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  • What important aspects of Java should I know coming from Python?

    - by Macuser
    So, I've been browsing the job market, and it seems almost every programmer position requires either knowledge in the .NET, C#, or Java, and I'm looking to pick up Java, as I am not interesting very much with programming for Windows environments. So, what syntax differences should I look out for (except different class names), and any practices that I should avoid using in Java which is normally used in Python?

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  • help('modules') crashing?

    - by Chris
    I was trying to install a module for opencv and added an opencv.pth file to the folder beyond my sites.py file. I have since deleted it and no change. When I try to run help('modules'), I get the following error: Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules... /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/twisted/words/im/init.py:8: UserWarning: twisted.im will be undergoing a rewrite at some point in the future. warnings.warn("twisted.im will be undergoing a rewrite at some point in the future.") /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pkgutil.py:110: DeprecationWarning: The wxPython compatibility package is no longer automatically generated or actively maintained. Please switch to the wx package as soon as possible. import(name) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/site.py", line 348, in call return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1644, in call self.help(request) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1681, in help elif request == 'modules': self.listmodules() File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1802, in listmodules ModuleScanner().run(callback) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1853, in run for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages(): File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pkgutil.py", line 110, in walk_packages import(name) File "/BinaryCache/wxWidgets/wxWidgets-11~262/Root/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/wxaddons/init.py", line 180, in import_hook File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/init.py", line 19, in from ctypes_opencv.cv import * File "/BinaryCache/wxWidgets/wxWidgets-11~262/Root/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/wxaddons/init.py", line 180, in import_hook File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/cv.py", line 2567, in ('desc', CvMat_r, 1), # CvMat* desc File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/cxcore.py", line 114, in cfunc return CFUNCTYPE(result, *atypes)((name, dll), tuple(aflags)) AttributeError: dlsym(0x2674d10, cvCreateFeatureTree): symbol not found What gives?!

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  • help('modules') crashing? Not sure how to fix..

    - by Chris
    I was trying to install a module for opencv and added an opencv.pth file to the folder beyond my sites.py file. I have since deleted it and no change. When I try to run help('modules'), I get the following error: Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules... /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/twisted/words/im/init.py:8: UserWarning: twisted.im will be undergoing a rewrite at some point in the future. warnings.warn("twisted.im will be undergoing a rewrite at some point in the future.") /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pkgutil.py:110: DeprecationWarning: The wxPython compatibility package is no longer automatically generated or actively maintained. Please switch to the wx package as soon as possible. import(name) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/site.py", line 348, in call return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1644, in call self.help(request) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1681, in help elif request == 'modules': self.listmodules() File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1802, in listmodules ModuleScanner().run(callback) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pydoc.py", line 1853, in run for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages(): File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/pkgutil.py", line 110, in walk_packages import(name) File "/BinaryCache/wxWidgets/wxWidgets-11~262/Root/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/wxaddons/init.py", line 180, in import_hook File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/init.py", line 19, in from ctypes_opencv.cv import * File "/BinaryCache/wxWidgets/wxWidgets-11~262/Root/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/wxaddons/init.py", line 180, in import_hook File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/cv.py", line 2567, in ('desc', CvMat_r, 1), # CvMat* desc File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/ctypes_opencv/cxcore.py", line 114, in cfunc return CFUNCTYPE(result, *atypes)((name, dll), tuple(aflags)) AttributeError: dlsym(0x2674d10, cvCreateFeatureTree): symbol not found What gives?!

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  • Python Mechanize unable to avoid redirect when Post

    - by Enric Geijo
    I am trying to crawl a site using mechanize. The site provides search results in different pages. When posting to get the next set of results, something is wrong and the server redirects me to the first page, asking mechanize to update the SearchSession Cookie. I have been debugging the requests using Firefox and they look quite the same, and I am unable to find the problem. Any suggestion? Below the requests: ----------- FIRST THE RIGHT SEQUENCE, USING TAMPER IN FIREFOX ------------------------- POST XXX/JobSearch/Results.aspx?Keywords=Python&LTxt=London%2c+South+East&Radius=0&LIds2=ZV&clid=1621&cltypeid=2&clName=London Load Flags[LOAD_DOCUMENT_URI LOAD_INITIAL_DOCUMENT_URI ] Content Size[-1] Mime Type[text/html] Request Headers: Host[www.cwjobs.co.uk] User-Agent[Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.1.9) Gecko/20100401 Ubuntu/9.10 (karmic) Firefox/3.5.9] Accept[text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,/;q=0.8] Accept-Language[en-us,en;q=0.5] Accept-Encoding[gzip,deflate] Accept-Charset[ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7] Keep-Alive[300] Connection[keep-alive] Referer[XXX/JobSearch/Results.aspx?Keywords=Python&LTxt=London%2c+South+East&Radius=0&LIds2=ZV&clid=1621&cltypeid=2&clName=London] Cookie[ecos=774803468-0; AnonymousUser=MemberId=acc079dd-66b6-4081-9b07-60d6955ee8bf&IsAnonymous=True; PJBIPPOPUP=; WT_FPC=id=86.181.183.106-2262469600.30073025:lv=1272812851736:ss=1272812789362; SearchSession=SessionGuid=71de63de-3bd0-4787-895d-b6b9e7c93801&LogSource=NAT] Post Data: __EVENTTARGET[srpPager%24btnForward] __EVENTARGUMENT[] hdnSearchResults[BV%2CA%2CC0P5x%2COou-%2CB4S-%2CBuC-%2CDzx-%2CHwn-%2CKPP-%2CIVA-%2CC9D-%2CH6X-%2CH7x-%2CJ0x-%2CCvX-%2CCra-%2COHa-%2CHhP-%2CCoj-%2CBlM-%2CE9W-%2CIm8-%2CBqG-%2CPFy-%2CN%2Fm-%2Ceaa%2CCvj-%2CCtJ-%2CCr7-%2CBpu-%2Cmh%2CMb6-%2CJ%2Fk-%2CHY8-%2COJ7-%2CNtF-%2CEya-%2CErT-%2CEo4-%2CEKU-%2CDnL-%2CC5M-%2CCyB-%2CBsD-%2CBrc-%2CBpU-%2Col%2C30%2CC1%2Cd4N%2COo8-%2COi0-%2CLz%2F-%2CLxP-%2CFyp-%2CFVR-%2CEHL-%2CPrP-%2CLmE-%2CK3H-%2CKXJ-%2CFyn%2CIcq-%2CIco-%2CIK4-%2CIIg-%2CH2k-%2CH0N-%2CHwp-%2CHvF-%2CFij-%2CFhl-%2CCwj-%2CCb5-%2CCQj-%2CCQh-%2CB%2B2-%2CBc6-%2ChFo%2CNLq-%2CNI%2F-%2CFzM-%2Cdu-%2CHg2-%2CBug-%2CBse-%2CB9Q-] __VIEWSTATE[%2FwEPDwUKLTkyMzI2ODA4Ng9kFgYCBA8WBB4EaHJlZgWJAWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuY3dqb2JzLmNvLnVrL0pvYlNlYXJjaC9SU1MuYXNweD9LZXl3b3Jkcz1QeXRob24mTFR4dD1Mb25kb24lMmMrU291dGgrRWFzdCZSYWRpdXM9MCZMSWRzMj1aViZjbGlkPTE2MjEmY2x0eXBlaWQ9MiZjbE5hbWU9TG9uZG9uHgV0aXRsZQUkTGF0ZXN0IFB5dGhvbiBqb2JzIGZyb20gQ1dKb2JzLmNvLnVrZAIGDxYCHgRUZXh0BV48bGluayByZWw9ImNhbm9uaWNhbCIgaHJlZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy5jd2pvYnMuY28udWsvSm9iU2Vla2luZy9QeXRob25fTG9uZG9uX2wxNjIxX3QyLmh0bWwiIC8%2BZAIIEGRkFg4CBw8WAh8CBV9Zb3VyIHNlYXJjaCBvbiA8Yj5LZXl3b3JkczogUHl0aG9uOyBMb2NhdGlvbjogTG9uZG9uLCBTb3V0aCBFYXN0OyA8L2I%2BIHJldHVybmVkIDxiPjg1PC9iPiBqb2JzLmQCCQ8WAh4HVmlzaWJsZWhkAgsPFgIfAgUoVGhlIG1vc3QgcmVsZXZhbnQgam9icyBhcmUgbGlzdGVkIGZpcnN0LmQCEw8PFgIeC05hdmlnYXRlVXJsBQF%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%3D] Refinesearch%24txtKeywords[Python] Refinesearch%24txtLocation[London%2C+South+East] Refinesearch%24ddlRadius[0] ddlCompanyType[0] ddlSort[1] Response Headers: Cache-Control[private] Date[Sun, 02 May 2010 16:09:27 GMT] Content-Type[text/html; charset=utf-8] Expires[Sat, 02 May 2009 16:09:27 GMT] Server[Microsoft-IIS/6.0] X-SiteConHost[P310] X-Powered-By[ASP.NET] X-AspNet-Version[2.0.50727] Set-Cookie[SearchSession=SessionGuid=71de63de-3bd0-4787-895d-b6b9e7c93801&LogSource=NAT; path=/] Content-Encoding[gzip] Vary[Accept-Encoding] Transfer-Encoding[chunked] -------- NOW WHAT I'AM SENDING USING MECHANIZE, SOME HEADERS ADDED, ETC ----------- POST /JobSearch/Results.aspx?Keywords=Python&LTxt=London%2c+South+East&Radius=0&LIds2=ZV&clid=1621&cltypeid=2&clName=London HTTP/1.1\r\nContent-Length: 2424\r\n Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5\r\n Accept-Encoding: gzip\r\n Host: www.cwjobs.co.uk\r\n Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,/;q=0.8\r\n Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7\r\n Connection: keep-alive\r\n Cookie: AnonymousUser=MemberId=8fa5ddd7-17ed-425e-b189-82693bfbaa0c&IsAnonymous=True; SearchSession=SessionGuid=33e4e439-c2d6-423f-900f-574099310d5a&LogSource=NAT\r\n Referer: XXX/JobSearch/Results.aspx?Keywords=Python&LTxt=London%2c+South+East&Radius=0&LIds2=ZV&clid=1621&cltypeid=2&clName=London\r\n Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n\r\n' '__EVENTTARGET=srpPager%24btnForward& __EVENTARGUMENT=& hdnSearchResults=BV%2CA%2CC0eif%2CMwc%2CM6s%2COou%2CK09%2CG4H%2CEZf%2CGTu%2CLrr%2CGuX%2CGs9%2CEz9%2CL5X%2CL9U%2ChU%2CHHf%2CMAL%2CNDi%2CJrY%2CGBy%2CM%2Bo%2CdE-%2CpI%2CtDI%2CL5L%2CL7l%2CL8z%2CM%2FA%2CPPP%2CCM0%2CEpK%2CHPy%2Cez%2C7p%2CJ2U%2CJ9b%2CJ%2F2%2CKea%2CLBj%2CLvi%2CL2t%2CM8r%2CM9S%2CM%2Fa%2CPRT%2CPgi%2Csg7%2CF6%2CI2F%2CJTd%2CO-%2CC0v%2CC3f%2CDCq%2CDxn%2CERl%2CUbV%2CGME%2CGMG%2CGd2%2CGgO%2CGyK%2CG0h%2CG4F%2CG5p%2CJGL%2CJHJ%2CKhj%2CL4L%2CMM1%2CMYL%2CMYN%2CMp4%2CNL0%2COrj%2CvuW%2CBdE%2CBfv%2CI1i%2CBCh-%2COLA%2CHH4%2CM6O%2CM8Q%2CMre& __VIEWSTATE=%2FwEPDwUKLTkyMzI2ODA4Ng9kFgYCBA8WBB4EaHJlZgWJAWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuY3dqb2JzLmNvLnVrL0pvYlNlYXJjaC9SU1MuYXNweD9LZXl3b3Jkcz1QeXRob24mTFR4dD1Mb25kb24lMmMrU291dGgrRWFzdCZSYWRpdXM9MCZMSWRzMj1aViZjbGlkPTE2MjEmY2x0eXBlaWQ9MiZjbE5hbWU9TG9uZG9uHgV0aXRsZQUkTGF0ZXN0IFB5dGhvbiBqb2JzIGZyb20gQ1dKb2JzLmNvLnVrZAIGDxYCHgRUZXh0BV48bGluayByZWw9ImNhbm9uaWNhbCIgaHJlZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy5jd2pvYnMuY28udWsvSm9iU2Vla2luZy9QeXRob25fTG9uZG9uX2wxNjIxX3QyLmh0bWwiIC8%2BZAIIEGRkFg4CBw8WAh8CBV9Zb3VyIHNlYXJjaCBvbiA8Yj5LZXl3b3JkczogUHl0aG9uOyBMb2NhdGlvbjogTG9uZG9uLCBTb3V0aCBFYXN0OyA8L2I%2BIHJldHVybmVkIDxiPjg1PC9iPiBqb2JzLmQCCQ8WAh4HVmlzaWJsZWhkAgsPFgIfAgUoVGhlIG1vc3QgcmVsZXZhbnQgam9icyBhcmUgbGlzdGVkIGZpcnN0LmQCEw8PFgIeC05hdmlnYXRlVXJsBQF%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%3D& Refinesearch%24txtKeywords=Python& Refinesearch%24txtLocation=London%2CSouth+East& Refinesearch%24ddlRadius=0& Refinesearch%24btnSearch=Search& ddlCompanyType=0& ddlSort=1'

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  • Python: Memory usage and optimization when modifying lists

    - by xApple
    The problem My concern is the following: I am storing a relativity large dataset in a classical python list and in order to process the data I must iterate over the list several times, perform some operations on the elements, and often pop an item out of the list. It seems that deleting one item out of a Python list costs O(N) since Python has to copy all the items above the element at hand down one place. Furthermore, since the number of items to delete is approximately proportional to the number of elements in the list this results in an O(N^2) algorithm. I am hoping to find a solution that is cost effective (time and memory-wise). I have studied what I could find on the internet and have summarized my different options below. Which one is the best candidate ? Keeping a local index: while processingdata: index = 0 while index < len(somelist): item = somelist[index] dosomestuff(item) if somecondition(item): del somelist[index] else: index += 1 This is the original solution I came up with. Not only is this not very elegant, but I am hoping there is better way to do it that remains time and memory efficient. Walking the list backwards: while processingdata: for i in xrange(len(somelist) - 1, -1, -1): dosomestuff(item) if somecondition(somelist, i): somelist.pop(i) This avoids incrementing an index variable but ultimately has the same cost as the original version. It also breaks the logic of dosomestuff(item) that wishes to process them in the same order as they appear in the original list. Making a new list: while processingdata: for i, item in enumerate(somelist): dosomestuff(item) newlist = [] for item in somelist: if somecondition(item): newlist.append(item) somelist = newlist gc.collect() This is a very naive strategy for eliminating elements from a list and requires lots of memory since an almost full copy of the list must be made. Using list comprehensions: while processingdata: for i, item in enumerate(somelist): dosomestuff(item) somelist[:] = [x for x in somelist if somecondition(x)] This is very elegant but under-the-cover it walks the whole list one more time and must copy most of the elements in it. My intuition is that this operation probably costs more than the original del statement at least memory wise. Keep in mind that somelist can be huge and that any solution that will iterate through it only once per run will probably always win. Using the filter function: while processingdata: for i, item in enumerate(somelist): dosomestuff(item) somelist = filter(lambda x: not subtle_condition(x), somelist) This also creates a new list occupying lots of RAM. Using the itertools' filter function: from itertools import ifilterfalse while processingdata: for item in itertools.ifilterfalse(somecondtion, somelist): dosomestuff(item) This version of the filter call does not create a new list but will not call dosomestuff on every item breaking the logic of the algorithm. I am including this example only for the purpose of creating an exhaustive list. Moving items up the list while walking while processingdata: index = 0 for item in somelist: dosomestuff(item) if not somecondition(item): somelist[index] = item index += 1 del somelist[index:] This is a subtle method that seems cost effective. I think it will move each item (or the pointer to each item ?) exactly once resulting in an O(N) algorithm. Finally, I hope Python will be intelligent enough to resize the list at the end without allocating memory for a new copy of the list. Not sure though. Abandoning Python lists: class Doubly_Linked_List: def __init__(self): self.first = None self.last = None self.n = 0 def __len__(self): return self.n def __iter__(self): return DLLIter(self) def iterator(self): return self.__iter__() def append(self, x): x = DLLElement(x) x.next = None if self.last is None: x.prev = None self.last = x self.first = x self.n = 1 else: x.prev = self.last x.prev.next = x self.last = x self.n += 1 class DLLElement: def __init__(self, x): self.next = None self.data = x self.prev = None class DLLIter: etc... This type of object resembles a python list in a limited way. However, deletion of an element is guaranteed O(1). I would not like to go here since this would require massive amounts of code refactoring almost everywhere.

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  • Confusion on C++ Python extensions. Things like getting C++ values for python values.

    - by Matthew Mitchell
    I'm wanted to convert some of my python code to C++ for speed but it's not as easy as simply making a C++ function and making a few function calls. I have no idea how to get a C++ integer from a python integer object. I have an integer which is an attribute of an object that I want to use. I also have integers which are inside a list in the object which I need to use. I wanted to test making a C++ extension with this function: def setup_framebuffer(surface,flip=False): #Create texture if not done already if surface.texture is None: create_texture(surface) #Render child to parent if surface.frame_buffer is None: surface.frame_buffer = glGenFramebuffersEXT(1) glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, c_uint(int(surface.frame_buffer))) glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, surface.texture, 0) glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT) glViewport(0,0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1]) glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION) glLoadIdentity() #Load the projection matrix if flip: gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1],0) else: gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],0,surface._scale[1]) That function calls create_texture, so I will have to pass that function to the C++ function which I will do with the third argument. This is what I have so far, while trying to follow information on the python documentation: #include <Python.h> #include <GL/gl.h> static PyMethodDef SpamMethods[] = { ... {"setup_framebuffer", setup_framebuffer, METH_VARARGS,"Loads a texture from a Surface object to the OpenGL framebuffer."}, ... {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} /* Sentinel */ }; static PyObject * setup_framebuffer(PyObject *self, PyObject *args){ bool flip; PyObject *create_texture, *arg_list,*pyflip,*frame_buffer_id; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOO", &surface,&pyflip,&create_texture)){ return NULL; } if (PyObject_IsTrue(pyflip) == 1){ flip = true; }else{ flip = false; } Py_XINCREF(create_texture); //Create texture if not done already if(texture == NULL){ arglist = Py_BuildValue("(O)", surface) result = PyEval_CallObject(create_texture, arglist); Py_DECREF(arglist); if (result == NULL){ return NULL; } Py_DECREF(result); } Py_XDECREF(create_texture); //Render child to parent frame_buffer_id = PyObject_GetAttr(surface, Py_BuildValue("s","frame_buffer")) if(surface.frame_buffer == NULL){ glGenFramebuffersEXT(1,frame_buffer_id); } glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, surface.frame_buffer)); glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, surface.texture, 0); glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT); glViewport(0,0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1]); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); //Load the projection matrix if (flip){ gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1],0); }else{ gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],0,surface._scale[1]); } Py_INCREF(Py_None); return Py_None; } PyMODINIT_FUNC initcscalelib(void){ PyObject *module; module = Py_InitModule("cscalelib", Methods); if (m == NULL){ return; } } int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ /* Pass argv[0] to the Python interpreter */ Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]); /* Initialize the Python interpreter. Required. */ Py_Initialize(); /* Add a static module */ initscalelib(); }

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  • C++ vs Matlab vs Python as a main language for Computer Vision Postgraduate

    - by Hough
    Hi all, Firstly, sorry for a somewhat long question but I think that many people are in the same situation as me and hopefully they can also gain some benefit from this. I'll be starting my PhD very soon which involve the fields of computer vision, pattern recognition and machine learning. Currently, I'm using opencv (2.1) C++ interface and I especially like its powerful Mat class and the overloaded operations available for matrix and image seamless operations and transformations. I've also tried (and implemented many small vision projects) using opencv python interface (new bindings; opencv 2.1) and I really enjoy python's ability to integrate opencv, numpy, scipy and matplotlib. But recently, I went back to opencv C++ interface because I felt that the official python new bindings were not stable enough and no overloaded operations are available for matrices and images, not to mention the lack of machine learning modules and slow speeds in certain operations. I've also used Matlab extensively in the past and although I've used mex files and other means to speed up the program, I just felt that Matlab's performance was inadequate for real-time vision tasks, be it for fast prototyping or not. When the project becomes larger and larger, many tasks have to be re-written in C and compiled into Mex files increasingly and Matlab becomes nothing more than a glue language. Here comes the sub-questions: For postgrad studies in these fields (machine learning, vision, pattern recognition), what is your main or ideal programming language for rapid prototyping of ideas and testing algorithms contained in papers? For postgrad studies, can you list down the pros and cons of using the following languages? C++ (with opencv + gsl + svmlib + other libraries) vs Matlab (with all its toolboxes) vs python (with the imcomplete opencv bindings + numpy + scipy + matplotlib). Are there computer vision PhD/postgrad students here who are using only C++ (with all its availabe libraries including opencv) without even needing to resort to Matlab or python? In other words, given the current existing computer vision or machine learning libraries, is C++ alone sufficient for fast prototyping of ideas? If you're currently using Java or C# for your postgrad work, can you list down the reasons why they should be used and how they compare to other languages in terms of available libraries? What is the de facto vision/machine learning programming language and its associated libraries used in your university research group? Thanks in advance.

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  • Python: How to read huge text file into memory

    - by asmaier
    I'm using Python 2.6 on a Mac Mini with 1GB RAM. I want to read in a huge text file $ ls -l links.csv; file links.csv; tail links.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 user user 469904280 30 Nov 22:42 links.csv links.csv: ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators 4757187,59883 4757187,99822 4757187,66546 4757187,638452 4757187,4627959 4757187,312826 4757187,6143 4757187,6141 4757187,3081726 4757187,58197 So each line in the file consists of a tuple of two comma separated integer values. I want to read in the whole file and sort it according to the second column. I know, that I could do the sorting without reading the whole file into memory. But I thought for a file of 500MB I should still be able to do it in memory since I have 1GB available. However when I try to read in the file, Python seems to allocate a lot more memory than is needed by the file on disk. So even with 1GB of RAM I'm not able to read in the 500MB file into memory. My Python code for reading the file and printing some information about the memory consumption is: #!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import sys infile=open("links.csv", "r") edges=[] count=0 #count the total number of lines in the file for line in infile: count=count+1 total=count print "Total number of lines: ",total infile.seek(0) count=0 for line in infile: edge=tuple(map(int,line.strip().split(","))) edges.append(edge) count=count+1 # for every million lines print memory consumption if count%1000000==0: print "Position: ", edge print "Read ",float(count)/float(total)*100,"%." mem=sys.getsizeof(edges) for edge in edges: mem=mem+sys.getsizeof(edge) for node in edge: mem=mem+sys.getsizeof(node) print "Memory (Bytes): ", mem The output I got was: Total number of lines: 30609720 Position: (9745, 2994) Read 3.26693612356 %. Memory (Bytes): 64348736 Position: (38857, 103574) Read 6.53387224712 %. Memory (Bytes): 128816320 Position: (83609, 63498) Read 9.80080837067 %. Memory (Bytes): 192553000 Position: (139692, 1078610) Read 13.0677444942 %. Memory (Bytes): 257873392 Position: (205067, 153705) Read 16.3346806178 %. Memory (Bytes): 320107588 Position: (283371, 253064) Read 19.6016167413 %. Memory (Bytes): 385448716 Position: (354601, 377328) Read 22.8685528649 %. Memory (Bytes): 448629828 Position: (441109, 3024112) Read 26.1354889885 %. Memory (Bytes): 512208580 Already after reading only 25% of the 500MB file, Python consumes 500MB. So it seem that storing the content of the file as a list of tuples of ints is not very memory efficient. Is there a better way to do it, so that I can read in my 500MB file into my 1GB of memory?

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  • Should I learn Python2 or Python3?

    - by Elena
    Hello everyone, I was thinking in learning a new language and settled for Python. But now that Dive into Python 3 is out, which one should I learn, 2 or 3? I am asking this also considering possible jobs for version 2 or 3. So, what do you think? Thank you!

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  • C++ vs Matlab vs Python as a main language for Computer Vision Research

    - by Hough
    Hi all, Firstly, sorry for a somewhat long question but I think that many people are in the same situation as me and hopefully they can also gain some benefit from this. I'll be starting my PhD very soon which involves the fields of computer vision, pattern recognition and machine learning. Currently, I'm using opencv (2.1) C++ interface and I especially like its powerful Mat class and the overloaded operations available for matrix and image operations and seamless transformations. I've also tried (and implemented many small vision projects) using opencv python interface (new bindings; opencv 2.1) and I really enjoy python's ability to integrate opencv, numpy, scipy and matplotlib. But recently, I went back to opencv C++ interface because I felt that the official python new bindings were not stable enough and no overloaded operations are available for matrices and images, not to mention the lack of machine learning modules and slow speeds in certain operations. I've also used Matlab extensively in the past and although I've used mex files and other means to speed up the program, I just felt that Matlab's performance was inadequate for real-time vision tasks, be it for fast prototyping or not. When the project becomes larger and larger, many tasks have to be re-written in C and compiled into Mex files increasingly and Matlab becomes nothing more than a glue language. Here comes the sub-questions: For carrying out research in these fields (machine learning, vision, pattern recognition), what is your main or ideal programming language for rapid prototyping of ideas and testing algorithms contained in papers? For computer vision research work, can you list down the pros and cons of using the following languages? C++ (with opencv + gsl + svmlib + other libraries) vs Matlab (with all its toolboxes) vs python (with the imcomplete opencv bindings + numpy + scipy + matplotlib). Are there computer vision PhD/postgrad students here who are using only C++ (with all its availabe libraries including opencv) without even needing to resort to Matlab or python? In other words, given the current existing computer vision or machine learning libraries, is C++ alone sufficient for fast prototyping of ideas? If you're currently using Java or C# for your research, can you list down the reasons why they should be used and how they compare to other languages in terms of available libraries? What is the de facto vision/machine learning programming language and its associated libraries used in your research group? Thanks in advance. Edit: As suggested, I've opened the question to both academic and non-academic computer vision/machine learning/pattern recognition researchers and groups.

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  • Stepping over a yield statement

    - by EoghanM
    When in the Python debugger (pdb) I want to step over a yield statement, but hitting (n) for next brings me to the destination of the yield i.e. the consumer of the generator. I want to go to the next line that is executed within the generator. Is there any way to do this? I'm using Python 2.6

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  • How to install python2.6-devel package under CentOs 5

    - by Creotiv
    I need to install mysql-python under python2.6. mysql-python package needs python2.6-devel package that depends on the libpython2.6.so.1.0(64bit) I found on the net some python2.6-devel packages, but can't find libpython2.6 Server architecture is x86_64. Maybe someone have this lib, or know where i can find it. Thanks for help)

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  • Python - wxPython What's wrong?

    - by Wallter
    I am trying to write a simple custom button in wx.Python. My code is as follows,(As a side note: I am relatively new to python having come from C++ and C# any help on syntax and function of the code would be great! - knowing that, it could be a simple error. thanks!) Error Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\Documents\Python2\Button\src\Custom_Button.py", line 10, in <module> class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): File "D:\Documents\Python2\Button\src\Custom_Button.py", line 13, in Custom_Button Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # When the mouse is over File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\wx-2.8-msw-unicode\wx\_gdi.py", line 561, in __init__ _gdi_.Bitmap_swiginit(self,_gdi_.new_Bitmap(*args, **kwargs)) TypeError: String or Unicode type required Main.py class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, ID, title): wxFrame.__init__(self, parent, ID, title, wxDefaultPosition, wxSize(400, 400)) self.CreateStatusBar() self.SetStatusText("Program testing custom button overlays") menu = wxMenu() menu.Append(ID_ABOUT, "&About", "More information about this program") menu.AppendSeparator() menu.Append(ID_EXIT, "E&xit", "Terminate the program") menuBar = wxMenuBar() menuBar.Append(menu, "&File"); self.SetMenuBar(menuBar) self.Button1 = Custom_Button(self, parent, -1, "D:/Documents/Python/Normal.bmp", "D:/Documents/Python/Clicked.bmp", "D:/Documents/Python/Over.bmp", "None", wx.Point(200,200), wx.Size(300,100)) EVT_MENU(self, ID_ABOUT, self.OnAbout) EVT_MENU(self, ID_EXIT, self.TimeToQuit) def OnAbout(self, event): dlg = wxMessageDialog(self, "Testing the functions of custom " "buttons using pyDev and wxPython", "About", wxOK | wxICON_INFORMATION) dlg.ShowModal() dlg.Destroy() def TimeToQuit(self, event): self.Close(true) class MyApp(wx.App): def OnInit(self): frame = MyFrame(NULL, -1, "wxPython | Buttons") frame.Show(true) self.SetTopWindow(frame) return true app = MyApp(0) app.MainLoop() Custom Button import wx from wxPython.wx import * class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): ############################################ ##THE ERROR IS BEING THROWN SOME WHERE IN HERE ## ############################################ # The BMP's Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # When the mouse is over Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # The normal BMP Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # The down BMP Pos_bmp = wx.Point(0,0) # The posisition of the button def __init__(self, parent, NORM_BMP, PUSH_BMP, MOUSE_OVER_BMP, pos, size, text="", id=-1, **kwargs): wx.PyControl.__init__(self,parent, id, **kwargs) # Set the BMP's to the ones given in the constructor self.Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(MOUSE_OVER_BMP) self.Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(NORM_BMP) self.Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(PUSH_BMP) self.Pos_bmp = pos ############################################ ##THE ERROR IS BEING THROWN SOME WHERE IN HERE ## ############################################ self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_DOWN, self._onMouseDown) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP, self._onMouseUp) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEAVE_WINDOW, self._onMouseLeave) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ENTER_WINDOW, self._onMouseEnter) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ERASE_BACKGROUND,self._onEraseBackground) self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self._onPaint) self._mouseIn = self._mouseDown = False def _onMouseEnter(self, event): self._mouseIn = True def _onMouseLeave(self, event): self._mouseIn = False def _onMouseDown(self, event): self._mouseDown = True def _onMouseUp(self, event): self._mouseDown = False self.sendButtonEvent() def sendButtonEvent(self): event = wx.CommandEvent(wx.wxEVT_COMMAND_BUTTON_CLICKED, self.GetId()) event.SetInt(0) event.SetEventObject(self) self.GetEventHandler().ProcessEvent(event) def _onEraseBackground(self,event): # reduce flicker pass def _onPaint(self, event): dc = wx.BufferedPaintDC(self) dc.SetFont(self.GetFont()) dc.SetBackground(wx.Brush(self.GetBackgroundColour())) dc.Clear() dc.DrawBitmap(self.Norm_bmp) # draw whatever you want to draw # draw glossy bitmaps e.g. dc.DrawBitmap if self._mouseIn: # If the Mouse is over the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Mouse_over_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False) if self._mouseDown: # If the Mouse clicks the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Push_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False)

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  • Python - Polymorphism in wxPython, What's wrong?

    - by Wallter
    I am trying to wright a simple custom button in wx.Python. My code is as follows, an error is thrown on line 19 of my "Custom_Button.py" - What is going on? I can find no help online for this error and have a suspicion that it has to do with the Polymorphism. (As a side note: I am relatively new to python having come from C++ and C# any help on syntax and function of the code would be great! - knowing that, it could be a simple error. thanks!) Error def __init__(self, parent, id=-1, NORM_BMP, PUSH_BMP, MOUSE_OVER_BMP, **kwargs): SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument Main.py class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, ID, title): wxFrame.__init__(self, parent, ID, title, wxDefaultPosition, wxSize(400, 400)) self.CreateStatusBar() self.SetStatusText("Program testing custom button overlays") menu = wxMenu() menu.Append(ID_ABOUT, "&About", "More information about this program") menu.AppendSeparator() menu.Append(ID_EXIT, "E&xit", "Terminate the program") menuBar = wxMenuBar() menuBar.Append(menu, "&File"); self.SetMenuBar(menuBar) self.Button1 = Custom_Button(self, parent, -1, "D:/Documents/Python/Normal.bmp", "D:/Documents/Python/Clicked.bmp", "D:/Documents/Python/Over.bmp", "None", wx.Point(200,200), wx.Size(300,100)) EVT_MENU(self, ID_ABOUT, self.OnAbout) EVT_MENU(self, ID_EXIT, self.TimeToQuit) def OnAbout(self, event): dlg = wxMessageDialog(self, "Testing the functions of custom " "buttons using pyDev and wxPython", "About", wxOK | wxICON_INFORMATION) dlg.ShowModal() dlg.Destroy() def TimeToQuit(self, event): self.Close(true) class MyApp(wx.App): def OnInit(self): frame = MyFrame(NULL, -1, "wxPython | Buttons") frame.Show(true) self.SetTopWindow(frame) return true app = MyApp(0) app.MainLoop() Custom Button import wx from wxPython.wx import * class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): ############################################ ##THE ERROR IS BEING THROWN SOME WHERE IN HERE ## ############################################ # The BMP's Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # When the mouse is over Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # The normal BMP Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(0) # The down BMP Pos_bmp = wx.Point(0,0) # The posisition of the button def __init__(self, parent, id=-1, NORM_BMP, PUSH_BMP, MOUSE_OVER_BMP, text="", pos, size, **kwargs): wx.PyControl.__init__(self,parent, id, **kwargs) # Set the BMP's to the ones given in the constructor self.Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(MOUSE_OVER_BMP) self.Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(NORM_BMP) self.Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(PUSH_BMP) self.Pos_bmp = pos ############################################ ##THE ERROR IS BEING THROWN SOME WHERE IN HERE ## ############################################ self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_DOWN, self._onMouseDown) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP, self._onMouseUp) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEAVE_WINDOW, self._onMouseLeave) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ENTER_WINDOW, self._onMouseEnter) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ERASE_BACKGROUND,self._onEraseBackground) self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self._onPaint) self._mouseIn = self._mouseDown = False def _onMouseEnter(self, event): self._mouseIn = True def _onMouseLeave(self, event): self._mouseIn = False def _onMouseDown(self, event): self._mouseDown = True def _onMouseUp(self, event): self._mouseDown = False self.sendButtonEvent() def sendButtonEvent(self): event = wx.CommandEvent(wx.wxEVT_COMMAND_BUTTON_CLICKED, self.GetId()) event.SetInt(0) event.SetEventObject(self) self.GetEventHandler().ProcessEvent(event) def _onEraseBackground(self,event): # reduce flicker pass def _onPaint(self, event): dc = wx.BufferedPaintDC(self) dc.SetFont(self.GetFont()) dc.SetBackground(wx.Brush(self.GetBackgroundColour())) dc.Clear() dc.DrawBitmap(self.Norm_bmp) # draw whatever you want to draw # draw glossy bitmaps e.g. dc.DrawBitmap if self._mouseIn: # If the Mouse is over the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Mouse_over_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False) if self._mouseDown: # If the Mouse clicks the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Push_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False)

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  • convert float numbers to hex

    - by jordan2010
    I am quite new in Python and I am looking for converting numbers from decimal to hex How to convert float numbers to hex or char in Python 2.4.3? how can I keep it to write it as ("\xa5\x (here the new hex number)") any help Thanks,

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  • 2to3 fixer to convert try .. except .. block

    - by Sridhar Ratnakumar
    I have a Python2 project with lots of try .. except .. blocks like this: try: [...] except SomeException, e: # do something with `e` To port them all to Python 3 (and still have the code run Python =2.6), I have to manually change each and every one of them to the following: try: [...] except SomeException, e: _, e, _ = sys.exc_info() # do something with `e` Can this be automated using 2to3? If so, how?

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  • How can I call python module inside versioned package folder?

    - by Yanhua
    I need write python codes which run inside a host application. The python codes should be deployed under a specific folder of the host application. I must put my entry python module under the root of the specific folder. And I want put all my other python codes and c/c++ dll under a sub folder, I prefer to name the sub folder like XXX-1.0, the number is the version of my python codes. The entry python module is just simple call a python module under the sub-folder. By this way different version python codes can be deployed together without collision. May I know it is possible or not? Thanks.

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  • How do I run an interactive command line Python app inside of Emacs on Win32?

    - by sludge
    If I use M-x shell and run the interactive Python interpreter, Emacs on Windows does not return any IO. When I discovered M-x python-shell, I regained hope. However, instead of running the interactive Python shell, I want to run a specific Python script that features an interactive CLI. (See Python's cmd module for details). Is there a way of launching a Python script in Emacs that is interactive? (stdout, stdin, stderr)

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  • Replace a whole line in a txt file

    - by user302935
    I'am new to Python 3 and could really use a little help. I have a txt file containing: InstallPrompt= DisplayLicense= FinishMessage= TargetName=D:\somewhere FriendlyName=something I have a python script that in the end, should change just two lines to: TargetName=D:\new FriendlyName=Big Could anyone help me, please? I have tried to search for it, but I didnt find something I could use. The text that should be replaced could have different length.

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  • PYTHON: ntlm authentication

    - by Svetlana
    Hello!! I'm trying to implement NTLM authentication on IIS (Windows Server 2003) from Windows 7 with python. LAN Manager Authentication Level: Send NTLM response only. Client machine and server are in the same domain. Domain controller (AD) is on another server (also running Windows Server 2003). I recieve 401.1 - Unauthorized: Access is denied due to invalid credentials. Could you please help me find out what is wrong with this code and/or show me the other possible directions to solve this problem (using NTLM or Kerberos)? [python] import sys, httplib, base64, string import urllib2 import win32api import sspi import pywintypes import socket class WindoewNtlmMessageGenerator: def __init__(self,user=None): import win32api,sspi if not user: user = win32api.GetUserName() self.sspi_client = sspi.ClientAuth("NTLM",user) def create_auth_req(self): import pywintypes output_buffer = None error_msg = None try: error_msg, output_buffer = self.sspi_client.authorize(None) except pywintypes.error: return None auth_req = output_buffer[0].Buffer auth_req = base64.encodestring(auth_req) auth_req = string.replace(auth_req,'\012','') return auth_req def create_challenge_response(self,challenge): import pywintypes output_buffer = None input_buffer = challenge error_msg = None try: error_msg, output_buffer = self.sspi_client.authorize(input_buffer) except pywintypes.error: return None response_msg = output_buffer[0].Buffer response_msg = base64.encodestring(response_msg) response_msg = string.replace(response_msg,'\012','') return response_msg fname='request.xml' request = file(fname).read() ip_host = '10.0.3.112' ntlm_gen = WindoewNtlmMessageGenerator() auth_req_msg = ntlm_gen.create_auth_req() auth_req_msg_dec = base64.decodestring(auth_req_msg) auth_req_msg = string.replace(auth_req_msg,'\012','') webservice = httplib.HTTPConnection(ip_host) webservice.putrequest("POST", "/idc/idcplg") webservice.putheader("Content-length", "%d" % len(request)) webservice.putheader('Authorization', 'NTLM'+' '+auth_req_msg) webservice.endheaders() resp = webservice.getresponse() resp.read() challenge = resp.msg.get('WWW-Authenticate') challenge_dec = base64.decodestring(challenge.split()[1]) msg3 = ntlm_gen.create_challenge_response(challenge_dec) webservice = httplib.HTTP(ip_host) webservice.putrequest("POST", "/idc/idcplg?IdcService=LOGIN&Auth=Intranet") webservice.putheader("Host", SHOD) webservice.putheader("Content-length", "%d" % len(request)) webservice.putheader('Authorization', 'NTLM'+' '+msg3) webservice.putheader("Content-type", "text/xml; charset=\"UTF-8\"") webservice.putheader("SOAPAction", "\"\"") webservice.endheaders() webservice.send(request) statuscode, statusmessage, header = webservice.getreply() res = webservice.getfile().read() res_file = file('result.txt','wb') res_file.write(res) res_file.close() [/python] sspi.py is available here: http://www.koders.com/python/fidF3B0061A07CD13BA35FF263E3E45252CFABFAA3B.aspx?s=timer Thanks!

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  • Python coding test problem for interviews

    - by Kal
    I'm trying to come up with a good coding problem to ask interview candidates to solve with Python. They'll have an hour to work on the problem, with an IDE and access to documentation (we don't care what people have memorized). I'm not looking for a tough algorithmic problem - there are other sections of the interview where we do that kind of thing. The point of this section is to sit and watch them actually write code. So it should be something that makes them use just the data structures which are the everyday tools of the application developer - lists, hashtables (dictionaries in Python), etc, to solve a quasi-realistic task. They shouldn't be blocked completely if they can't think of something really clever. We have a problem which we use for Java coding tests, which involves reading a file and doing a little processing on the contents. It works well with candidates who are familiar with Java (or even C++). But we're running into a number of candidates who just don't know Java or C++ or C# or anything like that, but do know Python or Ruby. Which shouldn't exclude them, but leaves us with a dilemma: On the one hand, we don't learn much from watching someone struggle with the basics of a totally unfamiliar language. On the other hand, the problem we use for Java turns out to be pretty trivial in Python (or Ruby, etc) - anyone halfway competent can do it in 15 minutes. So, I'm trying to come up with something better. Surprisingly, Google doesn't show me anyone doing something like this, unless I'm just too dumb to enter the obvious search term. The best idea I've come up with involves scheduling workers to time slots, but it's maybe a little too open-ended. Have you run into a good example? Or a bad one? Or do you just have an idea?

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  • How to implement Priority Queues in Python?

    - by dragosrsupercool
    Sorry for such a silly question but Python docs are confusing.. . Link 1: Queue Implementation http://docs.python.org/library/queue.html It says thats Queue has a contruct for priority queue. But I could not find how to implement it. class Queue.PriorityQueue(maxsize=0) Link 2: Heap Implementation http://docs.python.org/library/heapq.html Here they says that we can implement priority queues indirectly using heapq pq = [] # list of entries arranged in a heap entry_finder = {} # mapping of tasks to entries REMOVED = '<removed-task>' # placeholder for a removed task counter = itertools.count() # unique sequence count def add_task(task, priority=0): 'Add a new task or update the priority of an existing task' if task in entry_finder: remove_task(task) count = next(counter) entry = [priority, count, task] entry_finder[task] = entry heappush(pq, entry) def remove_task(task): 'Mark an existing task as REMOVED. Raise KeyError if not found.' entry = entry_finder.pop(task) entry[-1] = REMOVED def pop_task(): 'Remove and return the lowest priority task. Raise KeyError if empty.' while pq: priority, count, task = heappop(pq) if task is not REMOVED: del entry_finder[task] return task raise KeyError('pop from an empty priority queue' Which is the most efficient priority queue implementation in python? And how to implement it?

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  • Fitting Gaussian KDE in numpy/scipy in Python

    - by user248237
    I am fitting a Gaussian kernel density estimator to a variable that is the difference of two vectors, called "diff", as follows: gaussian_kde_covfact(diff, smoothing_param) -- where gaussian_kde_covfact is defined as: class gaussian_kde_covfact(stats.gaussian_kde): def __init__(self, dataset, covfact = 'scotts'): self.covfact = covfact scipy.stats.gaussian_kde.__init__(self, dataset) def _compute_covariance_(self): '''not used''' self.inv_cov = np.linalg.inv(self.covariance) self._norm_factor = sqrt(np.linalg.det(2*np.pi*self.covariance)) * self.n def covariance_factor(self): if self.covfact in ['sc', 'scotts']: return self.scotts_factor() if self.covfact in ['si', 'silverman']: return self.silverman_factor() elif self.covfact: return float(self.covfact) else: raise ValueError, \ 'covariance factor has to be scotts, silverman or a number' def reset_covfact(self, covfact): self.covfact = covfact self.covariance_factor() self._compute_covariance() This works, but there is an edge case where the diff is a vector of all 0s. In that case, I get the error: File "/srv/pkg/python/python-packages/python26/scipy/scipy-0.7.1/lib/python2.6/site-packages/scipy/stats/kde.py", line 334, in _compute_covariance self.inv_cov = linalg.inv(self.covariance) File "/srv/pkg/python/python-packages/python26/scipy/scipy-0.7.1/lib/python2.6/site-packages/scipy/linalg/basic.py", line 382, in inv if info>0: raise LinAlgError, "singular matrix" numpy.linalg.linalg.LinAlgError: singular matrix What's a way to get around this? In this case, I'd like it to return a density that's essentially peaked completely at a difference of 0, with no mass everywhere else. thanks.

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  • Python: How to execute a SQL file or command

    - by Mestika
    Hi, I have this Python script: import sys import getopt import timeit import random import os import re import ibm_db import time from string import maketrans runs=5 queries=50 file = open("results.txt", "a") for r in range(5): print "Run %s\n" % r os.system("python reads.py -r1 -pquery1.sql -q50 -sespec") file.write('END QUERY READ 01') file.close() os.system("python query_read_02.py") Everything here is working, it is creating the results.txt file, it run the os.system("python reads.py...") file and that file is doing everything it's suppose to, but the problem comes when go and run the query_read_02.py file. In this file, it should execute a SQL command or a SQL file on my database, so I can create an index and see what the performance of that input is, but how do i do it? I create the connection to the database in the reads.py file, but it's hard to create the queries in there because I doesn't keep track of which file it has reached, it just execute commands from what the parameters are. I hope I've explained myself clear enough, otherwise please let me know. I just want to execute a SQL command or file which each query_read_0x.py file. Sincerely Mestika

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  • Asynchronous background processes in Python?

    - by Geuis
    I have been using this as a reference, but not able to accomplish exactly what I need: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/89228/how-to-call-external-command-in-python/92395#92395 I also was reading this: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3145/ For our project, we have 5 svn checkouts that need to update before we can deploy our application. In my dev environment, where speedy deployments are a bit more important for productivity than a production deployment, I have been working on speeding up the process. I have a bash script that has been working decently but has some limitations. I fire up multiple 'svn updates' with the following bash command: (svn update /repo1) & (svn update /repo2) & (svn update /repo3) & These all run in parallel and it works pretty well. I also use this pattern in the rest of the build script for firing off each ant build, then moving the wars to Tomcat. However, I have no control over stopping deployment if one of the updates or a build fails. I'm re-writing my bash script with Python so I have more control over branches and the deployment process. I am using subprocess.call() to fire off the 'svn update /repo' commands, but each one is acting sequentially. I try '(svn update /repo) &' and those all fire off, but the result code returns immediately. So I have no way to determine if a particular command fails or not in the asynchronous mode. import subprocess subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo1', shell=True ) subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo2', shell=True ) subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo3', shell=True ) I'd love to find a way to have Python fire off each Unix command, and if any of the calls fails at any time the entire script stops.

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