test cases - Page 413 - Developer IT

How do I get to the bottom of network latency and bandwidth issues

- by three_cups_of_java

I recently moved two blocks south. That move moved me from Comcast to Broadstripe (high-speed internet cable providers). Comcast was pretty good. Broadstripe sucks. I called them on the phone, and they basically brushed me off (politely). I want to come to them with some numbers, so I can say more than just "it's really slow". I still have access to my old Comcast service, so I can run the tests using both providers. Here's what I'm seeing with my new Broadstripe service: 1) When I browse to most sites, there is a long delay (5-10 seconds) before the page starts loading in my browser 2) The speed test tell me I have 12 megs down (bullshit) 3) I have a server at my office. I just downloaded some files (using scp on the command line). It said I'm getting 3.5 KB/s I'm an experienced programmer and spend most of my days on the command line and in vim. Networking, however is not a strong point. I've played around with traceroute, but I'm not sure if that's the right tool to use. I have access to servers all over the country (I would just use Amazon EC2 to set up a test server), and I prefer to use Ubuntu for my testing. How can I come up with some hard numbers to show Broadstripe how crappy their service is?

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Long running php script hangs/terminates on IIS 7.5

- by Rich

I'm a bit of nube when it comes to configuring IIS 7.5 and Php so apologies if this is a silly question but I've been wrestling with this for over half the day and need some fresh input. I have a php application running on IIS 7.5 , php 5.4 running as fastcgi. The application works absolutley fine with the exception that long running php scripts seem to hang; no 500 error they simply seem never complete and return the results to the browser. I've written a simple test script below to eliminate the possibility of programming error in the main app : <?php /* test timeout */ /*set_time_limit(110);*/ echo "Testing time out in seconds\n"; for ($i = 0; $i < 175; $i++) { echo $i." -- "; if(sleep(1)!=0) { echo "sleep failed script terminating"; break; } } ?> If I run the script beyond 175 seconds it hangs. Below that it will return the results to the browser. Here are the time out parameters that I've set for php and fastcgi. I've also played around setting these really low in order to get various time out errors and have succeeded which brings me to the conclusion that there's another setting that I'm missing .. perhaps. fastcgi activity timeout=800 Idle Timeout = 900 request Timeout 800 Php max_execution_time=700 Any solutions or pointers in the right direction would be very ... very welcome. Thanks

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Having an issue trying to get Gigabit speed across my network (Ubuntu Server)

- by user94217

I've just started looking into the network speeds at my office, the entire network is setup to be "Gigabit". This includes Gb switches, Gb Network cards and Cat 5e cabling. I'm not expecting the full speed, I just want more than ~90 Mb/s. I've been running some tests with iperf the linux tools and checking the hardware with ethtool. I have 3 servers and when doing my checks/test I discovered that the two backup servers can access each other at around 450 Mb/s but when using either one of them to connect and test the main server, I only get the 90Mb/s even though ethtool shows the networking card running at 1000/Full. The only difference between all the server/networking cards is the "Port" which ethtool shows. On the two backup servers the "Port" is shown as MII yet on the other it's shown as "Twisted Pair". When using ethtool -s to manually set the "Port" to MII on the main server, it looses all connectivity and does not show "Speed" or "Duplex". Anyway, Am i doing something wrong? Is there a specific reason my main server cannot use Gb when there appears to be no difference except the "Port"?

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Suggestions for transitioning to new GW/private network

- by Quinten

I am replacing a private T1 link with a new firewall device with an ipsec tunnel for a branch office. I am trying to figure out the right way to transition folks at the new site over to the new connection, so that they default to using the much faster tunnel. Existing network: 192.168.254.0/24, gw 192.168.254.253 (Cisco router plugged in to private t1) Test network I have been using with ipsec tunnel: 192.168.1.0/24, gw 192.168.1.1 (pfsense fw plugged in to public internet), also plugged in to same switch as the old network. There are probably ~20-30 network devices in the existing subnet, about 5 with static IPs. The remote endpoint is already the firewall--I can't set up redundant links to the existing subnet. In other words, as soon as I change the tunnel configuration to point to 192.168.254.0/24, all devices in the existing subnet will stop working because they point to the wrong gateway. I'd like some ability to do this slowly--such that I can move over a few clients and verify the stability of the new link before moving critical services or less tolerant users over. What's the right way to do this? Change the netmask on all of the devices to /16, and update gateway to point to the new device? Could this cause any problems? Also, how should I handle DNS? The pfsense box is not aware of my Active Directory environment. But if I change DNS to use the local servers, it will result in a huge slowdown as DNS queries will still be routed over the private t1. I need some help coming up with a plan that's not too disruptive but will really let me thoroughly test the stability of the IPSEC tunnel before I make the final switch. The AD version is 2008R2, as are the servers. Workstations are mostly Windows XP SP3. I have not configured the 192.168.1.0/24 as a site in AD sites and services.

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ProxyPass for specific vhost

- by Steve Robbins

I have a web server that it set up to dynamically server different document roots for different domains <VirtualHost *:80> <IfModule mod_rewrite.c> # Stage sites :: www.[document root].server.company.com => /home/www/[document root] RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.[^.]+\.server\.company\.com$ RewriteRule ^(.+) %{HTTP_HOST}$1 [C] RewriteRule ^www\.([^.]+)\.server\.company\.com(.*) /home/www/$1/$2 [L] </IfModule> </VirtualHost> This makes it so that www.foo.server.company.com will serve the document root of server.company.com:/home/www/foo/ For one of these sites, I need to add a ProxyPass, but I only want it to be applied to that one site. I tried something like <VirtualHost *:80> <Directory /home/www/foo> UseCanonicalName Off ProxyPreserveHost On ProxyRequests Off ProxyPass /services http://www-test.foo.com/services ProxyPassReverse /services http://www-test.foo.com/services </Directory> </VirtualHost> But then I get these errors ProxyPreserveHost not allowed here ProxyPass|ProxyPassMatch can not have a path when defined in a location. How can I set up a ProxyPass for a single virtual host?

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Apache in MAC OS X

- by Michal K.

I have problems with apache on MAC OS Lion 10.7.5. I have VirtualHosts: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName devel.dev DocumentRoot /var/www </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName test.dev DocumentRoot /var/www <Directory "/var/www"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride All Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> </VirtualHost> I have configured httpd.conf to ServerRoot = /usr/htdocs (empty directory). test.dev and devel.dev says always "It works!". Why ? In /var/www I have index.php which contains only one letter "k" (for tests). Edit, more info: I have restart apache milion times. File with VirtualHosts is included. error.log: [Tue Oct 02 20:03:55 2012] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down [Tue Oct 02 20:03:55 2012] [warn] mod_bonjour: Cannot stat template index file '/System/Library/User Template/English.lproj/Sites/index.html'. [Tue Oct 02 20:03:55 2012] [notice] Digest: generating secret for digest authentication ... [Tue Oct 02 20:03:55 2012] [notice] Digest: done [Tue Oct 02 20:03:55 2012] [notice] Apache/2.2.22 (Unix) DAV/2 PHP/5.3.15 with Suhosin-Patch configured -- resuming normal operations When I stop apache, localhost still displays It works!

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VMware ESX Linux Guest Customization

- by andyh_ky

Hello, I am interested in deploying several RHEL 4 Update 8 virtual machines for creation of a test environment. Here are the steps I am taking: In off hours, P2V/V2V the production machines and convert them to templates Deploy the virtual machines with a customization specification that changes hostname, IP address I am interested in how these processes are done and if there are any options for further customization. Are the machines brought on the network when they are powered on, before they are reconfigured? Is there a potential IP address conflict? Is there an option to run additional scripts which reside on the guest as a part of the reconfiguration? For example, restoring an Oracle Database. This is an option with Windows guests and sysprep, but I have been unable to locate anything showing a RHEL equivalent. I am dealing with a multi tier application. The main issue I am attempting to mitigate is that the application servers reference database servers by hostname and in tnsnames files. I am interested in scripting the reconfiguration of the application in the deployment so that the app/db servers are pointing to the test environment. I am OK with placing the 'cleanup' script on the source and executing it after the machine has been brought up. I am interested in the automation of the script's execution post clone/boot, as well as if there could be an IP address conflict. (cross posted to VMTN's ESX 4 community)

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How to diagnose a spontaneous reboot?

- by Spectralist

My computer reboots, seemingly completely at random, about once every week to two weeks but has occasionally gone months. It just goes from running fine to the POST with no error messages or anything and doesn't seem to be due to heat or usage as it's happened a couple of times when the computer has booted just a few moments ago and is idling. It's been happening for as long as I've had this computer, almost two years. It's happened in both Vista and Windows7. I strongly suspect it's a hardware problem. But due to the rareish and random nature of the crashes my normal strategy of just removing hardware until the problem stops isn't really practical. My guess would be Power Supply, Ram, or Motherboard. But I just don't know how to test an issue this random and want to figure out how to confirm which it is before I go replacing things. So is there some software or hardware that can be used to test these sorts of errors? I did run memtest86 for about 8 hours without finding any issues. And the power supply is more than capable of running my system.

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Apache form authentication issues

- by rfcoder89

I am trying to authenticate users through Apache using the form authentication method to restrict https requests to a certain folder. Although, regardless of whether the correct login details are provided it keeps reloading the same page except the url has the form values embedded in it instead of redirecting to the appropriate page. I need to use the form authentication type instead of basic so I can write my own html for the user to login. I am using Apache 2.4.9 and this is our current configuration. Apache config file <Location C:/wamp/www/directory> SetHandler form-login-handler AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation https://localNetwork.com/username/TestBed/HTML/login.html AuthFormLoginSuccessLocation https://localNetwork.com/username/TestBed/HTML/test.html AuthFormProvider file AuthUserFile "C:/wamp/passwords" AuthType form AuthName realm Session On SessionCookieName session path=/ SessionCryptoPassphrase secret </Location> And in the login html page I've added that for the user to login <form method="POST" action="/test.html"> User: <input type="text" name="httpd_username" value="" /> Pass: <input type="password" name="httpd_password" value="" /> <input type="submit" name="login" value="Login" /> </form>

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apache subdomain configuration

- by terrid25

I seem to be having a small problem with setting up a subdomain in apache under CentOS. I have the following: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName www.domain.co.uk ServerAlias domain.co.uk dev.domain.co.uk DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/domain/web" DirectoryIndex index.php Alias /sf /var/www/html/symfony14/web/sf <Directory "/var/www/html/domain/web"> AllowOverride All Allow from All </Directory> </VirtualHost> <Directory "/var/www/html/symfony14/web/sf"> AllowOverride All Allow from All </Directory> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName test.domain.co.uk DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/domain_test/web" DirectoryIndex index.php Alias /sf /var/www/html/symfony14/web/sf <Directory "/var/www/html/domain_test/web"> AllowOverride All Allow from All </Directory> </VirtualHost> So going to www.domain.co.uk and domain.co.uk display the contents from /var/www/html/domain, but going to test.domain.co.uk also displays the same folder contents. Is this because of the ServerAlias ? Thanks

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How to copy a large LVM volume (14TB) from one server to another?

- by bruce

I have to copy a very large LVM volume from server A to server B. Below is the filesystem of server A and server B Server A [root@AVDVD-Filer ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_avdvdfiler-lv_root 16T 14T 1.5T 91% / tmpfs 3.0G 0 3.0G 0% /dev/shm /dev/cciss/c0d0p1 194M 23M 162M 13% /boot /dev/mapper/vg_avdvdfiler-test 2.3T 201M 2.1T 1% /test /dev/sr0 3.3G 3.3G 0 100% /mnt server B [root@localhost ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol00 20G 2.5G 16G 14% / tmpfs 3.0G 0 3.0G 0% /dev/shm /dev/cciss/c0d0p1 194M 23M 162M 13% /boot /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 16T 133M 15T 1% /xiangao/lv1 /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol01 4.7T 190M 4.5T 1% /xiangao/lv2 I want to copy the LVM volume /dev/mapper/vg_avdvdfiler-lv_root on server A to LVM volume /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on server B. Server A and server B are in the same IP segment. In the LVM volume on server A, there is all average 500M avi wmv mp4 etc. I tried mounting /dev/mapper/vg_avdvdfiler-lv_root on server A to server B through NFS, then use cp to copy. It is clear I failed. Because the LVM volume is too big, I do not have good idea why. I hope a good solution here.

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moving from WinXP to WinServer in VmWare

- by Alex

I have a Vmware machine for.Net application testing. Current setup: Host OS: win7 Guest OS: Right now the guest OS is Win Xp Pro x64, which runs great with just 1 gigabyte of RAM and 10 gigs of disk space. * This part can be skipped * As I said, there was a program that I needed to test, but unfortunately, by default, Vmware installs crappy display drivers(called SVGA II) on XP machines and there is NO way to upgrade them! This resulted in my program's error (the program used SlimDX (DirectX wrapper) to do some stuff..). Eventually I found out that display drivers most certainly is the problem. For example, Windows 7 virtual machine uses SVGA 3D drivers and I have NO problems running my SlimDX-based program. Now, regarding Windows Server 2008! Apparently, WDDM driver is supported by WS2008, which means that I'll be able to install SVGA 3D and to test my DX apps. * end of skip * The questions are: Will WS2008 be as smooth with just 1 gig of RAM just like Win XP was? Will 10 gigs of HDD be enough? Or the server requires more? Will I be able to install .Net ver. 4 on WS2008? Are there any limitations that I need to be aware of as a .Net programmer? EDIT: I was hoping that WS2008 is XP-based, not Vista-vased/W7-based. In comparison, W7 virtual machine with 2 gigs of RAM and 2 proc cores nearly kills my Host OS. Whereas, WinXp runs extremely fast even with 1 core and 1 gig of RAM. That's the main reason why I want to try WS2008..

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In Windows 7 is there a way to login from any user account and see the same workspace and be able to use the running programs of another user?

- by WickedMongoose

Our group has a number of Test Stands with PCs that are currently being accessed with a single group login. It has been sent from on high that this is not the way to do things for security reasons and we all agree. However. Multiple team members from around the world log into these Test Stands and need to be able to access programs that have been run from what would be different user profiles if we were to no longer have a single common login. Is there a way to have a common workspace such that when different users login, they will be able to see and interact with all running applications as if they were using a common login? Applications that we run link to and monopolize hardware resources connected to the PC and it is time consuming to restart and reload settings every time a new user logs in. Even if the program did not monopolize the hardware many of these programs are resource intensive and require a large portion of each machine's RAM to run, so trying to run the application again when it is already running from multiple user accounts would quickly consume all system resources. Simple Example: I open a chrome browser while logged into our pc. I then logout and another team member remotes in and should be able to see my open browser and be able to interact with it as if he were the one who opened it. Any alternative process flows or solutions from someone who has gone through a similar transition would be appreciated. This is not a request for how to give all users access to the ability to run a program, but it is the request for how to allow all users access to interact with running applications that have been started by other users and need to be interacted with as if the new user started and has control of the application.

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Very, very simple asp.net page takes forever to load

- by John Hoge

I've got a page that couldn't be more simple: <%@ Page Trace="true" %> <html> <head></head> <body> <h1>Hello World</h1> <a href="/OtherPage.aspx"/>Other Page</a> <p><%=DateTime.Now.ToString()%> </body> </html> ... but it takes forever to load. There is no database or web service call to slow it down. The trace command reveals that the time from Begin PreInot to End Render is .000049 seconds, but the page itself takes several seconds to load. It is a new web site I just created for this test, and just has a web.config & two test files. The only thing in the web.config is access control: <authorization><allow users="domain\me" /><deny users = "*"/></authorization> What else could IIS be doing with all of that time?

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System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapException - Security perssmission issue

- by Hiscal

Can any one help me to resolve this error.My website hosted on shared environment. Server Error in '/' Application. System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapException: Server was unable to process request. ---> System.Security.SecurityException: Request for the permission of type 'System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089' failed. at System.Security.CodeAccessSecurityEngine.Check(Object demand, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean isPermSet) at System.Security.CodeAccessPermission.Demand() at System.Net.ServicePointManager.set_CertificatePolicy(ICertificatePolicy value) at BirdieThis.WebService.golfService.BookGolfCourse(CourseBooking oCourseInfo, CoursePlayer oCoursePlayer, CoursePayment oCoursePayment) The action that failed was: Demand The type of the first permission that failed was: System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission The first permission that failed was: <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="UnmanagedCode"/> The demand was for: <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="UnmanagedCode"/> The granted set of the failing assembly was: <PermissionSet class="System.Security.PermissionSet" version="1"> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.EnvironmentPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Read="TEMP;TMP;USERNAME;OS;COMPUTERNAME"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Read="D:\Hosting\5457055\html" Write="d:\content\;d:\hosting\" Append="D:\Hosting\5457055\html" PathDiscovery="d:\hosting\"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.IsolatedStorageFilePermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Allowed="AssemblyIsolationByUser" UserQuota="9223372036854775807"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.ReflectionPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="RestrictedMemberAccess"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="Assertion, Execution, ControlThread, ControlPrincipal, RemotingConfiguration"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.UrlIdentityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Url="file:///D:/Hosting/5457055/html/bin/App_Code.DLL"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.ZoneIdentityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Zone="MyComputer"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.KeyContainerPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Web.AspNetHostingPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Level="Medium"/> <IPermission class="System.Configuration.ConfigurationPermission, System.Configuration, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.DnsPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Drawing.Printing.PrintingPermission, System.Drawing, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" version="1" Level="DefaultPrinting"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.Mail.SmtpPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Access="Connect"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.SqlClient.SqlClientPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.OleDb.OleDbPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.Odbc.OdbcPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.WebPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1"> <ConnectAccess> <URI uri="http://.*"/> <URI uri="https://.*"/> </ConnectAccess> </IPermission> <IPermission class="System.Net.SocketPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1"> <ConnectAccess> <ENDPOINT host="*.*.*.*" transport="Tcp" port="3306"/> </ConnectAccess> </IPermission> </PermissionSet> The assembly or AppDomain that failed was: App_Code, Version=0.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null The method that caused the failure was: golfswitchs.BookGolfResult BookGolfCourse(mygolf.CourseBooking, mygolf.CoursePlayer, mygolf.CoursePayment) The Zone of the assembly that failed was: MyComputer The Url of the assembly that failed was: file:///D:/Hosting/5457055/html/bin/App_Code.DLL --- End of inner exception stack trace --- Description: An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request. Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code. Exception Details: System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapException: System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapException: Server was unable to process request. ---> System.Security.SecurityException: Request for the permission of type 'System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089' failed. at System.Security.CodeAccessSecurityEngine.Check(Object demand, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean isPermSet) at System.Security.CodeAccessPermission.Demand() at System.Net.ServicePointManager.set_CertificatePolicy(ICertificatePolicy value) at BirdieThis.WebService.golfService.BookGolfCourse(CourseBooking oCourseInfo, CoursePlayer oCoursePlayer, CoursePayment oCoursePayment) The action that failed was: Demand The type of the first permission that failed was: System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission The first permission that failed was: <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="UnmanagedCode"/> The demand was for: <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="UnmanagedCode"/> The granted set of the failing assembly was: <PermissionSet class="System.Security.PermissionSet" version="1"> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.EnvironmentPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Read="TEMP;TMP;USERNAME;OS;COMPUTERNAME"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Read="D:\Hosting\5457055\html" Write="d:\content\;d:\hosting\" Append="D:\Hosting\5457055\html" PathDiscovery="d:\hosting\"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.IsolatedStorageFilePermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Allowed="AssemblyIsolationByUser" UserQuota="9223372036854775807"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.ReflectionPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="RestrictedMemberAccess"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="Assertion, Execution, ControlThread, ControlPrincipal, RemotingConfiguration"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.UrlIdentityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Url="file:///D:/Hosting/5457055/html/bin/App_Code.DLL"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.ZoneIdentityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Zone="MyComputer"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.KeyContainerPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Web.AspNetHostingPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Level="Medium"/> <IPermission class="System.Configuration.ConfigurationPermission, System.Configuration, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.DnsPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Drawing.Printing.PrintingPermission, System.Drawing, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" version="1" Level="DefaultPrinting"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.Mail.SmtpPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Access="Connect"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.SqlClient.SqlClientPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.OleDb.OleDbPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.Odbc.OdbcPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.WebPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1"> <ConnectAccess> <URI uri="http://.*"/> <URI uri="https://.*"/> </ConnectAccess> </IPermission> <IPermission class="System.Net.SocketPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1"> <ConnectAccess> <ENDPOINT host="*.*.*.*" transport="Tcp" port="3306"/> </ConnectAccess> </IPermission> </PermissionSet> The assembly or AppDomain that failed was: App_Code, Version=0.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null The method that caused the failure was: golfswitchs.BookGolfResult BookGolfCourse(mygolf.CourseBooking, mygolf.CoursePlayer, mygolf.CoursePayment) The Zone of the assembly that failed was: MyComputer The Url of the assembly that failed was: file:///D:/Hosting/5457055/html/bin/App_Code.DLL --- End of inner exception stack trace --- Source Error: Line 446: Line 447: oPayment.PayCurrency = "USD"; Line 448: oResult = oService.BookGolfCourse(oGolfItem, oGolfplayer, oPayment); Line 449: Response.Write(oResult.RetMsg); Line 450: Source File: c:\inetpub\vhosts\cfmdeveloper.com\subdomains\ind103\httpdocs\test.aspx.cs Line: 448 Stack Trace: [SoapException: System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapException: Server was unable to process request. ---> System.Security.SecurityException: Request for the permission of type 'System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089' failed. at System.Security.CodeAccessSecurityEngine.Check(Object demand, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean isPermSet) at System.Security.CodeAccessPermission.Demand() at System.Net.ServicePointManager.set_CertificatePolicy(ICertificatePolicy value) at BirdieThis.WebService.golfService.BookGolfCourse(CourseBooking oCourseInfo, CoursePlayer oCoursePlayer, CoursePayment oCoursePayment) The action that failed was: Demand The type of the first permission that failed was: System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission The first permission that failed was: <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="UnmanagedCode"/> The demand was for: <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="UnmanagedCode"/> The granted set of the failing assembly was: <PermissionSet class="System.Security.PermissionSet" version="1"> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.EnvironmentPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Read="TEMP;TMP;USERNAME;OS;COMPUTERNAME"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Read="D:\Hosting\5457055\html" Write="d:\content\;d:\hosting\" Append="D:\Hosting\5457055\html" PathDiscovery="d:\hosting\"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.IsolatedStorageFilePermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Allowed="AssemblyIsolationByUser" UserQuota="9223372036854775807"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.ReflectionPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="RestrictedMemberAccess"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Flags="Assertion, Execution, ControlThread, ControlPrincipal, RemotingConfiguration"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.UrlIdentityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Url="file:///D:/Hosting/5457055/html/bin/App_Code.DLL"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.ZoneIdentityPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Zone="MyComputer"/> <IPermission class="System.Security.Permissions.KeyContainerPermission, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Web.AspNetHostingPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Level="Medium"/> <IPermission class="System.Configuration.ConfigurationPermission, System.Configuration, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.DnsPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Drawing.Printing.PrintingPermission, System.Drawing, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" version="1" Level="DefaultPrinting"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.Mail.SmtpPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Access="Connect"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.SqlClient.SqlClientPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.OleDb.OleDbPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Data.Odbc.OdbcPermission, System.Data, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1" Unrestricted="true"/> <IPermission class="System.Net.WebPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1"> <ConnectAccess> <URI uri="http://.*"/> <URI uri="https://.*"/> </ConnectAccess> </IPermission> <IPermission class="System.Net.SocketPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" version="1"> <ConnectAccess> <ENDPOINT host="*.*.*.*" transport="Tcp" port="3306"/> </ConnectAccess> </IPermission> </PermissionSet> The assembly or AppDomain that failed was: App_Code, Version=0.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null The method that caused the failure was: golfswitchs.BookGolfResult BookGolfCourse(mygolf.CourseBooking, mygolf.CoursePlayer, mygolf.CoursePayment) The Zone of the assembly that failed was: MyComputer The Url of the assembly that failed was: file:///D:/Hosting/5457055/html/bin/App_Code.DLL --- End of inner exception stack trace ---] System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol.ReadResponse(SoapClientMessage message, WebResponse response, Stream responseStream, Boolean asyncCall) +431766 System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol.Invoke(String methodName, Object[] parameters) +204 mygolf.golfService.BookGolfCourse(CourseBooking oCourseInfo, CoursePlayer oCoursePlayer, CoursePayment oCoursePayment) +80 birdiethis.web.test.BookClub() in c:\inetpub\vhosts\cfmdeveloper.com\subdomains\ind103\httpdocs\test.aspx.cs:448 birdiethis.web.test.Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e) in c:\inetpub\vhosts\cfmdeveloper.com\subdomains\ind103\httpdocs\test.aspx.cs:28 System.Web.Util.CalliHelper.EventArgFunctionCaller(IntPtr fp, Object o, Object t, EventArgs e) +14 System.Web.Util.CalliEventHandlerDelegateProxy.Callback(Object sender, EventArgs e) +35 System.Web.UI.Control.OnLoad(EventArgs e) +99 System.Web.UI.Control.LoadRecursive() +50 System.Web.UI.Page.ProcessRequestMain(Boolean includeStagesBeforeAsyncPoint, Boolean includeStagesAfterAsyncPoint) +627 Version Information: Microsoft .NET Framework Version:2.0.50727.3603; ASP.NET Version:2.0.50727.3082

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Struts 1 ActionForm - retrieving a collection from pure HTML

- by Yaneeve

Hi all I have (just like the rest) inherited some struts 1 code. I have had need to add a few more pages to this project. What I cannot figure out is how to map several distinct but similarly natured input elements to the my ActionForm. Let me elaborate. I create a new <Input> element dynamically as the user inputs more and more items (I use the YUI autocomplete form element and for each entered input I add it as an input element to my form and draw a new YUI autocomplete - complex sounding, I know) So... My form looks a bit like (... after some prettifying and some such...): <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title>My Cool App - Test Case Builder</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../script/yui/fonts/fonts-min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../skins/myCoolApp/button/button.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../script/yui/autocomplete/assets/skins/sam/autocomplete.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="../skins/myCoolApp/testcase.css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/yui/yahoo-dom-event/yahoo-dom-event.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/yui/element/element-min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/yui/button/button-min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/yui/datasource/datasource-min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/yui/autocomplete/autocomplete-min.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/myCoolApp/myCoolApp.js" ></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/myCoolApp/stack.js" ></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/myCoolApp/testcase/testcase.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/myCoolApp/testcase/default-data.js" ></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/myCoolApp/testcase/data-structs.js" ></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../script/myCoolApp/testcase/ui-elements.js" ></script> </head> <body class="cf010"> <div id="wrap"> <div id="header"> <div id="main-header"> COOL APP </div> </div> <div id="main-body"> <div id="content"> <div class="col main"> <div id="main"> <form method="post" id="testcaseForm" class="typea" action=""> <fieldset> <legend>Test Case Builder</legend> <div id="tk1" class="tabcontrol"> <ul class="tabs"> <li class="first active"> <a href="#"> <span>General</span> </a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="#"> <span>Parameters</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div id="tab0" class="tc-panel"> <dl class="cls9"> <dt> <label for="scenario">Choose Scenario:</label> </dt> <dd> <input type="text" id="scenario" name="scenario" class="text" /> <span id="scenarioToggle"></span> <div class="auto-complete" id="scenarioContainer"></div> </dd> <dt> <label for="ruleID">Choose Rule ID:</label> </dt> <dd> <input type="text" id="ruleID" name="ruleID" class="text" /> <span id="ruleIDToggle"></span> <div class="auto-complete" id="ruleIDContainer"></div> </dd> <dt> <label for="Test Case Name" accesskey="t"><span class="accesskey">T</span>est Case Name:</label> </dt> <dd> <input type="text" id="testCaseName" name="testCaseName" class="text" /> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="tab1" class="tc-panel hidden"> <div class="toolbar" id="action-bar"> <ul> <li class="first"> <a title="select all" href="#" id="btmSelectAll" class="button"> <span>select all</span> </a> </li> <li> <a title="remove row" href="#" id="btmRemove" class="button"> <span>remove row</span> </a> </li> <li> <a title="undo last" href="#" id="btmRollBack" class="button disabled"> <span>undo last</span> </a> </li> <li class="last"> <a title="accept row" href="#" id="btmAccept" class="button disabled"> <span>accept row</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="param.list" class="gridclip"> <table id='param.list.tbl' class='grid modela' > <caption>Test Case Summary</caption> <col/><col/><col/> <thead> <tr> <th class='hl center first'> <input class='grid-select-all' type='checkbox' /> <th> <th scope='col'>Row</th> <th scope='col'>Parameter</th> <th scope='col' class='last'>Value</th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <th scope='row'>Total</th> <td colspan='3'>2 parameters as Test Case input</td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody id='param.list.tbl.body'> <tr class='odd'> <td class='rowcheck center first'> <input value='param1###value1' id='cb1' name='SelectedRows' class='grid-select-row' type='checkbox'/> </td> <td class='id'>1</td> <td>param1</td> <td class='last'>value1</td> </tr> <tr class='even'> <td class='rowcheck center first'> <input value='param2###value2' id='cb1' name='SelectedRows' class='grid-select-row' type='checkbox'/> </td> <td class='id'>2</td> <td>param2</td> <td class='last'>value2</td> </tr> <tr class='odd'> <td class='rowcheck center first' /> <td class='id'><em>new</em></td> <td> <dl class='clsTable'> <dt> <input type='text' id='param' name='param' class='text paramInput' /> </dt> <dd> <span id='paramToggle' /> </dd> <div class='auto-complete' id='paramContainer' /> </dl> </td> <td class='last'> <dl class='clsTable'> <dt> <input type='text' id='value' name='value' class='text valueInput' /> </dt> </dl> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div>  </fieldset> <div class="submit-box"> <input type="submit" name="formRun" id="formRun" class="form-save" value="Execute" accesskey="x" title="Run: Press Alt + [Shift] + x" /> <input type="submit" name="formSave" id="formSave" value="Save" accesskey="s" title="Save: Press Alt + [Shift] + s" /> <input type="submit" name="formLoad" id="formLoad" value="Load" accesskey="l" title="Load: Press Alt + [Shift] + l" /> <input type="submit" name="formCancel" id="formCancel" class="form-cancel" value="Cancel" accesskey="c" title="Cancel: Press Alt + [Shift] + c" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> As you can see the following is pretty much a duplicate: <tr class='odd'> <td class='rowcheck center first'> <input value='param1###value1' id='cb1' name='SelectedRows' class='grid-select-row' type='checkbox'/> </td> <td class='id'>1</td> <td>param1</td> <td class='last'>value1</td> </tr> <tr class='even'> <td class='rowcheck center first'> <input value='param2###value2' id='cb1' name='SelectedRows' class='grid-select-row' type='checkbox'/> </td> <td class='id'>2</td> <td>param2</td> <td class='last'>value2</td> </tr> The relevant part of my stuts-config.xml file is: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE struts-config PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 1.2//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-config_1_2.dtd"> <struts-config> <data-sources /> <form-beans> <form-bean name="TestCaseForm" type="com.blahblah.mycoolapp.forms.TestCaseForm" /> </form-beans> <action-mappings> <action path="/pages/SaveTestCase" name="TestCaseForm" type="org.springframework.web.struts.DelegatingActionProxy" scope="request"> </action> </action-mappings> <message-resources parameter="MessageResources" /> </struts-config> I also use spring 2.56 (The relevant part being): <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd"> <bean name="/pages/SaveTestCase" class="com.blahblah.mycoolapp.actions.TestCaseBuilderSaveAction" /> </beans> My Java ActionForm class (from what I had learned off the net) is: package com.blahblah.mycoolapp.forms; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm; public class TestCaseForm extends ActionForm { private static final long serialVersionUID = 2352146257739099766L; private String scenario; private String ruleID; private String testCaseName; private List<String> SelectedRows = new ArrayList<String>() ; public String getScenario() { return scenario; } public void setScenario(String scenario) { this.scenario = scenario; } public String getRuleID() { return ruleID; } public void setRuleID(String ruleID) { this.ruleID = ruleID; } public String getTestCaseName() { return testCaseName; } public void setTestCaseName(String testCaseName) { this.testCaseName = testCaseName; } public List<String> getSelectedRows() { return SelectedRows; } public void setSelectedRows(int index, String value) { this.SelectedRows.add(value); } } The question is why do I get an empty SelectedRows in my TestCaseBuilderSave Action? Thanks all who have the patience to read such a long question... and (hopefully) thanks to all you potential saviors :)

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Sonar Analysis crashing with default configuration in Maven

- by Robert Mandeville

I'm starting to experiment with Sonar, and having trouble. I'm running everything on the same Red Hat Linux server, against Java 1.6.10. I launched the server with "bin/linux-x86-32" (the JVM is 32-bit). The sonar.log shows no SEVERE or ERROR and one WARNING, that I'm using the default Derby database (I'll fix that once I get things running at all). I am trying to build a Maven project that builds a JAR. I made no Sonar-specific changes (other than one described below). I can run "mvn clean install" with no problem. However, if I then run "mvn -e sonar:sonar", I get the stacktrace listed below. The server logs no events. I added the dependency "commons-pool:commons-pool:20030825.183949, but to no avail. Any idea as to what I'm doing wrong? [INFO] Error stacktraces are turned on. [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building buildUtil 1.0 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] --- sonar-maven-plugin:2.0:sonar (default-cli) @ buildUtil --- [INFO] Sonar version: 2.14 [WARN] [14:54:17.730] Derby database should be used for evaluation purpose only [INFO] [14:54:17.732] Create JDBC datasource [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD FAILURE [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 2.130s [INFO] Finished at: Mon Apr 09 14:54:17 EDT 2012 [INFO] Final Memory: 8M/198M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.codehaus.mojo:sonar-maven-plugin:2.0:sonar (default-cli) on project buildUtil: Can not execute Sonar: PicoLifecycleException: method 'public final org.sonar.core.persistence.DefaultDatabase org.sonar.core.persistence.DefaultDatabase.start()', instance 'org.sonar.batch.bootstrap.BatchDatabase@41b635, java.lang.RuntimeException: wrapper: org/apache/commons/pool/impl/GenericObjectPool: org.apache.commons.pool.impl.GenericObjectPool -> [Help 1] org.apache.maven.lifecycle.LifecycleExecutionException: Failed to execute goal org.codehaus.mojo:sonar-maven-plugin:2.0:sonar (default-cli) on project buildUtil: Can not execute Sonar at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute(MojoExecutor.java:217) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute(MojoExecutor.java:153) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute(MojoExecutor.java:145) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject(LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:84) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject(LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:59) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleStarter.singleThreadedBuild(LifecycleStarter.java:183) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleStarter.execute(LifecycleStarter.java:161) at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.doExecute(DefaultMaven.java:319) at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.execute(DefaultMaven.java:156) at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.execute(MavenCli.java:537) at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.doMain(MavenCli.java:196) at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.main(MavenCli.java:141) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.launchEnhanced(Launcher.java:290) at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.launch(Launcher.java:230) at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.mainWithExitCode(Launcher.java:409) at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.main(Launcher.java:352) Caused by: org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException: Can not execute Sonar at org.codehaus.mojo.sonar.Bootstraper.executeMojo(Bootstraper.java:118) at org.codehaus.mojo.sonar.Bootstraper.start(Bootstraper.java:65) at org.codehaus.mojo.sonar.SonarMojo.execute(SonarMojo.java:90) at org.apache.maven.plugin.DefaultBuildPluginManager.executeMojo(DefaultBuildPluginManager.java:101) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute(MojoExecutor.java:209) ... 19 more Caused by: org.picocontainer.PicoLifecycleException: PicoLifecycleException: method 'public final org.sonar.core.persistence.DefaultDatabase org.sonar.core.persistence.DefaultDatabase.start()', instance 'org.sonar.batch.bootstrap.BatchDatabase@41b635, java.lang.RuntimeException: wrapper at org.picocontainer.monitors.NullComponentMonitor.lifecycleInvocationFailed(NullComponentMonitor.java:77) at org.picocontainer.lifecycle.ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.monitorAndThrowReflectionLifecycleException(ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.java:132) at org.picocontainer.lifecycle.ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.invokeMethod(ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.java:115) at org.picocontainer.lifecycle.ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.start(ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.java:89) at org.picocontainer.injectors.AbstractInjectionFactory$LifecycleAdapter.start(AbstractInjectionFactory.java:84) at org.picocontainer.behaviors.AbstractBehavior.start(AbstractBehavior.java:169) at org.picocontainer.behaviors.Stored$RealComponentLifecycle.start(Stored.java:132) at org.picocontainer.behaviors.Stored.start(Stored.java:110) at org.picocontainer.DefaultPicoContainer.potentiallyStartAdapter(DefaultPicoContainer.java:1009) at org.picocontainer.DefaultPicoContainer.startAdapters(DefaultPicoContainer.java:1002) at org.picocontainer.DefaultPicoContainer.start(DefaultPicoContainer.java:760) at org.sonar.api.platform.ComponentContainer.startComponents(ComponentContainer.java:70) at org.sonar.batch.bootstrap.Module.start(Module.java:82) at org.sonar.batch.bootstrapper.Batch.startBatch(Batch.java:71) at org.sonar.batch.bootstrapper.Batch.execute(Batch.java:58) at org.sonar.maven3.SonarMojo.execute(SonarMojo.java:143) at org.codehaus.mojo.sonar.Bootstraper.executeMojo(Bootstraper.java:113) ... 23 more Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: wrapper at org.picocontainer.lifecycle.ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.monitorAndThrowReflectionLifecycleException(ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.java:130) ... 38 more Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/commons/pool/impl/GenericObjectPool at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSourceFactory.createDataSource(BasicDataSourceFactory.java:152) at org.sonar.core.persistence.DefaultDatabase.initDatasource(DefaultDatabase.java:114) at org.sonar.core.persistence.DefaultDatabase.start(DefaultDatabase.java:60) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.picocontainer.lifecycle.ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.invokeMethod(ReflectionLifecycleStrategy.java:110) ... 37 more Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.commons.pool.impl.GenericObjectPool at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.strategy.SelfFirstStrategy.loadClass(SelfFirstStrategy.java:50) at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.realm.ClassRealm.loadClass(ClassRealm.java:244) at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.realm.ClassRealm.loadClass(ClassRealm.java:230) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClassInternal(ClassLoader.java:320) ... 45 more [ERROR] [ERROR] Re-run Maven using the -X switch to enable full debug logging. [ERROR] [ERROR] For more information about the errors and possible solutions, please read the following articles: [ERROR] [Help 1] http://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/MAVEN/MojoExecutionException The POM I'm using is: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.phoenix.build</groupId> <artifactId>buildUtil</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> <properties> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> </properties> <build> <sourceDirectory>src/main/java</sourceDirectory> <testSourceDirectory>src/test/java</testSourceDirectory> <plugins> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.3.2</version> <configuration> <source>1.6</source> <target>1.6</target> </configuration> </plugin> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.7.2</version> <configuration> <excludes> <exclude>**/*integrationTest.java</exclude> </excludes> </configuration> <executions> <execution> <id>integration-tests</id> <phase>integration-test</phase> <goals> <goal>test</goal> </goals> <configuration> <skip>false</skip> <excludes> <exclude>none</exclude> </excludes> <includes> <include>**/*integrationTest.java</include> </includes> </configuration> </execution> </executions> </plugin> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.2</version> <executions> <execution> <goals> <goal>test-jar</goal> </goals> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>commons-cli</groupId> <artifactId>commons-cli</artifactId> <version>1.2</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>jaxen</groupId> <artifactId>jaxen</artifactId> <version>1.1.1</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>dom4j</groupId> <artifactId>dom4j</artifactId> <version>1.6.1</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.8.2</version> <type>jar</type> <scope>test</scope> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId> <artifactId>maven-artifact</artifactId> <version>2.0</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.codehaus.plexus</groupId> <artifactId>plexus-classworlds</artifactId> <version>2.2.2</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>db2jcc</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>Common</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>db2fs</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>db2java</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>zip</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>db2jcc_javax</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>db2jcc_license_cisuz</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>db2jcc_license_cu</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>db2policy</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>sqlj</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>zip</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.ibm.db2</groupId> <artifactId>db2qgjava</artifactId> <version>9.7</version> <type>jar</type> <optional>false</optional> </dependency> </dependencies>

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count specific values in a multidimensional array

- by user1680701

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New features of C# 4.0

This article covers New features of C# 4.0. Article has been divided into below sections. Introduction. Dynamic Lookup. Named and Optional Arguments. Features for COM interop. Variance. Relationship with Visual Basic. Resources. Other interested readings… 22 New Features of Visual Studio 2008 for .NET Professionals 50 New Features of SQL Server 2008 IIS 7.0 New features Introduction It is now close to a year since Microsoft Visual C# 3.0 shipped as part of Visual Studio 2008. In the VS Managed Languages team we are hard at work on creating the next version of the language (with the unsurprising working title of C# 4.0), and this document is a first public description of the planned language features as we currently see them. Please be advised that all this is in early stages of production and is subject to change. Part of the reason for sharing our plans in public so early is precisely to get the kind of feedback that will cause us to improve the final product before it rolls out. Simultaneously with the publication of this whitepaper, a first public CTP (community technology preview) of Visual Studio 2010 is going out as a Virtual PC image for everyone to try. Please use it to play and experiment with the features, and let us know of any thoughts you have. We ask for your understanding and patience working with very early bits, where especially new or newly implemented features do not have the quality or stability of a final product. The aim of the CTP is not to give you a productive work environment but to give you the best possible impression of what we are working on for the next release. The CTP contains a number of walkthroughs, some of which highlight the new language features of C# 4.0. Those are excellent for getting a hands-on guided tour through the details of some common scenarios for the features. You may consider this whitepaper a companion document to these walkthroughs, complementing them with a focus on the overall language features and how they work, as opposed to the specifics of the concrete scenarios. C# 4.0 The major theme for C# 4.0 is dynamic programming. Increasingly, objects are “dynamic” in the sense that their structure and behavior is not captured by a static type, or at least not one that the compiler knows about when compiling your program. Some examples include a. objects from dynamic programming languages, such as Python or Ruby b. COM objects accessed through IDispatch c. ordinary .NET types accessed through reflection d. objects with changing structure, such as HTML DOM objects While C# remains a statically typed language, we aim to vastly improve the interaction with such objects. A secondary theme is co-evolution with Visual Basic. Going forward we will aim to maintain the individual character of each language, but at the same time important new features should be introduced in both languages at the same time. They should be differentiated more by style and feel than by feature set. The new features in C# 4.0 fall into four groups: Dynamic lookup Dynamic lookup allows you to write method, operator and indexer calls, property and field accesses, and even object invocations which bypass the C# static type checking and instead gets resolved at runtime. Named and optional parameters Parameters in C# can now be specified as optional by providing a default value for them in a member declaration. When the member is invoked, optional arguments can be omitted. Furthermore, any argument can be passed by parameter name instead of position. COM specific interop features Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters both help making programming against COM less painful than today. On top of that, however, we are adding a number of other small features that further improve the interop experience. Variance It used to be that an IEnumerable<string> wasn’t an IEnumerable<object>. Now it is – C# embraces type safe “co-and contravariance” and common BCL types are updated to take advantage of that. Dynamic Lookup Dynamic lookup allows you a unified approach to invoking things dynamically. With dynamic lookup, when you have an object in your hand you do not need to worry about whether it comes from COM, IronPython, the HTML DOM or reflection; you just apply operations to it and leave it to the runtime to figure out what exactly those operations mean for that particular object. This affords you enormous flexibility, and can greatly simplify your code, but it does come with a significant drawback: Static typing is not maintained for these operations. A dynamic object is assumed at compile time to support any operation, and only at runtime will you get an error if it wasn’t so. Oftentimes this will be no loss, because the object wouldn’t have a static type anyway, in other cases it is a tradeoff between brevity and safety. In order to facilitate this tradeoff, it is a design goal of C# to allow you to opt in or opt out of dynamic behavior on every single call. The dynamic type C# 4.0 introduces a new static type called dynamic. When you have an object of type dynamic you can “do things to it” that are resolved only at runtime: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); The C# compiler allows you to call a method with any name and any arguments on d because it is of type dynamic. At runtime the actual object that d refers to will be examined to determine what it means to “call M with an int” on it. The type dynamic can be thought of as a special version of the type object, which signals that the object can be used dynamically. It is easy to opt in or out of dynamic behavior: any object can be implicitly converted to dynamic, “suspending belief” until runtime. Conversely, there is an “assignment conversion” from dynamic to any other type, which allows implicit conversion in assignment-like constructs: dynamic d = 7; // implicit conversion int i = d; // assignment conversion Dynamic operations Not only method calls, but also field and property accesses, indexer and operator calls and even delegate invocations can be dispatched dynamically: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); // calling methods d.f = d.P; // getting and settings fields and properties d[“one”] = d[“two”]; // getting and setting thorugh indexers int i = d + 3; // calling operators string s = d(5,7); // invoking as a delegate The role of the C# compiler here is simply to package up the necessary information about “what is being done to d”, so that the runtime can pick it up and determine what the exact meaning of it is given an actual object d. Think of it as deferring part of the compiler’s job to runtime. The result of any dynamic operation is itself of type dynamic. Runtime lookup At runtime a dynamic operation is dispatched according to the nature of its target object d: COM objects If d is a COM object, the operation is dispatched dynamically through COM IDispatch. This allows calling to COM types that don’t have a Primary Interop Assembly (PIA), and relying on COM features that don’t have a counterpart in C#, such as indexed properties and default properties. Dynamic objects If d implements the interface IDynamicObject d itself is asked to perform the operation. Thus by implementing IDynamicObject a type can completely redefine the meaning of dynamic operations. This is used intensively by dynamic languages such as IronPython and IronRuby to implement their own dynamic object models. It will also be used by APIs, e.g. by the HTML DOM to allow direct access to the object’s properties using property syntax. Plain objects Otherwise d is a standard .NET object, and the operation will be dispatched using reflection on its type and a C# “runtime binder” which implements C#’s lookup and overload resolution semantics at runtime. This is essentially a part of the C# compiler running as a runtime component to “finish the work” on dynamic operations that was deferred by the static compiler. Example Assume the following code: dynamic d1 = new Foo(); dynamic d2 = new Bar(); string s; d1.M(s, d2, 3, null); Because the receiver of the call to M is dynamic, the C# compiler does not try to resolve the meaning of the call. Instead it stashes away information for the runtime about the call. This information (often referred to as the “payload”) is essentially equivalent to: “Perform an instance method call of M with the following arguments: 1. a string 2. a dynamic 3. a literal int 3 4. a literal object null” At runtime, assume that the actual type Foo of d1 is not a COM type and does not implement IDynamicObject. In this case the C# runtime binder picks up to finish the overload resolution job based on runtime type information, proceeding as follows: 1. Reflection is used to obtain the actual runtime types of the two objects, d1 and d2, that did not have a static type (or rather had the static type dynamic). The result is Foo for d1 and Bar for d2. 2. Method lookup and overload resolution is performed on the type Foo with the call M(string,Bar,3,null) using ordinary C# semantics. 3. If the method is found it is invoked; otherwise a runtime exception is thrown. Overload resolution with dynamic arguments Even if the receiver of a method call is of a static type, overload resolution can still happen at runtime. This can happen if one or more of the arguments have the type dynamic: Foo foo = new Foo(); dynamic d = new Bar(); var result = foo.M(d); The C# runtime binder will choose between the statically known overloads of M on Foo, based on the runtime type of d, namely Bar. The result is again of type dynamic. The Dynamic Language Runtime An important component in the underlying implementation of dynamic lookup is the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), which is a new API in .NET 4.0. The DLR provides most of the infrastructure behind not only C# dynamic lookup but also the implementation of several dynamic programming languages on .NET, such as IronPython and IronRuby. Through this common infrastructure a high degree of interoperability is ensured, but just as importantly the DLR provides excellent caching mechanisms which serve to greatly enhance the efficiency of runtime dispatch. To the user of dynamic lookup in C#, the DLR is invisible except for the improved efficiency. However, if you want to implement your own dynamically dispatched objects, the IDynamicObject interface allows you to interoperate with the DLR and plug in your own behavior. This is a rather advanced task, which requires you to understand a good deal more about the inner workings of the DLR. For API writers, however, it can definitely be worth the trouble in order to vastly improve the usability of e.g. a library representing an inherently dynamic domain. Open issues There are a few limitations and things that might work differently than you would expect. · The DLR allows objects to be created from objects that represent classes. However, the current implementation of C# doesn’t have syntax to support this. · Dynamic lookup will not be able to find extension methods. Whether extension methods apply or not depends on the static context of the call (i.e. which using clauses occur), and this context information is not currently kept as part of the payload. · Anonymous functions (i.e. lambda expressions) cannot appear as arguments to a dynamic method call. The compiler cannot bind (i.e. “understand”) an anonymous function without knowing what type it is converted to. One consequence of these limitations is that you cannot easily use LINQ queries over dynamic objects: dynamic collection = …; var result = collection.Select(e => e + 5); If the Select method is an extension method, dynamic lookup will not find it. Even if it is an instance method, the above does not compile, because a lambda expression cannot be passed as an argument to a dynamic operation. There are no plans to address these limitations in C# 4.0. Named and Optional Arguments Named and optional parameters are really two distinct features, but are often useful together. Optional parameters allow you to omit arguments to member invocations, whereas named arguments is a way to provide an argument using the name of the corresponding parameter instead of relying on its position in the parameter list. Some APIs, most notably COM interfaces such as the Office automation APIs, are written specifically with named and optional parameters in mind. Up until now it has been very painful to call into these APIs from C#, with sometimes as many as thirty arguments having to be explicitly passed, most of which have reasonable default values and could be omitted. Even in APIs for .NET however you sometimes find yourself compelled to write many overloads of a method with different combinations of parameters, in order to provide maximum usability to the callers. Optional parameters are a useful alternative for these situations. Optional parameters A parameter is declared optional simply by providing a default value for it: public void M(int x, int y = 5, int z = 7); Here y and z are optional parameters and can be omitted in calls: M(1, 2, 3); // ordinary call of M M(1, 2); // omitting z – equivalent to M(1, 2, 7) M(1); // omitting both y and z – equivalent to M(1, 5, 7) Named and optional arguments C# 4.0 does not permit you to omit arguments between commas as in M(1,,3). This could lead to highly unreadable comma-counting code. Instead any argument can be passed by name. Thus if you want to omit only y from a call of M you can write: M(1, z: 3); // passing z by name or M(x: 1, z: 3); // passing both x and z by name or even M(z: 3, x: 1); // reversing the order of arguments All forms are equivalent, except that arguments are always evaluated in the order they appear, so in the last example the 3 is evaluated before the 1. Optional and named arguments can be used not only with methods but also with indexers and constructors. Overload resolution Named and optional arguments affect overload resolution, but the changes are relatively simple: A signature is applicable if all its parameters are either optional or have exactly one corresponding argument (by name or position) in the call which is convertible to the parameter type. Betterness rules on conversions are only applied for arguments that are explicitly given – omitted optional arguments are ignored for betterness purposes. If two signatures are equally good, one that does not omit optional parameters is preferred. M(string s, int i = 1); M(object o); M(int i, string s = “Hello”); M(int i); M(5); Given these overloads, we can see the working of the rules above. M(string,int) is not applicable because 5 doesn’t convert to string. M(int,string) is applicable because its second parameter is optional, and so, obviously are M(object) and M(int). M(int,string) and M(int) are both better than M(object) because the conversion from 5 to int is better than the conversion from 5 to object. Finally M(int) is better than M(int,string) because no optional arguments are omitted. Thus the method that gets called is M(int). Features for COM interop Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters greatly improve the experience of interoperating with COM APIs such as the Office Automation APIs. In order to remove even more of the speed bumps, a couple of small COM-specific features are also added to C# 4.0. Dynamic import Many COM methods accept and return variant types, which are represented in the PIAs as object. In the vast majority of cases, a programmer calling these methods already knows the static type of a returned object from context, but explicitly has to perform a cast on the returned value to make use of that knowledge. These casts are so common that they constitute a major nuisance. In order to facilitate a smoother experience, you can now choose to import these COM APIs in such a way that variants are instead represented using the type dynamic. In other words, from your point of view, COM signatures now have occurrences of dynamic instead of object in them. This means that you can easily access members directly off a returned object, or you can assign it to a strongly typed local variable without having to cast. To illustrate, you can now say excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Hello"; instead of ((Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]).Value2 = "Hello"; and Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; instead of Excel.Range range = (Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]; Compiling without PIAs Primary Interop Assemblies are large .NET assemblies generated from COM interfaces to facilitate strongly typed interoperability. They provide great support at design time, where your experience of the interop is as good as if the types where really defined in .NET. However, at runtime these large assemblies can easily bloat your program, and also cause versioning issues because they are distributed independently of your application. The no-PIA feature allows you to continue to use PIAs at design time without having them around at runtime. Instead, the C# compiler will bake the small part of the PIA that a program actually uses directly into its assembly. At runtime the PIA does not have to be loaded. Omitting ref Because of a different programming model, many COM APIs contain a lot of reference parameters. Contrary to refs in C#, these are typically not meant to mutate a passed-in argument for the subsequent benefit of the caller, but are simply another way of passing value parameters. It therefore seems unreasonable that a C# programmer should have to create temporary variables for all such ref parameters and pass these by reference. Instead, specifically for COM methods, the C# compiler will allow you to pass arguments by value to such a method, and will automatically generate temporary variables to hold the passed-in values, subsequently discarding these when the call returns. In this way the caller sees value semantics, and will not experience any side effects, but the called method still gets a reference. Open issues A few COM interface features still are not surfaced in C#. Most notably these include indexed properties and default properties. As mentioned above these will be respected if you access COM dynamically, but statically typed C# code will still not recognize them. There are currently no plans to address these remaining speed bumps in C# 4.0. Variance An aspect of generics that often comes across as surprising is that the following is illegal: IList<string> strings = new List<string>(); IList<object> objects = strings; The second assignment is disallowed because strings does not have the same element type as objects. There is a perfectly good reason for this. If it were allowed you could write: objects[0] = 5; string s = strings[0]; Allowing an int to be inserted into a list of strings and subsequently extracted as a string. This would be a breach of type safety. However, there are certain interfaces where the above cannot occur, notably where there is no way to insert an object into the collection. Such an interface is IEnumerable<T>. If instead you say: IEnumerable<object> objects = strings; There is no way we can put the wrong kind of thing into strings through objects, because objects doesn’t have a method that takes an element in. Variance is about allowing assignments such as this in cases where it is safe. The result is that a lot of situations that were previously surprising now just work. Covariance In .NET 4.0 the IEnumerable<T> interface will be declared in the following way: public interface IEnumerable<out T> : IEnumerable { IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator<out T> : IEnumerator { bool MoveNext(); T Current { get; } } The “out” in these declarations signifies that the T can only occur in output position in the interface – the compiler will complain otherwise. In return for this restriction, the interface becomes “covariant” in T, which means that an IEnumerable<A> is considered an IEnumerable<B> if A has a reference conversion to B. As a result, any sequence of strings is also e.g. a sequence of objects. This is useful e.g. in many LINQ methods. Using the declarations above: var result = strings.Union(objects); // succeeds with an IEnumerable<object> This would previously have been disallowed, and you would have had to to some cumbersome wrapping to get the two sequences to have the same element type. Contravariance Type parameters can also have an “in” modifier, restricting them to occur only in input positions. An example is IComparer<T>: public interface IComparer<in T> { public int Compare(T left, T right); } The somewhat baffling result is that an IComparer<object> can in fact be considered an IComparer<string>! It makes sense when you think about it: If a comparer can compare any two objects, it can certainly also compare two strings. This property is referred to as contravariance. A generic type can have both in and out modifiers on its type parameters, as is the case with the Func<…> delegate types: public delegate TResult Func<in TArg, out TResult>(TArg arg); Obviously the argument only ever comes in, and the result only ever comes out. Therefore a Func<object,string> can in fact be used as a Func<string,object>. Limitations Variant type parameters can only be declared on interfaces and delegate types, due to a restriction in the CLR. Variance only applies when there is a reference conversion between the type arguments. For instance, an IEnumerable<int> is not an IEnumerable<object> because the conversion from int to object is a boxing conversion, not a reference conversion. Also please note that the CTP does not contain the new versions of the .NET types mentioned above. In order to experiment with variance you have to declare your own variant interfaces and delegate types. COM Example Here is a larger Office automation example that shows many of the new C# features in action. using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Linq; using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel; using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word; class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var excel = new Excel.Application(); excel.Visible = true; excel.Workbooks.Add(); // optional arguments omitted excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Process Name"; // no casts; Value dynamically excel.Cells[1, 2].Value = "Memory Usage"; // accessed var processes = Process.GetProcesses() .OrderByDescending(p => p.WorkingSet) .Take(10); int i = 2; foreach (var p in processes) { excel.Cells[i, 1].Value = p.ProcessName; // no casts excel.Cells[i, 2].Value = p.WorkingSet; // no casts i++; } Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; // no casts Excel.Chart chart = excel.ActiveWorkbook.Charts. Add(After: excel.ActiveSheet); // named and optional arguments chart.ChartWizard( Source: range.CurrentRegion, Title: "Memory Usage in " + Environment.MachineName); //named+optional chart.ChartStyle = 45; chart.CopyPicture(Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen, Excel.XlCopyPictureFormat.xlBitmap, Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen); var word = new Word.Application(); word.Visible = true; word.Documents.Add(); // optional arguments word.Selection.Paste(); } } The code is much more terse and readable than the C# 3.0 counterpart. Note especially how the Value property is accessed dynamically. This is actually an indexed property, i.e. a property that takes an argument; something which C# does not understand. However the argument is optional. Since the access is dynamic, it goes through the runtime COM binder which knows to substitute the default value and call the indexed property. Thus, dynamic COM allows you to avoid accesses to the puzzling Value2 property of Excel ranges. Relationship with Visual Basic A number of the features introduced to C# 4.0 already exist or will be introduced in some form or other in Visual Basic: · Late binding in VB is similar in many ways to dynamic lookup in C#, and can be expected to make more use of the DLR in the future, leading to further parity with C#. · Named and optional arguments have been part of Visual Basic for a long time, and the C# version of the feature is explicitly engineered with maximal VB interoperability in mind. · NoPIA and variance are both being introduced to VB and C# at the same time. VB in turn is adding a number of features that have hitherto been a mainstay of C#. As a result future versions of C# and VB will have much better feature parity, for the benefit of everyone. Resources All available resources concerning C# 4.0 can be accessed through the C# Dev Center. Specifically, this white paper and other resources can be found at the Code Gallery site. Enjoy! span.fullpost {display:none;}

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Using HTML 5 SessionState to save rendered Page Content

- by Rick Strahl

HTML 5 SessionState and LocalStorage are very useful and super easy to use to manage client side state. For building rich client side or SPA style applications it's a vital feature to be able to cache user data as well as HTML content in order to swap pages in and out of the browser's DOM. What might not be so obvious is that you can also use the sessionState and localStorage objects even in classic server rendered HTML applications to provide caching features between pages. These APIs have been around for a long time and are supported by most relatively modern browsers and even all the way back to IE8, so you can use them safely in your Web applications. SessionState and LocalStorage are easy The APIs that make up sessionState and localStorage are very simple. Both object feature the same API interface which is a simple, string based key value store that has getItem, setItem, removeitem, clear and key methods. The objects are also pseudo array objects and so can be iterated like an array with a length property and you have array indexers to set and get values with. Basic usage for storing and retrieval looks like this (using sessionStorage, but the syntax is the same for localStorage - just switch the objects):// set var lastAccess = new Date().getTime(); if (sessionStorage) sessionStorage.setItem("myapp_time", lastAccess.toString()); // retrieve in another page or on a refresh var time = null; if (sessionStorage) time = sessionStorage.getItem("myapp_time"); if (time) time = new Date(time * 1); else time = new Date(); sessionState stores data that is browser session specific and that has a liftetime of the active browser session or window. Shut down the browser or tab and the storage goes away. localStorage uses the same API interface, but the lifetime of the data is permanently stored in the browsers storage area until deleted via code or by clearing out browser cookies (not the cache). Both sessionStorage and localStorage space is limited. The spec is ambiguous about this - supposedly sessionStorage should allow for unlimited size, but it appears that most WebKit browsers support only 2.5mb for either object. This means you have to be careful what you store especially since other applications might be running on the same domain and also use the storage mechanisms. That said 2.5mb worth of character data is quite a bit and would go a long way. The easiest way to get a feel for how sessionState and localStorage work is to look at a simple example. You can go check out the following example online in Plunker: http://plnkr.co/edit/0ICotzkoPjHaWa70GlRZ?p=preview which looks like this: Plunker is an online HTML/JavaScript editor that lets you write and run Javascript code and similar to JsFiddle, but a bit cleaner to work in IMHO (thanks to John Papa for turning me on to it). The sample has two text boxes with counts that update session/local storage every time you click the related button. The counts are 'cached' in Session and Local storage. The point of these examples is that both counters survive full page reloads, and the LocalStorage counter survives a complete browser shutdown and restart. Go ahead and try it out by clicking the Reload button after updating both counters and then shutting down the browser completely and going back to the same URL (with the same browser). What you should see is that reloads leave both counters intact at the counted values, while a browser restart will leave only the local storage counter intact. The code to deal with the SessionStorage (and LocalStorage not shown here) in the example is isolated into a couple of wrapper methods to simplify the code: function getSessionCount() { var count = 0; if (sessionStorage) { var count = sessionStorage.getItem("ss_count"); count = !count ? 0 : count * 1; } $("#txtSession").val(count); return count; } function setSessionCount(count) { if (sessionStorage) sessionStorage.setItem("ss_count", count.toString()); } These two functions essentially load and store a session counter value. The two key methods used here are: sessionStorage.getItem(key); sessionStorage.setItem(key,stringVal); Note that the value given to setItem and return by getItem has to be a string. If you pass another type you get an error. Don't let that limit you though - you can easily enough store JSON data in a variable so it's quite possible to pass complex objects and store them into a single sessionStorage value:var user = { name: "Rick", id="ricks", level=8 } sessionStorage.setItem("app_user",JSON.stringify(user)); to retrieve it:var user = sessionStorage.getItem("app_user"); if (user) user = JSON.parse(user); Simple! If you're using the Chrome Developer Tools (F12) you can also check out the session and local storage state on the Resource tab: You can also use this tool to refresh or remove entries from storage. What we just looked at is a purely client side implementation where a couple of counters are stored. For rich client centric AJAX applications sessionStorage and localStorage provide a very nice and simple API to store application state while the application is running. But you can also use these storage mechanisms to manage server centric HTML applications when you combine server rendering with some JavaScript to perform client side data caching. You can both store some state information and data on the client (ie. store a JSON object and carry it forth between server rendered HTML requests) or you can use it for good old HTTP based caching where some rendered HTML is saved and then restored later. Let's look at the latter with a real life example. Why do I need Client-side Page Caching for Server Rendered HTML? I don't know about you, but in a lot of my existing server driven applications I have lists that display a fair amount of data. Typically these lists contain links to then drill down into more specific data either for viewing or editing. You can then click on a link and go off to a detail page that provides more concise content. So far so good. But now you're done with the detail page and need to get back to the list, so you click on a 'bread crumbs trail' or an application level 'back to list' button and… …you end up back at the top of the list - the scroll position, the current selection in some cases even filters conditions - all gone with the wind. You've left behind the state of the list and are starting from scratch in your browsing of the list from the top. Not cool! Sound familiar? This a pretty common scenario with server rendered HTML content where it's so common to display lists to drill into, only to lose state in the process of returning back to the original list. Look at just about any traditional forums application, or even StackOverFlow to see what I mean here. Scroll down a bit to look at a post or entry, drill in then use the bread crumbs or tab to go back… In some cases returning to the top of a list is not a big deal. On StackOverFlow that sort of works because content is turning around so quickly you probably want to actually look at the top posts. Not always though - if you're browsing through a list of search topics you're interested in and drill in there's no way back to that position. Essentially anytime you're actively browsing the items in the list, that's when state becomes important and if it's not handled the user experience can be really disrupting. Content Caching If you're building client centric SPA style applications this is a fairly easy to solve problem - you tend to render the list once and then update the page content to overlay the detail content, only hiding the list temporarily until it's used again later. It's relatively easy to accomplish this simply by hiding content on the page and later making it visible again. But if you use server rendered content, hanging on to all the detail like filters, selections and scroll position is not quite as easy. Or is it??? This is where sessionStorage comes in handy. What if we just save the rendered content of a previous page, and then restore it when we return to this page based on a special flag that tells us to use the cached version? Let's see how we can do this. A real World Use Case Recently my local ISP asked me to help out with updating an ancient classifieds application. They had a very busy, local classifieds app that was originally an ASP classic application. The old app was - wait for it: frames based - and even though I lobbied against it, the decision was made to keep the frames based layout to allow rapid browsing of the hundreds of posts that are made on a daily basis. The primary reason they wanted this was precisely for the ability to quickly browse content item by item. While I personally hate working with Frames, I have to admit that the UI actually works well with the frames layout as long as you're running on a large desktop screen. You can check out the frames based desktop site here: http://classifieds.gorge.net/ However when I rebuilt the app I also added a secondary view that doesn't use frames. The main reason for this of course was for mobile displays which work horribly with frames. So there's a somewhat mobile friendly interface to the interface, which ditches the frames and uses some responsive design tweaking for mobile capable operation: http://classifeds.gorge.net/mobile (or browse the base url with your browser width under 800px) Here's what the mobile, non-frames view looks like: As you can see this means that the list of classifieds posts now is a list and there's a separate page for drilling down into the item. And of course… originally we ran into that usability issue I mentioned earlier where the browse, view detail, go back to the list cycle resulted in lost list state. Originally in mobile mode you scrolled through the list, found an item to look at and drilled in to display the item detail. Then you clicked back to the list and BAM - you've lost your place. Because there are so many items added on a daily basis the full list is never fully loaded, but rather there's a "Load Additional Listings" entry at the button. Not only did we originally lose our place when coming back to the list, but any 'additionally loaded' items are no longer there because the list was now rendering as if it was the first page hit. The additional listings, and any filters, the selection of an item all were lost. Major Suckage! Using Client SessionStorage to cache Server Rendered Content To work around this problem I decided to cache the rendered page content from the list in SessionStorage. Anytime the list renders or is updated with Load Additional Listings, the page HTML is cached and stored in Session Storage. Any back links from the detail page or the login or write entry forms then point back to the list page with a back=true query string parameter. If the server side sees this parameter it doesn't render the part of the page that is cached. Instead the client side code retrieves the data from the sessionState cache and simply inserts it into the page. It sounds pretty simple, and the overall the process is really easy, but there are a few gotchas that I'll discuss in a minute. But first let's look at the implementation. Let's start with the server side here because that'll give a quick idea of the doc structure. As I mentioned the server renders data from an ASP.NET MVC view. On the list page when returning to the list page from the display page (or a host of other pages) looks like this: https://classifieds.gorge.net/list?back=True The query string value is a flag, that indicates whether the server should render the HTML. Here's what the top level MVC Razor view for the list page looks like:@model MessageListViewModel @{ ViewBag.Title = "Classified Listing"; bool isBack = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Request.QueryString["back"]); } <form method="post" action="@Url.Action("list")"> <div id="SizingContainer"> @if (!isBack) { @Html.Partial("List_CommandBar_Partial", Model) <div id="PostItemContainer" class="scrollbox" xstyle="-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"> @Html.Partial("List_Items_Partial", Model) @if (Model.RequireLoadEntry) { <div class="postitem loadpostitems" style="padding: 15px;"> <div id="LoadProgress" class="smallprogressright"></div> <div class="control-progress"> Load additional listings... </div> </div> } </div> } </div> </form> As you can see the query string triggers a conditional block that if set is simply not rendered. The content inside of #SizingContainer basically holds the entire page's HTML sans the headers and scripts, but including the filter options and menu at the top. In this case this makes good sense - in other situations the fact that the menu or filter options might be dynamically updated might make you only cache the list rather than essentially the entire page. In this particular instance all of the content works and produces the proper result as both the list along with any filter conditions in the form inputs are restored. Ok, let's move on to the client. On the client there are two page level functions that deal with saving and restoring state. Like the counter example I showed earlier, I like to wrap the logic to save and restore values from sessionState into a separate function because they are almost always used in several places.page.saveData = function(id) { if (!sessionStorage) return; var data = { id: id, scroll: $("#PostItemContainer").scrollTop(), html: $("#SizingContainer").html() }; sessionStorage.setItem("list_html",JSON.stringify(data)); }; page.restoreData = function() { if (!sessionStorage) return; var data = sessionStorage.getItem("list_html"); if (!data) return null; return JSON.parse(data); }; The data that is saved is an object which contains an ID which is the selected element when the user clicks and a scroll position. These two values are used to reset the scroll position when the data is used from the cache. Finally the html from the #SizingContainer element is stored, which makes for the bulk of the document's HTML. In this application the HTML captured could be a substantial bit of data. If you recall, I mentioned that the server side code renders a small chunk of data initially and then gets more data if the user reads through the first 50 or so items. The rest of the items retrieved can be rather sizable. Other than the JSON deserialization that's Ok. Since I'm using SessionStorage the storage space has no immediate limits. Next is the core logic to handle saving and restoring the page state. At first though this would seem pretty simple, and in some cases it might be, but as the following code demonstrates there are a few gotchas to watch out for. Here's the relevant code I use to save and restore:$( function() { … var isBack = getUrlEncodedKey("back", location.href); if (isBack) { // remove the back key from URL setUrlEncodedKey("back", "", location.href); var data = page.restoreData(); // restore from sessionState if (!data) { // no data - force redisplay of the server side default list window.location = "list"; return; } $("#SizingContainer").html(data.html); var el = $(".postitem[data-id=" + data.id + "]"); $(".postitem").removeClass("highlight"); el.addClass("highlight"); $("#PostItemContainer").scrollTop(data.scroll); setTimeout(function() { el.removeClass("highlight"); }, 2500); } else if (window.noFrames) page.saveData(null); // save when page loads $("#SizingContainer").on("click", ".postitem", function() { var id = $(this).attr("data-id"); if (!id) return true; if (window.noFrames) page.saveData(id); var contentFrame = window.parent.frames["Content"]; if (contentFrame) contentFrame.location.href = "show/" + id; else window.location.href = "show/" + id; return false; }); … The code starts out by checking for the back query string flag which triggers restoring from the client cache. If cached the cached data structure is read from sessionStorage. It's important here to check if data was returned. If the user had back=true on the querystring but there is no cached data, he likely bookmarked this page or otherwise shut down the browser and came back to this URL. In that case the server didn't render any detail and we have no cached data, so all we can do is redirect to the original default list view using window.location. If we continued the page would render no data - so make sure to always check the cache retrieval result. Always! If there is data the it's loaded and the data.html data is restored back into the document by simply injecting the HTML back into the document's #SizingContainer element:$("#SizingContainer").html(data.html); It's that simple and it's quite quick even with a fully loaded list of additional items and on a phone. The actual HTML data is stored to the cache on every page load initially and then again when the user clicks on an element to navigate to a particular listing. The former ensures that the client cache always has something in it, and the latter updates with additional information for the selected element. For the click handling I use a data-id attribute on the list item (.postitem) in the list and retrieve the id from that. That id is then used to navigate to the actual entry as well as storing that Id value in the saved cached data. The id is used to reset the selection by searching for the data-id value in the restored elements. The overall process of this save/restore process is pretty straight forward and it doesn't require a bunch of code, yet it yields a huge improvement in the usability of the site on mobile devices (or anybody who uses the non-frames view). Some things to watch out for As easy as it conceptually seems to simply store and retrieve cached content, you have to be quite aware what type of content you are caching. The code above is all that's specific to cache/restore cycle and it works, but it took a few tweaks to the rest of the script code and server code to make it all work. There were a few gotchas that weren't immediately obvious. Here are a few things to pay attention to: Event Handling Logic Timing of manipulating DOM events Inline Script Code Bookmarking to the Cache Url when no cache exists Do you have inline script code in your HTML? That script code isn't going to run if you restore from cache and simply assign or it may not run at the time you think it would normally in the DOM rendering cycle. JavaScript Event Hookups The biggest issue I ran into with this approach almost immediately is that originally I had various static event handlers hooked up to various UI elements that are now cached. If you have an event handler like:$("#btnSearch").click( function() {…}); that works fine when the page loads with server rendered HTML, but that code breaks when you now load the HTML from cache. Why? Because the elements you're trying to hook those events to may not actually be there - yet. Luckily there's an easy workaround for this by using deferred events. With jQuery you can use the .on() event handler instead:$("#SelectionContainer").on("click","#btnSearch", function() {…}); which monitors a parent element for the events and checks for the inner selector elements to handle events on. This effectively defers to runtime event binding, so as more items are added to the document bindings still work. For any cached content use deferred events. Timing of manipulating DOM Elements Along the same lines make sure that your DOM manipulation code follows the code that loads the cached content into the page so that you don't manipulate DOM elements that don't exist just yet. Ideally you'll want to check for the condition to restore cached content towards the top of your script code, but that can be tricky if you have components or other logic that might not all run in a straight line. Inline Script Code Here's another small problem I ran into: I use a DateTime Picker widget I built a while back that relies on the jQuery date time picker. I also created a helper function that allows keyboard date navigation into it that uses JavaScript logic. Because MVC's limited 'object model' the only way to embed widget content into the page is through inline script. This code broken when I inserted the cached HTML into the page because the script code was not available when the component actually got injected into the page. As the last bullet - it's a matter of timing. There's no good work around for this - in my case I pulled out the jQuery date picker and relied on native <input type="date" /> logic instead - a better choice these days anyway, especially since this view is meant to be primarily to serve mobile devices which actually support date input through the browser (unlike desktop browsers of which only WebKit seems to support it). Bookmarking Cached Urls When you cache HTML content you have to make a decision whether you cache on the client and also not render that same content on the server. In the Classifieds app I didn't render server side content so if the user comes to the page with back=True and there is no cached content I have to a have a Plan B. Typically this happens when somebody ends up bookmarking the back URL. The easiest and safest solution for this scenario is to ALWAYS check the cache result to make sure it exists and if not have a safe URL to go back to - in this case to the plain uncached list URL which amounts to effectively redirecting. This seems really obvious in hindsight, but it's easy to overlook and not see a problem until much later, when it's not obvious at all why the page is not rendering anything. Don't use <body> to replace Content Since we're practically replacing all the HTML in the page it may seem tempting to simply replace the HTML content of the <body> tag. Don't. The body tag usually contains key things that should stay in the page and be there when it loads. Specifically script tags and elements and possibly other embedded content. It's best to create a top level DOM element specifically as a placeholder container for your cached content and wrap just around the actual content you want to replace. In the app above the #SizingContainer is that container. Other Approaches The approach I've used for this application is kind of specific to the existing server rendered application we're running and so it's just one approach you can take with caching. However for server rendered content caching this is a pattern I've used in a few apps to retrofit some client caching into list displays. In this application I took the path of least resistance to the existing server rendering logic. Here are a few other ways that come to mind: Using Partial HTML Rendering via AJAXInstead of rendering the page initially on the server, the page would load empty and the client would render the UI by retrieving the respective HTML and embedding it into the page from a Partial View. This effectively makes the initial rendering and the cached rendering logic identical and removes the server having to decide whether this request needs to be rendered or not (ie. not checking for a back=true switch). All the logic related to caching is made on the client in this case. Using JSON Data and Client RenderingThe hardcore client option is to do the whole UI SPA style and pull data from the server and then use client rendering or databinding to pull the data down and render using templates or client side databinding with knockout/angular et al. As with the Partial Rendering approach the advantage is that there's no difference in the logic between pulling the data from cache or rendering from scratch other than the initial check for the cache request. Of course if the app is a full on SPA app, then caching may not be required even - the list could just stay in memory and be hidden and reactivated. I'm sure there are a number of other ways this can be handled as well especially using AJAX. AJAX rendering might simplify the logic, but it also complicates search engine optimization since there's no content loaded initially. So there are always tradeoffs and it's important to look at all angles before deciding on any sort of caching solution in general. State of the Session SessionState and LocalStorage are easy to use in client code and can be integrated even with server centric applications to provide nice caching features of content and data. In this post I've shown a very specific scenario of storing HTML content for the purpose of remembering list view data and state and making the browsing experience for lists a bit more friendly, especially if there's dynamically loaded content involved. If you haven't played with sessionStorage or localStorage I encourage you to give it a try. There's a lot of cool stuff that you can do with this beyond the specific scenario I've covered here… Resources Overview of localStorage (also applies to sessionStorage) Web Storage Compatibility Modernizr Test Suite© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2013Posted in JavaScript HTML5 ASP.NET MVC Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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value types in the vm

- by john.rose

value types in the vm p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 14.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} p.p3 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} p.p4 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 15.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} p.p5 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Courier} p.p6 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Courier; min-height: 17.0px} p.p7 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times; min-height: 18.0px} p.p8 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 36.0px; text-indent: -36.0px; font: 14.0px Times; min-height: 18.0px} p.p9 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times; min-height: 18.0px} p.p10 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times; color: #000000} li.li1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} li.li7 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times; min-height: 18.0px} span.s1 {font: 14.0px Courier} span.s2 {color: #000000} span.s3 {font: 14.0px Courier; color: #000000} ol.ol1 {list-style-type: decimal} Or, enduring values for a changing world. Introduction A value type is a data type which, generally speaking, is designed for being passed by value in and out of methods, and stored by value in data structures. The only value types which the Java language directly supports are the eight primitive types. Java indirectly and approximately supports value types, if they are implemented in terms of classes. For example, both Integer and String may be viewed as value types, especially if their usage is restricted to avoid operations appropriate to Object. In this note, we propose a definition of value types in terms of a design pattern for Java classes, accompanied by a set of usage restrictions. We also sketch the relation of such value types to tuple types (which are a JVM-level notion), and point out JVM optimizations that can apply to value types. This note is a thought experiment to extend the JVM’s performance model in support of value types. The demonstration has two phases. Initially the extension can simply use design patterns, within the current bytecode architecture, and in today’s Java language. But if the performance model is to be realized in practice, it will probably require new JVM bytecode features, changes to the Java language, or both. We will look at a few possibilities for these new features. An Axiom of Value In the context of the JVM, a value type is a data type equipped with construction, assignment, and equality operations, and a set of typed components, such that, whenever two variables of the value type produce equal corresponding values for their components, the values of the two variables cannot be distinguished by any JVM operation. Here are some corollaries: A value type is immutable, since otherwise a copy could be constructed and the original could be modified in one of its components, allowing the copies to be distinguished. Changing the component of a value type requires construction of a new value. The equals and hashCode operations are strictly component-wise. If a value type is represented by a JVM reference, that reference cannot be successfully synchronized on, and cannot be usefully compared for reference equality. A value type can be viewed in terms of what it doesn’t do. We can say that a value type omits all value-unsafe operations, which could violate the constraints on value types. These operations, which are ordinarily allowed for Java object types, are pointer equality comparison (the acmp instruction), synchronization (the monitor instructions), all the wait and notify methods of class Object, and non-trivial finalize methods. The clone method is also value-unsafe, although for value types it could be treated as the identity function. Finally, and most importantly, any side effect on an object (however visible) also counts as an value-unsafe operation. A value type may have methods, but such methods must not change the components of the value. It is reasonable and useful to define methods like toString, equals, and hashCode on value types, and also methods which are specifically valuable to users of the value type. Representations of Value Value types have two natural representations in the JVM, unboxed and boxed. An unboxed value consists of the components, as simple variables. For example, the complex number x=(1+2i), in rectangular coordinate form, may be represented in unboxed form by the following pair of variables: /*Complex x = Complex.valueOf(1.0, 2.0):*/ double x_re = 1.0, x_im = 2.0; These variables might be locals, parameters, or fields. Their association as components of a single value is not defined to the JVM. Here is a sample computation which computes the norm of the difference between two complex numbers: double distance(/*Complex x:*/ double x_re, double x_im, /*Complex y:*/ double y_re, double y_im) { /*Complex z = x.minus(y):*/ double z_re = x_re - y_re, z_im = x_im - y_im; /*return z.abs():*/ return Math.sqrt(z_re*z_re + z_im*z_im); } A boxed representation groups component values under a single object reference. The reference is to a ‘wrapper class’ that carries the component values in its fields. (A primitive type can naturally be equated with a trivial value type with just one component of that type. In that view, the wrapper class Integer can serve as a boxed representation of value type int.) The unboxed representation of complex numbers is practical for many uses, but it fails to cover several major use cases: return values, array elements, and generic APIs. The two components of a complex number cannot be directly returned from a Java function, since Java does not support multiple return values. The same story applies to array elements: Java has no ’array of structs’ feature. (Double-length arrays are a possible workaround for complex numbers, but not for value types with heterogeneous components.) By generic APIs I mean both those which use generic types, like Arrays.asList and those which have special case support for primitive types, like String.valueOf and PrintStream.println. Those APIs do not support unboxed values, and offer some problems to boxed values. Any ’real’ JVM type should have a story for returns, arrays, and API interoperability. The basic problem here is that value types fall between primitive types and object types. Value types are clearly more complex than primitive types, and object types are slightly too complicated. Objects are a little bit dangerous to use as value carriers, since object references can be compared for pointer equality, and can be synchronized on. Also, as many Java programmers have observed, there is often a performance cost to using wrapper objects, even on modern JVMs. Even so, wrapper classes are a good starting point for talking about value types. If there were a set of structural rules and restrictions which would prevent value-unsafe operations on value types, wrapper classes would provide a good notation for defining value types. This note attempts to define such rules and restrictions. Let’s Start Coding Now it is time to look at some real code. Here is a definition, written in Java, of a complex number value type. @ValueSafe public final class Complex implements java.io.Serializable { // immutable component structure: public final double re, im; private Complex(double re, double im) { this.re = re; this.im = im; } // interoperability methods: public String toString() { return "Complex("+re+","+im+")"; } public List<Double> asList() { return Arrays.asList(re, im); } public boolean equals(Complex c) { return re == c.re && im == c.im; } public boolean equals(@ValueSafe Object x) { return x instanceof Complex && equals((Complex) x); } public int hashCode() { return 31*Double.valueOf(re).hashCode() + Double.valueOf(im).hashCode(); } // factory methods: public static Complex valueOf(double re, double im) { return new Complex(re, im); } public Complex changeRe(double re2) { return valueOf(re2, im); } public Complex changeIm(double im2) { return valueOf(re, im2); } public static Complex cast(@ValueSafe Object x) { return x == null ? ZERO : (Complex) x; } // utility methods and constants: public Complex plus(Complex c) { return new Complex(re+c.re, im+c.im); } public Complex minus(Complex c) { return new Complex(re-c.re, im-c.im); } public double abs() { return Math.sqrt(re*re + im*im); } public static final Complex PI = valueOf(Math.PI, 0.0); public static final Complex ZERO = valueOf(0.0, 0.0); } This is not a minimal definition, because it includes some utility methods and other optional parts. The essential elements are as follows: The class is marked as a value type with an annotation. The class is final, because it does not make sense to create subclasses of value types. The fields of the class are all non-private and final. (I.e., the type is immutable and structurally transparent.) From the supertype Object, all public non-final methods are overridden. The constructor is private. Beyond these bare essentials, we can observe the following features in this example, which are likely to be typical of all value types: One or more factory methods are responsible for value creation, including a component-wise valueOf method. There are utility methods for complex arithmetic and instance creation, such as plus and changeIm. There are static utility constants, such as PI. The type is serializable, using the default mechanisms. There are methods for converting to and from dynamically typed references, such as asList and cast. The Rules In order to use value types properly, the programmer must avoid value-unsafe operations. A helpful Java compiler should issue errors (or at least warnings) for code which provably applies value-unsafe operations, and should issue warnings for code which might be correct but does not provably avoid value-unsafe operations. No such compilers exist today, but to simplify our account here, we will pretend that they do exist. A value-safe type is any class, interface, or type parameter marked with the @ValueSafe annotation, or any subtype of a value-safe type. If a value-safe class is marked final, it is in fact a value type. All other value-safe classes must be abstract. The non-static fields of a value class must be non-public and final, and all its constructors must be private. Under the above rules, a standard interface could be helpful to define value types like Complex. Here is an example: @ValueSafe public interface ValueType extends java.io.Serializable { // All methods listed here must get redefined. // Definitions must be value-safe, which means // they may depend on component values only. List<? extends Object> asList(); int hashCode(); boolean equals(@ValueSafe Object c); String toString(); } //@ValueSafe inherited from supertype: public final class Complex implements ValueType { … The main advantage of such a conventional interface is that (unlike an annotation) it is reified in the runtime type system. It could appear as an element type or parameter bound, for facilities which are designed to work on value types only. More broadly, it might assist the JVM to perform dynamic enforcement of the rules for value types. Besides types, the annotation @ValueSafe can mark fields, parameters, local variables, and methods. (This is redundant when the type is also value-safe, but may be useful when the type is Object or another supertype of a value type.) Working forward from these annotations, an expression E is defined as value-safe if it satisfies one or more of the following: The type of E is a value-safe type. E names a field, parameter, or local variable whose declaration is marked @ValueSafe. E is a call to a method whose declaration is marked @ValueSafe. E is an assignment to a value-safe variable, field reference, or array reference. E is a cast to a value-safe type from a value-safe expression. E is a conditional expression E0 ? E1 : E2, and both E1 and E2 are value-safe. Assignments to value-safe expressions and initializations of value-safe names must take their values from value-safe expressions. A value-safe expression may not be the subject of a value-unsafe operation. In particular, it cannot be synchronized on, nor can it be compared with the “==” operator, not even with a null or with another value-safe type. In a program where all of these rules are followed, no value-type value will be subject to a value-unsafe operation. Thus, the prime axiom of value types will be satisfied, that no two value type will be distinguishable as long as their component values are equal. More Code To illustrate these rules, here are some usage examples for Complex: Complex pi = Complex.valueOf(Math.PI, 0); Complex zero = pi.changeRe(0); //zero = pi; zero.re = 0; ValueType vtype = pi; @SuppressWarnings("value-unsafe") Object obj = pi; @ValueSafe Object obj2 = pi; obj2 = new Object(); // ok List<Complex> clist = new ArrayList<Complex>(); clist.add(pi); // (ok assuming List.add param is @ValueSafe) List<ValueType> vlist = new ArrayList<ValueType>(); vlist.add(pi); // (ok) List<Object> olist = new ArrayList<Object>(); olist.add(pi); // warning: "value-unsafe" boolean z = pi.equals(zero); boolean z1 = (pi == zero); // error: reference comparison on value type boolean z2 = (pi == null); // error: reference comparison on value type boolean z3 = (pi == obj2); // error: reference comparison on value type synchronized (pi) { } // error: synch of value, unpredictable result synchronized (obj2) { } // unpredictable result Complex qq = pi; qq = null; // possible NPE; warning: “null-unsafe" qq = (Complex) obj; // warning: “null-unsafe" qq = Complex.cast(obj); // OK @SuppressWarnings("null-unsafe") Complex empty = null; // possible NPE qq = empty; // possible NPE (null pollution) The Payoffs It follows from this that either the JVM or the java compiler can replace boxed value-type values with unboxed ones, without affecting normal computations. Fields and variables of value types can be split into their unboxed components. Non-static methods on value types can be transformed into static methods which take the components as value parameters. Some common questions arise around this point in any discussion of value types. Why burden the programmer with all these extra rules? Why not detect programs automagically and perform unboxing transparently? The answer is that it is easy to break the rules accidently unless they are agreed to by the programmer and enforced. Automatic unboxing optimizations are tantalizing but (so far) unreachable ideal. In the current state of the art, it is possible exhibit benchmarks in which automatic unboxing provides the desired effects, but it is not possible to provide a JVM with a performance model that assures the programmer when unboxing will occur. This is why I’m writing this note, to enlist help from, and provide assurances to, the programmer. Basically, I’m shooting for a good set of user-supplied “pragmas” to frame the desired optimization. Again, the important thing is that the unboxing must be done reliably, or else programmers will have no reason to work with the extra complexity of the value-safety rules. There must be a reasonably stable performance model, wherein using a value type has approximately the same performance characteristics as writing the unboxed components as separate Java variables. There are some rough corners to the present scheme. Since Java fields and array elements are initialized to null, value-type computations which incorporate uninitialized variables can produce null pointer exceptions. One workaround for this is to require such variables to be null-tested, and the result replaced with a suitable all-zero value of the value type. That is what the “cast” method does above. Generically typed APIs like List<T> will continue to manipulate boxed values always, at least until we figure out how to do reification of generic type instances. Use of such APIs will elicit warnings until their type parameters (and/or relevant members) are annotated or typed as value-safe. Retrofitting List<T> is likely to expose flaws in the present scheme, which we will need to engineer around. Here are a couple of first approaches: public interface java.util.List<@ValueSafe T> extends Collection<T> { … public interface java.util.List<T extends Object|ValueType> extends Collection<T> { … (The second approach would require disjunctive types, in which value-safety is “contagious” from the constituent types.) With more transformations, the return value types of methods can also be unboxed. This may require significant bytecode-level transformations, and would work best in the presence of a bytecode representation for multiple value groups, which I have proposed elsewhere under the title “Tuples in the VM”. But for starters, the JVM can apply this transformation under the covers, to internally compiled methods. This would give a way to express multiple return values and structured return values, which is a significant pain-point for Java programmers, especially those who work with low-level structure types favored by modern vector and graphics processors. The lack of multiple return values has a strong distorting effect on many Java APIs. Even if the JVM fails to unbox a value, there is still potential benefit to the value type. Clustered computing systems something have copy operations (serialization or something similar) which apply implicitly to command operands. When copying JVM objects, it is extremely helpful to know when an object’s identity is important or not. If an object reference is a copied operand, the system may have to create a proxy handle which points back to the original object, so that side effects are visible. Proxies must be managed carefully, and this can be expensive. On the other hand, value types are exactly those types which a JVM can “copy and forget” with no downside. Array types are crucial to bulk data interfaces. (As data sizes and rates increase, bulk data becomes more important than scalar data, so arrays are definitely accompanying us into the future of computing.) Value types are very helpful for adding structure to bulk data, so a successful value type mechanism will make it easier for us to express richer forms of bulk data. Unboxing arrays (i.e., arrays containing unboxed values) will provide better cache and memory density, and more direct data movement within clustered or heterogeneous computing systems. They require the deepest transformations, relative to today’s JVM. There is an impedance mismatch between value-type arrays and Java’s covariant array typing, so compromises will need to be struck with existing Java semantics. It is probably worth the effort, since arrays of unboxed value types are inherently more memory-efficient than standard Java arrays, which rely on dependent pointer chains. It may be sufficient to extend the “value-safe” concept to array declarations, and allow low-level transformations to change value-safe array declarations from the standard boxed form into an unboxed tuple-based form. Such value-safe arrays would not be convertible to Object[] arrays. Certain connection points, such as Arrays.copyOf and System.arraycopy might need additional input/output combinations, to allow smooth conversion between arrays with boxed and unboxed elements. Alternatively, the correct solution may have to wait until we have enough reification of generic types, and enough operator overloading, to enable an overhaul of Java arrays. Implicit Method Definitions The example of class Complex above may be unattractively complex. I believe most or all of the elements of the example class are required by the logic of value types. If this is true, a programmer who writes a value type will have to write lots of error-prone boilerplate code. On the other hand, I think nearly all of the code (except for the domain-specific parts like plus and minus) can be implicitly generated. Java has a rule for implicitly defining a class’s constructor, if no it defines no constructors explicitly. Likewise, there are rules for providing default access modifiers for interface members. Because of the highly regular structure of value types, it might be reasonable to perform similar implicit transformations on value types. Here’s an example of a “highly implicit” definition of a complex number type: public class Complex implements ValueType { // implicitly final public double re, im; // implicitly public final //implicit methods are defined elementwise from te fields: // toString, asList, equals(2), hashCode, valueOf, cast //optionally, explicit methods (plus, abs, etc.) would go here } In other words, with the right defaults, a simple value type definition can be a one-liner. The observant reader will have noticed the similarities (and suitable differences) between the explicit methods above and the corresponding methods for List<T>. Another way to abbreviate such a class would be to make an annotation the primary trigger of the functionality, and to add the interface(s) implicitly: public @ValueType class Complex { … // implicitly final, implements ValueType (But to me it seems better to communicate the “magic” via an interface, even if it is rooted in an annotation.) Implicitly Defined Value Types So far we have been working with nominal value types, which is to say that the sequence of typed components is associated with a name and additional methods that convey the intention of the programmer. A simple ordered pair of floating point numbers can be variously interpreted as (to name a few possibilities) a rectangular or polar complex number or Cartesian point. The name and the methods convey the intended meaning. But what if we need a truly simple ordered pair of floating point numbers, without any further conceptual baggage? Perhaps we are writing a method (like “divideAndRemainder”) which naturally returns a pair of numbers instead of a single number. Wrapping the pair of numbers in a nominal type (like “QuotientAndRemainder”) makes as little sense as wrapping a single return value in a nominal type (like “Quotient”). What we need here are structural value types commonly known as tuples. For the present discussion, let us assign a conventional, JVM-friendly name to tuples, roughly as follows: public class java.lang.tuple.$DD extends java.lang.tuple.Tuple { double $1, $2; } Here the component names are fixed and all the required methods are defined implicitly. The supertype is an abstract class which has suitable shared declarations. The name itself mentions a JVM-style method parameter descriptor, which may be “cracked” to determine the number and types of the component fields. The odd thing about such a tuple type (and structural types in general) is it must be instantiated lazily, in response to linkage requests from one or more classes that need it. The JVM and/or its class loaders must be prepared to spin a tuple type on demand, given a simple name reference, $xyz, where the xyz is cracked into a series of component types. (Specifics of naming and name mangling need some tasteful engineering.) Tuples also seem to demand, even more than nominal types, some support from the language. (This is probably because notations for non-nominal types work best as combinations of punctuation and type names, rather than named constructors like Function3 or Tuple2.) At a minimum, languages with tuples usually (I think) have some sort of simple bracket notation for creating tuples, and a corresponding pattern-matching syntax (or “destructuring bind”) for taking tuples apart, at least when they are parameter lists. Designing such a syntax is no simple thing, because it ought to play well with nominal value types, and also with pre-existing Java features, such as method parameter lists, implicit conversions, generic types, and reflection. That is a task for another day. Other Use Cases Besides complex numbers and simple tuples there are many use cases for value types. Many tuple-like types have natural value-type representations. These include rational numbers, point locations and pixel colors, and various kinds of dates and addresses. Other types have a variable-length ‘tail’ of internal values. The most common example of this is String, which is (mathematically) a sequence of UTF-16 character values. Similarly, bit vectors, multiple-precision numbers, and polynomials are composed of sequences of values. Such types include, in their representation, a reference to a variable-sized data structure (often an array) which (somehow) represents the sequence of values. The value type may also include ’header’ information. Variable-sized values often have a length distribution which favors short lengths. In that case, the design of the value type can make the first few values in the sequence be direct ’header’ fields of the value type. In the common case where the header is enough to represent the whole value, the tail can be a shared null value, or even just a null reference. Note that the tail need not be an immutable object, as long as the header type encapsulates it well enough. This is the case with String, where the tail is a mutable (but never mutated) character array. Field types and their order must be a globally visible part of the API. The structure of the value type must be transparent enough to have a globally consistent unboxed representation, so that all callers and callees agree about the type and order of components that appear as parameters, return types, and array elements. This is a trade-off between efficiency and encapsulation, which is forced on us when we remove an indirection enjoyed by boxed representations. A JVM-only transformation would not care about such visibility, but a bytecode transformation would need to take care that (say) the components of complex numbers would not get swapped after a redefinition of Complex and a partial recompile. Perhaps constant pool references to value types need to declare the field order as assumed by each API user. This brings up the delicate status of private fields in a value type. It must always be possible to load, store, and copy value types as coordinated groups, and the JVM performs those movements by moving individual scalar values between locals and stack. If a component field is not public, what is to prevent hostile code from plucking it out of the tuple using a rogue aload or astore instruction? Nothing but the verifier, so we may need to give it more smarts, so that it treats value types as inseparable groups of stack slots or locals (something like long or double). My initial thought was to make the fields always public, which would make the security problem moot. But public is not always the right answer; consider the case of String, where the underlying mutable character array must be encapsulated to prevent security holes. I believe we can win back both sides of the tradeoff, by training the verifier never to split up the components in an unboxed value. Just as the verifier encapsulates the two halves of a 64-bit primitive, it can encapsulate the the header and body of an unboxed String, so that no code other than that of class String itself can take apart the values. Similar to String, we could build an efficient multi-precision decimal type along these lines: public final class DecimalValue extends ValueType { protected final long header; protected private final BigInteger digits; public DecimalValue valueOf(int value, int scale) { assert(scale >= 0); return new DecimalValue(((long)value << 32) + scale, null); } public DecimalValue valueOf(long value, int scale) { if (value == (int) value) return valueOf((int)value, scale); return new DecimalValue(-scale, new BigInteger(value)); } } Values of this type would be passed between methods as two machine words. Small values (those with a significand which fits into 32 bits) would be represented without any heap data at all, unless the DecimalValue itself were boxed. (Note the tension between encapsulation and unboxing in this case. It would be better if the header and digits fields were private, but depending on where the unboxing information must “leak”, it is probably safer to make a public revelation of the internal structure.) Note that, although an array of Complex can be faked with a double-length array of double, there is no easy way to fake an array of unboxed DecimalValues. (Either an array of boxed values or a transposed pair of homogeneous arrays would be reasonable fallbacks, in a current JVM.) Getting the full benefit of unboxing and arrays will require some new JVM magic. Although the JVM emphasizes portability, system dependent code will benefit from using machine-level types larger than 64 bits. For example, the back end of a linear algebra package might benefit from value types like Float4 which map to stock vector types. This is probably only worthwhile if the unboxing arrays can be packed with such values. More Daydreams A more finely-divided design for dynamic enforcement of value safety could feature separate marker interfaces for each invariant. An empty marker interface Unsynchronizable could cause suitable exceptions for monitor instructions on objects in marked classes. More radically, a Interchangeable marker interface could cause JVM primitives that are sensitive to object identity to raise exceptions; the strangest result would be that the acmp instruction would have to be specified as raising an exception. @ValueSafe public interface ValueType extends java.io.Serializable, Unsynchronizable, Interchangeable { … public class Complex implements ValueType { // inherits Serializable, Unsynchronizable, Interchangeable, @ValueSafe … It seems possible that Integer and the other wrapper types could be retro-fitted as value-safe types. This is a major change, since wrapper objects would be unsynchronizable and their references interchangeable. It is likely that code which violates value-safety for wrapper types exists but is uncommon. It is less plausible to retro-fit String, since the prominent operation String.intern is often used with value-unsafe code. We should also reconsider the distinction between boxed and unboxed values in code. The design presented above obscures that distinction. As another thought experiment, we could imagine making a first class distinction in the type system between boxed and unboxed representations. Since only primitive types are named with a lower-case initial letter, we could define that the capitalized version of a value type name always refers to the boxed representation, while the initial lower-case variant always refers to boxed. For example: complex pi = complex.valueOf(Math.PI, 0); Complex boxPi = pi; // convert to boxed myList.add(boxPi); complex z = myList.get(0); // unbox Such a convention could perhaps absorb the current difference between int and Integer, double and Double. It might also allow the programmer to express a helpful distinction among array types. As said above, array types are crucial to bulk data interfaces, but are limited in the JVM. Extending arrays beyond the present limitations is worth thinking about; for example, the Maxine JVM implementation has a hybrid object/array type. Something like this which can also accommodate value type components seems worthwhile. On the other hand, does it make sense for value types to contain short arrays? And why should random-access arrays be the end of our design process, when bulk data is often sequentially accessed, and it might make sense to have heterogeneous streams of data as the natural “jumbo” data structure. These considerations must wait for another day and another note. More Work It seems to me that a good sequence for introducing such value types would be as follows: Add the value-safety restrictions to an experimental version of javac. Code some sample applications with value types, including Complex and DecimalValue. Create an experimental JVM which internally unboxes value types but does not require new bytecodes to do so. Ensure the feasibility of the performance model for the sample applications. Add tuple-like bytecodes (with or without generic type reification) to a major revision of the JVM, and teach the Java compiler to switch in the new bytecodes without code changes. A staggered roll-out like this would decouple language changes from bytecode changes, which is always a convenient thing. A similar investigation should be applied (concurrently) to array types. In this case, it seems to me that the starting point is in the JVM: Add an experimental unboxing array data structure to a production JVM, perhaps along the lines of Maxine hybrids. No bytecode or language support is required at first; everything can be done with encapsulated unsafe operations and/or method handles. Create an experimental JVM which internally unboxes value types but does not require new bytecodes to do so. Ensure the feasibility of the performance model for the sample applications. Add tuple-like bytecodes (with or without generic type reification) to a major revision of the JVM, and teach the Java compiler to switch in the new bytecodes without code changes. That’s enough musing me for now. Back to work!

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Custom rails route problem with 2.3.8 and Mongrel

- by CHsurfer

I have a controller called 'exposures' which I created automatically with the script/generate scaffold call. The scaffold pages work fine. I created a custom action called 'test' in the exposures controller. When I try to call the page (http://127.0.0.1:3000/exposures/test/1) I get a blank, white screen with no text at all in the source. I am using Rails 2.3.8 and mongrel in the development environment. There are no entries in development.log and the console that was used to open mongrel has the following error: You might have expected an instance of Array. The error occurred while evaluating nil.split D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/actionpack-2.3.8/lib/action_controller/cgi_process.rb:52:in dispatch_cgi' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/actionpack-2.3.8/lib/action_controller/dispatcher.rb:101:in dispatch_cgi' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/actionpack-2.3.8/lib/action_controller/dispatcher.rb:27:in dispatch' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel/rails.rb:76:in process' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel/rails.rb:74:in synchronize' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel/rails.rb:74:in process' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:159:in process_client' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:158:in each' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:158:in process_client' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:285:in run' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:285:in initialize' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:285:in new' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:285:in run' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:268:in initialize' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:268:in new' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel.rb:268:in run' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel/configurator.rb:282:in run' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel/configurator.rb:281:in each' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel/configurator.rb:281:in run' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/mongrel_rails:128:in run' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/../lib/mongrel/command.rb:212:in run' D:/Rails/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/mongrel-1.1.2-x86-mswin32/bin/mongrel_rails:281 D:/Rails/ruby/bin/mongrel_rails:19:in load' D:/Rails/ruby/bin/mongrel_rails:19 Here is the exposures_controller code: class ExposuresController < ApplicationController # GET /exposures # GET /exposures.xml def index @exposures = Exposure.all respond_to do |format| format.html # index.html.erb format.xml { render :xml => @exposures } end end #/exposure/graph/1 def graph @exposure = Exposure.find(params[:id]) project_name = @exposure.tender.project.name group_name = @exposure.tender.user.group.name tender_desc = @exposure.tender.description direction = "Cash Out" direction = "Cash In" if @exposure.supply currency_1_and_2 = "#{@exposure.currency_in} = #{@exposure.currency_out}" title = "#{project_name}:#{group_name}:#{tender_desc}/n" title += "#{direction}:#{currency_1_and_2}" factors = Array.new carrieds = Array.new days = Array.new @exposure.rates.each do |r| factors << r.factor carrieds << r.carried days << r.day.to_s end max = (factors+carrieds).max min = (factors+carrieds).min g = Graph.new g.title(title, '{font-size: 12px;}') g.set_data(factors) g.line_hollow(2, 4, '0x80a033', 'Bounces', 10) g.set_x_labels(days) g.set_x_label_style( 10, '#CC3399', 2 ); g.set_y_min(min*0.9) g.set_y_max(max*1.1) g.set_y_label_steps(5) render :text = g.render end def test render :text = "this works" end # GET /exposures/1 # GET /exposures/1.xml def show @exposure = Exposure.find(params[:id]) @graph = open_flash_chart_object(700,250, "/exposures/graph/#{@exposure.id}") #@graph = "/exposures/graph/#{@exposure.id}" respond_to do |format| format.html # show.html.erb format.xml { render :xml => @exposure } end end # GET /exposures/new # GET /exposures/new.xml def new @exposure = Exposure.new respond_to do |format| format.html # new.html.erb format.xml { render :xml => @exposure } end end # GET /exposures/1/edit def edit @exposure = Exposure.find(params[:id]) end # POST /exposures # POST /exposures.xml def create @exposure = Exposure.new(params[:exposure]) respond_to do |format| if @exposure.save flash[:notice] = 'Exposure was successfully created.' format.html { redirect_to(@exposure) } format.xml { render :xml => @exposure, :status => :created, :location => @exposure } else format.html { render :action => "new" } format.xml { render :xml => @exposure.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity } end end end # PUT /exposures/1 # PUT /exposures/1.xml def update @exposure = Exposure.find(params[:id]) respond_to do |format| if @exposure.update_attributes(params[:exposure]) flash[:notice] = 'Exposure was successfully updated.' format.html { redirect_to(@exposure) } format.xml { head :ok } else format.html { render :action => "edit" } format.xml { render :xml => @exposure.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity } end end end # DELETE /exposures/1 # DELETE /exposures/1.xml def destroy @exposure = Exposure.find(params[:id]) @exposure.destroy respond_to do |format| format.html { redirect_to(exposures_url) } format.xml { head :ok } end end end Clever readers will notice the 'graph' action. This is what I really want to work, but if I can't even get the test action working, then I'm sure I have no chance. Any ideas? I have restarted mongrel a few times with no change. Here is the output of Rake routes (but I don't believe this is the problem. The error would be in the form of and HTML error response). D:\Rails\rails_apps\fxrake routes (in D:/Rails/rails_apps/fx) DEPRECATION WARNING: Rake tasks in vendor/plugins/open_flash_chart/tasks are deprecated. Use lib/tasks instead. (called from D:/ by/gems/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.8/lib/tasks/rails.rb:10) rates GET /rates(.:format) {:controller="rates", :action="index"} POST /rates(.:format) {:controller="rates", :action="create"} new_rate GET /rates/new(.:format) {:controller="rates", :action="new"} edit_rate GET /rates/:id/edit(.:format) {:controller="rates", :action="edit"} rate GET /rates/:id(.:format) {:controller="rates", :action="show"} PUT /rates/:id(.:format) {:controller="rates", :action="update"} DELETE /rates/:id(.:format) {:controller="rates", :action="destroy"} tenders GET /tenders(.:format) {:controller="tenders", :action="index"} POST /tenders(.:format) {:controller="tenders", :action="create"} new_tender GET /tenders/new(.:format) {:controller="tenders", :action="new"} edit_tender GET /tenders/:id/edit(.:format) {:controller="tenders", :action="edit"} tender GET /tenders/:id(.:format) {:controller="tenders", :action="show"} PUT /tenders/:id(.:format) {:controller="tenders", :action="update"} DELETE /tenders/:id(.:format) {:controller="tenders", :action="destroy"} exposures GET /exposures(.:format) {:controller="exposures", :action="index"} POST /exposures(.:format) {:controller="exposures", :action="create"} new_exposure GET /exposures/new(.:format) {:controller="exposures", :action="new"} edit_exposure GET /exposures/:id/edit(.:format) {:controller="exposures", :action="edit"} exposure GET /exposures/:id(.:format) {:controller="exposures", :action="show"} PUT /exposures/:id(.:format) {:controller="exposures", :action="update"} DELETE /exposures/:id(.:format) {:controller="exposures", :action="destroy"} currencies GET /currencies(.:format) {:controller="currencies", :action="index"} POST /currencies(.:format) {:controller="currencies", :action="create"} new_currency GET /currencies/new(.:format) {:controller="currencies", :action="new"} edit_currency GET /currencies/:id/edit(.:format) {:controller="currencies", :action="edit"} currency GET /currencies/:id(.:format) {:controller="currencies", :action="show"} PUT /currencies/:id(.:format) {:controller="currencies", :action="update"} DELETE /currencies/:id(.:format) {:controller="currencies", :action="destroy"} projects GET /projects(.:format) {:controller="projects", :action="index"} POST /projects(.:format) {:controller="projects", :action="create"} new_project GET /projects/new(.:format) {:controller="projects", :action="new"} edit_project GET /projects/:id/edit(.:format) {:controller="projects", :action="edit"} project GET /projects/:id(.:format) {:controller="projects", :action="show"} PUT /projects/:id(.:format) {:controller="projects", :action="update"} DELETE /projects/:id(.:format) {:controller="projects", :action="destroy"} groups GET /groups(.:format) {:controller="groups", :action="index"} POST /groups(.:format) {:controller="groups", :action="create"} new_group GET /groups/new(.:format) {:controller="groups", :action="new"} edit_group GET /groups/:id/edit(.:format) {:controller="groups", :action="edit"} group GET /groups/:id(.:format) {:controller="groups", :action="show"} PUT /groups/:id(.:format) {:controller="groups", :action="update"} DELETE /groups/:id(.:format) {:controller="groups", :action="destroy"} users GET /users(.:format) {:controller="users", :action="index"} POST /users(.:format) {:controller="users", :action="create"} new_user GET /users/new(.:format) {:controller="users", :action="new"} edit_user GET /users/:id/edit(.:format) {:controller="users", :action="edit"} user GET /users/:id(.:format) {:controller="users", :action="show"} PUT /users/:id(.:format) {:controller="users", :action="update"} DELETE /users/:id(.:format) {:controller="users", :action="destroy"} /:controller/:action/:id /:controller/:action/:id(.:format) D:\Rails\rails_apps\fxrails -v Rails 2.3.8 Thanks in advance for the help -Jon

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Maven: Unresolved references to [org.osgi.service.http]

- by Simone Vellei

I'm trying to create a bundle using HttpService for register Servlet using maven-bundle-plugin. The pom.xml of the project is: <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>felix-tutorial</groupId> <artifactId>example-1</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> <packaging>bundle</packaging> <name>Apache Felix Tutorial Example 1</name> <description>Apache Felix Tutorial Example 1</description>  <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.felix</groupId> <artifactId>maven-bundle-plugin</artifactId> <extensions>true</extensions> <configuration> <instructions> <Bundle-SymbolicName>${pom.groupId}.${pom.artifactId}</Bundle-SymbolicName> <Bundle-Name>Service listener example</Bundle-Name> <Bundle-Description>A bundle that displays messages at startup and when service events occur</Bundle-Description> <Bundle-Vendor>Apache Felix</Bundle-Vendor> <Bundle-Version>1.0.0</Bundle-Version> <Bundle-Activator>tutorial.example1.Activator</Bundle-Activator> <Import-Package>org.osgi.framework;version="1.0.0", javax.servlet, javax.servlet.http</Import-Package> </instructions> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build>  <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.felix</groupId> <artifactId>org.apache.felix.framework</artifactId> <version>2.0.4</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.8.1</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.felix</groupId> <artifactId>org.apache.felix.http.api</artifactId> <version>2.0.4</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.felix</groupId> <artifactId>org.apache.felix.http.base</artifactId> <version>2.0.4</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.felix</groupId> <artifactId>org.apache.felix.http.bridge</artifactId> <version>2.0.4</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.felix</groupId> <artifactId>org.apache.felix.http.bundle</artifactId> <version>2.0.4</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.felix</groupId> <artifactId>org.apache.felix.http.proxy</artifactId> <version>2.0.4</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.felix</groupId> <artifactId>org.apache.felix.http.whiteboard</artifactId> <version>2.0.4</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.osgi</groupId> <artifactId>osgi_R4_compendium</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </project> "mvn install" command returns the following error: [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building Apache Felix Tutorial Example 1 [INFO] task-segment: [install] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Downloading: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-resources-plugin/2.3/maven-resources-plugin-2.3.pom Downloading: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-resources-plugin/2.3/maven-resources-plugin-2.3.jar Downloading: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-install-plugin/2.2/maven-install-plugin-2.2.pom Downloading: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-install-plugin/2.2/maven-install-plugin-2.2.jar Downloading: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-filtering/1.0-beta-2/maven-filtering-1.0-beta-2.pom Downloading: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-interpolation/1.6/plexus-interpolation-1.6.pom Downloading: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-interpolation/1.6/plexus-interpolation-1.6.jar Downloading: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-filtering/1.0-beta-2/maven-filtering-1.0-beta-2.jar [INFO] [resources:resources {execution: default-resources}] [WARNING] Using platform encoding (Cp1252 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory C:\eclipse\ws\stripes-bundle\src\main\resources [INFO] [compiler:compile {execution: default-compile}] [INFO] Nothing to compile - all classes are up to date [INFO] [resources:testResources {execution: default-testResources}] [WARNING] Using platform encoding (Cp1252 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory C:\eclipse\ws\stripes-bundle\src\test\resources [INFO] [compiler:testCompile {execution: default-testCompile}] [INFO] Nothing to compile - all classes are up to date [INFO] [surefire:test {execution: default-test}] [INFO] Surefire report directory: C:\eclipse\ws\stripes-bundle\target\surefire-reports ------------------------------------------------------- T E S T S ------------------------------------------------------- Running com.beanopoly.stripes.AppTest Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.031 sec Results : Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [bundle:bundle {execution: default-bundle}] [ERROR] Error building bundle felix-tutorial:example-1:bundle:1.0 : Unresolved references to [org.osgi.service.http] by class(es) on the Bundle-Classpath[Jar:do [ERROR] Error(s) found in bundle configuration [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ERROR] BUILD ERROR [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Error(s) found in bundle configuration [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] For more information, run Maven with the -e switch [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 12 seconds [INFO] Finished at: Sat Mar 27 13:11:47 CET 2010 [INFO] Final Memory: 12M/21M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

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MVC 3 Client Validation works intermittently

- by Gutek

I have MVC 3 version, System.Web.Mvc product version is: 3.0.20105.0 modified on 5th of Jan 2011 - i think that's the latest. I’ve notice that client validation is not working as it suppose in the application that we are creating, so I’ve made a quick test. I’ve created basic MVC 3 Application using Internet Application template. I’ve added Test Controller: using System.Web.Mvc; using MvcApplication3.Models; namespace MvcApplication3.Controllers { public class TestController : Controller { public ActionResult Index() { return View(); } public ActionResult Create() { Sample model = new Sample(); return View(model); } [HttpPost] public ActionResult Create(Sample model) { if(!ModelState.IsValid) { return View(); } return RedirectToAction("Display"); } public ActionResult Display() { Sample model = new Sample(); model.Age = 10; model.CardNumber = "1324234"; model.Email = "[email protected]"; model.Title = "hahah"; return View(model); } } } Model: using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; namespace MvcApplication3.Models { public class Sample { [Required] public string Title { get; set; } [Required] public string Email { get; set; } [Required] [Range(4, 120, ErrorMessage = "Oi! Common!")] public short Age { get; set; } [Required] public string CardNumber { get; set; } } } And 3 views: Create: @model MvcApplication3.Models.Sample @{ ViewBag.Title = "Create"; Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml"; } <h2>Create</h2> <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script> @*@{ Html.EnableClientValidation(); }*@ @using (Html.BeginForm()) { @Html.ValidationSummary(false) <fieldset> <legend>Sample</legend> <div class="editor-label"> @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Title) </div> <div class="editor-field"> @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Title) @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Title) </div> <div class="editor-label"> @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Email) </div> <div class="editor-field"> @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Email) @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Email) </div> <div class="editor-label"> @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Age) </div> <div class="editor-field"> @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Age) @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Age) </div> <div class="editor-label"> @Html.LabelFor(model => model.CardNumber) </div> <div class="editor-field"> @Html.EditorFor(model => model.CardNumber) @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.CardNumber) </div> <p> <input type="submit" value="Create" /> </p> </fieldset> @*<fieldset> @Html.EditorForModel() <p> <input type="submit" value="Create" /> </p> </fieldset> *@ } <div> @Html.ActionLink("Back to List", "Index") </div> Display: @model MvcApplication3.Models.Sample @{ ViewBag.Title = "Display"; Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml"; } <h2>Display</h2> <fieldset> <legend>Sample</legend> <div class="display-label">Title</div> <div class="display-field">@Model.Title</div> <div class="display-label">Email</div> <div class="display-field">@Model.Email</div> <div class="display-label">Age</div> <div class="display-field">@Model.Age</div> <div class="display-label">CardNumber</div> <div class="display-field">@Model.CardNumber</div> </fieldset> <p> @Html.ActionLink("Back to List", "Index") </p> Index: @{ ViewBag.Title = "Index"; Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml"; } <h2>Index</h2> <p> @Html.ActionLink("Create", "Create") </p> <p> @Html.ActionLink("Display", "Display") </p> Everything is default here – Create Controller, AddView from controller action with model specified with proper scaffold template and using provided layout in sample application. When I will go to /Test/Create client validation in most cases works only for Title and Age fields, after clicking Create it works for all fields (create does not goes to server). However in some cases (after a build) Title validation is not working and Email is, or CardNumber or Title and CardNumber but Email is not. But never all validation is working before clicking Create. I’ve tried creating form with Html.EditorForModel as well as enforce client validation just before BeginForm: @{ Html.EnableClientValidation(); } I’m providing a source code for this sample on dropbox – as maybe our dev env is broken :/ I’ve done tests on IE 8 and Chrome 10 beta. Just in case, in web config validation scripts are enabled: <appSettings> <add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="true"/> <add key="UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled" value="true"/> </appSettings> So my questions are Is there a way to ensure that Client validation will work as it supposed to work and not intermittently? Is this a desired behavior and I'm missing something in configuration/implementation?

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jstl code issue

- by theJava

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%> <%@ taglib uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags/form" prefix="form"%> <%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c"%> <%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" prefix="fn"%> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> <style type="text/css"> .even { background-color: silver; } </style> <title>Registration Page</title> </head> <body> <form:form action="add.htm" commandName="user"> <table> <tr> <td>User Name :</td> <td><form:input path="name" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Password :</td> <td><form:password path="password" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gender :</td> <td><form:radiobutton path="gender" value="M" label="M" /> <form:radiobutton path="gender" value="F" label="F" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Country :</td> <td><form:select path="country"> <form:option value="0" label="Select" /> <form:option value="India" label="India" /> <form:option value="USA" label="USA" /> <form:option value="UK" label="UK" /> </form:select></td> </tr> <tr> <td>About you :</td> <td><form:textarea path="aboutYou" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Community :</td> <td><form:checkbox path="community" value="Spring" label="Spring" /> <form:checkbox path="community" value="Hibernate" label="Hibernate" /> <form:checkbox path="community" value="Struts" label="Struts" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><form:checkbox path="mailingList" label="Would you like to join our mailinglist?" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="Register"></td> </tr> </table> </form:form> <c:if test="${fn:length(userList) > 0}"> <table cellpadding="5"> <tr class="even"> <th>Name</th> <th>Gender</th> <th>Country</th> <th>About You</th> </tr> <c:forEach items="${userList}" var="user" varStatus="status"> <tr class="<c:if test="${status.count % 2 == 0}">even</c:if>"> <td>${user.name}</td> <td>${user.gender}</td> <td>${user.country}</td> <td>${user.aboutYou}</td> </tr> </c:forEach> </table> </c:if> </body> </html> When i execute my jsp page, this piece of code does not show up at all. The full source code is below. <c:if test="${fn:length(userList) > 0}"> <table cellpadding="5"> <tr class="even"> <th>Name</th> <th>Gender</th> <th>Country</th> <th>About You</th> </tr> <c:forEach items="${userList}" var="user" varStatus="status"> <tr class="<c:if test="${status.count % 2 == 0}">even</c:if>"> <td>${user.name}</td> <td>${user.gender}</td> <td>${user.country}</td> <td>${user.aboutYou}</td> </tr> </c:forEach> </table> </c:if>

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