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  • How to correctly partition usb flash drive and which filesystem to choose considering wear leveling?

    - by random1
    Two problems. First one: how to partition the flash drive? I shouldn't need to do this, but I'm no longer sure if my partition is properly aligned since I was forced to delete and create a new partition table after gparted complained when I tried to format the drive from FAT to ext4. The naive answer would be to say "just use default and everything is going to be alright". However if you read the following links you'll know things are not that simple: https://lwn.net/Articles/428584/ and http://linux-howto-guide.blogspot.com/2009/10/increase-usb-flash-drive-write-speed.html Then there is also the issue of cylinders, heads and sectors. Currently I get this: $sfdisk -l -uM /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 30147 cylinders, 64 heads, 32 sectors/track Warning: The partition table looks like it was made for C/H/S=*/255/63 (instead of 30147/64/32). For this listing I'll assume that geometry. Units = mebibytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0 Device Boot Start End MiB #blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 1 30146 30146 30869504 83 Linux $fdisk -l /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 31.6 GB, 31611420672 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3843 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00010c28 So from my current understanding I should align partitions at 4 MiB (currently it's at 1 MiB). But I still don't know how to set the heads and sectors properly for my device. Second problem: file system. From the benchmarks I saw ext4 provides the best performance, however there is the issue of wear leveling. How can I know that my Transcend JetFlash 700's microcontroller provides for wear leveling? Or will I just be killing my drive faster? I've seen a lot of posts on the web saying don't worry the newer drives already take care of that. But I've never seen a single piece of backed evidence of that and at some point people start mixing SSD with USB flash drives technology. The safe option would be to go for ext2, however a serious of tests that I performed showed horrible performance!!! These values are from a real scenario and not some synthetic test: 42 files: 3,429,415,284 bytes copied to flash drive original fat32: 15.1 MiB/s ext4 after new partition table: 10.2 MiB/s ext2 after new partition table: 1.9 MiB/s Please read the links that I posted above before answering. I would also be interested in answers backed up with some references because a lot is said and re-said but then it lacks facts. Thank you for the help.

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  • Linux: Force fsck of a read-only mounted filesystem?

    - by Timothy Miller
    I'm developing for a headless embedded appliance, running CentOS 6.2. The user can connect a keyboard, but not a monitor, and a serial console would require opening the case, something we don't want the user to have to do. This all pretty much obviates the possibility of using a recovery USB drive to boot from, unless all it does is blindly reimage the harddrive. I would like to provide some recovery facilities, and I have written a tool that comes up on /dev/tty1 in place of getty to provide these functions. One such function is fsck. I have found out how to remount the root and other file systems read-only. Now that they are read-only, it should be safe to fsck them and then reboot. Unfortunately, fsck complains to me that the filesystems are mounted and refuses to do anything. How can I force fsck to run on a read-only mounted partition? Based on my research, this is going to have to be something obscure. "-f" just means to force repair of a clean (but unmounted) partition. I need to repair a clean or unclean mounted partition. From what I read, this is something "only experts" should do, but no one has bothered to explain how the experts do it. I'm hoping someone can reveal this to me. BTW, I've noticed that e2fsck 1.42.4 on Gentoo will let you fsck a mounted partition, even mounted read-write, but it seems only to do so if fsck is run from a terminal, so it can ask the user if they're sure they want to do something so dangerous. I'm not sure if the CentOS version does the same thing, but it appears that fsck CAN repair a mounted partition, but it flatly refuses to when not run from a terminal. One last-resort option is for me to compile my own hacked fsck. But I'm afraid I'll mess it up in some unexpected way. Thanks! Note: Originally posted here.

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  • Iomega Home Media Network Hard Drive: Filesystem on the disk?

    - by JJarava
    Hi all! I've got to deal with a malfunctioning "Iomega Home Media Network Hard Drive", and I was wondering if anybody knew what file system format does Iomega use on the disk? I've been trying to find the answer online, but i've got nowhere, and checking an obviously malfucntioning unit is not going to give me any assurance. Thanks a lot

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  • how to find a text string which may be present in some unknown file in entire filesystem

    - by Registered User
    I am stuck up with a problem I have a line 'something' in some file. In which file is this line that I have forgotten. In the entire root file system I would like to find out which file and where is this line. So how can I go for this.I have used find but when I used find then I knew the name of file in this case I do not know name of file also. It is a Ubuntu server 10.04 So what can I do to find out which file has this string.

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  • Making Linux smart about partition or filesystem moves with a UUID selection dialog?

    - by Luke Stanley
    It seems to me a major part of frustration n00bs have with Linux is due to UUID changes not matching peoples intuition and just working. Does anyone know a way of making GRUB and /etc/fstab just ASK PEOPLE about UUID changes, instead of just failing after people try moving hard disk? Could this be done in Bash or such? Is there a different flag or two somewhere we could simply change? Seems like this, if made to work in common practice could be a major advantage.

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  • What is the best Linux filesystem for MySQL (InnoDB)?

    - by Continuation
    I tried to look for benchmark on the performances of various filesystems with MySQL InnoDB but couldn't find any. My database workload is the typical web-based OLTP, about 90% read, 10% write. Random IO. Among popular filesystems such as ext3, ext4, xfs, jfs, Reiserfs, Reiser4, etc. which one do you think is the best for MySQL?

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  • Mimic NTFS "Modify" Permissions on an ext3 acl enabled filesystem in linux?

    - by bobinabottle
    I am migrating our file share from Windows Server to Samba on Linux, and the only hurdle I have at the moment is the acl's. Currently we have a number of directories that use the "Modify" permission on NTFS, so users can write to a directory, but once the file is written it cannot be modified. On Linux, I had the idea that I would set an ACL for the directory to have read/write access, but have a default ACL associated with read only access. Is this possible? I'm not quite sure how to set a default ACL that differs from the parent directory. Thanks!

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  • How to write to a Mac OSX read-only filesystem?

    - by marienbad
    I have DMG I need to mount and write a file to. When I mount it, finder shows the root and all as read-only. Then I discovered 'mount -w'. But when I run that, I get 'mount: unknown special file or file system.' How can I mount this disk image as writable, or force a file into it?

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  • How to get email notification when process on ubuntu screen stopped?

    - by Manoj2411
    I have a application running on Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS and I am running an application server like mailman server or faye server on ubuntu screen. The problem is, at times the process that is running on screen gets stopped and my application crashes because of that. Now I want to be notified whenever that 'faye server' or 'mailman server' is stopped that is running on screen. I am using Digital Ocean and I have already setup postfix server.

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  • How to configure autofs5 timeout on per-filesystem basis?

    - by Norman Ramsey
    Because of a show-stopping bug in Debian autofs 4, I just upgraded to autofs5. It is not honoring the timeout option in my auto.master file: /var/autofs/removable /etc/auto.removable --timeout=2 I use this map for thumb drives and so on; I don't want a general default timeout of 2 seconds. I did some digging and although the --timeout option worked in autofs 4, and it appears in some examples on the Web, it is not actually sanctioned (or even mentioned) in the documentation for the auto.master file. So I don't feel I can report the problem as a bug. How can I get autofs5 to timeout after 2 seconds only on designated filesystems? Update: I am using a Debian-packaged autofs5, version 5.0.4-3.2.

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  • How can I format an SD card with a more robust Linux-usable filesystem with a specific cluster size for better write performace?

    - by Harvey
    Goal: microSD card formatted... for best write performance for use only with embedded Linux for better reliability (random power failures may occur) using an 64kB cluster size I'm using an 8GB microSD card for data storage inside an embedded Linux/ARM device. The SD card is not removable. I've been using ext3 instead of the pre-installed FAT32 because it seems to better handle random power failures during writes. However, I kept noticing that my write performance is always best with the pre-installed FAT32 from Kingston. If I reformat the card with FAT32, the performance still suffers. After browsing wikipedia, I stumbled upon the following comment saying that some cards are optimized for specific cluster sizes. In my case, the Kingston comes pre-formatted for an 64kB cluster size. Risks of reformatting Reformatting an SD card with a different file system, or even with the same one, may make the card slower, or shorten its lifespan. Some cards use wear leveling, in which frequently modified blocks are mapped to different portions of memory at different times, and some wear-leveling algorithms are designed for the access patterns typical of the file allocation table on a FAT16 or FAT32 device.[60] In addition, the preformatted file system may use a cluster size that matches the erase region of the physical memory on the card; reformatting may change the cluster size and make writes less efficient.

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  • How do you make Windows 7 fully case-sensitive with respect to the filesystem?

    - by trusktr
    I want to make Windows 7 case-sensitive when it reads/writes anything on the hard drive (the C drive, or any other NTFS drive). I found a video via google that says to change the registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Advanced\DontPrettyPath to a value of 1 (source). I also found a Windows support item that says something about modifying the registry key HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\kernel\obcaseinsensitive that leads me to assume putting a value of 0 will make Windows case-sensitive with NTFS filesystems (source). I have a feeling the second solution is the answer, but I'm not sure and I don't want to try it without being sure. Does anyone know for sure what is the correct way to make Windows 7 case-sensitive when it reads/writes to the C drive (and any other NTFS drive)?

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  • How to create a filesystem mountable by windows in linux?

    - by wcoenen
    I have attached an external USB disk to my debian gnu/linux system. The disk showed up as device /dev/sdc, and I prepared it like this: created a single partition with fdisk /dev/sdc (and some more commands in the interactive session that follows) formatted the partition with mkfs.msdos /dev/sdc1 If I then attach the USB disk to a Windows XP or Vista system, then no new drive becomes available. The disk and its partition show up fine in the disk managment tool under "computer management", but apparently the file system in the partition is not recognized. How do I create a FAT32 file system which can actually be used in windows? edit: I've given up on this and went with a NTFS file system created by windows. In debian lenny this can be mounted read-write but apparently it requires you to install the "ntfs-3g" package and explicitly pass the -t ntfs-3g option to the mount command.

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  • Add entire 300 GB filesystem to Git Annex repository?

    - by Ryan Lester
    By default, I get an error that I have too many open files from the process. If I lift the limit manually, I get an error that I'm out of memory. For whatever reason, it seems that Git Annex in its current state is not optimised for this sort of task (adding thousands of files to a repository at once). As a possible solution, my next thought was to do something like: cd / find . -type d | git annex add --$NONRECURSIVELY find . -type f | git annex add # Need to add parent directories of each file first or adding files fails The problem with this solution is that there doesn't seem from the documentation to be a way to non-recursively add a directory in Git Annex. Is there something I'm missing or a workaround for this? If my proposed solution is a dead end, are there other ways that people have solved this problem?

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  • How to automatically set default quota limits for users on XFS filesystem, when the new account is created

    - by acidburn2k
    I guess the title explains the problem pretty well. Do you have an idea for a mechanism, which will automatically assign default quota values for every new account created (sort as the skel scheme works, but in this area)? Now, I am looking for a generic clean solution, not some ugly cron based scripts, or wrapper scripts for creating users. I would also like to avoid any external, unmaintained stuff (like forgotten pam modules, and such). Anything what could lead to overhead and extra work in future isn't really the solution, nor is checking for new accounts every minute.

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  • What filesystem comes closest to matching NTFS for support of ACLs, and highly-granular permissioning?

    - by warren
    It seems that most other filesystems handle the basic *nix permissions (ugo±rwx), with maybe an addition here or there. Or can be "made" to handle ACLs through the use of other tools on top of the system. On the wikipedia pages about filesystems (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%5Fof%5Ffile%5Fsystems & http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%5Fof%5Ffile%5Fsystems), it appears that while some do support extended meta-data, none support natively the level of permissioning that NTFS does. Am I wrong in this understanding?

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  • Why using swap file over a SMB/NFS mounted filesystem is not possible in Linux?

    - by Avio
    I'd like to use another machine's unused RAM as swapspace for my primary Linux installation. I was just curious about performance of network ramdisks compared to local (slow) mechanical hard disks. The swapfile is on a tmpfs mountpoint and is shared through samba. However, every time I try to issue: swapon /mnt/ramswap/swapfile I get: swapon: /mnt/ramswap/swapfile: swapon failed: Invalid argument and in dmesg I read: [ 9569.806483] swapon: swapfile has holes I've tried to allocate the swapfile with dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1024 (but also =4096 and =1048576) and with truncate -s 2G (both followed by mkswap swapfile) but the result is always the same. In this post (dated back to 2002) someone says that using a swapfile over NFS/SMB is not possible in Linux. Is this statement still valid? And if yes, what is the reason of this choice and is there any workaround to have this working?

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  • Can I set up arbitrary filesystem redirection in Windows?

    - by Jon
    I am sitting in front of a Windows 7 machine that has no drive Q:. Is it possible to arrange for accesses to Q:\somedir to be redirected to an arbitrary location on the existing filesystems (for example, C:\Windows)? I would especially like a "set it and forget it" option, if one exists. I am assuming (although I have not tried it) that it is possible to use SUBST to mount an existing (empty, created for this purpose) folder as drive Q: and then MKLINK /J to create a directory symbolic link from Q:\somedir to wherever I want. However, this approach has a couple of drawbacks that I would like to avoid if possible: The drive Q: will be visible in the system. It is not as clean as I would like (removing the mounted folder will break it; a batch script needs to be manually added to the system startup). Is there a better option? If there is none and I am forced to make compromises, what is the closest I could get to the ideal solution? Assume anything is up for discussion.

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  • On windows commandline, how do I get a dynamic prompt that tells me where in the filesystem I am?

    - by guneysus
    I am trying to modify my CMD, to show only current dir name dynamically like: Desktop $ When i switched the folder, it must be updated. It is not required to be code in purely batch file, it may depend any external commands, cygwin bash, etc. @echo off set a=bash -c "pwd | sed 's,^\(.*/\)\?\([^/]*\),\2,'" %a% cmd outputs _test-et Microsoft Windows [Version 6.3.9600] (c) 2013 Microsoft Corporation. Tüm haklari saklidir. >> But >> prompt %a% gives bash -c "pwd | sed 's,^\(.*/\)\?\([^/]*\),\2,'"

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  • Free web gallery installation that can use existing directory hierarchy in filesystem?

    - by user1338062
    There are several different free software gallery projects (Gallery, Coppermine, etc), but as far as I know each of those creates a copy of imported images in their internal storage, be it directory structure or database). Is there any gallery software that would allow keeping existing directory hierarchy of media files (images, videos), as-is, and just store the meta-data of them in a database? I guess at least various NAS solutions ship with software like this.

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  • How to fix a folder content glitch in a FAT32 filesystem?

    - by kagali-san
    at my 450gb fat32 partition, a directory has a wrong content after improper usb drive disconnect; was: /files (total 250gb) /files/folder/ /files/folder2/ /files/somethn.gs Now: /files/weir?d?name, 5 mb Windows and Linux are saying that most (400 of 450gb) disk space is occupied, but sum of all files/dirs is about 130gb, so it seems that files are still there?. No write attempts since discovery; Rejected tools/methods: chkdsk(Windows7): checking completed, but no changes. fsck.vfat: attempted to ruin drive even more (there is a lot of LFN and unicode names). EasyRecovery. Didn't see the target folder (maybe wrong scan options? tried best match, but not raw scan - it would take days since the drive is usb 5200 rpm..).

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