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• RAID degraded on Ubuntu server

  - by reano

  We're having a very weird issue at work. Our Ubuntu server has 6 drives, set up with RAID1 as follows: /dev/md0, consisting of: /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/md1, consisting of: /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb2 /dev/md2, consisting of: /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb3 /dev/md3, consisting of: /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/md4, consisting of: /dev/sde1 /dev/sdf1 As you can see, md0, md1 and md2 all use the same 2 drives (split into 3 partitions). I also have to note that this is done via ubuntu software raid, not hardware raid. Today, the /md0 RAID1 array shows as degraded - it is missing the /dev/sdb1 drive. But since /dev/sdb1 is only a partition (and /dev/sdb2 and /dev/sdb3 are working fine), it's obviously not the drive that's gone AWOL, it seems the partition itself is missing. How is that even possible? And what could we do to fix it? My output of cat /proc/mdstat: Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1] 24006528 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md2 : active raid1 sda3[0] sdb3[1] 1441268544 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] 1464710976 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] md3 : active raid1 sdd1[1] sdc1[0] 2930133824 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md4 : active raid1 sdf2[1] sde2[0] 2929939264 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> FYI: I tried the following: mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb1 But got this error: mdadm: add new device failed for /dev/sdb1 as 2: Invalid argument Output of mdadm --detail /dev/md0 is: /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sat Dec 29 17:09:45 2012 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 1464710976 (1396.86 GiB 1499.86 GB) Used Dev Size : 1464710976 (1396.86 GiB 1499.86 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Nov 7 15:55:07 2013 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Name : lia:0 (local to host lia) UUID : eb302d19:ff70c7bf:401d63af:ed042d59 Events : 26216 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 0 0 1 removed

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• Second CPU missing of Dual Core

  - by Zardoz

  My Lenovo T61 has a dual core CPU. I just noticed that under Ubuntu 10.10 only one CPU is recognized. I know that once both CPUs worked. Not sure since when the second CPU is missing. Maybe since the last kernel update. Currently I am using linux-image-2.6.35-23-generic (for x86_64). What can I do to enable the second CPU again? Here the ouput of /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 23 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T8100 @ 2.10GHz stepping : 6 cpu MHz : 800.000 cache size : 3072 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 1 core id : 0 cpu cores : 1 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 10 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 lahf_lm ida dts tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority bogomips : 4189.99 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: Any help is welcome. I really need that CPU power for my work here.

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• allow spoofing when using tun

  - by Johnny

  I have a working openvpn setup with a server and a number of clients. How would i go around allowing IP spoofing through the openvpn server? (to demonstrate security concepts)? A normal ping from client to server goes through all right: root@client: hping3 10.8.0.1 HPING 10.8.0.1 (tun0 10.8.0.1): NO FLAGS are set, 40 headers + 0 data bytes len=40 ip=10.8.0.1 ttl=64 DF id=0 sport=0 flags=RA seq=0 win=0 rtt=124.7 ms root@server:/etc/openvpn# tcpdump -n -i tun0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tun0, link-type RAW (Raw IP), capture size 65535 bytes 10:17:51.734167 IP 10.8.0.6.2146 > 10.8.0.1.0: Flags [], win 512, length 0 But when spoofing a packet, it does not arrive at the openvpn server: root@client: hping3 -a 10.0.8.120 10.8.0.1 HPING 10.8.0.1 (tun0 10.8.0.1): NO FLAGS are set, 40 headers + 0 data bytes root@server:/etc/openvpn# tcpdump -n -i tun0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tun0, link-type RAW (Raw IP), capture size 65535 bytes My current config files server.conf local X.Y.Z.P port 80 proto tcp dev tun ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun persist-local-ip status openvpn-status.log verb 3 client.conf client dev tun proto tcp remote MYHOST..amazonaws.com 80 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert client.crt key client.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3

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• How do I use command line and wmctrl to make a window larger than the screen to get a huge screenshot?

  - by Mnebuerquo

  I use a program which makes a large image which I have to scroll to view. The program has no way to save the image, and I have no access to the source to modify it. The only way I have to get the image from the program is by screenshot. My goal is to save the full size image without having to piece together individual screenshots. I'm using this script to try taking a screenshot: #!/bin/bash window=$(wmctrl -l | grep "Program$" | awk '{print $1}') wmctrl -v -i -r $window -e '0,0,0,6030,5828' wmctrl -i -a $window import -window $window ~/Desktop/screenshot.png This uses wmctrl to get the window id ($window) for a window named "Program". It then tries to resize the window to the desired dimensions. It uses imagemagick (import) to save a screenshot.png on the user's Desktop. All of this works except the resize step. I can resize the window using wmctrl -r -e, but sizes greater than the screen size don't work. I'm using Ubuntu 10.04 and the Gnome Desktop. I run two monitors, but I've tried this with one of them disabled. Is there a way to resize the window larger than my screen to get a huge screenshot?

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• Backtrack, Wi-Fi not working

  - by hradecek

  I've installed Backtrack 5R3 KDE, and I realized that my wireless is not working, but wired is working fine. Here's the lshw output: *-network description: Ethernet interface product: RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0 logical name: eth0 version: 05 serial: 04:7d:7b:b7:46:f8 size: 100MB/s capacity: 100MB/s width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=full firmware=rtl_nic/rtl8105e-1.fw ip=192.168.2.2 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=MII speed=100MB/s resources: irq:42 ioport:2000(size=256) memory:f0404000-f0404fff memory:f0400000-f0403fff lspci output: 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller (rev 09) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 09) 00:14.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB xHCI Host Controller (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point MEI Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:1a.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Panther Point High Definition Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev c4) 00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev c4) 00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point LPC Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point 6 port SATA AHCI Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Panther Point SMBus Controller (rev 04) 02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller (rev 05)

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• S3sync not working

  - by user57833

  Hello, I managed to get s3sync to upload my test folder to Amazon S3 and can see it in the MWS Managment Console. Downloading the data back to a test folder results in the following error message: root@mybucketname:/var/s3sync# ./week_download.sh s3Prefix backups/weekly localPrefix /var/s3sync/testdown/weekly s3TreeRecurse mybucketname backups/weekly Creating new connection Trying command list_bucket mybucketname prefix backups/weekly max-keys 200 delimiter / with 100 retries le ft Response code: 200 prefix found: / s3TreeRecurse mybucketname backups/weekly / Trying command list_bucket mybucketname prefix backups/weekly/ max-keys 200 delimiter / with 100 retries l eft Response code: 200 S3 item backups/weekly/ s3 node object init. Name: Path:backups/weekly Size:0 Tag:d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e Date:Fri O ct 29 14:21:53 UTC 2010 local node object init. Name: Path:/var/s3sync/testdown/weekly/ Size: Tag: Date: source: dest: Update node s3sync.rb:638:in initialize': No such file or directory - /var/s3sync/testdown/weekly/.s3syncTemp (E rrno::ENOENT) from s3sync.rb:638:inopen' from s3sync.rb:638:in updateFrom' from s3sync.rb:393:inmain' from s3sync.rb:735 I am using the following download script: !/bin/bash script to download local directory upto s3 cd /var/s3sync/ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=nothing to see here export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=nothing to see here export SSL_CERT_DIR=/var/s3sync/certs ruby s3sync.rb -r -v -d --progress --make-dirs mybucket:backups/weekly /var/s3sync/testdown copy and modify line above for each additional folder to be synced Any idea's? Does the download script need to download to the source of Amazon S3 i.e testup folder? Was hoping on the instance of a complete failure and the original folders won't exist that it would just download everything from me. Note: changed my bucket names to "mybucketname" so that it is not public!

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• Nginx Multiple If Statements Cause Memory Usage to Jump

  - by Justin Kulesza

  We need to block a large number of requests by IP address with nginx. The requests are proxied by a CDN, and so we cannot block with the actual client IP address (it would be the IP address of the CDN, not the actual client). So, we have $http_x_forwarded_for which contains the IP which we need to block for a given request. Similarly, we cannot use IP tables, as blocking the IP address of the proxied client will have no effect. We need to use nginx to block the requested based on the value of $http_x_forwarded_for. Initially, we tried multiple, simple if statements: http://pastie.org/5110910 However, this caused our nginx memory usage to jump considerably. We went from somewhere around a 40MB resident size to over a 200MB resident size. If we changed things up, and created one large regex that matched the necessary IP addresses, memory usage was fairly normal: http://pastie.org/5110923 Keep in mind that we're trying to block many more than 3 or 4 IP addresses... more like 50 to 100, which may be included in several (20+) nginx server configuration blocks. Thoughts? Suggestions? I'm interested both in why memory usage would spike so greatly using multiple if blocks, and also if there are any better ways to achieve our goal.

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• Why do I get swap space related errors when I still have lots of free memory in Solaris 10?

  - by Tom Duckering

  I am seeing a few of my services suffering/crashing with errors along the lines of "Error allocating memory" or "Can't create new process" etc. I'm slightly confused by this since logs show that at the time the system has lots of free memory (around 26GB in one case) of memory available and is not particularly stressed in any other way. After noting a JVM crash with similar error with the added query of "Out of swap space?" it made me dig a little deeper. It turns out that someone has configured our zone with a 2GB swap file. Our zone doesn't have capped memory and currently has access to as much of the 128GB of the RAM as it need. Our SAs are planning to cap this at 32GB when they get the chance. My current thinking is that whilst there is memory aplenty for the OS to allocate, the swap space seems grossly undersized (based on other answers here). It seems as though Solaris is wanting to make sure there's enough swap space in case things have to swap out (i.e. it's reserving the swap space). Is this thinking right or is there some other reason that I get memory allocation errors with this large amount of memory free and seemingly undersized swap space?

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• Rails application keeps timing out when attempting to connect to Postgresql DB

  - by Corillian

  I'm hosting a postgresql database on a small windows azure Ubuntu 13.04 VM with a default postgresql.conf. I have a Rails application running on a medium windows azure Ubuntu 13.04 VM. When accessing the postgresql database the rails application is constantly timing out. In its database.yml I have the connection pool size set to 120 and the timeout set to 15 seconds. Despite this my rails logs are full of the following error message: ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError: could not obtain a database connection within 5 seconds (waited 5.0023203 seconds). The max pool size is currently 120; consider increasing it. My postgresql.conf has a max connection limit of 120, making it any larger prevents the server from being able to successfully restart. I've also made sure that ssl was off in the postgresql.conf per this article but beyond that I have no idea what's going on. My postgresql logs don't contain any info indicating something is going wrong. My website is getting ~1k hits per day so perhaps a small VM instance just isn't powerful enough? I appreciate any assistance! [Edit1] The postgresql database is in a separate cloud service within the same affinity group. For example: db small VM: mydatabase.cloudapp.net (Affinity Group US East) forums medium VM: myforums.cloudapp.net (Affinity Group US East) On the database server I have opened port 5432. The connection to the database server from the forums server is using its hostname. Is it possible that the DNS resolution is what's taking so long?

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• In need of assistance for recovering a lost partition

  - by Tek

  The program that has worked for the most part is Active@ Partition Recovery. I'm so close but yet so far from recovering my data. Okay so here's what happens. In the following screenshot (blanked out a folder and filename with profanity in case some of you guys are at work :P), it detects the partition I accidentally deleted with ALL 100% of my data listed. Of course, I didn't write ANY data to that drive after I did this. But when I click "recover" and finishes the recovery process, in Windows I click on the partition that was just was just recovered... It's EMPTY. The program seems to be able to see my lost files, but when I recover the partition windows doesn't seem to think the same =( Things I tried: I tried running a chkdsk /r /f after I recovered the partition, apparently it couldn't find any errors. Tried using other software like TestDisk to recover the partition, but they (all) act similar to Windows in that it detects the (missing) partition but when I browse it there's no files. The partition is there along with all the file and data information. The sector information is also in the screenshot, is there any way I can use this to my advantage in recovering my data? Other information: Dualboot: Win8 / Ubuntu 12.10 x64 1TB Internal desktop drive, GPT Layout, NTFS formatted drive, 64K allocation size.

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• mysql - moving to a lower performance server, how small can I go?

  - by pedalpete

  I've been running a site for a few years now which really isn't growing in traffic, and I want to save some money on hosting, but keep it going for the loyal users of the site and api. The database has one a nearly 4 million row table, and on a 4gb dual xeon 5320 server. When I check server stats on this server with ps -aux, i get returns of mysql running at about 11% capacity, so no serious load. The main query against mysql runs in about 0.45 seconds. I popped over to linode.com to see what kind of performance I could get out of one of their tiny boxes, and their 360mb ram XEN vps returns the same query in 20 seconds. Clearly not good enough. I've looked at the mysql variables, and they are both very similar (I've included the show variables output below, if anybody is interested). Is there a good way to decide on what size server is needed based on what I'm coming from? Is it RAM that is likely making the difference with the large table size? Is there a way for me to figure out how much ram would be ideal?? Here's the output of the show variables (though I'm not sure it is important). +---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | | automatic_sp_privileges | ON | | back_log | 50 | | basedir | /usr/ | | bdb_cache_size | 8384512 | | bdb_home | /var/lib/mysql/ | | bdb_log_buffer_size | 262144 | | bdb_logdir | | | bdb_max_lock | 10000 | | bdb_shared_data | OFF | | bdb_tmpdir | /tmp/ | | binlog_cache_size | 32768 | | bulk_insert_buffer_size | 8388608 | | character_set_client | latin1 | | character_set_connection | latin1 | | character_set_database | latin1 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | latin1 | | character_set_server | latin1 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ | | collation_connection | latin1_swedish_ci | | collation_database | latin1_swedish_ci | | collation_server | latin1_swedish_ci | | completion_type | 0 | | concurrent_insert | 1 | | connect_timeout | 10 | | datadir | /var/lib/mysql/ | | date_format | %Y-%m-%d | | datetime_format | %Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s | | default_week_format | 0 | | delay_key_write | ON | | delayed_insert_limit | 100 | | delayed_insert_timeout | 300 | | delayed_queue_size | 1000 | | div_precision_increment | 4 | | keep_files_on_create | OFF | | engine_condition_pushdown | OFF | | expire_logs_days | 0 | | flush | OFF | | flush_time | 0 | | ft_boolean_syntax | + - For some reason, that table formats properly in the preview, but apparently not when viewing the question. Hopefully it isn't needed anyway.

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• Remote Desktop Services Licensing - Does server have to have a RDS role?

  - by transistor1

  I recently set up a "micro" size Windows 2008 Datacenter server on Amazon AWS. My small group needs several concurrent RDS users to be able to access the machine. Without installing the "Remote Desktop Server" role, it allows 2 concurrent connections. I read on MS' website that in order to set up multiple users, we needed to install the RDS role. I did so, but now the application we are trying to share is running much slower than it was before. Prior to the role installation, it was taking about 5 seconds to open; now it is taking a few minutes to open -- without any other users logged on except me. My assumption is that the RDS role may be too much for this micro instance to handle, and currently, changing to another size instance is not an option (it may be possible later if we were to receive enough funding). This leads me to the following questions: 1) Is it a sensible assessment to assume that it is the RDS role is slowing things down, or are there other things that I could look at to speed it up? We are talking about a machine with ~600MB of memory. 2) If I revert back to the pre-RDS role, is there any legitimate way (in terms of purchasing RDS licenses) to get more than 2 concurrent desktops? I did read this, and am not questioning that the answerer is knowlegeable; but someone else may have some other experience. I am also making it clear that we want to do this in a legitimate way. Thanks in advance for any assistance that can be provided! EDIT: if it is helpful in answering the question, the application in question is a Lotus Approach database. Also, I am asking this from a technical perspective: not a legal one. I want to know if it is possible to install valid licenses without the RDS role.

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• What cause high CPU usage on the server during file upload

  - by bosiang

  When I try to upload a huge file size (approx 2GB), the server cpu usage goes really high. What should I do to fix this? I just use standard html form and php, for file upload. I'm sorry if I post on the wrong forum. Please point me to the right direction here is the result of "top" command during uploading 4 files (18mb, 38mb, 60mb, 33mb) 1904 apache 20 0 33504 5740 1952 R 28.3 0.2 0:02.19 httpd 1905 apache 20 0 33504 5740 1952 R 28.3 0.2 0:01.99 httpd 1903 apache 20 0 33232 6968 3060 R 28.0 0.2 0:01.98 httpd 1910 apache 20 0 33240 6020 2248 S 11.5 0.2 0:02.85 httpd 2133 root 20 0 2656 1124 896 R 1.6 0.0 0:00.71 top 1 root 20 0 2864 1404 1188 S 0.0 0.0 0:03.99 init the code for chunking, although eventhough I don't use this code (just simple file upload), it still cause that high cpu usage function sendRequest() { //clean the screen //bars.innerHTML = ''; var file = document.getElementById('fileToUpload'); for(var i = 0; i < file.files.length; i++) { var blob = file.files[i]; var originalFileName = blob.name; var filePart = 0 const BYTES_PER_CHUNK = 100 * 1024 * 1024; // 10MB chunk sizes. var realFileSize = blob.size; var start = 0; var end = BYTES_PER_CHUNK; totalChunks = Math.ceil(realFileSize / BYTES_PER_CHUNK); alert(realFileSize); while( start < realFileSize ) { if (blob.webkitSlice) { //for Google Chrome var chunk = blob.webkitSlice(start, end); } else if (blob.mozSlice) { //for Mozilla Firefox var chunk = blob.mozSlice(start, end); } uploadFile(chunk, originalFileName, filePart, totalChunks, i); filePart++; start = end; end = start + BYTES_PER_CHUNK; } } }

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• Bacula stops writing to disk volume after 2GB

  - by m.list

  Bacula Version: 5.2.5 I have configured bacula to write volumes to disk, however bacula stops writing to the volume as soon as it reaches 2gb. The file system is not an issue as I have stored files larger than 2gb. 06-Dec 17:22 backup-sd JobId 8421: End of Volume "Full-Monthly-0005" at 0:2147475577 on device "FileStorage" (/nfs/backup-pool). Write of 64512 bytes got 8069. 06-Dec 17:22 backup-sd JobId 8421: End of medium on Volume "Full-Monthly-0005" Bytes=2,147,475,578 Blocks=33,288 at 06-Dec-2012 17:22. backup1@backup:/nfs/backup-pool$ ls -alh Full-Monthly-0005 <br> -rw-r----- 1 bacula tape 2.0G Dec 3 16:14 Full-Monthly-0005 bacula-dir.conf: Pool { Name = Full-Monthly Pool Type = Backup Recycle = yes Volume Retention = 5 months Volume Use Duration = 1 day Maximum Volumes = 5 Maximum Volume Bytes = 12gb } bacula-sd.conf: Device { Name = FileStorage Media Type = File Archive Device = /nfs/backup-pool LabelMedia = yes # lets Bacula label unlabeled media Random Access = Yes RemovableMedia = no AlwaysOpen = no Label media = yes Maximum Volume Size = 12gb } In my original configuration Maximum Volume Bytes and Maximum Volume Size were not set at all and so should have defauted to no maximum but that did not work either.

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• Oracle 11g Data Guard over a WAN

  - by Dave LeJeune

  Hi - We are in process of looking at using Oracle's Data Guard to replicate our 11g instance from a colo facility in Washington DC to Chicago. To give some basics we have approximately 25TB of storage and a healthy transaction rate in the 1-2K/sec range. Also, because we are processing data in real-time we have a 24x7x365 requirement for processing data. We don't have any respites as far as volume except for system upgrades (once every few months) where we take the system offline but then course experience a spike in transactions when we bring the system back on-line. Ideally we would want the second instance in the DG configuration semi-online in a read-only fashion for reports/etc. We evaluated DG in 10g and were not overly impressed and research seemed to show that earlier versions had issues with replication over a WAN but I have heard good things about modifications the product has gone through w/ 11g. Can anyone confirm an instance of this size and transaction rate being replicated over a WAN and if so what is the general latency? An information or experiences with a DG implementation that is of this size and scope would really be helpful (or larger - I also realize we are still relatively small compared to many others out there). Many thanks in advance.

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• Input/output error reading USB backup drive on CentOS 6.4

  - by Kev

  I'm suddenly seeing some strange behaviour on our USB backup drive that doesn't make sense to me: (2013-10-21 14:58:23 [root@newdc /]$ cd /mnt/backup/ (2013-10-21 14:59:03 [root@newdc backup]$ ls -la ls: reading directory .: Input/output error total 0 (2013-10-21 14:59:05 [root@newdc backup]$ df -h /mnt/backup Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 917G 843G 28G 97% /mnt/backup How is it possible for the OS to know how much is in use, but I can't ls any of it as root? Or more to the point, what problem does this indicate? /var/log/messages said this: Oct 21 14:57:54 g5 kernel: EXT4-fs error (device sda1): ext4_journal_start_sb: Detected aborted journal Oct 21 14:57:54 g5 kernel: EXT4-fs (sda1): Remounting filesystem read-only But...read-only is something different than 'throw an io error'... After unmounting to try fsck on it, I had someone on-site look at it, and the drive was not spun up, and had a slow-flashing light, which I believe means it was in a power-suspend mode. So I had them unplug and replug the USB cable, and now (before remounting) it says: fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) /dev/sda1: clean, 2805106/61046784 files, 181934167/244182016 blocks I then mount it and now ls works and df reports: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 917G 680G 191G 79% /mnt/backup What would cause it to go into such a state without being asked to? Why all the weird behaviour, and now it appears to not be corrupt?

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• HP DL380 G3 2U For Basic Web Server in 2012

  - by ryandlf

  I have an opportunity to pick up a used HP DL380 G3 2U for $100. I'm looking for a basic entry level web server that I can host a small - medium size website on and more or less learn the ins and outs of running my own web server before I bite the bullet and spend a couple grand on a server. The specs are: Dual (2) Intel Xeon 2.4GHz 400MHz 512KB Cache 4GB PC2100 ECC Registered Memory 6 x 72GB 10K U320 SCSI Hard Drives Smart Array 5i RAID Controller Redundant Power Supplies DVD/Floppy, Dual Intel GB NIC's, USB Or would I be better off spending a couple hundred bucks on something like: this new HP Seems like the only major difference is SATA and a bit of storage, but I will likely be implementing a separate storage system of some sort anyways. I guess it also wouldn't hurt to mention that I plan on running a linux server distro, so would the hardware be likely to support linux with a system that is 4 generations old? I don't mind spending a couple hundred extra dollars if its a better solution, but as mentioned previously I am simple looking for a server to learn on and probably use for a year or so while I put together a small - medium size website.

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• Mysql: create index on 1.4 billion records

  - by SiLent SoNG

  I have a table with 1.4 billion records. The table structure is as follows: CREATE TABLE text_page ( text VARCHAR(255), page_id INT UNSIGNED ) ENGINE=MYISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=ascii The requirement is to create an index over the column text. The table size is about 34G. I have tried to create the index by the following statement: ALTER TABLE text_page ADD KEY ix_text (text) After 10 hours' waiting I finally give up this approach. Is there any workable solution on this problem? UPDATE: the table is unlikely to be updated or inserted or deleted. The reason why to create index on the column text is because this kind of sql query would be frequently executed: SELECT page_id FROM text_page WHERE text = ? UPDATE: I have solved the problem by partitioning the table. The table is partitioned into 40 pieces on column text. Then creating index on the table takes about 1 hours to complete. It seems that MySQL index creation becomes very slow when the table size becomes very big. And partitioning reduces the table into smaller trunks.

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• Adding a transaction ID to ruby-on-rails logs

  - by Blue Warrior NFB

  We have a RoR app (rails version 3.2.15 right now). As it has been getting busier, the log-files it's producing are becoming less and less useful for troubleshooting. When they come in like this, it's not a problem: Started GET "/accounts/28088166/kittens/22894/rendered_png?file_id=5d3eaec77954a489b5ddd75143091767&kitten_store_id=9970569bbacf7b6dbeb4eb9295960d69&size=large" for 172.16.202.30 at 2013-11-12 13:45:00 +0000 Processing by KittenController#rendered_png as HTML Parameters: {"file_id"="5d3eaec77954a489b5ddd75143091767", "kitten_store_id"="9970569bbacf7b6dbeb4eb9295960d69", "size"="large", "kitten_cam_id"="280941", "id"="kjlak357aw479607t"} Rendered text template (0.0ms) Sent data (1.8ms) Completed 200 OK in 1037.4ms (Views: 1.4ms | ActiveRecord: 98.4ms) Short request, quickly assembled, all the relevant log-lines are in one block. However, not all of our code renders in 1037ms. There are a few calls that can exceed several seconds, and during that time several of these quicker ones can come in. When that happens, its very, very hard to identify which log-lines belong to which GET. Sent data (4.1ms) Completed 200 OK in 767.4ms (Views: 3.2ms | ActiveRecord: 72.2ms) Completed 200 OK in 2338.0ms (Views: 0.2ms | ActiveRecord: 0.0ms) Ooookaaaay... which goes to what? Is it possible to add something like a transaction-ID to these log-lines? The log-spam would be interspersed, but at least grep-magic would give me the unified entries that I need.

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• 20 1TB drives vs. 10 2TB drives in RAID5/6 server

  - by Hunter

  Hi everyone, I will be setting up a server at work and I need some advice on some details. The setup will be one blade-type server (8-core, 16GB RAM) with two subsystems - one for the main storage the other to back it up. I'm shooting for a 20TB array (I know it'll be less after formatting and parity drives). So is there any advantage one way or the other with either 20 1TB drives or 10 2TB drives? I'm not sure right now how many controllers I should have either (in the quote I have is a dual-port controller). I would think two controllers for a server of this size would be a better choice than the dual-port controller (but I really don't know). And would an array of this size have any performance issues in RAID 5 or 6 (I know RAID 5 or 6 are "slower" because of all the parity calculations). Also, these will be either WD RE3 (1TB) or the RE4 (2TB). Oh, also, for the backup array would it be ok to use the WD 2TB green drives (also in RAID5 or 6)?

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• Experience with asymmetrical (non-identical hardware) SQL Server 2005 / Win 2003 cluster

  - by user24161

  I am reasonably good at dealing with SQL Server clusters; I am wondering if folks have experience, good or bad, using a mix of different models of servers from the same vendor in one SQL 2005 cluster. Suppose: I have one more powerful, more RAM, more shizzle box and one less powerful, less memory, less shizzle box bound together in a 2-node cluster. These would be HP DL380 and 580 machines (not that it should matter) I understand AND automate the process of managing memory for each SQL instance, so there's no memory contention when SQL instances fail over. Basically I am thinking a CLR proc will monitor the instances and self-regulate memory caps on each instance, so that they won't page or step on one another. I get the fact the instances might be slower and or under memory pressure if they share a "lesser" node, and that's OK. The business can deal with a slower instance in a server-problem scenario. Reasonable? Any "gotchas" to watch out for? More info 10/28: doing some experiments with a test cluster I find that reconfiguring max/min memory is OK PROVIDED the instance isn't already under memory pressure. If I torture the system with a huge query that demands a big chunk of RAM, and simultaneously adjust the memory allocation to a smaller value than what is being actively used, it's possible to run the instance out of memory and have it halt and restart itself (unhappy situation). Many ugly out-of-memory messages in the error log, crashing, burning... It's an extreme case, but good to know. Seems, then, that it would only be really safe to set this on startup of the instance, as in have a startup script that says "I am on node1, so my RAM settings are X or I am on node two, so they are Y," like this: http://sqlblog.com/blogs/aaron_bertrand... Update: I am testing a SQL Agent + PowerShell solution described in more detail here.

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• Boot stuck at blinking cursor before GRUB - only works via BIOS boot menu

  - by delta1

  I have a new box running Debian Squeeze. Grub is installed on /dev/sda, but when booting up I just get a blinking cursor, before the Grub menu. I can only boot to grub successfully when I choose boot options (during post) and select that specific drive! I have made sure the correct drive is set to boot first in the BIOS. So Grub works, but the system won't boot to that drive automatically? Any ideas on what could cause this? Drives sda/b/c are all 2TB (sda runs the system with b/c as raid device md0) with the following partitions: $ cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 1953514584 sda 8 1 977 sda1 8 2 9765625 sda2 8 3 6445313 sda3 8 4 1937302627 sda4 8 32 1953514584 sdc 8 16 1953514584 sdb 9 0 1953513424 md0 but # fdisk -l /dev/sda gives WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 243202 1953514583+ ee GPT Any insight into this strange behaviour would be greatly appreciated.

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• How to delete removed devices from a mdadm RAID1?

  - by Kabuto

  I had to replace two hard drives in my RAID1. After adding the two new partitions the old ones are still showing up as removed while the new ones are only added as spare. I've had no luck removing the partitions marked as removed. Here's the RAID in question. Note the two devices (0 and 1) with state removed. $ mdadm --detail /dev/md1 mdadm: metadata format 00.90 unknown, ignored. mdadm: metadata format 00.90 unknown, ignored. /dev/md1: Version : 00.90 Creation Time : Thu May 20 12:32:25 2010 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 1454645504 (1387.26 GiB 1489.56 GB) Used Dev Size : 1454645504 (1387.26 GiB 1489.56 GB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 3 Preferred Minor : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Tue Nov 12 21:30:39 2013 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 2 UUID : 10d7d9be:a8a50b8e:788182fa:2238f1e4 Events : 0.8717546 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 0 0 0 removed 1 0 0 1 removed 2 8 34 2 active sync /dev/sdc2 3 8 18 - spare /dev/sdb2 4 8 2 - spare /dev/sda2 How do I get rid of these devices and add the new partitions as active RAID devices? Update I seem to have gotten rid of them. My RAID is resyncing, but the two drives are still marked as spares and are number 3 and 4, which looks wrong. I'll have to wait for the resync to finish. All I did was to fix the metadata error by editing my mdadm.conf and rebooting. I tried rebooting before, but this time it worked for whatever reason. Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 3 8 2 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sda2 4 8 18 1 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb2 2 8 34 2 active sync /dev/sdc2

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• SQL queries break our game! (Back-end server is at capacity)

  - by TimH

  We have a Facebook game that stores all persistent data in a MySQL database that is running on a large Amazon RDS instance. One of our tables is 2GB in size. If I run any queries on that table that take more than a couple of seconds, any SQL actions performed by our game will fail with the error: HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable: Back-end server is at capacity This obviously brings down our game! I've monitored CPU usage on the RDS instance during these periods, and though it does spike, it doesn't go much over 50%. Previously we were on a smaller instance size and it did hit 100%, so I'd hoped just throwing more CPU capacity at the problem would solve it. I now think it's an issue with the number of open connections. However, I've only been working with SQL for 8 months or so, so I'm no expert on MySQL configuration. Is there perhaps some configuration setting I can change to prevent these queries from overloading the server, or should I just not be running them whilst our game is up? I'm using MySQL Workbench to run the queries. Here's an example.... SELECT * FROM BlueBoxEngineDB.Transfer WHERE Amount = 1000 AND FromUserId = 4 AND Status='Complete'; As you can see, it's not overly complex. There are only 5 columns in the table. Any help would be very much appreciated - Thanks!

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• Why still use JPG compression? [closed]

  - by Torben Gundtofte-Bruun

  Back when the JPG image format was introduced, it made a lot of sense to reduce the file size, even accepting a loss in image quality, because files were being downloaded over a slow and expensive modem connection. In today's world, file size is no longer a concern, at least not regarding JPG where it seems silly to save 45kB on a photo. But my image editing apps still prompt me for the desired compression level when I save a file. Does it still make sense to go with the default 85? Why should I not crank it up to 100 for all files? Update based on comments: For web work, I might use PNG instead. But every smartphone and camera produces JPG files. The question arises when I save these edits. Audience is my own harddisk. We're talking photos, 2-5MB apiece. Chroma, subsampling, DCT - sorry, never heard of it. I'm a home user, not Photoshop guru. For the record, I use Paint Shop Pro on Win, and Gimp on Linux.

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