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  • Munin "Available entropy" when using adress space layout randomization

    - by clawspoon
    Having just configured munin for statistics logging on my gentoo server (hardened profile), I am noticing that my "Available entropy" is consitently in the 200-300 range. This seems way to low, so I checked it manually using the command $ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail 3544 Odd. Consistently very low values in Munin and practically filled up when checking manually. After thinking about the problem for a while I came to the conclusion that the problem is probably that I'm using Adress Space Layout Randomization which is using the entropy when running commands/programs. Since Munin runs a whole slew of programs all the entropy is used up, and Munin then measures how much entropy there is, resulting in the low values. Does anyone have any experience with this? How can this be avoided?

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  • iptables rule for forwarding outbound traffic

    - by Claudiu
    I am trying to forward the outbound traffic to another server. Current rule is: /sbin/iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -s localhost -o 91.xxx.xxx.xxx --dport 65000:65010 -j ACCEPT but when I do a iptables -L, the rule its showed like this: ACCEPT tcp -- localhost.localdomain anywhere tcp dpts:65000:65010 So I guess my rule is bad written since the "destination" column shows "anywhere" Can you help me with this?

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  • dhcp code for pxe server

    - by avoq
    I'm trying to understand every single line of the following script but to no avail. I'd be glad if someone could help me. For sure I know its purpose is to start the DHCP server as well as the TFTP...But I'm stuck: killall dnsmasq 2>/dev/null dnsmasq --enable-tftp --tftp-root=$PXEDATA/boot --dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0,"$IP",$IP --dhcp-range=$(echo $IP | cut -d. -f1-3).50,$(echo $IP | cut -d. -f1-3).250, infinite --dhcp-option=option:router,192.168.0.254 --log-dhcp Why killall, why dnsmasq 2 What does "2" stand for? "--" what does it mean? Thanks a lot.

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  • VFS and FS i-node difference

    - by gaffcz
    What is the difference between VFS i-node and FS (e.g. EXT) i-node? Is it possible that EXT i-node is persistent (contains/points to data blocks), but VFS i-node is created just in i-node cache after read/use of EXT i-node? Or the VFS i-node is just an image of FS i-node (it's the same) and i-nodes in those systems, which are not working with i-nodes (e.g. FAT, NTFS) has to be emulated (HOW?) to allow VFS work with those FS like they would support i-nodes?

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  • mysql 5.1 - innodb - query_cache_size - 9,418,108 queries have been removed from the query cache due to lack of memory

    - by Tom C
    Currently running on a 16GB system - Ubuntu 64 bit. INnodb Buffer Pool is set to 10GB. tuning-primer shows the following: QUERY CACHE Query cache is enabled Current query_cache_size = 512 M Current query_cache_used = 501 M Current query_cache_limit = 4 M Current Query cache Memory fill ratio = 97.87 % Current query_cache_min_res_unit = 4 K However, 9418108 queries have been removed from the query cache due to lack of memory Perhaps you should raise query_cache_size That is over 9million queries removed. System uptime is 8 days. Should I remove the Query Cache altogether? Our db is always under heavy I/O. tia

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  • troubleshooting really slow login on a (linux) machine

    - by Peeter Joot
    Within the last couple of weeks, any attempt to login to a specific linux server has gotten really slow. Once I've logged in, things appear to run without significant delay, but some other login like activities (like starting a new screen session) are slow. The machine's been rebooted a couple of times recently and that hasn't helped. , and it doesn't appear to be $PATH search (where $PATH can sometimes include bad NFS mounts), which I've seen historically in our environment. I've also tried completely removing my .profile/.bash*/... type of init files to rule out anything bad there. I also see slow login for at least one other userid on the system. One thing I've noticed is the following message when trying to exit from a screen terminal: Utmp slot not found -> not removed and am wondering if this is related (having a vague recollection that Utmp has something to do with login). Any idea what that message means, or how to fix it, and if it would be related? Failing that, what sort of problem determination tools are available to investigate what is slowing down this login process?

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  • centos install / partitioning

    - by ServerSideX
    I'm using NOC-PS to remotely install Centos 6.2 via KVM / IPMI. I'm going to install cPanel as well and they recommend this layout /boot (99MB) swap (2x server RAM) / (remainder) In the o/s install profile within NOC-PS software, it shows as this: part /boot --fstype ext2 --size 250 part pv.01 --size 1 --grow volgroup vg pv.01 logvol / --vgname=vg --size=1 --grow --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=root logvol /tmp --vgname=vg --size=1024 --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=tmp logvol swap --vgname=vg --recommended --name=swap By the time the default partition setup was done installing Centos, I get this [root@server005 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg-root 532G 907M 504G 1% / tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 243M 28M 202M 13% /boot /dev/mapper/vg-tmp 1008M 34M 924M 4% /tmp [root@server005 ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Fri Dec 7 18:47:24 2012 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/vg-root / ext4 discard,noatime 1 1 UUID=58b31aaf-5072-4fb1-a858-33bc316fa793 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-tmp /tmp ext4 discard,noatime 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 My question is, how should the NOC-PS install profile look like to get the recommended cPanel partitioning? The server has 16GB RAM, dual 600GB SAS drives and will be used for cPanel shared hosting.

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  • Comparison of Unix shells

    - by Andy White
    Of the major Unix shells (bash, ksh, tcsh, zsh, others?), are there any compelling reasons to use one over another? Which is the most interactive/command-line friendly? Which is the most conducive/intuitive for writing scripts? Are there any major built-in features that one shell offers that others don't? Are any of these shells really good for one type of function, but not another? Or are they all pretty well-rounded/flexible? Is it just a matter of personal preference? I can make this community wiki if anyone prefers.

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  • Can't ping Ip over bridge

    - by tmn29a
    I'm unable to ping another host over a bridge I created, I can't see the error -.- It's a remote machine running debian stable with some backports for which I want to set up DHCP on the new Subnet 172.30.xxx.xxx to be used for KVM-Guests. ifconfig : bond0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr e4:11:5b:d4:94:30 inet addr:10.54.2.84 Bcast:10.54.2.127 Mask:255.255.255.192 inet6 addr: fe80::e611:5bff:fed4:9430/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:34277 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:18379 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2638709 (2.5 MiB) TX bytes:2887894 (2.7 MiB) br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr f2:fc:4d:7f:15:f0 inet addr:172.30.254.66 Bcast:172.30.254.127 Mask:255.255.255.192 inet6 addr: fe80::f0fc:4dff:fe7f:15f0/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:252 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:10800 (10.5 KiB) Pings : ping -I br0 172.30.xxx.65 PING 172.30.xxx.65 (172.30.xxx.65) from 172.30.xxx.66 br0: 56(84) bytes of data. --- 172.30.xxx.65 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 2017ms ping -I bond0 172.30.254.65 PING 172.30.xxx.65 (172.30.xxx.65) from 10.54.2.84 bond0: 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 172.30.x.65: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.599 ms 64 bytes from 172.30.x.65: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.575 ms 64 bytes from 172.30.x.65: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.565 ms --- 172.30.x.65 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.565/0.579/0.599/0.031 ms Route : Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 172.30.x.64 * 255.255.255.192 U 0 0 0 br0 10.54.x.64 * 255.255.255.192 U 0 0 0 bond0 default 10.54.x.65 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 bond0 default 172.30.x.65 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 br0 The Interface : cat /etc/network/interfaces auto lo br0 iface lo inet loopback # Bonding Interface auto bond0 iface bond0 inet static address 10.54.x.84 netmask 255.255.255.192 network 10.54.x.64 gateway 10.54.x.65 slaves eth0 eth1 bond_mode active-backup bond_miimon 100 bond_downdelay 200 bond_updelay 200 iface br0 inet static bridge_ports bond0 address 172.30.x.66 broadcast 172.30.x.127 netmask 255.255.x.192 gateway 172.30.x.65 bridge_maxwait 0 If you need more info please ask. Thanks for your help !

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  • Proxmox: VMs and different public IPs

    - by Raj
    I have a server which has two NICs and both are directly connected to internet. I have five different public IP addresses available for the VMs. The host machine (Proxmox) doesn't need to use any (it'll use a private IP and that's all) but will have internet connection. I've gone through the Proxmox documentation and I'm not able to understand the big picture to set up the right network configuration for my needs. In short, what I have is: One server (Proxmox, host machine) On that server, 5 VMs are created 5 public IP addresses available (one for each VM), let's say: 80.123.21.1, 80.123.21.2, 80.123.21.3, 80.123.21.4, 80.123.21.5 What I have now for the host is the following: auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet manual auto eth1 iface eth1 inet manual auto vmbr0 iface vmbr0 inet static address 192.168.1.101 netmask 255.255.255.0 bridge_ports eth0 bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 auto vmbr1 iface vmbr1 inet manual It can be reached from the internal network, so that's OK. It has internet connection, which is also OK. vmbr1 is going to be used by the VMs. Each VM will have its own IP on his network interfaces configuration file. For some reason, VMs will not have internet and they won't be able to have public IP address. If I use NAT, it will work correctly, but they will not use the public allocated IP addresses for them. Am I missing something?

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  • What's wrong with this iptable rule?

    - by warl0ck
    I run dnsmasq locally as a cache server, in the old days, I allow all INPUT packets from lo+, and set policy of INPUT to DROP: -A INPUT -i lo+ -j ACCEPT Now I decide to put this on the raw table to speed up rules matching, -A PREROUTING -i lo+ -j ACCEPT But that doesn't work as expected. Why? Since the packets get processed by the raw table first, then nat, then filter, why isn't that rule work the same as the old one?

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  • High frequency, kernel bypass vs tuning kernels?

    - by Keith
    I often hear tales about High Frequency shops using network cards which do kernel bypass. However, I also often hear about them using operating systems where they "tune" the kernel. If they are bypassing the kernel, do they need to tune the kernel? Is it a case of they do both because whilst the network packets will bypass the kernel due to the card, there is still all the other stuff going on which tuning the kernel would help? So in other words, they use both approaches, one is just to speed up network activity and the other makes the OS generally more responsive/faster? I ask because a friend of mine who works within this industry once said they don't really bother with kernel tuning anymore-because they use kernel bypass network cards? This didn't make too much sense as I thought you would always want a faster kernel for all the CPU-offloaded calculations.

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  • Securing debain with fail2ban or iptables

    - by Jimmy
    I'm looking to secure my server. Initially my first thought was to use iptables but then I also learnt about Fail2ban. I understand that Fail2ban is based on iptables, but it has the advantages of being able to ban IP's after a number of attempts. Let's say I want to block FTP completely: Should I write a separate IPtable rule to block FTP, and use Fail2ban just for SSH Or instead simply put all rules, even the FTP blocking rule within the Fail2Ban config Any help on this would be appreciated. James

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  • How to get the speed of a network card on the command line?

    - by nelaar
    I am trying to see what the speed of some network cards on a remote server. Our reporting software says they are 10Mbps, but I am sure that is wrong they should be 1Gbps. Our monitoring software uses SNMP to query the servers, perhaps the servers are reporting information incorrectly. ifconfig does not report what the speed of the devices are. How can I see what the currently configured speed of the cards are.

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  • Automatically update SVN repository on another server

    - by Mikey C
    We have 2 Ubuntu web servers, one of which is our staging server (Staging) and the other is our live server (Live). Staging has our Subversion repository, as well as the latest version of our sites on it. Because the SVN server is running on Staging, I've added post-commit hook scripts so that the staging server automatically has the latest code. Easy. However, I'd like one of the repositories on Live to also stay updated. This is a repository of images, PDFs and suchlike. When a team member commits to this, I'd like it to automatically update on the live servers so it can be used in mailings, content managed pages etc. I'd add something to the post-commit to SSH across and update, but for security, we can only SSH from one server to another as user 'commandLine', whereas the 'www-data' user runs the post-commit. I'd rather not run a cron on Live to update every 5 minutes, but I can't see another way of doing it without altering all our user permissions. Any ideas?

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  • How to map a VPN (tun0) network adapter on host Ubuntu to a VirtualBox guest Windows?

    - by Mashimom
    I have a Ubuntu 10.04 running Oracle VirtualBox 3.2.6 with a Windows XP guest. I use a VPN that I would like to be accessed by the guest VM, on a ifconfig it shows as: tun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:5.192.10.99 P-t-P:5.192.10.99 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1362 Metric:1 RX packets:14151 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:19860 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:4415271 (4.4 MB) TX bytes:17949982 (17.9 MB) Using NAT or Bridge adapters on the VM only gives me the non-vpn adapter. How can I map the tun0 adapter to VirtualBox?

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  • Traffic shaping L2TP/IPsec VPN (via accounts not connection)

    - by Cromulent
    I need to be able to control the amount of bandwidth a specific user account can use on a VPN connection. One account I want to be able to use the VPN with no restrictions and another account I want to limit to a reasonable amount of bandwidth (say 10GB or so a month). I'm aware that you can traffic shape individual connections but that does not quite solve the problem as the limited account can just disconnect and reconnect to get a new connection. I need to be able to limit bandwidth on a login basis for a given period of time (monthly limit). I'm really not that familiar with traffic shaping in general so any advice would be appreciated. Thank you.

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  • When HDD wakes up?

    - by NumberFour
    Im looking for some small script or application which could log the time when a non-system disk wakes up. I cannot identify which application or script wakes up my non-system drive (which has to be asleep until I work with it). I have already set the noatime flag, tried to use powertop and iotop to determine which application could prevent it from going to sleep - but with no result. So my plan is to set this drive asleep (hdparm -Y) and see at what time it gets regularly woken up. Thanks for any advice.

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  • mod_rewrite filename from mod_pagespeed back to normal files

    - by British Sea Turtle
    I am hoping someone can help me with this problem. I am moving to a new server and not using mod_pagespeed any more. However we have lots of external links to images on our site using the strange mod_pagespeed filenames. This is not an issue but we do not want to have lots of 404 errors. So I have lots of links like the following : http://www.domain.com/images/150x150xlink.png.pagespeed.ic.pPXw45HSQm.png http://www.domain.com/images/paris_01.gif.pagespeed.ce.vfrkuKUaj0.gif http://www.doamin.com/images/1st2.gif.pagespeed.ce.OUg38q6VbZ.gif How can I redirect them to : http://www.domain.com/images/150x150xlink.png http://www.domain.com/images/paris_01.gif http://www.doamin.com/images/1st2.gif There are thousands of files like this so I am hoping for a simple solution with mod_rewrite, I tried this but it does not work. So any help would be appreciated. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} \.gif\.pagespeed\. [NC] RewriteRule ^(.*?\.gif)\..*\.gif$ $1 [NC,L]

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  • "shell not found" on start of backtrack 5

    - by Jor-el
    I am using backtrack5 in VMware on my system. I was trying to change my default shell to ksh. After executing the 'chsh' command. On restarting the OS, it shows "Cannot execute ksh: no such file or directory", which apparently because of giving a bad path while changing shell. Because of this I am not able to start the OS, as I have no terminal to interact with (cannot start the GUI). Now I need to restore the previous shell, but I don't have any access to the terminal. Thanks for the help.

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  • Virtualhost one https site, the rest http

    - by RJP1
    I have a linode server with Apache2 running a handful of sites with virtualhosting. All sites work fine on port 80, but one site has a ssl certificate and also runs okay. My problem is as follows: The non-https sites, if visiting https://domain.com - show the contents of the only secure site... Is there a way of disabling the *:443 match for these non-secure sites? Thanks! EDIT (more information): Here's a typical config in sites-available for a normal insecure http site: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName www.insecure.com ServerAlias insecure.com ... </VirtualHost> The secure https site is as follows: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName www.secure.com Redirect permanent / https://secure.com/ </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName secure.com RedirectMatch permanent ^/(.*) https://secure.com/$1 </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:443> SSLEngine on SSLProtocol all SSLCertificateChainFile ... SSLCertificateFile ... SSLCertificateKeyFile ... SSLCACertificateFile ... ServerName secure.com ServerAlias secure.com ... </VirtualHost> So, visiting: http:/insecure.com - works http:/www.insecure.com - works http:/secure.com - redirects to https:/secure.com - works http:/www.secure.com - redirects to https:/secure.com - works https:/insecure.com - shows https:/secure.com - WRONG!

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  • Switch between network configurations via command line in fedora 17

    - by Mike Fairhurst
    I have two different setups I use on my work laptop; one enables synergy over an ethernet ssh tunnel with my work computer on the local network, and the other opens an HTTP tunnel to my work computer from outside the network. When I have wifi enabled at work, my laptop seems to use it by preference. This makes synergy run incredibly slowly. At home I must use wifi. I have scripts that begin my ssh tunnels, add my ssh keys, and starts up other programs like synergy, and close themselves when I shut my laptop. However, every day I have to start out my routine by opening my gnome-control-center and turning on my ethernet. I have tried route add and ifup, none of it works, so I dove into gnome-control-center's source code and found that it enabled the connection by libnm's method nm_client_activate_connection with some libnm specific structs that I am having trouble tracking down. I'm not much of a c programmer, and I'm not familiar with either GTK or libnm. Does anybody know what fedora 17 does with ethernet connections to fully enable them? Or does anybody know what libnm does to fully enable an ethernet connection? Do I have to write a c script to run libnm for me to fully emulate whatever gnome-control-center is trying to do?

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  • How to decrease size of KVM virtual machine disk image

    - by Cerin
    How do you decrease or shrink the size of a KVM virtual machine disk? I allocated a virtual disk of 500GB (stored at /var/lib/libvirt/images/vm1.img), and I'm finding that overkill, so now I'd like to free up some of that space for use with other virtual machines. There seems to be a lot answers on how to increase image storage, but not decrease it. I found the virt-resize tool, but it only seems to work with raw disk partitions, not disk images.

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