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• How do I create an ISO image from a directory structure on CentOS?

  - by tom smith

  I'm trying to figure out the exact mkisofs cmd to create the ISO with the following directory and file structure. I've tried different commands, but when I mount the ISO that is created the directory tree has not been reproduced. The initial directory tree is: master.iso:: mount -o loop /apps/vmware/master.iso /mnt/vmtest ls /mnt/vmtest isolinux ks.cfg upgra32 upgra64 upgrade.sh ls /mnt/vmtest/isolinux boot.cat initrd.img isolinux.bin isolinux.cfg vmlinuz I've used different variations of the following mkisofs command without success: mkisofs -o '/foo/test.iso' -b 'isolinux.bin' -c 'boot.cat' -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table 'isolinux' How do I make an ISO that captures a directory's exact structure?

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• Excel macro: Replace enitre cell contents; replace 1 but not 10, 11, 21 etc

  - by user65678

  I need to replace a large amount of numbers with words in an Excel spreadsheet. Eg: 1 = hello 12 = goodbye 4 = cat etc. I can do it with the standard search and replace, but i have a large list to work through (about 240 number/word combos), so i figured i would use a macro. I have this: Sub findreplacer() For Each mycell In Range("A1:A1000") mycell.Replace What:="1", Replacement:="hello" mycell.Replace What:="12", Replacement:="goodbye" mycell.Replace What:="4", Replacement:="cat" Next End Sub But it replaces the 1 in 12 so the cell reads hello2 instead of goodbye. How can i make it just affect cells that only contain the specific number, the way 'match entire cell contents' works? Any help appreciated.

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• Webserver: Performance impact when storing session files on /dev/shm

  - by GetFree

  I have a website runing on a typical setup: Linux, Apache, PHP, MySQL. However, what's not typical about it, is that it's getting tons of traffic (400,000+ visits a day) and so, efficiency is becoming more and more important to me. I'm constantly looking for things I could optimize and, right now, my attention is focused on PHP's session files. There's a hell lot of session files constantly being read and created on the /tmp directory. So my question is: Is it a good idea to store the session files in /dev/shm (tmpfs) in order to speed things up a little bit??

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• What can cause peaks in pagetables in /proc/meminfo ?

  - by Fuzzy76

  I have a gameserver running Debian Lenny on a VPS host. Even when experiencing a fairly low load, the players start experiencing major lag (ping times rise from 50 ms to 150-500 ms) in bursts of 3 - 10 seconds. I have installed Munin server monitoring, but when looking at the graphs it looks like the server has plenty of CPU, RAM and bandwidth available. The only weird thing I noticed is some peaks in the memory graph attributed to "page_tables" which maps to PageTables in /proc/meminfo but I can't find any good information on what this might mean. Any ideas what might be causing this? If you need any more graps, just let me know. The interrupts/second count is at roughly 400-600 during this period (nearly all from eth0). The drop in committed was caused by me trying to lower the allocated memory for the server from 512MB to 256MB, but that didn't seem to help.

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• Hiera + Puppet classes

  - by Amadan

  I'm trying to figure out Puppet (3.0) and how it relates to built-in Hiera. So this is what I tried, an extremely simple example (I'll make a more complex hierarchy when I manage to get the simple one working): # /etc/puppet/hiera.yaml :backends: - yaml :hierarchy: - common :yaml: :datadir: /etc/puppet/hieradata # /etc/puppet/hieradata/common.yaml test::param: value # /etc/puppet/modules/test/manifests/init.pp class test ($param) { notice($param) } # /etc/puppet/manifests/site.pp include test If I directly apply it, it's fine: $ puppet apply /etc/puppet/manifests/site.pp Scope(Class[Test]): value If I go through puppet master, it's not fine: $ puppet agent --test Could not retrieve catalog from remote server: Error 400 on SERVER: Must pass param to Class[Test] at /etc/puppet/manifests/site.pp:1 on node <nodename> What am I missing? EDIT: I just left the office but a thought struck me: I should probably restart puppet master so it can see the new hiera.conf. I'll try that on Monday; in the meantime, if anyone figures out some not-it problem, I'd appreciate it :)

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• Xen HVM guest has severe clock drift

  - by ipartola

  I am seeing a very severe clock drift on my Xen HVM VPS, rented from a hosting provider, so I don't have access to the dom0 system. I continuously run ntpd, but the clock drifts by as much as 30 seconds in 5 minutes and NTP cannot keep up. Has anyone experienced this? Here are some details: $ dmesg | grep clock [ 0.160000] Measured 347 cycles TSC warp between CPUs, turning off TSC clock. [ 0.396000] * this clock source is slow. Consider trying other clock sources [ 0.550448] Switching to clocksource acpi_pm [ 0.653135] rtc_cmos 00:05: setting system clock to 2011-03-09 02:45:40 UTC (1299638740) $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource acpi_pm $ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource acpi_pm

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• ISCSI: Ethernet cable maximum length vs. SCSI command timeout

  - by Jeremy Hajek

  I have a question about a non-optimal setup and the practical implications of this. Ideally you would place the ESXi server right in the same room as the FreeNas white box end of question. My situation is this: I have a run of ~125ft of Cat 5e connecting a ESXi server to a FreeNas whitebox in the server room. I know the distance of the ethernet cable is within the maximum distance for ethernet traffic but I have two questions... Can Cat 5e support gigbit speeds at that distance if the switch on the back end is a linksys SRW-2048? Should I be concerned about the distance causing data read and write timeouts in the SCSI portion--(disk operations of the ESXi)?

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• Advise on a 240,000 sqft outdoor wireless network

  - by whlspacedude

  I would be very appreciative of some advice in the purchase of equipment to provide a wireless network that covers the entire area of an outdoor arena. The area is rectangular-ish in shape. 400ft wide and 600ft long. It has 6 light towers, 1 on each of the 400 foot ends and 2 on each of the 600 foot ends. I can mount on anything and spend as much money as needed. The needs of the network would be to provide access for, up to 15 wireless HD cameras with audio, and a public-wifi network. Can someone point me in the right direction as far as equipment and antennas ? I can provide any additional information that you may need.

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• Is it possible to add tcp autotuning to windows xp?

  - by Caspin

  I have a network application that needs to send messages at 60 times a second. The messages are usually 300-400 bytes, but can be as large as 1500. The default setting for SO_SNDBUF is too small and limits the number of message that can be sent if the network latency is anything greater then 100ms. The naive solution is to just bump the SO_SNDBUF size to to something large. However, depending on the latency and the packet size that could be anywhere from 64K to 8MB. One of Vista's new features is TCP autotuning. Autotuning monitors the tcp connection and dynamically adjust the buffer sizes to allow for optimal communication. I would like to use auto tuning on our windows xp machine so I don't need to guess what my buffers sizes should be. Is there a way to install either a microsoft or 3rd party tcp autotuner on windows xp?

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• Is it possible to add tcp autotuning to windows xp?

  - by Caspin

  I have a network application that needs to send messages at 60 times a second. The messages are usually 300-400 bytes, but can be as large as 1500. The default setting for SO_SNDBUF is too small and limits the number of message that can be sent if the network latency is anything greater then 100ms. The naive solution is to just bump the SO_SNDBUF size to to something large. However, depending on the latency and the packet size that could be anywhere from 64K to 8MB. One of Vista's new features is TCP autotuning. Autotuning monitors the tcp connection and dynamically adjust the buffer sizes to allow for optimal communication. I would like to use auto tuning on our windows xp machine so I don't need to guess what my buffers sizes should be. Is there a way to install either a microsoft or 3rd party tcp autotuner on windows xp?

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• How to make the jump from consumer support to enterprise support?

  - by Zac Cramer

  I am currently a high level consumer break/fix technician responsible for about 300-400 repairs a month. I am good at my job, but bored, and I want to move into the enterprise side of my company, dealing with Server 2008 R2 and exchange and switches and routers that cost more than I make in a month. How do I make this transition? Whats the best thing to learn first? Is there a standard trajectory for making this leap from consumer to business? I am full time employed, so going back to school is not a great option, but I have no life, so spending my nights and weekends reading and practicing is totally within my realm. I am basically overwhelmed by the number of things to learn, and looking for any advice you may have on the best way to proceed. PS - I apologize if this is a not quite the right forum for this, I know its not a technical question exactly, but I also know the sorts of people I want to answer this question are reading this website.

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• How can I prevent users from installing software?

  - by Cypher

  Our organization is a bit different than most. During certain times of the year, we grow to thousands of employees, and during off-times, less than a hundred. Over the course of a few years, many thousands of people have come and gone in our offices, and left their legacy behind in the form of all sorts of unwanted, unapproved, (and sometimes unlicensed) software installs on our desktops. We are currently installing redundant domain controllers and upgrading current servers, all running Windows Server 2008 Enterprise, and will eventually be able to run a pure 2008 DC network. With that in mind, what are our options in being able to lock down users, such that they cannot install unauthorized software on systems without the assistance (or authorization) of the IT group? We need to support approximately 400 desktops, so automation is key. I've taken note of the Software Restrictions we can implement via Group Policy, but that implies that we already know what users will be installing and attempting to run... not quite so elegant. Any ideas?

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• Ping Unknown Host on CentOS at EC2

  - by organicveggie

  Weird problem. We have a collection of servers running CentOS 5 on EC2. The setup includes two DNS servers and two LDAP servers. DNS has a CNAME pointing at the primary LDAP server. One machine (and only one machine) is giving me problems. I can ssh into the server using LDAP authentication. But once I'm on the machine, ping won't resolve the LDAP host even though DNS seems to work fine. Here's ping: $ ping ldap.mycompany.ec2 ping: unknown host ldap.mycompany.ec2 Here's the output of dig: $ dig ldap.mycompany.ec2 ; <<>> DiG 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_5.3 <<>> ldap.studyblue.ec2 ;; global options: printcmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 2893 ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;ldap.mycompany.ec2. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: ldap.mycompany.ec2. 3600 IN CNAME ec2-hostname.compute-1.amazonaws.com. ec2-hostname.compute-1.amazonaws.com. 55 IN A aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd ;; Query time: 12 msec ;; SERVER: 10.32.159.xxx#53(10.32.159.xxx) ;; WHEN: Tue May 31 11:16:30 2011 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 107 And here is resolv.conf: $ cat /etc/resolv.conf search mycompany.ec2 nameserver 10.32.159.xxx nameserver 10.244.19.yyy And here is my hosts file: $ cat /etc/hosts 10.122.15.zzz bamboo4 bamboo4.mycompany.ec2 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain And here's nsswitch.conf $ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf passwd: files ldap shadow: files ldap group: files ldap sudoers: ldap files hosts: files dns bootparams: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files ethers: files netmasks: files networks: files protocols: files rpc: files services: files netgroup: files ldap publickey: nisplus automount: files ldap aliases: files nisplus So DNS works the way I would expect. And I can ping the ldap server by ip address. And I can even access the box with SSH using LDAP authentication. Any suggestions?

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• Network Drive Via Ethernet Port for Speed?

  - by Yar

  I have a Macbook with Firewire 400 and USB 2.0, so the only way I can get fast external storage is through the Ethernet port. A really fast firewire 800 drive on ANOTHER computer is actually much faster than the built-in drive (according to XBench). So I thought I would try to go one better and buy an ethernet-ready drive. I bought a Seagate GoFlex™ Home Network Storage System, and it seems like the only way to get it to work is to plug it into a router. Can this drive be used without a router (i.e., direct to computer)? Are there any drives that can be plugged directly into the ethernet port for fast access? I don't want the drive on my router: I want it on my computer. Ideally I'd need 7200rpm or faster, too... Update: Just chatted with Seagate and they said that this particular drive will not work that way. Will any others?

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• How do I run strace or ltrace on Tomcat Catalina?

  - by flashnode

  Running ltrace isn't trivial. This RHEL 5.3 system has based on a Tomcat Catalina (servlet container) which uses text scripts to tie everything together. When I tried to find an executable here's the rabbit hole I went down: /etc/init.d/pki-ca9 calls dtomcat5-pki-ca9 ]# Path to the tomcat launch script (direct don't use wrapper) TOMCAT_SCRIPT=/usr/bin/dtomcat5-pki-ca9 /usr/bin/dtomcat5-pki-ca9 calls a watchdog program /usr/bin/nuxwdog -f $FNAME I replaced nuxwdog with a wrapper [root@qantas]# cat /usr/bin/nuxwdog #!/bin/bash ltrace -e open -o /tmp/ltrace.$(date +%s) /usr/bin/nuxwdog.bak $@ [root@qantas]# service pki-ca9 start Starting pki-ca9: [ OK ] [root@qantas]# cat /tmp/ltrace.1295036985 +++ exited (status 1) +++ This is ugly. How do I run strace or ltrace in tomcat?

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• Ubuntu problem not connecting to wireless or wired network

  - by ToughPal

  I recently installed openvpn and things were working. But I got a weird screen after a few hours and on restart my wired and wireless connections are not working. Can someone help? cat /etc/network/interfaces auto lo iface lo inet loopback cat /etc/resolv.conf #Generated by NetworkManager Is there anything missing? I tried both wired and wireless and both are not working. Usually if I ever have a problem with wireless, the wired always work! My /etc/network/interfaces is looking wrong. Can you please send me yours? I am using ubuntu 9.10 and the internet was working correctly until today! Please help

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• SSL client auth in nginx with multiple server section

  - by Bastien974

  I want to implement ssl_verify_client in nginx. This works perfectly when I only have one server section, which listen to 443. In my case I have multiple, all listening on 443 but to different server_name. For one particular server (proxy.mydomain.com), I'm adding the SSL client verify, but when I test the connectivity with openssl s_client -connect proxy.mydomain.com:443 -cert xxx.crt -key xxx.key and then do a GET / HTTP/1.1 host: proxy.mydomain.com It's not working, 400 No required SSL certificate was sent I think nginx is not receiving the proper server_name and is directing it to the first server listening to 443. So I tried to listen on another port and it worked right away. What's the issue and how can I fix it ?

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• Grep all files in a directory and print matches with file name

  - by javanix

  I have a list of log files that I create as part of a video encoding script that I wrote. I would like to search all of them and print out certain statistics from the encode - how fast they were encoded, what settings were used, etc. I can search for the average framerate in one file via this 1 liner: cat ${filename} | grep average which outputs: work: average encoding speed for job is 23.211176 fps and search for the ratefactor: cat ${filename} | grep RF I would like to search all files in the directory and print off one, or prefereably both pieces of information along with the filename. Is there any way I can use find or grep to get this in a one-liner, or do I need to write a script? I would like output like this: /home/javanix/filename.log <RF line> <average line> I would like this to either work using FreeBSD 9 or Ubuntu 12.04.

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• How do I analyze an Apache Bench result?

  - by Alan Hoffmeister

  I need some help with analyzing a log from Apache Bench: Benchmarking texteli.com (be patient) Completed 100 requests Completed 200 requests Completed 300 requests Completed 400 requests Completed 500 requests Completed 600 requests Completed 700 requests Completed 800 requests Completed 900 requests Completed 1000 requests Finished 1000 requests Server Software: Server Hostname: texteli.com Server Port: 80 Document Path: /4f84b59c557eb79321000dfa Document Length: 13400 bytes Concurrency Level: 200 Time taken for tests: 37.030 seconds Complete requests: 1000 Failed requests: 0 Write errors: 0 Total transferred: 13524000 bytes HTML transferred: 13400000 bytes Requests per second: 27.01 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 7406.024 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 37.030 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 356.66 [Kbytes/sec] received Connection Times (ms) min mean[+/-sd] median max Connect: 27 37 19.5 34 319 Processing: 80 6273 1673.7 6907 8987 Waiting: 47 3436 2085.2 3345 8856 Total: 115 6310 1675.8 6940 9022 Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms) 50% 6940 66% 6968 75% 6988 80% 7007 90% 7025 95% 7078 98% 8410 99% 8876 100% 9022 (longest request) What this results can tell me? Isn't 27 rps too slow?

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• Are there any command line utilities which can calculate and/or limit how fast a pipe is running?

  - by stsquad

  I'm doing some basic stress testing of a Linux kernel network IWF with netcat. The set-up is fairly simple. On the target side: nc -l -p 10000 > /dev/null And on my desktop I was running: cat /dev/urandom | nc 192.168.0.20 10000 I'm using urandom for some poor-mans fuzz testing. However I find that even at this rate I can break something quite quickly. EDIT So I've been playing with trickle to rate limit how fast I'm generating data: cat /dev/urandom | trickle -u 10 nc 192.168.0.20 10000 But it's hard to tell if this is working. What would be really useful is a the pv equivilent of trickle that can work with pipes.

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• Slowness on Exchange 2007 Server (network related we think)

  - by Az

  We are seeing some odd behavior out of our exchange 2007 server. I believe it is network related as during the slowness in response from the exchange server. During these times downloading files to server is fraught with connection resets and extreme slow download speeds that are not affecting other servers right on the same subnet with the same gateway and ISP. We have about 50 users at a time using Outlook 2003 from a terminal server not displaying any other signs of slowness, all network slowness is confirmed trying downloads on the exchange server itself. Checked for virus issues, there are none. Checked for hardware issues, none found I am noticing between 200-400 TCPv4 connections established I am seeing around 100k tcpv4(active) connections according to perfmon are these numbers odd? Has anyone run into anything similar? Our server has a gigbabit NIC linked to a gigabit switch using cat6 so I do not believe it is "physical". Thanks!

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• reverse proxy http to tomcat

  - by John Q

  I've configured an Apache server with SSL and reverse proxy to a tomcat <VirtualHost domain.com:1443> [...] ProxyRequests Off ProxyPreserveHost On ProxyPass / http://local.com:8080/ ProxyPassReverse / http://local.com:8080 SSLEngine on [...] </VirtualHost> Tomcat is listening on 8080. The issue is that the app on tomcat is redirecting the request (HTTP 302 Moved temporairly). For example, if I use the URL https:// domain.com:1443/folder, reverse proxy launch the request http:// local.com:8080/folder, then, the app redirect to "/subfolder", so the final request is: http://domain.com:1443/folder/subfolder. Result is a 400 Bad request error code, as the request is HTTP on my SSL port. Do you know how I can fix this issue ? Thanks in advance.

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• High load on a nagios server -- How many service checks for a nagios server is too many?

  - by Josh

  I have a nagios server running Ubuntu with a 2.0 GHz Intel Processor, a RAID10 array, and 400 MB of RAM. It monitors a total of 42 services across 8 hosts, most of which are checked using the check_http plugin even 5 minutes, some every minute. Recently the load on the nagios server has been above 4, often as high as 6. The server also runs cacti, gathering statistics every minute for 6 hosts. I wonder, how many services should hardware like this be able to handle? Is the load so high because I am pushing the limits of the hardware, or should this hardware be able to handle 42 service checks plus cacti? If the hardware is inadequate, should I look to add more RAM, more cores, or faster cores? What hardware / service checks are others running?

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• df command show no output

  - by user119720

  I'm running the linux distro on my server.When i want to verify the size of the disk, i'm issuing this commnand to get the output. df -h But it does not produce ANY output.Strangely enough when i'm issuing other command such as fdisk -l or du -h it can show output normally. Does anyone now why is this happening?Thanks. edit: here is the output of cat /etc/fstab none /dev/pts devpts rw 0 0 and this is for mount command none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc tpe binfmt_misc (rw) edit(2): here is the output of cat /proc/mounts /dev/vzfs / vzfs rw,relatime,usrquota,grpquota 0 0 proc /proc proc rw,relatime 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /dev/tmpfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /dev/pts devpts rw,relatime 0 0 none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_msc rw,relatime 0 0

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• Amazon EC2: how to find out detailed CPU usage?

  - by j0nes

  I am running several EC2 instances, and I want to know the exact work my CPU is doing. On "normal" machines I am doing this with munin and its CPU plugin which looks at the statistics provided by /proc/stat. On my EC2 machines however, I get incorrect graphs. The machine has two cores, so the max CPU usage should be 200% - however it gets as high as 400%: I know that I should use Amazon CloudWatch to see the total CPU usage (and this is the official and recommended from Amazon way to do this), but I am specifically looking on how the CPU usage is spend (e.g. system, user, iowait). Is there a way to get detailed CPU usage statistics on EC2 instances?

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