware=5704-v3.27b latency=64 link=no mingnt=64 multicast=yes port=twisted pair resources: irq:26 memory:fdf60000-fdf6ffff If I try to ifup eth1, then I get $ sudo ifup eth1 Ignoring unknown interface eth1=eth1. I figured that's what happens when there is no eth1 listed in /etc/network/interfaces. But when I add the configuration for eth1, I still can't ifup. $ sudo ifup eth1 RTNETLINK answers: File exists Failed to bring up eth1. I've also tried ifconfig eth1 up but without any result. For clarity, I have added a masked version of /etc/network/interfaces. I don't think it is the cause of the problem though. $ cat /etc/network/interfaces # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5). # The loopback network interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback # The primary network interface auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 10.48.8.x netmask 255.255.255.y network 10.48.8.z broadcast 10.48.8.t gateway 10.48.8.u auto eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 193.190.253.x netmask 255.255.255.y network 193.190.253.z broadcast 193.190.253.t gateway 193.190.253.u I really need some help fixing this. It's driving me crazy. Thanks.

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• Ubuntu Connect Button Disabled, cannot connect

  - by CSharperWithJava

  I'm trying to connect to my school network from Ubuntu 12. The network is WPA encrypted and I can connect just fine if the network manager establishes a connection automatically. However, when I get disconnected and try to reconnect a username and password prompt pops up. The credentials are already stored and are autofilled in correctly, but the Connect button is disabled so I can't actually connect to the network. What can I do? The only guess I've found so far is the password is too short and Ubuntu is expecting a full WPA key. I don't administer the school network though so I certainly can't change that.

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• How can I make grub2 boot into Windows 7?

  - by Grzenio

  I had Windows 7 installed on my system, then I installed Debian testing with grub2 as its boot manager. Initially I couldn't see windows entry in grub at all, so I ran: aptitude install os-prober kcpuload update-grub Now I can see the entry, but when I select it I get only Win7 system restore, instead of the the real thing. Any ides how to make it work? EDIT: I tried the suggested approach to add a new file to /etc/grub.d, which generated an entry in grub.cfg, but it does not appear in the grub menu on boot :( I have this: grzes:/home/ga# cat /etc/grub.d/11_Windows #! /bin/sh -e echo Adding Windows >&2 cat << EOF menuentry “Windows 7? { set root=(hd0,2) chainloader +1 } And I have the following grub.cfg file: grzes:/home/ga# cat /boot/grub/grub.cfg # # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE # # It is automatically generated by /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig using templates # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub # ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ### if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then load_env fi set default="0" if [ ${prev_saved_entry} ]; then set saved_entry=${prev_saved_entry} save_env saved_entry set prev_saved_entry= save_env prev_saved_entry set boot_once=true fi function savedefault { if [ -z ${boot_once} ]; then saved_entry=${chosen} save_env saved_entry fi } insmod ext2 set root=(hd0,3) search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 6ce3ff31-0ef7-41df-a6f5-b6b886db3a94 if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then set gfxmode=640x480 insmod gfxterm insmod vbe if terminal_output gfxterm ; then true ; else # For backward compatibility with versions of terminal.mod that don't # understand terminal_output terminal gfxterm fi fi set locale_dir=/boot/grub/locale set lang=en insmod gettext set timeout=5 ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

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• Downgrading PHP from 5.3 version to 5.2.x on Ubuntu

  - by sdlugosz

  I'm looking some some way to downgrade php from 5.3 version to 5.2.x on Ubuntu 9.10

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• PHP 5 will not work in Centos 6 for me

  - by LaserBeak

  Just created a new install of Centos 6.0 64-bit on a virtual machine and running on Vmware workstation 8, windows host. yum install php service httpd restart And when trying to run a html file from the var\www\html dir which just has <?php phpinfo(); ?> in it or pointing browser to localhost. Nothing comes up. Also opened up httpd.conf and added: AddType application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps Tried reinstalling, installing php-common, then php etc. to no avail. Otherwise going for the typical LAMP. installed: php.x86_64 5.3.2-6.el6_0.1 @updates php-cli.x86_64 5.3.2-6.el6_0.1 @updates php-common.x86_64 5.3.2-6.el6_0.1 @updates Yet to update to Centos 6.1 PHP5 is probably comes installed by default with Centos and I maybe stuffed it up by running yum install php?

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• join videos split screen

  - by Richard

  I am looking for a command line tool to join 2 video files, however I want the videos joined split screen frame by frame instead of one after another. Any ideas? Seems this is not possible with ffmpeg.

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• Bash: Quotes getting stripped when a command is passed as argument to a function

  - by Shoaibi

  I am trying to implement a dry run kind of mechanism for my script and facing the issue of quotes getting stripped off when a command is passed as an argument to a function and resulting in unexpected behavior. dry_run () { echo "$@" #printf '%q ' "$@" if [ "$DRY_RUN" ]; then return 0 fi "$@" } email_admin() { echo " Emailing admin" dry_run su - $target_username -c "cd $GIT_WORK_TREE && git log -1 -p|mail -s '$mail_subject' $admin_email" echo " Emailed" } Output is: su - webuser1 -c cd /home/webuser1/public_html && git log -1 -p|mail -s 'Git deployment on webuser1' [email protected] Expected: su - webuser1 -c "cd /home/webuser1/public_html && git log -1 -p|mail -s 'Git deployment on webuser1' [email protected]" With printf enabled instead of echo: su - webuser1 -c cd\ /home/webuser1/public_html\ \&\&\ git\ log\ -1\ -p\|mail\ -s\ \'Git\ deployment\ on\ webuser1\'\ [email protected] Result: su: invalid option -- 1 That shouldn't be the case if quotes remained where they were inserted. I have also tried using "eval", not much difference. If i remove the dry_run call in email_admin and then run script, it work great.

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• Apache crashing at random intervals. Can not find a reason in log files

  - by Nick Downton

  We are having an issue with a VPS running plesk 9.5 on ubuntu 8.04 At seemingly random intervals Apache will disappear and needs to be started manually. I have checked the apache error log, /var/log/messages, individual virtual host apache error files and cannot find anything that coincides with the time of the failure. dmesg is empty which is a bit odd. We have also had the psa service go down for no apparent reason but apache stay up. I'm at a loss to diagnose this really because all the log files I can find do not point to any issues. Are there any others I can look at? Memory usage sits at about 55% (out of 400mb) and it isn't a particularly high trafficed server. Any pointers as to where else I can find out what is going on would be very much appreciated. Nick

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• unable to start apache after changes to rc.conf and resov.conf

  - by shupru

  I had a working configuration this morning with the following simple /etc/rc.conf ifconfig_rl0="DHCP" ifconfig_xl="inet 192.168.1.11 netmask 255.255.255." defaultrouter="192.168.1.1" I added the following lines: firewall_enable="YES" firewall_type="SIMPLE" firewall_logging="YES" sshd_enable="YES" apache_enable="YES" mysql_enable="YES" my httpd.conf includes: NameVirtualHost 192.168.1.11 <VirtualHost 192.168.1.11> ... </VirtualHost> now apache and ssh server are down. changed rc.conf back to last working configuration and still no ssh or apache apachectl start #--> /usr/local/sbin/apachectl start: httpd could not be started apachectl status #--> Looking up localhost Making http connection to localhost Alert!: Unable to connect to remote host.

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• Explanation of nodev and nosuid in fstab

  - by Ivan Kovacevic

  I see those two options constantly suggested on the web when someone describes how to mount a tmpfs or ramfs. Often also with noexec but I'm specifically interested in nodev and nosuid. I basically hate just blindly repeating what somebody suggested, without real understanding. And since I only see copy/paste instructions on the net regarding this, I ask here. This is from documentation: nodev - Don't interpret block special devices on the filesystem. nosuid - Block the operation of suid, and sgid bits. But I would like a practical explanation what could happen if I leave those two out. Let's say that I have configured tmpfs or ramfs(without these two mentioned options set) that is accessible(read+write) by a specific (non-root)user on the system. What can that user do to harm the system? Excluding the case of consuming all available system memory in case of ramfs

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• Random Server shutdown? - CentOS

  - by Kevin Hammett

  My system was working fine, and then it just had a random restart. Anyone have any idea of the problem? The message log: Jul 6 22:56:34 909I7 shutdown[719711]: shutting down for system halt Jul 6 22:56:34 909I7 init: Switching to runlevel: 0 Jul 6 22:56:35 909I7 smartd[10743]: smartd received signal 15: Terminated Jul 6 22:56:35 909I7 smartd[10743]: smartd is exiting (exit status 0) Jul 6 22:56:42 909I7 hcid[8749]: Got disconnected from the system message bus Jul 6 22:56:42 909I7 auditd[8430]: The audit daemon is exiting. Jul 6 22:56:42 909I7 kernel: audit(1341640602.922:344412): audit_pid=0 old=8430 by auid$ Jul 6 22:56:43 909I7 pcscd: pcscdaemon.c:572:signal_trap() Preparing for suicide Jul 6 22:56:43 909I7 pcscd: hotplug_libusb.c:376:HPRescanUsbBus() Hotplug stopped Jul 6 22:56:44 909I7 pcscd: readerfactory.c:1379:RFCleanupReaders() entering cleaning f$ Jul 6 22:56:44 909I7 pcscd: pcscdaemon.c:532:at_exit() cleaning /var/run Jul 6 22:56:44 909I7 kernel: Kernel logging (proc) stopped. Jul 6 22:56:44 909I7 kernel: Kernel log daemon terminating. Jul 6 22:56:45 909I7 exiting on signal 15

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• Is Fedora a bad choice for a server?

  - by Jakobud

  I'm taking over IT responsibilities at a small company. Most of the servers appear to be running various releases of Fedora (file servers, backup servers, oracle servers, etc). I don't have much experience with Fedora, but I was under the impression its geared for end user desktops/workstations/laptops. Is Fedora a bad choice for servers?

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• Kickstart Partitioning Configuration

  - by Flo

  I'be been trying to run a kickstart script with the following partition configuration: #Clear the masterboot record zerombr bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append=" rhgb crashkernel=auto quiet" # Set up the partitions/logical volumes/logical groups clearpart --all part /boot --fstype=ext4 --asprimary --size=512 --ondisk=sda part swap --size=2048 --fstype=swap --ondisk=sda part pv.01 --fstype=ext4 --grow --size=200 --ondisk=sda part pv.02 --fstype=ext4 --grow --size=200 --ondisk=sdb volgroup VolGroup pv.01 pv.02 --pesize=32768 logvol /opt --fstype=ext4 --name=opt.fs --vgname=VolGroup --size=40000 logvol / --fstype=ext4 --name=root.fs --vgname=VolGroup --size=78000 I have two hard drives and it looks to me like its a really simple configuration. When I run the kickstart I keep getting all these errors that have to do with python files for configuring partitions. The only actual maybe useful piece of information is KeyError /dev/sda/ I tried a number of alterations of this configuration but nothing really worked. Any ideas?

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• sed syntax to remove xml

  - by mjb

  I'm trying to sanitize this output from it's metadata to plug this output into GreekTools, but I am getting stuck on sed. curl --silent www.brainyquote.com | egrep '(span class="body")|(span class="bodybold")' | sed -n '6p; 7p; ' | sed 's/\<*\>//g' [ex] <span class="body">Literature is news that stays news.</span><br> <span class="bodybold">Ezra Pound</span> Could someone help me along on this track?

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• (monit) What does failure "Changed" mean

  - by bresc

  Hi, I installed monit on my server and tried to monitor nginx. check process nginx with pidfile /var/run/nginx.pid start program = "/etc/init.d/nginx start" stop program = "/etc/init.d/nginx stop" group server And I get Process 'nginx' status Changed monitoring status monitored data collected Wed Mar 24 00:37:49 2010 What does "Changed" mean? I couldn't find anything. Thx

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• How can I automatically convert all source code files in a folder (recursively) to a single PDF with syntax highlighting?

  - by Bentley4

  I would like to convert source code of a few projects to one printable file to save on a usb and print out easily later. How can I do that? Edit First off I want to clarify that I only want to print the non-hidden files and directories(so no contents of .git e.g.). To get a list of all non-hidden files in non-hidden directories in the current directory you can run the find . -type f ! -regex ".*/\..*" ! -name ".*" command as seen as the answer in this thread. As suggested in that same thread I tried making a pdf file of the files by using the command find . -type f ! -regex ".*/\..*" ! -name ".*" ! -empty -print0 | xargs -0 a2ps -1 --delegate no -P pdf but unfortunately the resulting pdf file is a complete mess.

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• Model M Keyboard inputs incorrect characters after logging in to Fedora

  - by mickburkejnr

  I recently bought a 24 year old IBM Model M keyboard. From what I gather, it'd been left on a shelf for the last 5 years, so you can imagine the amount of dust dirt and crap that was on it. Before cleaning it, I plugged it in to my laptop (running Fedora 17) using a PS/2 to USB adapter. What I found was, while it still works, the keys I press don't correspond to what is displayed on the screen. So for example, when I type S on the keyboard, I get ß display on the screen instead. At the time, I put this down to the adapter not working properly. Since then, I stripped the keys off the keyboard and cleaned the whole thing. It looks like it's just come out of a box! I then plugged it in to my computer (also running Fedora 17) via a standard PS/2 plug. The computer loaded up to the login screen, and I typed in my password. Pressed enter, and I logged straight in to my machine. At this point, I opened up a text editor and started typing some stuff. To my horror, the keystrokes I was entering weren't coming up as intended. What came up instead were characters that would map to the pressed key but only under a different keyboard language setting. I opened up a program to see what keyboard language had been selected, and the correct one for the keyboard was selected (which is UK in my case). I opened up a window that would show what characters mapped to what keys, and I pressed every single key on the keyboard, and every corresponding block representing each key lit up. I went back to the text editor to try again, but I was still getting these random characters. Whats more is that the backspace key would not work, although in the other utility it would flash when pressed. What I know is that at the login screen the keyboard must have entered the correct characters, otherwise I wouldn't have been able to log in. Further more, keys that don't respond while using a text editor as sending signals to the computer, as illustrated in that keyboard utility. The question is why random characters are displayed when they really shouldn't be? Would this be a hardware fault or a software issue?

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• What's the reason to break HDD to few partitions for MDADM+LVM2?

  - by archer

  I'm using 2 HDDs each 1TB in size. I'm going to create MDADM+LVM2 over them. Initially I though about this partition layout: /dev/sda1 - 1Gb (boot) /dev/sda2 - 500Gb (md0) /dev/sda3 - 499Gb (md1) /dev/sdb1 - 1Gb (boot) /dev/sdb2 - 500Gb (md0) /dev/sdb3 - 499Gb (md1) md0 is going to be raid0 and md1 is going to be raid1 however, I found some info that this would be better to break each drive to more partitions (lets say 10 partitions 100Gb in size each). What's the reason of doing that?

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• check_ssh executed from Nagios server returns "Server answer: ", nothing else

  - by phs

  Commmand works on the host I need to monitor (its IP is denoted as $HOSTADDRESS$ here): [root@host ~]# /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_ssh localhost SSH OK - OpenSSH_4.3 (protocol 2.0) However, on the Nagios server, it does not: root@server:~# /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_ssh -H $HOSTADDRESS$ Server answer: I can see that the port is open: root@server:~# /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_tcp -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -p 22 TCP OK - 0.123 second response time on port 22|time=0.123277s;;;0.000000;10.000000 And I can verify with telnet: root@server:/etc/nagios3/conf.d# telnet $HOSTADDRESS$ 22 Trying $HOSTADDRESS$... Connected to $HOSTADDRESS$. Escape character is '^]'. After searching the web for two hours and trying different suggestions I am out of ideas. I have several other hosts with similar setup, and they don't have this problem. I have compared the configs and they look the same (I think). I am clearly missing something here.

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• Netcat UDP File Transfer Between Two Servers Times Out?

  - by Mark Bowytz

  I'm testing file transfer speeds between two Red Hat servers that are connected to the same switch within the data center and I decided to use netcat to eliminate protocol overhead as much as possible. Testing in TCP mode went well and I was wondering how UDP might fare. On my receiving (client) end, I ran this: nc -u -l 11225 -v > myfile.out And then on the sending (server) end I ran the following: cat myfile.out | nc -u myserver.foo.zzz.com 11225 -v The file I'm testing with is 38 GB but the transfer seems to stop at around 15 GB (one time at 14.9, another at 15.6). I've tested by adding a "-w 5000" just in case it's timing out but no joy. Adding the -v doesn't show anything except acknowledging that the connection occurred. No errors. So - any suggestions as to why would the transfer cease?

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• Prefork or Worker MPM for amazon xlarge server?

  - by Netismine

  I'm trying to measure would it be better to have prefork or worker mpm apache module for the server I'm working on, which is Amazon X-Large 15 GB memory 8 EC2 Compute Units (4 virtual cores with 2 EC2 Compute Units each) and that will run a Magento website with about 50 active users at once. Site serves a lot of images and about 45 requests per page. Images sometimes hang, so it seems worker would be a better option? Thanks

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• Monitor or log directory permission changes?

  - by Myles

  I'm having an issue with a cPanel shared server running CentOS 5 where a few directories under the public_html folder keep getting changed to 777 from 755. The customer says they are not changing it and i'm wondering if there is a way to monitor these specific directories to find out who/what is changing the permissions. I have looked into using auditctl and after testing it and changing the permissions myself I don't see anything in the logs so i'm not sure if i'm doing it right or if it's even possible. Does anybody have any suggestions or ideas on how I could figure out what is changing the permissions? Thanks!!

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