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  • Does dict.update affect a function's argspec?

    - by sbox32
    import inspect class Test: def test(self, p, d={}): d.update(p) return d print inspect.getargspec(getattr(Test, 'test'))[3] print Test().test({'1':True}) print inspect.getargspec(getattr(Test, 'test'))[3] I would expect the argspec for Test.test not to change but because of dict.update it does. Why?

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  • Changing direction of rotation Pygame

    - by czl
    How would you change the direction of a rotating image/rect in Pygame? Applying positive and negative degree values works but it seems to only be able to rotate one direction throughout my window. Is there a way to ensure a change in direction of rotation? Perhaps change up rotation of a spinning image every 5 seconds, or if able to change the direction of the spin when hitting a X or Y axis. I've added some code below. It seems like switching movement directions is easy with rect.move_ip as long as I specify a speed and have location clause, it does what I want. Unfortunately rotation is't like that. Here I'l adding angles to make sure it spins, but no matter what I try, I'm unable to negate the rotation. def rotate_image(self): #rotate image orig_rect = self.image.get_rect() rot_image = pygame.transform.rotate(self.image, self.angle) rot_rect = orig_rect.copy() rot_rect.center = rot_image.get_rect().center rot_image = rot_image.subsurface(rot_rect).copy() return rot_image def render(self): self.screen.fill(self.bg_color) self.rect.move_ip(0,5) #Y axis movement at 5 px per frame self.angle += 5 #add 5 anglewhen the rect has not hit one of the window self.angle %= 360 if self.rect.left < 0 or self.rect.right > self.width: self.speed[0] = -self.speed[0] self.angle = -self.angle #tried to invert the angle self.angle -= 5 #trying to negate the angle rotation self.angle %= 360 self.screen.blit(self.rotate_image(),self.rect) pygame.display.flip() I would really like to know how to invert rotation of a image. You may provide your own examples.

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  • How do you calculate expanding mean on time series using pandas?

    - by mlo
    How would you create a column(s) in the below pandas DataFrame where the new columns are the expanding mean/median of 'val' for each 'Mod_ID_x'. Imagine this as if were time series data and 'ID' 1-2 was on Day 1 and 'ID' 3-4 was on Day 2. I have tried every way I could think of but just can't seem to get it right. left4 = pd.DataFrame({'ID': [1,2,3,4],'val': [10000, 25000, 20000, 40000],'Mod_ID': [15, 35, 15, 42], 'car': ['ford','honda', 'ford', 'lexus']}) right4 = pd.DataFrame({'ID': [3,1,2,4],'color': ['red', 'green', 'blue', 'grey'], 'wheel': ['4wheel','4wheel', '2wheel', '2wheel'], 'Mod_ID': [15, 15, 35, 42]}) df1 = pd.merge(left4, right4, on='ID').drop('Mod_ID_y', axis=1)

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  • Sqlalchemy: Many to Many relationship error

    - by 1001010101
    Dear everyone, I am following the Many to many relationship described on http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/mappers.html#many-to-many #This is actually a VIEW tb_mapping_uGroups_uProducts = Table( 'mapping_uGroups_uProducts', metadata, Column('upID', Integer, ForeignKey('uProductsInfo.upID')), Column('ugID', Integer, ForeignKey('uGroupsInfo.ugID')) ) tb_uProducts = Table( 'uProductsInfo', metadata, Column('upID', Integer, primary_key=True) ) mapper( UnifiedProduct, tb_uProducts) tb_uGroupsInfo = Table( 'uGroupsInfo', metadata, Column('ugID', Integer, primary_key=True) ) mapper( UnifiedGroup, tb_uGroupsInfo, properties={ 'unifiedProducts': relation(UnifiedProduct, secondary=tb_mapping_uGroups_uProducts, backref="unifiedGroups") }) where the relationship between uProduct and uGroup are N:M. When I run the following sess.query(UnifiedProduct).join(UnifiedGroup).distinct()[:10] I am getting the error: sqlalchemy.exc.ArgumentError: Can't find any foreign key relationships between 'uProductsInfo' and 'uGroupsInfo' What am I doing wrong?

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  • Finding a Eulerian Tour

    - by user590903
    I am trying to solve a problem on Udacity described as follows: # Find Eulerian Tour # # Write a function that takes in a graph # represented as a list of tuples # and return a list of nodes that # you would follow on an Eulerian Tour # # For example, if the input graph was # [(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1)] # A possible Eulerian tour would be [1, 2, 3, 1] I came up with the following solution, which, while not as elegant as some of the recursive algorithms, does seem to work within my test case. def find_eulerian_tour(graph): tour = [] start_vertex = graph[0][0] tour.append(start_vertex) while len(graph) > 0: current_vertex = tour[len(tour) - 1] for edge in graph: if current_vertex in edge: if edge[0] == current_vertex: current_vertex = edge[1] else: current_vertex = edge[0] graph.remove(edge) tour.append(current_vertex) break return tour graph = [(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1)] print find_eulerian_tour(graph) >> [1, 2, 3, 1] However, when submitting this, I get rejected by the grader. I am doing something wrong? I can't see any errors.

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  • filter queryset based on list, including None

    - by jujule
    Hi all I dont know if its a django bug or a feature but i have a strange ORM behaviour with MySQL. class Status(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length = 50) class Article(models.Model) status = models.ForeignKey(status, blank = True, null=True) filters = Q(status__in =[0, 1,2] ) | Q(status=None) items = Article.objects.filter(filters) this returns Article items but some have other status than requested [0,1,2,None] looking at the sql query : SELECT [..] FROM `app_article` LEFT OUTER JOIN `app_status` ON (`app_article`.`status_id` = `app_status`.`id`) WHERE (`app_article`.`status_id` IN (1, 2) OR `app_status`.`id` IS NULL) ORDER BY [...] the OR app_status.id IS NULL part seems to be the cause. if i change it to OR app_article.status_id IS NULL it works correctly. How to deal with this ? Thanx.

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  • How to access the calling source line from interactive shell

    - by TJD
    I want to make a function that can determine the source code of how it was called. I'm aware of how to do this generally with the inspect module. For example, this question, works well and provides my desired output in the lines variable as shown below: def hello(x): frame,filename,line_number,function_name,lines,index=\ inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1] print(frame,filename,line_number,function_name,lines,index) The problem is that this solution doesn't work in an interactive command line session. For example, from a command line, the result looks like: >>> y = hello(7) (<frame object at 0x01ECA9E8>, '<stdin>', 1, '<module>', None, None) The problem is that the source file is '<stdin>', so the lines variable is None. How can I access the calling line to find the result containing the string y = hello(7) during an interactive session?

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  • How to detect a sign change for elements in a numpy array

    - by cb160
    I have a numpy array with positive and negative values in. a = array([1,1,-1,-2,-3,4,5]) I want to create another array which contains a value at each index where a sign change occurs (For example, if the current element is positive and the previous element is negative and vice versa). For the array above, I would expect to get the following result array([0,0,1,0,0,1,0]) Alternatively, a list of the positions in the array where the sign changes occur or list of booleans instead of 0's and 1's is fine.

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  • Preventing a security breach

    - by Wiz
    I am creating a website where you "post", and the form content is saved in a MySql database, and upon loading the page, is retrieved, similar to facebook. I construct all the posts and insert raw html into a template. The thing is, as I was testing, I noticed that I could write javascript or other HTML into the form and submit it, and upon reloading, the html or JS would treated as source code, not a post. I figured that some simple encoding would do the trick, but using is not working. Is there an efficient way to prevent this type of security hole?

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  • Defining the hash of an object as the sum of hashes of its members

    - by Space_C0wb0y
    I have a class that represents undirected edges in a graph. Every edge has two members vertex1 and vertex2 representing the vertices it connects. The problem is, that an edge can be specified two directions. My idea was now to define the hash of an edge as the sum of the hashes of its vertices. This way, the direction plays no role anymore, the hash would be the same. Are there any pitfalls with that?

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  • Best way to order by columns in relationships?

    - by Timmy
    im using sqlalchemy, and i have a few polymorphic tables, and i want to sort by a column in one of the relationship. i have tables a,b,c,d, with relationship a to b, b to c, c to d. a to b is one-to-many b to c and c to d are one-to-one, but polymorphic. given an item in table a, i will have a list of items b, c, d (all one to one). how do i use sqlalchemy to sort them by a column in table d?

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  • Elegant way to add functionallity to previously defined functions

    - by Bastiaan
    How to combine two functions together I have a class controlling some hardware: class Heater() def set_power(self,dutycycle, period) ... def turn_on(self) ... def turn_off(self) And a class that connects to a database and handles all data logging fuctionallity for an experiment: class DataLogger() def __init__(self) # Record measurements and controls in a database def start(self,t) # Starts a new thread to aqcuire and reccord measuements every t secconds Now, in my program recipe.py I want to do something like: log = DataLogger() @DataLogger_decorator H1 = Heater() log.start(60) H1.set_power(10,100) H1.turn_on() sleep(10) H1.turn_off() etc Where all actions on H1 are recorded by the datalogger. I can change any of the classes involved, just looking for an elegant way to do this. Ideally the hardware functions remain separated from the database and DataLogger functions. And ideally the DataLogger is reusable for other controls and measurements.

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  • Using RE to retrive an ID

    - by chrissygormley
    Hello, I am trying to use RE to match a changing ID and extract it. I am having some bother getting it working. The String is: m = 'Some Text That exists version 1.0.41.476 Fri Jun 4 16:50:56 EDT 2010' The code I have tried so far is: r = re.compile(r'(s*\s*)(\S+)') m = m.match(r) Can anyone help extract this string. Thanks

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  • How can I create a rules engine without using eval() or exec()?

    - by Angela
    I have a simple rules/conditions table in my database which is used to generate alerts for one of our systems. I want to create a rules engine or a domain specific language. A simple rule stored in this table would be..(omitting the relationships here) if temp > 40 send email Please note there would be many more such rules. A script runs once daily to evaluate these rules and perform the necessary actions. At the beginning, there was only one rule, so we had the script in place to only support that rule. However we now need to make it more scalable to support different conditions/rules. I have looked into rules engines , but I hope to achieve this in some simple pythonic way. At the moment, I have only come up with eval/exec and I know that is not the most recommended approach. So, what would be the best way to accomplish this?? ( The rules are stored as data in database so each object like "temperature", condition like "/=..etc" , value like "40,50..etc" and action like "email, sms, etc.." are stored in the database, i retrieve this to form the condition...if temp 50 send email, that was my idea to then use exec or eval on them to make it live code..but not sure if this is the right approach )

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  • Pickled my dictionary from ZODB but i got a less in size one?

    - by Someone Someoneelse
    I use ZODB and i want to copy my 'database_1.fs' file to another 'database_2.fs', so I opened the root dictionary of that 'database_1.fs' and I (pickle.dump) it in a text file. Then I (pickle.load) it in a dictionary-variable, in the end I update the root dictionary of the other 'database_2.fs' with the dictionary-variable. It works, but I wonder why the size of the 'database_1.fs' not equal to the size of the other 'database_2.fs'. They are still copies of each other. def openstorage(store): #opens the database data={} data['file']=filestorage data['db']=DB(data['file']) data['conn']=data['db'].open() data['root']=data['conn'].root() return data def getroot(dicty): return dicty['root'] def closestorage(dicty): #close the database after Saving transaction.commit() dicty['file'].close() dicty['db'].close() dicty['conn'].close() transaction.get().abort() then that's what i do:- import pickle loc1='G:\\database_1.fs' op1=openstorage(loc1) root1=getroot(op1) loc2='G:database_2.fs' op2=openstorage(loc2) root2=getroot(op2) >>> len(root1) 215 >>> len(root2) 0 pickle.dump( root1, open( "save.txt", "wb" )) item=pickle.load( open( "save.txt", "rb" ) ) #now item is a dictionary root2.update(item) closestorage(op1) closestorage(op2) #after I open both of the databases #I get the same keys in both databases #But `database_2.fs` is smaller that `database_2.fs` in size I mean. >>> len(root2)==len(root1)==215 #they have the same keys True Note: (1) there are persistent dictionaries and lists in the original database_1.fs (2) both of them have the same length and the same indexes.

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  • What is the proper way to check the previous value of a field before saving an object? (Using Django

    - by anonymous coward
    I have a Django Model with updated_by and an approved_by fields, both are ForeignKey fields to the built-in (auth) User models. I am aware that with updated_by, it's easy enough to simply over-ride the .save() method on the Model, and shove the request.user in that field before saving. However, for approved_by, this field should only ever be filled in when a related field (date_approved) is first filled in. I'm somewhat certain that I can check this logically, and fill in the field if the previous value was empty. What is the proper way to check the previous value of a field before saving an object? I do not anticipate that date_approved will ever be changed or updated, nor should there be any reason to ever update the approved_by entry. UPDATE: Regarding forms/validation, I should have mentioned that none of the fields in question are seen by or editable by users of the site. If I have misunderstood, I'm sorry, but I'm not sure how forms and validation apply to my question.

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  • How to get attributes from parent?

    - by bribon
    Hi all, Let's say we have these classes: class Foo(object): _bar = "" def __init__(self): self.bar = "hello" def getBar(self): return self._bar def setBar(self, bar): self._bar = bar def getAttributes(self): for attr in self.__dict__: print attr bar = property(getBar, setBar) class Child(Foo): def __init__(self): super(Child, self).__init__() self.a = "" self.b = "" if I do something like: child = Child() child.getAttributes() I get all the attributes from parent and child. How could I get the attributes only from the parent? Thanks in advance!

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  • Running the same code for get(self) as post(self)

    - by Peter Farmer
    Its been mentioned in other answers about getting the same code running for both the def get(self) and the def post(self) for any given request. I was wondering what techniques people use, I was thinking of: class ListSubs(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): self._run() def post(self): self._run() def _run(self): self.response.out.write("This works nicely!")

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  • Pygame single push event

    - by Miller92Time
    in Pygame i am trying to translate an image by 10% in each direction using each arrow key. right now the code i am using moves the image as long as the key is pushed down, what I want is for it to move only once regardless if the key is still pushed down or not. if event.type == KEYDOWN: if (event.key == K_RIGHT): DISPLAYSURF.fill((255,255,255)) #Clears the screen translation_x(100) draw(1) if (event.key == K_LEFT): DISPLAYSURF.fill((255,255,255)) #Clears the screen translation_x(-100) draw(2) if (event.key == K_UP): DISPLAYSURF.fill((255,255,255)) #Clears the screen translation_y(100) draw(3) if (event.key == K_DOWN): DISPLAYSURF.fill((255,255,255)) #Clears the screen translation_y(-100) draw(4) is there a simpler way of implementing this besides using time.sleep

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  • how to make a thread of never stop, and write something to database every 10 second..

    - by zjm1126
    i using gae and django this is my code: class LogText(db.Model): content = db.StringProperty(multiline=True) class MyThread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self,threadname): threading.Thread.__init__(self, name=threadname) def run(self,request): log=LogText() log.content=request.POST.get('content',None) log.put() def Log(request): thr = MyThread('haha') thr.run(request) return HttpResponse('')

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  • How does git fetches commits associated to a file ?

    - by liadan
    I'm writing a simple parser of .git/* files. I covered almost everything, like objects, refs, pack files etc. But I have a problem. Let's say I have a big 300M repository (in a pack file) and I want to find out all the commits which changed /some/deep/inside/file file. What I'm doing now is: fetching last commit finding a file in it by: fetching parent tree finding out a tree inside recursively repeat until I get into the file additionally I'm checking hashes of each subfolders on my way to file. If one of them is the same as in commit before, I assume that file was not changed (because it's parent dir didn't change) then I store the hash of a file and fetch parent commit finding file again and check if hash change occurs if yes then original commit (i.e. one before parent) was changing a file And I repeat it over and over until I reach very first commit. This solution works, but it sucks. In worse case scenario, first search can take even 3 minutes (for 300M pack). Is there any way to speed it up ? I tried to avoid putting so large objects in memory, but right now I don't see any other way. And even that, initial memory load will take forever :( Greets and thanks for any help!

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