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  • Finding out with process binds a hotkey [duplicate]

    - by Christian
    This question already has an answer here: How can I determine which process owns a hotkey in Windows? 2 answers Somehow I have set a hotkey that start DoubleCommander whenever I press AltGr+s. Unfortunately I forgot which program is responsible for that behavior and therefore how to change it back. How do I find out which program is responsible to change it back?

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  • Process emails with /etc/aliases

    - by Rodrigo Asensio
    I'm calling shell scripts inside /etc/smrsh to process incoming emails as commands for my system. As I'm seeing all incoming emails are not making it to /var/mail/spool/USER. Is there any way I can access to the content of the emails ? some variable $1 $2 comming with the content values ? If not, how do I access to the content of the emails received ? thanks guys

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  • Windows Process Activation Service won't Start "parameter is incorrect" (Visual Studio 2010 Profiler)

    - by user23596
    I've struggled with this one for a whole day, so here is both the problem & solution: After profiling an ASP.NET application on Windows 7 (x64), I exited Visual Studio (possibly a crash) and installed some updates which required a reboot. When I loaded back up the ASP.NET Web Application in my Visual Studio Solution was dimmed out, and the Web & WAS services turned out to be stopped. When I tried starting Windows Process Activation Service, I got the error "parameter is incorrect".

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  • The amount of memory used by each process

    - by tuxsmouf
    I have a mysql server running debian with 2GO of RAM. I would like to know the amount of memory used by each process. I thought ps -aux was the command and options for it. But I only see 90 MO used by several processes and free -m tells me that 1400 MO are used. Is there a way to have a better view with the processes and the memory used by them ?

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  • .NET 2.0 Process Elevation for App Installation

    - by Brian Gillespie
    We have an application written in both C++ and .NET that installs for all users in the Program Files folder. This application downloads new versions of itself (as MSI installers) and spawns the new installer process to replace itself. The install process as it exists today: Copy an install manager app (C#, .NET 2.0) to the temp directory. Call this 'Manager' Manager is executed with elevated privs per this article. The original application exits. Manager spawns the MSI installer (with elevated privs, since the copy is elevated) Manager spawns the new version of the app. The bug: The newly installed app is running in an elevated state. This causes problems I won't enumerate here. Ideally, the launch of the newly installed app would be run with the permissions of the original user. I can't figure out how to demote the app back to being the standard user after elevation. An inelegant hack: (yeah, yeah, this whole process is inelegant anyway) Copy the install manager to the temp directory Run the install manager with standard user privs. Lets call this instance 'LowlyManager'. Original application exits. LowlyManager spawns the app again, this time with elevated privs. Let's name this instance 'UpperManagement' UpperManagement spawns the installer UpperManagement exits gracefully, returning the exit code of the installer. LowlyManager interprets the error code from UpperManagement, and spawns the newly installed application. This time as the original invoker. Is there a better way to do this? (I've left out a bunch of other details before and after these steps that make the process smoother for the user, but this should be enough to understand the core of the problem I'm trying to solve.) Other requirements: We can't install as a per-user app The user shouldn't be presented with an authentication dialog box if UAC would have simply asked "are you sure you want to allow this?". I think this might kill a solution using WindowsImpersonationContext, but I'm not sure. The system needs to work on XP, Vista, and Windows 7 (even if there is a separate process for XP).

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  • Jboss Error-Cannot process metadata

    - by Nila
    Hi! I'm trying to implement stateless session bean ejb3 in jboss5 using netbeans6.8 as a editor. When I tried deploying my application, I'm getting the following error. What is the issue with this? 17:45:04,901 ERROR [AbstractKernelController] Error installing to PostClassLoader: name=vfszip:/E:/Shalini/jboss-5.1.0.GA/server/default/deploy/InsighIT1.1-ejb.jar/ state=ClassLoader mode=Manual requiredState=PostClassLoader org.jboss.deployers.spi.DeploymentException: Cannot process metadata at org.jboss.deployers.spi.DeploymentException.rethrowAsDeploymentException(DeploymentException.java:49) at org.jboss.deployment.AnnotationMetaDataDeployer.deploy(AnnotationMetaDataDeployer.java:181) at org.jboss.deployment.AnnotationMetaDataDeployer.deploy(AnnotationMetaDataDeployer.java:93) at org.jboss.deployers.plugins.deployers.DeployerWrapper.deploy(DeployerWrapper.java:171) at org.jboss.deployers.plugins.deployers.DeployersImpl.doDeploy(DeployersImpl.java:1439) at org.jboss.deployers.plugins.deployers.DeployersImpl.doInstallParentFirst(DeployersImpl.java:1157) at org.jboss.deployers.plugins.deployers.DeployersImpl.doInstallParentFirst(DeployersImpl.java:1210) at org.jboss.deployers.plugins.deployers.DeployersImpl.install(DeployersImpl.java:1098) at org.jboss.dependency.plugins.AbstractControllerContext.install(AbstractControllerContext.java:348) at org.jboss.dependency.plugins.AbstractController.install(AbstractController.java:1631) at org.jboss.dependency.plugins.AbstractController.incrementState(AbstractController.java:934) at org.jboss.dependency.plugins.AbstractController.resolveContexts(AbstractController.java:1082) at org.jboss.dependency.plugins.AbstractController.resolveContexts(AbstractController.java:984) at org.jboss.dependency.plugins.AbstractController.change(AbstractController.java:822) at org.jboss.dependency.plugins.AbstractController.change(AbstractController.java:553) at org.jboss.deployers.plugins.deployers.DeployersImpl.process(DeployersImpl.java:781) at org.jboss.deployers.plugins.main.MainDeployerImpl.process(MainDeployerImpl.java:702) at org.jboss.system.server.profileservice.repository.MainDeployerAdapter.process(MainDeployerAdapter.java:117) at org.jboss.system.server.profileservice.hotdeploy.HDScanner.scan(HDScanner.java:362) at org.jboss.system.server.profileservice.hotdeploy.HDScanner.run(HDScanner.java:255) at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:441) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask$Sync.innerRunAndReset(FutureTask.java:317) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.runAndReset(FutureTask.java:150) at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.access$101(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:98) at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.runPeriodic(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:181) at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.run(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:205) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.runTask(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:885) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:907) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619) Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: tomcat.Main from BaseClassLoader@1d6d136{VFSClassLoaderPolicy@41312b{name=vfszip:/E:/hh/jboss-5.1.0.GA/server/default/deploy/InsighIT1.1-ejb.jar/

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  • Shell Script Launching Child Processes

    - by Matt James
    Disclaimer: I'm totally new to shell scripting, but have quite a bit of experience in other languages like PHP and Obj-C. I'm writing my first daemon script. Here are the goals: I want it to run in the background I want it to be triggered by an init.d script that includes start/stop/restart commands I want each process in a loop to trigger its own subprocess. When the parent process kicked off by the init.d script is killed, I want the subprocesses to die as well. Essentially, I'm looking for the same kind of behavior that appears to be very common among software like apache, spamd, dovecot, etc. But, based on my research, I haven't found a single, simple answer as to how this kind of thing is achieved. Any help is greatly appreciated.

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  • Time to ignore IDisposable?

    - by Mystagogue
    Certainly we should call Dipose() on IDisposable objects as soon as we don't need them (which is often merely the scope of a "using" statement). If we don't take that precaution then bad things, from subtle to show-stopping, might happen. But what about "the last moment" before process termination? If your IDisposables have not been explicitly disposed by that point in time, isn't it true that it no longer matters? I ask because unmanaged resources, beneath the CLR, are represented by kernel objects - and the win32 process termination will free all unmanaged resources / kernel objects anyway. Said differently, no resources will remain "leaked" after the process terminates (regardless if Dispose() was called on lingering IDisposables). Can anyone think of a case where process termination would still leave a leaked resource, simply because Dispose() was not explicitly called on one or more IDisposables? Please do not misunderstand this question: I am not trying to justify ignoring IDisposables. The question is just technical-theoretical.

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  • access denied trying extracting an archive on the windows user temp folder

    - by Hanan
    I'm trying to run a command-line process (which is extraction of a .7z archive) on a file that lies in a temporary folder on the windows user temp directory (C:\Documents and Settings\User\Local Settings\Temp), using Process in my c# app. I think the process return error that happens because of "access denied" because I can see a win32Exception with error code 5 when I dig in the prcoess object of .NET. doing the same on some other location worked fine before, so I guess maybe it's something I'm not supposed to do ? (running a process to use a file on the the %TEMP%) perhaps I need to pass security somehow?

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  • System architecture: simple approach for setting up background tasks behind a web application -- wil

    - by Tim Molendijk
    I have a Django web application and I have some tasks that should operate (or actually: be initiated) on the background. The application is deployed as follows: apache2-mpm-worker; mod_wsgi in daemon mode (1 process, 15 threads). The background tasks have the following characteristics: they need to operate in a regular interval (every 5 minutes or so); they require the application context (i.e. the application packages need to be available in memory); they do not need any input other than database access, in order to perform some not-so-heavy tasks such as sending out e-mail and updating the state of the database. Now I was thinking that the most simple approach to this problem would be simply to piggyback on the existing application process (as spawned by mod_wsgi). By implementing the task as part of the application and providing an HTTP interface for it, I would prevent the overhead of another process that is holding all of the application into memory. A simple cronjob can be setup that sends a request to this HTTP interface every 5 minutes and that would be it. Since the application process provides 15 threads and the tasks are quite lightweight and only running every 5 minutes, I figure they would not be hindering the performance of the web application's user-facing operations. Yet... I have done some online research and I have seen nobody advocating this approach. Many articles suggest a significantly more complex approach based on a full-blown messaging component (such as Celery, which uses RabbitMQ). Although that's sexy, it sounds like overkill to me. Some articles suggest setting up a cronjob that executes a script which performs the tasks. But that doesn't feel very attractive either, as it results in creating a new process that loads the entire application into memory, performs some tiny task, and destroys the process again. And this is repeated every 5 minutes. Does not sound like an elegant solution. So, I'm looking for some feedback on my suggested approach as described in the paragraph before the preceeding paragraph. Is my reasoning correct? Am I overlooking (potential) problems? What about my assumption that application's performance will not be impeded?

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  • I/O between AIR client using Native process and executable java .jar

    - by aseem behl
    I am using Adobe AIR 2.0 native process API to launch a java executable jar. I/O is handled by writing to the input stream of the java process and reading from the output stream. The application is event based where several events are fired from the server. We catch these events in java code, handle them and write the output to the outputstream using the synchronized static method below. public class ReaderWriter { static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ReaderWriter.class); public synchronized static void writeToAir(String output){ try{ byte[] byteArray = output.getBytes(); DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(System.out); dataOutputStream.write(byteArray); dataOutputStream.flush(); } catch (IOException e) { logger.info("Exception while writing the output. " + e); } } } The issue is that some messages are lost between the transfer and not all messages reach the AIR client. If I run the java application from the console I am receiving all the messages. It would be great if somebody could point out what I am missing. Following are some of the listeners used to send the event data to the AIR client. // class used to process Shutdown events from the Session private class SessionShutdownListener implements SessionListener{ public void onEvent(Event e) { Session.Shutdown sd = (Session.Shutdown) e; Session.ShutdownReason sr = sd.getReason(); String eventOutput = "eo;" + "Session Shutdown event ocurred reason=" + sr.strValue() + "\n"; ReaderWriter.writeToAir(eventOutput); } } // class used to process OperationSucceeded events from the Session private class SessionOperationSucceededListener implements SessionListener{ public void onEvent(Event e) { Session.OperationSucceeded os = (Session.OperationSucceeded) e; String eventOutput = "eo;" + "Session OperationSucceeded event ocurred" + "\n"; ReaderWriter.writeToAir(eventOutput); } }

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  • Is There a Time at which to ignore IDisposable.Dispose?

    - by Mystagogue
    Certainly we should call Dipose() on IDisposable objects as soon as we don't need them (which is often merely the scope of a "using" statement). If we don't take that precaution then bad things, from subtle to show-stopping, might happen. But what about "the last moment" before process termination? If your IDisposables have not been explicitly disposed by that point in time, isn't it true that it no longer matters? I ask because unmanaged resources, beneath the CLR, are represented by kernel objects - and the win32 process termination will free all unmanaged resources / kernel objects anyway. Said differently, no resources will remain "leaked" after the process terminates (regardless if Dispose() was called on lingering IDisposables). Can anyone think of a case where process termination would still leave a leaked resource, simply because Dispose() was not explicitly called on one or more IDisposables? Please do not misunderstand this question: I am not trying to justify ignoring IDisposables. The question is just technical-theoretical. EDIT: And what about mono running on Linux? Is process termination there just as "reliable" at cleaning up unmanaged "leaks?"

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  • Azure : The process cannot access the file "" because it is being used by another process.

    - by Shantanu
    Hi all, I am trying to get a matlab-compiled exe running on Azure cloud, and for that purpose need to get a v78.zip onto the local storage of the cloud and unzip it, before I can try to run an exe on the cloud. The program works fine when executed locally, but on deployment gives and error at line marked below in the code. The error is : The process cannot access the file 'C:\Resources\directory\cc0a20f5c1314f299ade4973ff1f4cad.WebRole.LocalStorage1\v78.zip' because it is being used by another process. Exception Details: System.IO.IOException: The process cannot access the file 'C:\Resources\directory\cc0a20f5c1314f299ade4973ff1f4cad.WebRole.LocalStorage1\v78.zip' because it is being used by another process. The code is given below: string localPath = RoleEnvironment.GetLocalResource("LocalStorage1").RootPath; Response.Write(localPath + " \n"); Directory.SetCurrentDirectory(localPath); CloudBlob mblob = GetProgramContainer().GetBlobReference("v78.zip"); CloudBlockBlob mbblob = mblob.ToBlockBlob; CloudBlob zipblob = GetProgramContainer().GetBlobReference("7z.exe"); string zipPath = Path.Combine(localPath, "7z.exe"); string matlabPath = Path.Combine(localPath, "v78.zip"); IEnumerable<ListBlockItem> blocklist = mbblob.DownloadBlockList(); BlobStream stream = mbblob.OpenRead(); FileStream fs = File.Create(matlabPath); (Exception occurs here) It'll be great help if someone could tell me where I'm going wrong. Thanks! Shan

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  • How to check application is halt or working from a window service

    - by malik
    I have one WPF application and one windows service as watch dog. I want to check if my window application is halt or working fine. If it is halt i want to restart the application. I see Process.responding property but it is not working in my service. Any idea or other solution. Process[] myProcesses; myProcesses = Process.GetProcessesByName(ApplicationName); if (myProcesses.Length > 0) { foreach (Process proc in myProcesses) { _Logger.LogMessage("Check responding"); if (!proc.Responding)

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  • Microsoft Office 2003 document (Excel and Word) intermitently, takes 30 seconds to load

    - by Julio Nobre
    I am trying to figure out why a simple .XLS EXCEL workbook is taking, randomly, 30 seconds to open. Before answering: Please, bear mind the following: Problem symptoms Hanging is intermitent and it takes exactly 30 seconds; During hanging there is no cpu or disk activity; It only happens during document load. Every runs smooth after that; Windows Explorer.exe hangs on folder, but all other folders, system and applications are still responsive; There are no consecutive hangings. I have to wait for while to reproduce this behaviour; All samples documents are located on a local drive (C:\BPI); The no document has has macros and have any addins usage; The problem does occurs on others files extensions like .PDF, for example; Office 2003 is being used for several years; The computer is running Windows XP; Computer has several network mapped drives, all addressed to main file server; Recently, main fileserver was replaced by Windows 2011 SBS Standard Edition What I have done so far I have traced machine Explorer.exe, using Process Monitor, added Duration column, and filtered by Duration 1. That's is how I found that hanging was taking exactly 30 seconds. For further information, please refer to Oliver Salzburg tutorial. Using Process Monitor, I have also figured out than five operations were taking most of sample collecting duration. Looking at sample image below, column Operation below you will notice that one single operation was taking 29 seconds; I have tried different documents (.xls and .doc), all of them smaller than 30 KB; I have, temporarily, removed all shortcuts on User Document's folder that were pointing to network drives or shares; I have runned CCleaner to fix registry issues; I made sure that there were no external links on tested workbook or word documents; I have reproduced this behaviour for hours; I have extensivelly researched for hours on the web; Process Monitor's collected and filtered data

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  • Any tools out there that will EXECUTE BPMN 2.0 xml code yet?

    - by processimprover
    Business Process Modeling Notation with version 2.0, an international standard formally approved by OMG, creates XML code that is generated when a person creates a process model in a process modeling tool...like Visio with ITP-Commerce BPM 2.0 add-in. I would like to know if any of you gurus out there have or can create a tool that will take the XML code and EXECUTE it. Anyone? Thanks very much, Randy

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  • Oracle OpenWorld Session: “Business Driven Development with BPM: Lessons from the Real World”

    - by Ajay Khanna
    One of key values that BPM promises is “Business Empowerment”. People closest to the processes, who participate in the process every day, are the ones who know most about the process. These are the people who run day-to-day operations, people who triage customer issues, people who envision improvements and innovations. It is, therefore, imperative that when a company decides to use BPM technology to automate their business processes, business people take the driver’s seat. BPM is not an IT only project. Oracle BPM suite has been designed keeping this core tenet of BPM, Business Empowerment, in mind. The result is business user centered design of Process Composer. Process Composer is designed to let business users document their processes, analyze them using simulation, create web forms, specify business rules and even run them in testing mode using process player, to see if the designed process meets their needs. This does not mean that IT has no role in this process. In fact, Oracle BPM Suite has made it very easy for Business and IT to collaborate. The same process can be shared among business, and IT stakeholders and each can collaborate to create model-driven, process based executable applications. A process may need to integrate with multiple systems via various mechanisms, and IT leads system and data integration effort. IT helps fine tune the performance of process applications and ensures that the deployment of process application meets scalability and failover standards. In this session, we saw Harish Gaur and Satya Narayanan from Oracle demonstrate roles Business and IT play in BPM projects and how Oracle BPM Suite enables business and IT collaboration to design and automate process based applications. They also discussed real life customer stories. Some key takeaways from this session: There are no IT projects, only business initiatives, requiring IT support Identify high impact processes – critical, better BPM ROI Identify key metrics to measure process performance Align business with IT layer

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  • About redirected stdout in System.Diagnostics.Process

    - by sforester
    I've been recently working on a program that convert flac files to mp3 in C# using flac.exe and lame.exe, here are the code that do the job: ProcessStartInfo piFlac = new ProcessStartInfo( "flac.exe" ); piFlac.CreateNoWindow = true; piFlac.UseShellExecute = false; piFlac.RedirectStandardOutput = true; piFlac.Arguments = string.Format( flacParam, SourceFile ); ProcessStartInfo piLame = new ProcessStartInfo( "lame.exe" ); piLame.CreateNoWindow = true; piLame.UseShellExecute = false; piLame.RedirectStandardInput = true; piLame.RedirectStandardOutput = true; piLame.Arguments = string.Format( lameParam, QualitySetting, ExtractTag( SourceFile ) ); Process flacp = null, lamep = null; byte[] buffer = BufferPool.RequestBuffer(); flacp = Process.Start( piFlac ); lamep = new Process(); lamep.StartInfo = piLame; lamep.OutputDataReceived += new DataReceivedEventHandler( this.ReadStdout ); lamep.Start(); lamep.BeginOutputReadLine(); int count = flacp.StandardOutput.BaseStream.Read( buffer, 0, buffer.Length ); while ( count != 0 ) { lamep.StandardInput.BaseStream.Write( buffer, 0, count ); count = flacp.StandardOutput.BaseStream.Read( buffer, 0, buffer.Length ); } Here I set the command line parameters to tell lame.exe to write its output to stdout, and make use of the Process.OutPutDataRecerved event to gather the output data, which is mostly binary data, but the DataReceivedEventArgs.Data is of type "string" and I have to convert it to byte[] before put it to cache, I think this is ugly and I tried this approach but the result is incorrect. Is there any way that I can read the raw redirected stdout stream, either synchronously or asynchronously, bypassing the OutputDataReceived event? PS: the reason why I don't use lame to write to disk directly is that I'm trying to convert several files in parallel, and direct writing to disk will cause severe fragmentation. Thanks a lot!

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  • create an independent hidden process

    - by Jessica
    I'm creating an application with its main window hidden by using the following code: STARTUPINFO siStartupInfo; PROCESS_INFORMATION piProcessInfo; memset(&siStartupInfo, 0, sizeof(siStartupInfo)); memset(&piProcessInfo, 0, sizeof(piProcessInfo)); siStartupInfo.cb = sizeof(siStartupInfo); siStartupInfo.dwFlags = STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW | STARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACK | STARTF_USESTDHANDLES; siStartupInfo.wShowWindow = SW_HIDE; if(CreateProcess(MyApplication, "", 0, 0, FALSE, 0, 0, 0, &siStartupInfo, &piProcessInfo) == FALSE) { // blah return 0; } Everything works correctly except my main application (the one calling this code) window loses focus when I open the new program. I tried lowering the priority of the new process but the focus problem is still there. Is there anyway to avoid this? furthermore, is there any way to create another process without using CreateProcess (or any of the API's that call CreateProcess like ShellExecute)? My guess is that my app is losing focus because it was given to the new process, even when it's hidden. To those of you curious out there that will certainly ask the usual "why do you want to do this", my answer is because I have a watchdog process that cannot be a service and it gets started whenever I open my main application. Satisfied? Thanks for the help. Code will be appreciated. Jess.

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  • Releasing Excel after using Interop

    - by figus
    Hi everyone I've read many post looking for my answer, but all are similar to this: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1610743/reading-excel-files-in-vb-net-leaves-excel-process-hanging My problem is that I don't quit the app... The idea is this: If a User has Excel Open, if he has the file I'm interested in open... get that Excel instance and do whatever I want to do... But I don't to close his File after I'm done... I want him to keep working on it, the problem is that when he closes Excel... The process keeps running... and running... and running after the user closes Excel with the X button... this is how I try to do it This piece is used to know if he has Excel open, and in the For I check for the file name I'm interested in. Try oApp = GetObject(, "Excel.Application") libroAbierto = True For Each libro As Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Workbook In oApp.Workbooks If libro.Name = EquipoASeccionIdSeccion.Text & ".xlsm" Then Exit Try End If Next libroAbierto = False Catch ex As Exception oApp = New Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Application End Try here would be my code... if he hasn't Excel open, I create a new instance, open the file and everything else. My code ends with this: If Not libroAbierto Then libroSeccion.Close(SaveChanges:=True) oApp.Quit() Else oApp.UserControl = True libroSeccion.Save() End If System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.FinalReleaseComObject(libroOriginal) System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.FinalReleaseComObject(libroSeccion) System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.FinalReleaseComObject(origen) System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.FinalReleaseComObject(copiada) System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.FinalReleaseComObject(oApp) libroOriginal = Nothing libroSeccion = Nothing oApp = Nothing origen = Nothing copiada = Nothing nuevosGuardados = True So you can see that, if I opened the file, I call oApp.Quit() and everything else and the Excel Process ends after a few seconds (maybe 5 aprox.) BUT if I mean the user to keep the file open (not calling Quit()), Excel process keeps running after the user closes Excel with the X button. Is there any way to do what I try to do?? Control a open instance of excel and releasing everything so when the user closes it with the X button, the Excel Process dies normally??? Thanks!!!

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  • What does it mean for an OS to "execute within user processes"? Do any modern OS's use that approach

    - by Chris Cooper
    I have recently become interested in operating system, and a friend of mine lent me a book called Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (I have the third edition), published in 1998. It's been a very interesting book so far, but I have come to the part dealing with process control, and it's using UNIX System V as one of its examples of an operating system that executes within user processes. This concept has struck me as a little strange. First of all, does this mean that OS instructions and data are stored in each user of the processes? Probably not, because that would be an absurdly redundant scheme. But if not, then what does it mean to "execute within" a user process? Do any modern operating systems use this approach? It seems much more logical to have the operating system execute as its own process, or even independently of all processes, if you're short on memory. All the inter-accessiblilty of process data required for this layout seems to greatly complicate things. (But maybe that's just because I don't quite get the concept ;D) Here is what the book says: "Execution within User Processes: An alternative that is common with operation systems on smaller machines is to execute virtually all operating system software in the context of a user process. ... "

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