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• My frustum culling is culling from the wrong point

  - by Xbetas

  I'm having problems with my frustum being in the wrong origin. It follows the rotation of my camera but not the position. In my camera class I'm generating a view-matrix: void Camera::Update() { UpdateViewMatrix(); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); //glLoadIdentity(); glLoadMatrixf(GetViewMatrix().m); } Then extracting the planes using the projection matrix and modelview matrix: void UpdateFrustum() { Matrix4x4 projection, model, clip; glGetFloatv(GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX, projection.m); glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, model.m); clip = model * projection; m_Planes[RIGHT][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 0]; m_Planes[RIGHT][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 4]; m_Planes[RIGHT][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[ 8]; m_Planes[RIGHT][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[12]; NormalizePlane(RIGHT); m_Planes[LEFT][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 0]; m_Planes[LEFT][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 4]; m_Planes[LEFT][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[ 8]; m_Planes[LEFT][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[12]; NormalizePlane(LEFT); m_Planes[BOTTOM][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 1]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 5]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[ 9]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[13]; NormalizePlane(BOTTOM); m_Planes[TOP][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 1]; m_Planes[TOP][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 5]; m_Planes[TOP][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[ 9]; m_Planes[TOP][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[13]; NormalizePlane(TOP); m_Planes[NEAR][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 2]; m_Planes[NEAR][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 6]; m_Planes[NEAR][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[10]; m_Planes[NEAR][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[14]; NormalizePlane(NEAR); m_Planes[FAR][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 2]; m_Planes[FAR][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 6]; m_Planes[FAR][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[10]; m_Planes[FAR][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[14]; NormalizePlane(FAR); } void NormalizePlane(int side) { float length = 1.0/(float)sqrt(m_Planes[side][0] * m_Planes[side][0] + m_Planes[side][1] * m_Planes[side][1] + m_Planes[side][2] * m_Planes[side][2]); m_Planes[side][0] /= length; m_Planes[side][1] /= length; m_Planes[side][2] /= length; m_Planes[side][3] /= length; } And check against it with: bool PointInFrustum(float x, float y, float z) { for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { if( m_Planes[i][0] * x + m_Planes[i][1] * y + m_Planes[i][2] * z + m_Planes[i][3] <= 0 ) return false; } return true; } Then i render using: camera->Update(); UpdateFrustum(); int numCulled = 0; for(int i = 0; i < (int)meshes.size(); i++) { if(!PointInFrustum(meshCenter.x, meshCenter.y, meshCenter.z)) { meshes[i]->SetDraw(false); numCulled++; } else meshes[i]->SetDraw(true); } What am i doing wrong?

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• Correct order of tasks in each frame for a Physics simulation

  - by Johny

  I'm playing a bit around with 2D physics. I created now some physic blocks which should collide with each other. This works fine "mostly" but sometimes one of the blocks does not react to a collision and i think that's because of my order of tasks done in each frame. At the moment it looks something like this: function GameFrame(){ foreach physicObject do AddVelocityToPosition(); DoCollisionStuff(); // Only for this object not to forget! AddGravitationToVelocity(); end RedrawScene(); } Is this the correct order of tasks in each frame?

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• (int) Math.floor(x / TILESIZE) or just (int) (x / TILESIZE)

  - by Aidan Mueller

  I have a Array that stores my map data and my Tiles are 64X64. Sometimes I need to convert from pixels to units of tiles. So I was doing: int x int y public void myFunction() { getTile((int) Math.floor(x / 64), (int) Math.floor(y / 64)).doOperation(); } But I discovered by using (I'm using java BTW) System.out.println((int) (1 / 1.5)) that converting to an int automatically rounds down. This means that I can replace the (int) Math.floor with just x / 64. But if I run this on a different OS do you think it might give a different result? I'm just afraid there might be some case where this would round up and not down. Should I keep doing it the way I was and maybe make a function like convert(int i) to make it easier? Or is it OK to just do x / 64?

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• Creating a curved mesh on inside of sphere based on texture image coordinates

  - by user5025

  In Blender, I have created a sphere with a panoramic texture on the inside. I have also manually created a plane mesh (curved to match the size of the sphere) that sits on the inside wall where I can draw a different texture. This is great, but I really want to reduce the manual labor, and do some of this work in a script -- like having a variable for the panoramic image, and coordinates of the area in the photograph that I want to replace with a new mesh. The hardest part of doing this is going to be creating a curved mesh in code that can sit on the inside wall of a sphere. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

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• Rendering text with stb_font results in glitches

  - by Fabian Fritz

  I'm trying to render text with OpenGL and an "inline"-font taken from the stb_fonts The relevant code for initializing the font & rendering: LabelFactory::LabelFactory() { static unsigned char fontpixels [STB_SOMEFONT_BITMAP_HEIGHT][STB_SOMEFONT_BITMAP_WIDTH]; STB_SOMEFONT_CREATE(fontdata, fontpixels, STB_SOMEFONT_BITMAP_HEIGHT); glGenTextures(1, &texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_ALPHA, STB_SOMEFONT_BITMAP_WIDTH, STB_SOMEFONT_BITMAP_HEIGHT, 0, GL_ALPHA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, fontdata); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); } void LabelFactory::renderLabel(Label * label) { int x = label->x; int y = label->y; const char * str = label->text; glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glEnable(GL_BLEND); glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST); glColor4f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glBegin(GL_QUADS); while (*str) { int char_codepoint = *str++; stb_fontchar *cd = &fontdata[char_codepoint - STB_FONT_arial_14_usascii_FIRST_CHAR]; glTexCoord2f(cd->s0, cd->t0); glVertex2i(x + cd->x0, y + cd->y0); glTexCoord2f(cd->s1, cd->t0); glVertex2i(x + cd->x1, y + cd->y0); glTexCoord2f(cd->s1, cd->t1); glVertex2i(x + cd->x1, y + cd->y1); glTexCoord2f(cd->s0, cd->t1); glVertex2i(x + cd->x0, y + cd->y1); x += cd->advance_int; } glEnd(); } However this results in weird glitches I guess I'm doing something wrong with the alpha blending, however I was unable to improve it by changing the parameters. The size and length of the outline of the text that should be shown seems about right (it should read "Test Test Test").

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• Zelda-style Top-down RPG. Storing data for each tile type

  - by Delerat

  I'm creating a Zelda-style RPG using Tiled, C#, and MonoGame. When my code parses the .tmx file, it will get a number to associate with each tile type based off of their position in the tile sheet. If I ever need to change my sprite sheet, this number will change for many of the tiles. How can I guarantee that when I parse my .tmx file, I will be able to know exactly what tile type I'm getting so that I can associate the proper data with it(transparency, animated, collision, etc.)?

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• Order independent transparency in particle system

  - by Stepan Zastupov

  I'm writing a particle system and would like to find a trick to achieve proper alpha blending without sorting particles because: Each particle is a point sprite in a single mesh and I can't use scene graph ability to sort transparent nodes. The system node should be properly sorted, though. Particle position is computed on shader from initial velocity, acceleration and time. In order to sort the system I would have to perform all this computations on CPU, which is something I want to avoid. Sorting hundreds of particles against camera position and uploading it on GPU each frame seams to be quiet heavy operation. Alpha testing seems to be fast enough on GLES 2.0 and works fine for non-transparent but "masked" textures. Still, it's not enough for semi-transparent particles. How would you handle this?

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• How to efficiently map tokens to code in a script interpreter?

  - by lithander

  I'm writing an interpreter for a simple scripting language where each line is a complete, executable command. (Like the instructions in assembler) When parsing a line I have to map the requested command to actual code. My current solution looks like this: std::string op, param1, param2; //parse line, identify op, param1, param2 ... //call command specific code if(op == "MOV") ExecuteMov(AsNumber(param1)); else if(op == "ROT") ExecuteRot(AsNumber(param1)); else if(op == "SZE") ExecuteSze(AsNumber(param1)); else if(op == "POS") ExecutePos((AsNumber(param1), AsNumber(param2)); else if(op == "DIR") ExecuteDir((AsNumber(param1), AsNumber(param2)); else if(op == "SET") ExecuteSet(param1, AsNumber(param2)); else if(op == "EVL") ... The more commands are supported the more string comparisions I'll have to do to identify and call the associated method. Can you point me to a more efficient implementation in the described scenario?

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• Collision detection code style

  - by Marian Ivanov

  Not only there are two useful broad-phase algorithms and a lot of useful narrowphase algorithms, there are also multiple code styles. Arrays vs. calling Make an array of broadphase checks, then filter them with narrowphase checks, then resolve them. function resolveCollisions(thingyStructure * a,thingyStructure * b,int index){ possibleCollisions = getPossibleCollisions(b,a->get(index)); for(i=0; i<possibleCollitionsNumber; i++){ if(narrowphase(possibleCollisions[i],a[index])) { collisions->push(possibleCollisions[i]); }; }; for(i=0; i<collitionsNumber; i++){ //CODE FOR RESOLUTION }; }; Make the broadphase call the narrowphase, and the narrowphase call the resolution function resolveCollisions(thingyStructure * a,thingyStructure * b,int index){ broadphase(b,a->get(index)); }; function broadphase(thingy * with, thingy * what){ while(blah){ //blahcode narrowphase(what,collidingThing); }; }; Events vs. in-the-loop Fire an event. This abstracts the check away, but it's trickier to make an equal interaction. a[index] -> collisionEvent(eventdata); //much later int collisionEvent(eventdata){ //resolution gets here } Resolve the collision inside the loop. This glues narrowphase and resolution into one layer. if(narrowphase(possibleCollisions[i],a[index])) { //CODE GOES HERE }; The questions are: Which of the first two is better, and how am I supposed to make a zero-sum Newtonian interaction under B1.

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• What is UVIndex and how do I use it on OpenGL?

  - by Delta

  I am a noob in OpenGL ES 2.0 (for WebGL) and I'm trying to draw a simple model I've made with a 3D tool and exported to .fbx format. I've been able to draw some models that only have: A vertex buffer, a index buffer for the vertices, a normal buffer and a texture coordinate buffer, but this model now has a "UVIndex" and I'm not sure where am I supposed to put this UVIndex. My code looks like this: GL.bindBuffer(GL.ARRAY_BUFFER, this.Model.House.VertexBuffer); GL.vertexAttribPointer(this.Shader.TextureAndLighting.Attribute["vPosition"],3,GL.FLOAT, false, 0, 0); GL.bindBuffer(GL.ARRAY_BUFFER, this.Model.House.NormalBuffer); GL.vertexAttribPointer(this.Shader.TextureAndLighting.Attribute["vNormal"], 3, GL.FLOAT, false, 0, 0); GL.bindBuffer(GL.ARRAY_BUFFER, this.Model.House.TexCoordBuffer); GL.vertexAttribPointer(this.Shader.TextureAndLighting.Attribute["TexCoord"], 2, GL.FLOAT, false, 0, 0); GL.bindBuffer(GL.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, this.Model.House.IndexBuffer); GL.bindTexture(GL.TEXTURE_2D, this.Texture.HTex1); GL.activeTexture(GL.TEXTURE0); GL.drawElements(GL.TRIANGLES, this.Model.House.IndexBuffer.Length, GL.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0); But my model renders totally incorrect and I think it has to do with the fact that I am ignoring this "UVIndex" in the .fbx file, since I've never drawn any model that uses this UVIndex I really have no clue on what to do with it. This is the json file containing the model's data: http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=G294TVmz

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• Importing FBX with multiple meshes in UDK

  - by andresp

  I need to import into UDK a several amount of FBX models (representing buildings) which are composed by various submeshes (walls, windows, roof...). I need to keep the individual meshes (can't use the merge option) but I also need to work with the building as a whole. Do you know if this is possible? How? Also, is there a way to keep the textures assignment for the FBX models after importing them to Unreal? Doing the process manually (importing model, importing texture, assign to the material, assign the material to each mesh and submesh) for 100 or 200 models (to import an entire city from City Engine), isn't viable.

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• How can I generate a texture that looks like left-over tea leaves?

  - by Jedidja

  We are working on a project for iPhone and Windows Phone 7 where we'd like to be able to generate tea leaves at the bottom of a cup. It doesn't have to look photo-realistic, and actually cartoon-y is ok. What sort of techniques should we research to accomplish this? Are there any libraries (preferably in C, but we can translate) that would be helpful? Here are some samples pulled from a Google Image search

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• Need a bounding box for CCSprite that includes all children/subchildren

  - by prototypical

  I have a CCSprite that has CCSprite children, and those CCSprite children have CCSprite children. The contentSize property doesn't seem to include all children/subchildren, and seems to only work for the base node. I could write a recursive method to traverse a CCSprite for all children/subchildren and calculate a proper boundingbox, but am curious as to if I am missing something and it's possible to get that information without doing so. I'l be a little surprised if such a method doesn't exist, but I can't seem to find it.

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• Efficiently separating Read/Compute/Write steps for concurrent processing of entities in Entity/Component systems

  - by TravisG

  Setup I have an entity-component architecture where Entities can have a set of attributes (which are pure data with no behavior) and there exist systems that run the entity logic which act on that data. Essentially, in somewhat pseudo-code: Entity { id; map<id_type, Attribute> attributes; } System { update(); vector<Entity> entities; } A system that just moves along all entities at a constant rate might be MovementSystem extends System { update() { for each entity in entities position = entity.attributes["position"]; position += vec3(1,1,1); } } Essentially, I'm trying to parallelise update() as efficiently as possible. This can be done by running entire systems in parallel, or by giving each update() of one system a couple of components so different threads can execute the update of the same system, but for a different subset of entities registered with that system. Problem In reality, these systems sometimes require that entities interact(/read/write data from/to) each other, sometimes within the same system (e.g. an AI system that reads state from other entities surrounding the current processed entity), but sometimes between different systems that depend on each other (i.e. a movement system that requires data from a system that processes user input). Now, when trying to parallelize the update phases of entity/component systems, the phases in which data (components/attributes) from Entities are read and used to compute something, and the phase where the modified data is written back to entities need to be separated in order to avoid data races. Otherwise the only way (not taking into account just "critical section"ing everything) to avoid them is to serialize parts of the update process that depend on other parts. This seems ugly. To me it would seem more elegant to be able to (ideally) have all processing running in parallel, where a system may read data from all entities as it wishes, but doesn't write modifications to that data back until some later point. The fact that this is even possible is based on the assumption that modification write-backs are usually very small in complexity, and don't require much performance, whereas computations are very expensive (relatively). So the overhead added by a delayed-write phase might be evened out by more efficient updating of entities (by having threads work more % of the time instead of waiting). A concrete example of this might be a system that updates physics. The system needs to both read and write a lot of data to and from entities. Optimally, there would be a system in place where all available threads update a subset of all entities registered with the physics system. In the case of the physics system this isn't trivially possible because of race conditions. So without a workaround, we would have to find other systems to run in parallel (which don't modify the same data as the physics system), other wise the remaining threads are waiting and wasting time. However, that has disadvantages Practically, the L3 cache is pretty much always better utilized when updating a large system with multiple threads, as opposed to multiple systems at once, which all act on different sets of data. Finding and assembling other systems to run in parallel can be extremely time consuming to design well enough to optimize performance. Sometimes, it might even not be possible at all because a system just depends on data that is touched by all other systems. Solution? In my thinking, a possible solution would be a system where reading/updating and writing of data is separated, so that in one expensive phase, systems only read data and compute what they need to compute, and then in a separate, performance-wise cheap, write phase, attributes of entities that needed to be modified are finally written back to the entities. The Question How might such a system be implemented to achieve optimal performance, as well as making programmer life easier? What are the implementation details of such a system and what might have to be changed in the existing EC-architecture to accommodate this solution?

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• How stoper one annimation model on XNA?

  - by Mehdi Bugnard

  I met a Difficulty for one stoper annimation. Everything works great starter for the animation. But I do not see how stoper and can continue the annimation paused. The "animationPlayer.StartClip (clip)" is used to choke the annimation but impossible to find a way to stoper Thans's a lot Here is my code to use. protected override void LoadContent() { //Model - Player model_player = Content.Load<Model>("Models\\Player\\models"); // Look up our custom skinning information. SkinningData skinningData = model_player.Tag as SkinningData; if (skinningData == null) throw new InvalidOperationException ("This model does not contain a SkinningData tag."); // Create an animation player, and start decoding an animation clip. animationPlayer = new AnimationPlayer(skinningData); AnimationClip clip = skinningData.AnimationClips["ArmLowAction_006"]; animationPlayer.StartClip(clip); } protected overide update(GameTime gameTime) { KeyboardState key = Keyboard.GetState(); // If player don't move -> stop anim if (!key.IsKeyDown(Keys.W) && !keyStateOld.IsKeyUp(Keys.S) && !keyStateOld.IsKeyUp(Keys.A) && !keyStateOld.IsKeyUp(Keys.D)) { //animation stop ? not exist ? animationPlayer.Stop(); isPlayerStop = true; } else { if(isPlayerStop == true) { isPlayerStop = false; animationPlayer.StartClip(Clip); } }

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• Comparing angles and working out the difference

  - by Thomas O

  I want to compare angles and get an idea of the distance between them. For this application, I'm working in degrees, but it would also work for radians and grads. The problem with angles is that they depend on modular arithmetic, i.e. 0-360 degrees. Say one angle is at 15 degrees and one is at 45. The difference is 30 degrees, and the 45 degree angle is greater than the 15 degree one. But, this breaks down when you have, say, 345 degrees and 30 degrees. Although they compare properly, the difference between them is 315 degrees instead of the correct 45 degrees. How can I solve this? I could write algorithmic code: if(angle1 > angle2) delta_theta = 360 - angle2 - angle1; else delta_theta = angle2 - angle1; But I'd prefer a solution that avoids compares/branches, and relies entirely on arithmetic.

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• Unity Occlusion Portals: What and How?

  - by Nick Wiggill

  (Here I eat my words on Meta about posting Unity questions on Unity Answers... since that site is less responsive than this one.) Unity provides cell-based Occlusion Culling (via Umbra, I believe). However, a newer feature that it supports is Occlusion Portals. The question is, if BSP-based occlusion culling is already a feature of Unity, what do portals add, and how? PS. This question is not "What are portals?" -- I'm aware of the original Quake BSP-style portals -- which is partly why I find the explicit portal concept in Unity odd, since it uses BSP anyway.

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• Starting out with OpenGL when most tutorials are out of date

  - by AUTO

  I'm sure there are already a bunch of questions like this asked, but the constant updating of the OpenGL library throws them all away, and in a month or two, the answers here will be worthless again. I am ready to start programming in OpenGL using C++. I've got a working compiler (DevCpp; do NOT ask me to switch to VC++, and don't ask me why). Now I'm just looking for a solid tutorial on how to program with OpenGL. My assistant found the tutorial provided by NeHe Productions, but as I've come to find out, it's WAY OUT OF DATE! (although I did pull together a basic window to support an OpenGL canvas) Then I went online, and found the OpenGL SuperBible, which apparently uses freeglut? But what I'd like to know is whether or not SuperBible 5th edition is up to date any longer. The suggestion to freeglut I found said the latest version was 2.6.0 but now it's 2.8.0! Is the OpenGL SuperBible still a good, and fairly up-to-date place to start? Is there a better place to go to learn OpenGL? Am I allowed to simply store freeglut in the DevCpp include directory (maybe in GL), or is there some important procedure? Are there any comments or suggestions that I didn't think to ask since I'm only just beginning? @dreta cleared some things up for me, so now I have a better idea of what to ask: I think I'd like to start out with OpenGL using a wrapper library instead of directly accessing OpenGL.I just think that, for a beginner, it would be easier for me to program and get good results, while I don't yet have to understand all the grimy details (as @stephelton mentioned). The problem is, I can't find any library that doesn't have undefined references to no longer supported functions. Freeglut sounds operational, but it still uses GLU.Does anyone know what I can do?Also, I tried compiling the first SuperBible's source, but I got errors since GLAPI is not being defined as a type, the error originating in the GLU library. I'd like to use the SuperBible, but I don't know how to fix this.

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• OpenGL ES Loading

  - by kuroutadori

  I want to know what is the norm of loading rendering code. Take a button. When the application is loaded, a texture is loaded which has the image of the button on it. When the button is tapped, it then adds a loader into a queue, which is loaded on render thread. It then loads up an array buffer with vertexes and tex coords when render is called. It then adds to a render tree. Then it renders. the render function looks like this void render() { update(); mBaseRenderer->render(); } update() is when the queue is checked to see if anything needs loading. mBaseRenderer->render() is the render tree. What I am asking then is, should I even have the update() there at all and instead have everything preloaded before it renders? If I can have it loaded when need, for instance when there is tap, then how can it be done (My current code causes an dequeueing buffer error (Unknown error: -75) which I assume is to do with OpenGL ES and the context)?

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• OpenGL profiling with AMD PerfStudio 2

  - by Aurus

  I'm rendering just a really small amount of polygons for my UI but however I still tried to increase the FPS. In the end I removed redundant calls which increased the FPS. I really don't want to lose FPS for nothing so I keep looking for more improvements. The first thing I noticed is the "huge" time where no calls are made before SwapBuffer (the black one). Well I know that OpenGL works asynchronous so SwapBuffer has to wait until everything is done. But shouldn't PerfStudio mark this time also as black ? Correct me If I am wrong. The second thing I noticed is that some glUniform2f calls just take longer (the brown ones). I mean they should all upload 2floats to the GPU how can the time be so different from call to call. The program isn't even changed or something like that. I also tried to look at other programs like gDebugger or CodeXL but they often crashed and they show less statistics (only # of calls or redundant calls etc.) EDIT: I also realized that the draw calls also have different durations, which was obvious for me but sometimes drawing more vertices is faster than drawing less vertices.

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• OUYA and Unity set up problems

  - by Atkobeau

  I'm having trouble with the Unity / OUYA plugin. I'm using Unity 4 with the latest update on a Windows 7 machine. When I open the starter kit and try to compile the plugin I get the following error: Picked up _JAVA_OPTIONS: -Xmx512M And if I try to Build and Run I get this error: Error building Player: ArgumentException: Illegal characters in path. I'm stumped, I've gone through lots of forum posts here and on stackoverflow and I can't seem to resolve it. My environment variables look like this: PATH - C:\Users\dave\Documents\adt-bundle-windows-x86_64-20130219\sdk\tools; C:\Users\dave\Documents\adt-bundle-windows-x86_64-20130219\sdk\platform-tools\ JAVA_HOME - C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_45\ Everything in the OUYA Panel is white Any ideas?

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• 3D Paint tool in Maya

  - by Joris

  Hey everyone, could someone help me out on this question? When I am trying to texture objects in maya (for example a barrel) I want to texture it with a brush. When I try to use the 3D painting tool it al gets black even when I have a image file selected. Also the resolution is very very low of the models and textures in maya, though the texture image is very high quality. Can someone please help me? Thanks so much for helping.

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• How to build a "traffic AI"?

  - by Lunikon

  A project I am working on right now features a lot of "traffic" in the sense of cars moving along roads, aircraft moving aroun an apron etc. As of now the available paths are precalculated, so nodes are generated automatically for crossings which themselves are interconnected by edges. When a character/agent spawns into the world it starts at some node and finds a path to a target node by means of a simply A* algorithm. The agent follows the path and ultimately reaches its destination. No problem so far. Now I need to enable the agents to avoid collisions and to handle complex traffic situations. Since I'm new to the field of AI I looked up several papers/articles on steering behavior but found them to be too low-level. My problem consists less of the actual collision avoidance (which is rather simple in this case because the agents follow strictly defined paths) but of situations like one agent leaving a dead-end while another one wants to enter exactly the same one. Or two agents meeting at a bottleneck which only allows one agent to pass at a time but both need to pass it (according to the optimal route found before) and they need to find a way to let the other one pass first. So basically the main aspect of the problem would be predicting traffic movement to avoid dead-locks. Difficult to describe, but I guess you get what I mean. Do you have any recommendations for me on where to start looking? Any papers, sample projects or similar things that could get me started? I appreciate your help!

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• IDirect3DDevice9Ex and D3DPOOL_MANAGED?

  - by bluescrn

  So I wanted to switch to IDirect3DDevice9Ex, purely for the SetFrameLatency function, as fullscreen vsynced D3D seemed to produce noticable input lag. But then it tells me 'ha ha ha! now you can't use D3DPOOL_MANAGED!': Direct3D9: (ERROR) :D3DPOOL_MANAGED is not valid with IDirect3DDevice9Ex Is this really as unpleasant as it looks (when you're relying quite heavily on managed resources) - or is there a simple solution? If it really does mean manual management of everything (reloading all static textures, VBs, and IBs on a device reset), is it worth the hassle, will IDirect3DDevice9Ex bring enough benefit to make it worth writing a new resource manager? Starting to think I must be doing something wrong, due to this: Direct3D9: (ERROR) :Lock is not supported for textures allocated with POOL_DEFAULT unless they are marked D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC. So if I put my (static) textures in POOL_DEFAULT, they need flagging as D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC, just because I lock them once to load the data in?

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• Given a RGB color x, how to find the most contrasting color y?

  - by Arthur Wulf White

  I have to mark a certain item in a way that will make it stick-out in the background. I need it to be surrounded with the color that contrasts the background as much as possible so it will pop out and easily noticeable by the player. Lets say I know the background is color 'x', how do I find 'y' such that it will be very contrasting to 'x' and easy to notice in a background where 'x' is a dominant color? I first thought about inverting color 'x' and then I noticed that when 'x' is a medium shade of gray, if I invert 'x' to get 'y', then 'y' is also a medium shade of gray which does not work.

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