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• Removing the contents of a Chan or MVar in a single discrete step

  - by Bill

  I'm writing a discrete simulation where request values from multiple threads accumulate in a centralized queue. Every n milliseconds, a manager wakes up to process requests. When the manager wakes up, it should retrieve all of the contents of the central queue in a single discrete step. While processing these, any client threads attempting to submit to the queue should block. When processing completes, the queue reopens and the manager goes back to sleep. What's the best way to do this? The retry behavior of STM isn't really what I want. If I use a Chan or MVar, there's no way to prevent clients from enqueuing additional requests during processing. One approach is to use an MVar as a mutex on a Chan holding the queue. Are there other ways to do this?

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• I'm working on Peano Axioms in Agda and I've hit a bit of a sticking point

  - by Schroedinger

  PA6 : ?{m n} -> m = n -> n = m is the axiom I am trying to solve and support, I've tried using a cong (from the core library) but am having troubles with the cong constructor PA6 = cong gets me nowhere, I know for cong I am required to supply a refl for equality and a type, but I'm, not sure what type I'm supposed to supply. Ideas? This is for a small assignment at University, so I'd rather someone demonstrate what I've missed rather than write the acutual answer, but I'd appreciate any degree of support.

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• Getting Cabal to work with GHC 6.12.1

  - by Dan Dyer

  I've installed the latest GHC package (6.12.1) on OS X, but I can't get Cabal to work. I've removed the version I had previously that worked with GHC 6.10 and tried to re-install from scratch. The latest Cabal version available for download is 1.6.0.2. However, when I try to build this I get the following error: Configuring Cabal-1.6.0.2... Setup: failed to parse output of 'ghc-pkg dump' From what I've found searching, this seems to suggest that the version of Cabal is too old for the version of GHC. Is there any way to get Cabal to work with GHC 6.12.1 yet? EDIT: To be clear, I'm trying to set-up cabal-install.

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• Which open source social networking platform to use?

  - by vrao

  I want to build a highly secure social networking portal. Like other portals, subscriber users should be able to create a topic, discuss topic, share information about them, and have the ability for notifications/alerts. The added feature, I would like to have is to moderate users. Based on the topic of discussion, users will be asked automated questions and their responses will be processed to provide recommendations. I have no knowledge of social networking portal requirements. I will be coding alone and want to have something up and running in about six months. Which is the easiest open source platform that I should use to develop? I know some.net and sql, but I am open to use other platforms. Please give me your recommendations

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• verboseCheck in QuickCheck 2?

  - by Alexey Romanov

  The function verboseCheck from QuickCheck 1 seems to be absent in QuickCheck 2 (or at least, I can't find it). Is there any other way to show which values are used during testing?

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• displaying database content in wxHaskell

  - by snorlaks

  Hello, Im using tutorials from wxHaskell and want to display content of table movies in the grid. HEre is my code : {-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Test Grid. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------} module Main where import Graphics.UI.WX import Graphics.UI.WXCore hiding (Event) import Database.HDBC.Sqlite3 (connectSqlite3) import Database.HDBC main = start gui gui :: IO () gui = do f <- frame [text := "Grid test", visible := False] -- grids g <- gridCtrl f [] gridSetGridLineColour g (colorSystem Color3DFace) gridSetCellHighlightColour g black appendColumns g (movies) -- Here is error: -- Couldn't match expected type [String]' -- against inferred typeIO [[String]]' --appendRows g (map show [1..length (tail movies)]) --mapM_ (setRow g) (zip [0..] (tail movies)) gridAutoSize g -- layout set f [layout := column 5 [fill (dynamic (widget g))] ] focusOn g set f [visible := True] -- reduce flicker at startup. return () where movies = do conn <- connectSqlite3 "Spop.db" r <- quickQuery' conn "SELECT id, title, year, description from Movie where id = 1" [] let myResult = map convRow r return myResult setRow g (row,values) = mapM_ ((col,value) - gridSetCellValue g row col value) (zip [0..] values) {-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Library?f --------------------------------------------------------------------------------} gridCtrl :: Window a - [Prop (Grid ())] - IO (Grid ()) gridCtrl parent props = feed2 props 0 $ initialWindow $ \id rect - \props flags - do g <- gridCreate parent id rect flags gridCreateGrid g 0 0 0 set g props return g appendColumns :: Grid a - [String] - IO () appendColumns g [] = return () appendColumns g labels = do n <- gridGetNumberCols g gridAppendCols g (length labels) True mapM_ ((i,label) - gridSetColLabelValue g i label) (zip [n..] labels) appendRows :: Grid a - [String] - IO () appendRows g [] = return () appendRows g labels = do n <- gridGetNumberRows g gridAppendRows g (length labels) True mapM_ ((i,label) - gridSetRowLabelValue g i label) (zip [n..] labels) convRow :: [SqlValue] - [String] convRow [sqlId, sqlTitle, sqlYear, sqlDescription] = [intid, title, year, description] where intid = (fromSql sqlId)::String title = (fromSql sqlTitle)::String year = (fromSql sqlYear)::String description = (fromSql sqlDescription)::String What should I do to get rif of error in code above (24th line)

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• "Ambigous type variable" error when defining custom "read" function

  - by Tener

  While trying to compile the following code, which is enhanced version of read build on readMay from Safe package. readI :: (Typeable a, Read a) => String -> a readI str = case readMay str of Just x -> x Nothing -> error ("Prelude.read failed, expected type: " ++ (show (typeOf > (undefined :: a))) ++ "String was: " ++ str) I get an error from GHC: WavefrontSimple.hs:54:81: Ambiguous type variable `a' in the constraint: `Typeable a' arising from a use of `typeOf' at src/WavefrontSimple.hs:54:81-103 Probable fix: add a type signature that fixes these type variable(s)` I don't understand why. What should be fixed to get what I meant? EDIT: Ok, so the solution to use ScopedTypeVariables and forall a in type signature works. But why the following produces very similar error to the one above? The compiler should infer the right type since there is asTypeOf :: a -> a -> a used. readI :: (Typeable a, Read a) => String -> a readI str = let xx = undefined in case readMay str of Just x -> x `asTypeOf` xx Nothing -> error ("Prelude.read failed, expected type: " ++ (show (typeOf xx)) ++ "String was: " ++ str)

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• Continuation monad "interface"

  - by sdcvvc

  The state monad "interface" class MonadState s m where get :: m s put :: s -> m () (+ return and bind) allows to construct any possible computation with State monad without using State constructor. For example, State $ \s -> (s+1, s-1) can be written as do s <- get put (s-1) return (s+1) Similarily, I never have to use Reader constructor, because I can create that computation using ask, return and (>>=). Precisely: Reader f == ask >>= return . f. Is it the same true for continuations - is it possible to write all instances of Cont r a using callCC (the only function in MonadCont), return and bind, and never type something like Cont (\c -> ...)?

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• Problem wit MDAC when trying to compile in VS2008 using x64 bit target platform

  - by grobartn

  I am trying to compile an 32 bit application. I am aware of problems with it but that is why its being compiled on 64 bit version. I am hanging at this problem. Application uses lots of sql stuff. In sqltypes.h file: (provided by MDAC) #ifdef _WIN64 typedef INT64 SQLLEN; typedef UINT64 SQLULEN; typedef UINT64 SQLSETPOSIROW; #else For some reason when its compiled on 32 bit platform it works great But when I try building it on 64 it goes berserk. Error 61 error C2146: syntax error : missing ';' before identifier 'SQLLEN' ..\external\microsoft sdk\include\sqltypes.h 50 It does not recognize INT64, UINT64. Is there something I need to enable so it will work under 64 build process? Missing some #include or #define? Any help would be great Thanks

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• Confusion regarding laziness

  - by Abhinav Kaushik

  I have a function myLength = foldl (\ x _ -> x + 1) 0 which fails with stack overflow with input around 10^6 elements (myLength [1..1000000] fails). I believe that is due to the thunk build up since when I replace foldl with foldl', it works. So far so good. But now I have another function to reverse a list : myReverse = foldl (\ acc x -> x : acc) [] which uses the lazy version foldl (instead of foldl') When I do myLength . myReverse $ [1.1000000]. This time it works fine. I fail to understand why foldl works for the later case and not for former?

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• "Pattern matching" of algebraic type data constructors

  - by jetxee

  Let's consider a data type with many constructors: data T = Alpha Int | Beta Int | Gamma Int Int | Delta Int I want to write a function to check if two values are produced with the same constructor: sameK (Alpha _) (Alpha _) = True sameK (Beta _) (Beta _) = True sameK (Gamma _ _) (Gamma _ _) = True sameK _ _ = False Maintaining sameK is not much fun, it is potentially buggy. For example, when new constructors are added to T, it's easy to forget to update sameK. I omitted one line to give an example: -- it’s easy to forget: -- sameK (Delta _) (Delta _) = True The question is how to avoid boilerplate in sameK? Or how to make sure it checks for all T constructors? The workaround I found is to use separate data types for each of the constructors, deriving Data.Typeable, and declaring a common type class, but I don't like this solution, because it is much less readable and otherwise just a simple algebraic type works for me: {-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-} import Data.Typeable class Tlike t where value :: t -> t value = id data Alpha = Alpha Int deriving Typeable data Beta = Beta Int deriving Typeable data Gamma = Gamma Int Int deriving Typeable data Delta = Delta Int deriving Typeable instance Tlike Alpha instance Tlike Beta instance Tlike Gamma instance Tlike Delta sameK :: (Tlike t, Typeable t, Tlike t', Typeable t') => t -> t' -> Bool sameK a b = typeOf a == typeOf b

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• hackage package dependencies and future-proof libraries

  - by yairchu

  In the dependencies section of a cabal file: Build-Depends: base >= 3 && < 5, transformers >= 0.2.0 Should I be doing something like Build-Depends: base >= 3 && < 5, transformers >= 0.2.0 && < 0.3.0 (putting upper limits on versions of packages I depend on) or not? I'll use a real example: my "List" package on Hackage (List monad transformer and class) If I don't put the limit - my package could break by a change in "transformers" If I do put the limit - a user that uses "transformers" but is using a newer version of it will not be able to use lift and liftIO with ListT because it's only an instance of these classes of transformers-0.2.x I guess that applications should always put upper limits so that they never break, so this question is only about libraries: Shall I use the upper version limit on dependencies or not?

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• Examples of attoparsec in parsing binary file formats?

  - by me2

  Previously attoparsec was suggested to me for parsing complex binary file formats. While I can find examples of attoparsec parsing HTTP, which is essentially text based, I cannot find an example parsing actual binary, for example, a TCP packet, or image file, or mp3. Can someone post some code or pointer to some code which does this using attoparsec?

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• Documentation concerning platform-specific macros in Linux/POSIX

  - by Nubok

  When compiling a C/C++ program under Windows using Visual Studio (or a compiler that tries to be compatible) there is a predefined macro _WIN32 (Source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx) that you can use for platform-specific #ifdef-s. What I am looking for is an analogon under Linux: a macro which tells me that I am compiling for Linux/an OS that claims to be (more or less) POSIX-compatible. So I looked into gcc documentation and found this: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/System_002dspecific-Predefined-Macros.html Applied to my program, the following macros (gcc 4.4.5 - Ubuntu 10.10) looked promising (I hope that I didn't drop an important macro): #define __USE_BSD 1 #define __unix__ 1 #define __linux 1 #define __unix 1 #define __linux__ 1 #define _POSIX_SOURCE 1 #define __STDC_HOSTED__ 1 #define __STDC_IEC_559__ 1 #define __gnu_linux__ 1 #define __USE_SVID 1 #define __USE_XOPEN2K 1 #define __USE_POSIX199506 1 #define _G_USING_THUNKS 1 #define __USE_XOPEN2K8 1 #define _BSD_SOURCE 1 #define unix 1 #define linux 1 #define __USE_POSIX 1 #define __USE_POSIX199309 1 #define __SSP__ 1 #define _SVID_SOURCE 1 #define _G_HAVE_SYS_CDEFS 1 #define __USE_POSIX_IMPLICITLY 1 Where do I find a detailed documentation of them - as to the mentioned Windows-specific macros above? Additionally I'd be interested in macros normally defined for other POSIX-compliant operating systems as *BSD etc.

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• Is there a good way to QuickCheck Happstack.State methods?

  - by Paul Kuliniewicz

  I have a set of Happstack.State MACID methods that I want to test using QuickCheck, but I'm having trouble figuring out the most elegant way to accomplish that. The problems I'm running into are: The only way to evaluate an Ev monad computation is in the IO monad via query or update. There's no way to create a purely in-memory MACID store; this is by design. Therefore, running things in the IO monad means there are temporary files to clean up after each test. There's no way to initialize a new MACID store except with the initialValue for the state; it can't be generated via Arbitrary unless I expose an access method that replaces the state wholesale. Working around all of the above means writing methods that only use features of MonadReader or MonadState (and running the test inside Reader or State instead of Ev. This means forgoing the use of getRandom or getEventClockTime and the like inside the method definitions. The only options I can see are: Run the methods in a throw-away on-disk MACID store, cleaning up after each test and settling for starting from initialValue each time. Write the methods to have most of the code run in a MonadReader or MonadState (which is more easily testable), and rely on a small amount of non-QuickCheck-able glue around it that calls getRandom or getEventClockTime as necessary. Is there a better solution that I'm overlooking?

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• Unsure of how to get the right evaluation order

  - by Matt Fenwick

  I'm not sure what the difference between these two pieces of code is (with respect to x), but the first one completes: $ foldr (\x y -> if x == 4 then x else x + y) 0 [1,2 .. ] 10 and the second one doesn't (at least in GHCi): $ foldr (\x (y, n) -> if x == 4 then (x, n) else (x + y, n + 1)) (0, 0) [1,2 .. ] ....... What am I doing wrong that prevents the second example from completing when it hits x == 4, as in the first one? I've tried adding bang-patterns to both the x and to the x == 4 (inside a let) but neither seems to make a difference.

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• Binding type variables that only occur in assertions

  - by Giuseppe Maggiore

  Hi! I find it extremely difficult to describe my problem, so here goes nothing: I have a bunch of assertions on the type of a function. These assertions rely on a type variable that is not used for any parameter of the function, but is only used for internal bindings. Whenever I use this function it does not compile because, of course, the compiler has no information from which to guess what type to bind my type variable. Here is the code: {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, FunctionalDependencies, FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances, FlexibleContexts, EmptyDataDecls, ScopedTypeVariables, TypeOperators, TypeSynonymInstances #-} class C a a' where convert :: a -> a' class F a b where apply :: a -> b class S s a where select :: s -> a data CInt = CInt Int instance S (Int,String) Int where select (i,_) = i instance F Int CInt where apply = CInt f :: forall s a b . (S s a, F a b) => s -> b f s = let v = select s :: a y = apply v :: b in y x :: Int x = f (10,"Pippo") And here is the generated error: FunctorsProblems.hs:21:4: No instances for (F a Int, S (t, [Char]) a) arising from a use of `f' at FunctorsProblems.hs:21:4-17 Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (F a Int, S (t, [Char]) a) In the expression: f (10, "Pippo") In the definition of `x': x = f (10, "Pippo") Failed, modules loaded: none. Prelude>

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• Use QuickCheck by generating primes

  - by Dan

  Background For fun, I'm trying to write a property for quick-check that can test the basic idea behind cryptography with RSA. Choose two distinct primes, p and q. Let N = p*q e is some number relatively prime to (p-1)(q-1) (in practice, e is usually 3 for fast encoding) d is the modular inverse of e modulo (p-1)(q-1) For all x such that 1 < x < N, it is always true that (x^e)^d = x modulo N In other words, x is the "message", raising it to the eth power mod N is the act of "encoding" the message, and raising the encoded message to the dth power mod N is the act of "decoding" it. (The property is also trivially true for x = 1, a case which is its own encryption) Code Here are the methods I have coded up so far: import Test.QuickCheck -- modular exponentiation modExp :: Integral a => a -> a -> a -> a modExp y z n = modExp' (y `mod` n) z `mod` n where modExp' y z | z == 0 = 1 | even z = modExp (y*y) (z `div` 2) n | odd z = (modExp (y*y) (z `div` 2) n) * y -- relatively prime rPrime :: Integral a => a -> a -> Bool rPrime a b = gcd a b == 1 -- multiplicative inverse (modular) mInverse :: Integral a => a -> a -> a mInverse 1 _ = 1 mInverse x y = (n * y + 1) `div` x where n = x - mInverse (y `mod` x) x -- just a quick way to test for primality n `divides` x = x `mod` n == 0 primes = 2:filter isPrime [3..] isPrime x = null . filter (`divides` x) $ takeWhile (\y -> y*y <= x) primes -- the property prop_rsa (p,q,x) = isPrime p && isPrime q && p /= q && x > 1 && x < n && rPrime e t ==> x == (x `powModN` e) `powModN` d where e = 3 n = p*q t = (p-1)*(q-1) d = mInverse e t a `powModN` b = modExp a b n (Thanks, google and random blog, for the implementation of modular multiplicative inverse) Question The problem should be obvious: there are way too many conditions on the property to make it at all usable. Trying to invoke quickCheck prop_rsa in ghci made my terminal hang. So I've poked around the QuickCheck manual a bit, and it says: Properties may take the form forAll <generator> $ \<pattern> -> <property> How do I make a <generator> for prime numbers? Or with the other constraints, so that quickCheck doesn't have to sift through a bunch of failed conditions? Any other general advice (especially regarding QuickCheck) is welcome.

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• Weirdness with cabal, HTF, and HUnit assertions

  - by rampion

  So I'm trying to use HTF to run some HUnit-style assertions % cat tests/TestDemo.hs {-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wall -F -pgmF htfpp #-} module Main where import Test.Framework import Test.HUnit.Base ((@?=)) import System.Environment (getArgs) -- just run some tests main :: IO () main = getArgs >>= flip runTestWithArgs Main.allHTFTests -- all these tests should fail test_fail_int1 :: Assertion test_fail_int1 = (0::Int) @?= (1::Int) test_fail_bool1 :: Assertion test_fail_bool1 = True @?= False test_fail_string1 :: Assertion test_fail_string1 = "0" @?= "1" test_fail_int2 :: Assertion test_fail_int2 = [0::Int] @?= [1::Int] test_fail_string2 :: Assertion test_fail_string2 = "true" @?= "false" test_fail_bool2 :: Assertion test_fail_bool2 = [True] @?= [False] And when I use ghc --make, it seems to work correctly. % ghc --make tests/TestDemo.hs [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( tests/TestDemo.hs, tests/TestDemo.o ) Linking tests/TestDemo ... % tests/TestDemoA ... * Tests: 6 * Passed: 0 * Failures: 6 * Errors: 0 Failures: * Main:fail_int1 (tests/TestDemo.hs:9) * Main:fail_bool1 (tests/TestDemo.hs:12) * Main:fail_string1 (tests/TestDemo.hs:15) * Main:fail_int2 (tests/TestDemo.hs:19) * Main:fail_string2 (tests/TestDemo.hs:22) * Main:fail_bool2 (tests/TestDemo.hs:25) But when I use cabal to build it, not all the tests that should fail, fail. % cat Demo.cabal ... executable test-demo build-depends: base >= 4, HUnit, HTF main-is: TestDemo.hs hs-source-dirs: tests % cabal configure Resolving dependencies... Configuring Demo-0.0.0... % cabal build Preprocessing executables for Demo-0.0.0... Building Demo-0.0.0... [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( tests/TestDemo.hs, dist/build/test-demo/test-demo-tmp/Main.o ) Linking dist/build/test-demo/test-demo ... % dist/build/test-demo/test-demo ... * Tests: 6 * Passed: 3 * Failures: 3 * Errors: 0 Failures: * Main:fail_int2 (tests/TestDemo.hs:23) * Main:fail_string2 (tests/TestDemo.hs:26) * Main:fail_bool2 (tests/TestDemo.hs:29) What's going wrong and how can I fix it?

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• Can anyone explain Monads?

  - by Steve Willard

  I think I understand what 'Maybe Monads' are, but I'm not sure about the other types.

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• When should I use $ (and can it always be replaced with parentheses)?

  - by J Cooper

  From what I'm reading, $ is described as "applies a function to its arguments." However, it doesn't seem to work quite like (apply ...) in Lisp, because it's a binary operator, so really the only thing it looks like it does is help to avoid parentheses sometimes, like foo $ bar quux instead of foo (bar quux). Am I understanding it right? Is the latter form considered "bad style"?

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• Why this Either-monad code does not type check?

  - by pf_miles

  instance Monad (Either a) where return = Left fail = Right Left x >>= f = f x Right x >>= _ = Right x this code frag in 'baby.hs' caused the horrible compilation error: Prelude> :l baby [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( baby.hs, interpreted ) baby.hs:2:18: Couldn't match expected type `a1' against inferred type `a' `a1' is a rigid type variable bound by the type signature for `return' at <no location info> `a' is a rigid type variable bound by the instance declaration at baby.hs:1:23 In the expression: Left In the definition of `return': return = Left In the instance declaration for `Monad (Either a)' baby.hs:3:16: Couldn't match expected type `[Char]' against inferred type `a1' `a1' is a rigid type variable bound by the type signature for `fail' at <no location info> Expected type: String Inferred type: a1 In the expression: Right In the definition of `fail': fail = Right baby.hs:4:26: Couldn't match expected type `a1' against inferred type `a' `a1' is a rigid type variable bound by the type signature for `>>=' at <no location info> `a' is a rigid type variable bound by the instance declaration at baby.hs:1:23 In the first argument of `f', namely `x' In the expression: f x In the definition of `>>=': Left x >>= f = f x baby.hs:5:31: Couldn't match expected type `b' against inferred type `a' `b' is a rigid type variable bound by the type signature for `>>=' at <no location info> `a' is a rigid type variable bound by the instance declaration at baby.hs:1:23 In the first argument of `Right', namely `x' In the expression: Right x In the definition of `>>=': Right x >>= _ = Right x Failed, modules loaded: none. why this happen? and how could I make this code compile ? thanks for any help~

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• Asymptotic runtime of list-to-tree function

  - by Deestan

  I have a merge function which takes time O(log n) to combine two trees into one, and a listToTree function which converts an initial list of elements to singleton trees and repeatedly calls merge on each successive pair of trees until only one tree remains. Function signatures and relevant implementations are as follows: merge :: Tree a -> Tree a -> Tree a --// O(log n) where n is size of input trees singleton :: a -> Tree a --// O(1) empty :: Tree a --// O(1) listToTree :: [a] -> Tree a --// Supposedly O(n) listToTree = listToTreeR . (map singleton) listToTreeR :: [Tree a] -> Tree a listToTreeR [] = empty listToTreeR (x:[]) = x listToTreeR xs = listToTreeR (mergePairs xs) mergePairs :: [Tree a] -> [Tree a] mergePairs [] = [] mergePairs (x:[]) = [x] mergePairs (x:y:xs) = merge x y : mergePairs xs This is a slightly simplified version of exercise 3.3 in Purely Functional Data Structures by Chris Okasaki. According to the exercise, I shall now show that listToTree takes O(n) time. Which I can't. :-( There are trivially ceil(log n) recursive calls to listToTreeR, meaning ceil(log n) calls to mergePairs. The running time of mergePairs is dependent on the length of the list, and the sizes of the trees. The length of the list is 2^h-1, and the sizes of the trees are log(n/(2^h)), where h=log n is the first recursive step, and h=1 is the last recursive step. Each call to mergePairs thus takes time (2^h-1) * log(n/(2^h)) I'm having trouble taking this analysis any further. Can anyone give me a hint in the right direction?

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• Complete Haskore example

  - by Bill

  Does anyone know of a complete Haskore example that will take a small example and output a MIDI file? I'm looking for a starting point to start using Haskore and Google isn't turning up much. Thanks!

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• Is do-notation specific to "base:GHC.Base.Monad"?

  - by yairchu

  The idea that the standard Monad class is flawed and that it should actually extend Functor or Pointed is floating around. I'm not necessarily claiming that it is the right thing to do, but suppose that one was trying to do it: import Prelude hiding (Monad(..)) class Functor m => Monad m where return :: a -> m a join :: m (m a) -> m a join = (>>= id) (>>=) :: m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b a >>= t = join (fmap t a) (>>) :: m a -> m b -> m b a >> b = a >>= const b So far so good, but then when trying to use do-notation: whileM :: Monad m => m Bool -> m () whileM iteration = do done <- iteration if done then return () else whileM iteration The compiler complains: Could not deduce (base:GHC.Base.Monad m) from the context (Monad m) Question: Does do-notation work only for base:GHC.Base.Monad? Is there a way to make it work with an alternative Monad class? Extra context: What I really want to do is replace base:Control.Arrow.Arrow with a "generalized" Arrow class: {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-} class Category a => Arrow a where type Pair a :: * -> * -> * arr :: (b -> c) -> a b c first :: a b c -> a (Pair a b d) (Pair a c d) second :: a b c -> a (Pair a d b) (Pair a d c) (***) :: a b c -> a b' c' -> a (Pair a b b') (Pair a c c') (&&&) :: a b c -> a b c' -> a b (Pair a c c') And then use the Arrow's proc-notation with my Arrow class, but that fails like in the example above of do-notation and Monad. I'll use mostly Either as my pair type constructor and not the (,) type constructor as with the current Arrow class. This might allow to make the code of my toy RTS game (cabal install DefendTheKind) much prettier.

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