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• Understanding the Linux Root

  - by Zac

  I've been using Linux (Ubuntu) for about 2 weeks now and am still struggling with some basic concept surrounding the root user: (1) Some terminal operations (such as making subdirectories inside a FHS directory such as /opt) require me to prefix the command with sudo - why? I guess what I'm choking on is: if I'm already logged in as a valid system user, why do I have to be a superuser/root in order to modify things that the sysadmin has already deemed me worthy of accessing? (2) Is there a GUI (Gnome, KDE) equivalent to sudo? Is there a way to assume a superuser role through a graphical context, rather than from inside a new shell? (3) I can't access the /root directory logged in as myself... but I installed the system to begin with and was never asked to create a root account! How do I log in as root and gain access to /root?!? Thanks for all feedback & input!

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• Understanding the Linux Root

  - by Zac

  I've been using Linux (Ubuntu) for about 2 weeks now and am still struggling with some basic concept surrounding the root user: (1) Some terminal operations (such as making subdirectories inside a FHS directory such as /opt) require me to prefix the command with sudo - why? I guess what I'm choking on is: if I'm already logged in as a valid system user, why do I have to be a superuser/root in order to modify things that the sysadmin has already deemed me worthy of accessing? (2) Is there a GUI (Gnome, KDE) equivalent to sudo? Is there a way to assume a superuser role through a graphical context, rather than from inside a new shell? (3) I can't access the /root directory logged in as myself... but I installed the system to begin with and was never asked to create a root account! How do I log in as root and gain access to /root?!? Thanks for all feedback & input!

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• Drawbacks of installing linux on usb stick?

  - by Znarkus

  I am setting up a router/nas/http/whatever server based on an ION mini-ITX board. I've installed Ubuntu Server on an old 160 GB drive, but it generates a lot more heat and vibrates more than my other new drive (storage). It just doesn't fit the concept, and worse: it takes up a SATA port. As SSD's are crazy expensive I'm thinking of buying an extra 4 GB USB stick, and raid0 it. From my point of view, these are the pros/cons: Pros Low power consumption No vibrations No heat Smaller Get to buy new, larger USB stick (:D) Cons Shorter life time Slower Raid 0 More work maintaing/installing? I think the pros overweighs the cons. Shorter life time and raid 0 is countered by regular backups of the configs/settings. Slower is partially countered by raid 0, and I don't know about the last one. What do You think? Experience? Another solution?

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• Unable to configure DD-WRT SNMP monitoring with Zabbix

  - by Jien Wai

  Installed Zabbix on Ubuntu but not sure what setting I missed. Base on my concept, I would like to using SNMP to monitoring DD-WRT router which it using SNMP service. I did enable to SNMP service at DD-WRT router page. And also created a host at Zabbix with included DD-WRT template. After I done it I still unable to get any connection/information at Zabbix which mean the router doesn't communicate with Zabbix. The above picture is my DD-WRT's SNMP configuration. http://img13.imageshack.us/img13/2228/rhj2.png Also this is the Zabbix configuration which I have created the service to monitoring my DD-WRT router. http://imageshack.us/a/img853/7311/hlpr.png

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• 2 Virtual instances for RSA and X509 authentication on IIS web server

  - by VKumar

  I am new to this concept. Actually, we have RSA SecureID login and normal login for our application. Recently, i have implemented X509 authentication. Now, the requirement is to create 2 instances for RSA access and X509 authentication on the same IIS webserver. If X509 authentication fails, the user should be redirected to RSA login page which should be on the same Webserver. Can you please help me out with some ideas? Thank you in advance.

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• Unable to access Citrix XenApp 6 published applications externally

  - by Christopher McCann

  We are trying to use a trial of Citrix XenApp 6 Fundamentals to virtualise a couple of applications as a proof of concept. We haven't ever used it before so I confess to be a noob with it. We can connect to the XenApp web interface, and the iPad app will connect and list the applications, but the applications themselves will not load. I discovered in the .ica file that it was attempting to connect to the internal IP address of the server instead of its static external. I have been following various threads on Citrix but nothing seems to have fixed it for me. The server is deployed on an EC2 instance with a static elastic IP. All the ports are opened and I can telnet into the XenApp server on 1493 and I get the ICA response. I have also run on ALTADDR and provided the external IP address. Does anyone have any ideas?

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• tag structured Filesystems

  - by A.Rashad

  I hope this is the correct site, I lose my way between the 4 sister sites :) Let me ask the question this way. all file systems I have seen before are hierarchical, that means a root directory, with some branched directories, and so on until we have files residing in these directories. except for AS/400 file structure, where it has a concept of a Library that serve somehow as a directory but one level only. Why not have directory-less filesystems where files are placed in a single location, but the file identifiers would be referenced by a database of tag/ file relation ships. This way there will be no need for symbolic links, one file may have multiple relations to multiple subjects, not only a single parent directory to contain. I hope the idea is clear.

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• Restore only changed files with duplicity

  - by Ventura

  Hello Guys, I've a problem. Duplicity is perfect for backups, I love so much that can be able to do incremental diff tars, but ... when restoring duplicity seems don't apply same concept. Basically I need to restore only changed files (obviously after a full backup) but I can't figure how do that. When I try to restore a directory I get: Restore destination directory /Volumes/Data/Backups/Srv1 already exists. I need to backup a directory (and I don't have any problems in doing that) and setup a mirror on another machine. Thanks!

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• Office jukebox systems

  - by jonayoung

  We're looking for a good office jukebox solution where staff can select songs via a web interface to be played over the central set of speakers. Must haves: Web Interface RSS / easy to scrap display of currently playing songs Ability to play mp3s and manage an ordered playlist. Good cataloguing of media. Multiple OSs supported as clients - Windows, Mac, Fedora Linux (will probably be accomplished by virtue of a web interface). We have tried XBMC which worked well as a proof of concept however the web interface is just too immature and has too many bugs for a reliable multi-user solution. I believe the same will be true of boxee. Nice to have: Ability to play music videos onto a monitor Ability to listen to radio streams specifically Shoutcast and the BBC. Ability to run on Linux is a nice to have but windows solutions which worked well would certainly be considered. I am aware of question 61404 and don't believe this to be a duplicate due to the specific requirements.

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• How do boot sectors and multiple drives works?

  - by GiH

  I don't fully understand the concept of a boot sector, I was hoping someone could clear this up for me. If you have two hard drives, with an OS installed on each, does each drive have its own boot sector? Does each drive need an MBR partition? I've got Linux and Windows on two separate drives. I've had issues when installing Linux and grub, and now I've finally decided to use the Windows bootloader to start up. Would Windows have gotten rid of grub when i used /fixmbr or does it stay there on the boot sector of the other drive?

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• Combo ports and SFP

  - by Tahir

  I have Netgear GSM7324s prosafe switch. Switch has 24x1G ports. 4 ports are labeled as combo ports while 2 are labeled as SFP ports. I connected 2 PCs (each having 1gig and 10Gig NICs), with the switch using 1 & 10 Gig cables. Whenever, I ping the PCs the pinging is not working. As soon as, I removed the 10G cables, the ping starts working. Can someone please explain that what's going on. Also it would be very helpful if you can tell me the concept of combo ports, SFP ports in easy words?

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• Will Software RAID And iSCSI Work For A SAN

  - by Justin

  I am looking for a SAN solution, but can't afford even entry level solutions. Basically, the SAN is for development and a proof of concept product. The performance doesn't have to be amazing, but needs to be functional. My buddy says we should just setup sotware RAID and software iSCSI in Linux. Essentially I have a spare server with dual Xeon processors, 4GB of memory, and (2) 500GB 7200RPM drives. It's a bit old but working. I am sure there is reason people don't do software RAID and iSCSI, but will performance be usable? Thinking of configuring the drives in RAID 0 (for performance).

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• multiple file systems for mysql

  - by RainDoctor

  Does mysql support multiple file systems for a single database with most of the tables being on MyISAM? Context: we have a 1.5TB mysql database, which is increasing at the rate of 200GB per month. The storage is directly attached, whose slots are almost full. I can add another DAS, and increase the file system. But resizing volume, resizing file system, etc are getting messy. Is there a concept of "tablespace, datafile" (like in oracle) in MySql world? Or how you guys manage mysql db with these kind of constraints?

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• Resolving real IP address out of a dynamic dns address

  - by stavnir

  I recently opened a dynamic dns user (at no-ip for that matter..) for my own personal needs and especially for ssh-ing my computer whenever I need to, without knowing it's static IP. My questions are: Am I misusing the concept of dynamic dns? Are there more appropriate methods to do what I want to do? If not, how do I resolve my router's real ip address? Firefox somehow manages to do so, nslookup and other similar commands only resolve the ip of the ddns server (e.g. no-ip.org). Trying to figure this mystery with wireshark failed miserably ;)

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• Why can't I create an Alias Resource Record Set for an EC2 instance

  - by praterade

  I have been working with AWS for over a year, setting up EC2 instances, domains, ELBs, etc. When I want to assign a subdomain to an EC2 instance, I have to create an elastic IP (that I pay for), then assign a CNAME record to that elastic IP. When I want to assign a subdomain to an ELB (load balancer) instance, I just create an alias resource record set to the ELB. I've read over the docs and don't understand why AWS doesn't support aliasing to instances. Am I missing a key concept here? Wouldn't it be simpler to just alias EC2 instances and skip the whole elastic IP bit?

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• Will Software RAID And iSCSI Work For A SAN

  - by Justin

  I am looking for a SAN solution, but can't afford even entry level solutions. Basically, the SAN is for development and a proof of concept product. The performance doesn't have to be amazing, but needs to be functional. My buddy says we should just setup sotware RAID and software iSCSI in Linux. Essentially I have a spare server with dual Xeon processors, 4GB of memory, and (2) 500GB 7200RPM drives. It's a bit old but working. I am sure there is reason people don't do software RAID and iSCSI, but will performance be usable? Thinking of configuring the drives in RAID 0 (for performance).

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• Provision storage in SAN encironment

  - by wildchild

  hi,.. Can somebody help in understanding how Lun Provisioning is done in clariion based on client requirement. Say, a client needs one 50 GB space on the host( for application) ,two -350 GBs ( for DB and stuff) on the same host and i have 4 raid groups with space of 200 GB in one 50 GB in second and 400 GB and 400GB in rest two all having 5 disks. And , I 'm using Raid 5 only. How do i provision keeping performance in mind( so that performance hit is not there)?..And i need to understand the concept of meta head as well. Please help me by elaborating the above scenario..I am learning to provision storage in non productive environment( b'fore going ahead and working on client prod server) and i have been learning a lot from SF ...I request the seniors here to help me understand it better. Thanks for reading

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• DKIM on postfix relay server

  - by Danijel Krmar

  I have a postfix/amavis relay server, with the domain name mail.example.com. It will be a relay for dozens of VPSs, which will have domains like hostname.example.net. So i have actually two questions. Is it possible to dkim sing the mails originating from the VPSs over the postfix relay on the relay server? Or have the mails to be signed on the VPSs where they are actually from? Would a amavis configuration like this be ok? # DKIM key dkim_key('example.com', 'dkim', '/var/dkim/DKIMkey.pem'); # Cover subdomains in @dkim_signature_options_bysender_maps= (): @dkim_signature_options_bysender_maps = ( { # Cover subdomains example.net. '.example.net' => { d => 'example.com' }, }); Or have I misunderstood the whole concept. Do I even need to sign subdomains if they are going over an relay server, or is it enough to just sign the relay server domain?

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• Is it possible to create a delta VM?

  - by iTayb

  I have a VM of approx. 18GB. Sometimes I need temporally clones of it, so I clone it. The problems are: * It takes a while until it's done. * Sometimes I happen to need dozen of clones and I'm running out of storage. I wonder if there's a way to create a VM that saves only the delta (difference) since the delployment out of the source machine. That way each new VM's filesize should be 100MB at most, and creating it will be much faster. I've heard that VMWare View is using this concept. Is such a thing possible for ESXi as well? I'm using ESXi 4.1 with VSphere 4.1. Thanks!

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• configuring DNS zone file and named.conf

  - by tike

  Hi, i was trying to configure DNS in a way so that i could be able to run two domain name. I am able to do one as its preety simple and easy. e.g. test.com now i want to run test1.com in same machine. how do i configure zone file and named.conf. but i have no concept at all. any clue appreciated. thanks Tikejhya.

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• Bare minimal Chef provisioning and deployment?

  - by Andrew McCloud

  I've read the documentation on Chef twice over. I still can't wrap my head around it's concept because they skip but fundamentals and jump to complex deployments with chef-server. Using chef-solo and possibly knife, is there a simple way to provision a server and deploy? I may be wrong, but it seems like with my cookbooks prepped, this should be very simple. knife rackspace server create --flavor 1 --image 112 That provisions my server. I can optionally pass --run-list "recipe[mything]", but how do my cookbooks in ~/my_cookbooks actually get on the server? Do I have to manually transfer them? That seems counterproductive.

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• Practical tips when transitioning to xmonad?

  - by meder

  I like the idea and concept of xmonad, however I still keep going back to gnome after an hour or so. This feels like when I first tried to learn vim, but I've gotten past the learning curve point and can't live without vim nowadays. I'm sure the time will come for xmonad too, but I was wondering if current xmonad users can provide transitional tips? FYI, I'm on dual monitors ( 19 inch and 17 inch ). Example of an issue I'm having while in this "transitional" stage: How do you manage keeping the browser and other programs that are most commonly used in full screen mode, since by default I think it opens up in a small tile that takes up a portion of the screen? Do you just shortcut it to make it open full screen, or do you actually not maximize it? Or are there advanced methods through preferences in the conf file, making certain programs take up X space?

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• Hosting a web site at home: ISP Blocking port 80?

  - by tombull89

  Hello, I presume this is a better place to put this rather than server fault. I'm interested in setting up a small site to host at home as a "proof of concept" exercise, i.e. to prrove that I know how to do it. I've got a (virtual) server 2003 machine with a site on it, all configured with port forwarding through to 80 on my server. I have a Belkin F5D7634 which I have put my DYNDNS details in but when I try to go to my DYNDNS address it comes up with the page cannot be displayed. My ISP is Carphone Warehouse/AOL and I've been unable to find any information if they block port 80. If they do, can anybody reccomend a home provider that does not block port 80? Regards, Tom.

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• Can I "branch" VirtualBox snapshots (base multiple VM on the same disk image + separate diffs)?

  - by Thilo

  I keep multiple VirtualBoxes for different projects. They are all running the same Debian base system. Keeping complete copies of all the disk images is getting expensive. Is there a way that I can base multiple VM on the same (read-only) disk image, with (hopefully small) diffs layered on top? This is just like snapshots work, except that there is no concept of "current" and "previous", they are more like branches. Or can I just use snapshots (of the "same" VM) for this? I would be wanting to run more than one of those snapshots concurrently.

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• Regression testing for firewall changes

  - by James C

  We have a number of firewalls in place around our organisation and in some cases packets can pass through four levels of firewall limiting the flow TCP traffic. A concept that I'm used to from software testing is regression testing, allowing you to run a test suite against a changed application to verify that the new changes haven't affected any old features. Does anyone have any experience or an offer any solutions to being able to perform the same type of thing with firewall changes and network testing? The problem becomes a lot more complicated because you'd ideally want to be originating (and testing receipt) of packets across many machines.

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