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• How do ulimit -n and /proc/sys/fs/file-max differ?

  - by bantic

  I notice that on a new CentOS image that I just booted up off of EC2 that the ulimit default is 1024 open files, but /proc/sys/fs/file-max is set at 761,408 and I'm wondering how these two limits work together. I'm guessing that ulimit -n is a per-user limit of number of file descriptors while /proc/sys/fs/file-max is system-wide? If that's the case, say I've logged in twice as the same user -- does each logged-in user have a 1024 limit on number of open files, or is it a limit of 1024 combined open files between each of those logged-in users? And is there much performance impact to setting your max file descriptors to a very high number, if your system isn't ever opening very many files?

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• Forcing the from address when postfix relays over smtp

  - by John Whitlock

  I'm trying to get email reports from our AWS EC2 instances. We're using Exchange Online (part of Microsoft Online Services). I've setup a user account specifically for SMTP relaying, and I've setup Postfix to meet all the requirements to relay messages through this server. However, Exchange Online's SMTP server will reject messages unless the From address exactly matches the authentication address (the error message is 550 5.7.1 Client does not have permissions to send as this sender). With careful configuration, I can setup my services to send as this user. But I'm not a huge fan of being careful - I'd rather have postfix force the issue. Is there a way to do this?

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• Unable to ping remote server Nagios

  - by williamsowen

  We've recently set up Nagios on one of our Amazon EC2 instances to act as a monitoring server to our other instances. nrpe was installed on our staging server stager and appears to be working fine: monitoring_server~: /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_nrpe -H xx.xx.xx.xx -p 5666 NRPE v2.12 The issue is - when viewing the remote server stager within the Nagios admin screen - it appears to be 'DOWN'. The check_ping command reveals: monitoring_server~: /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_ping -H 'xx.xx.xx.xx' -w 5000,100% -c 5000,100% -p 1 PING CRITICAL - Packet loss = 100%|rta=5000.000000ms;5000.000000;5000.000000;0.000000 pl=100%;100;100;0 Can anyone provide some direction on how to get this working? Not sure what else to do

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• Restarting rsyslog re-sends logs again

  - by Jay Taylor

  I am running Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS on EC2. I have a bunch of application servers which are configured to forward their logs to a central server via rsyslog. Since putting in Nagios monitoring on the log files on the central server, I've been getting alerts indicating that particular application servers are failing to forward their logs to the centralized server. Logging into the machines and restarting the rsyslog service fixes the problem. However, rsyslog then re-transmits the logs again, resulting in duplicates on the collector. Why is it doing this?

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• Using Cygwin in Windows 8, chmod 600 does not work as expected?

  - by Castaa

  I'm trying to change the the permissions to my key file key.pem in Cygwin 1.7.11. It has the permissions flags: -rw-rw---- chmod -c 600 key.pem Reports: mode of 'key.pem' changed from 0660 (rw-rw----) to 0600 (rw-------) However: ls -l key.pem still reports key.pem's permission flags are still: -rw-rw---- This reason why I'm asking is that ssh is complaining: Permissions 0660 for 'key.pem' are too open. when I try to ssh into my Amazon EC2 instance. Is this an issue with Cygwin & Windows 8 NTFS or am I missing something?

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• What happens if an OpenStack cloud controller dies?

  - by magu

  I've been reading up on OpenStack and how we can re-create an EC2/S3-style cloud for our internal development and I'm having a hard time finding information on how the OpenStack cloud controller provides redundancy of the cloud management services. I know I can setup multiple Swift and Nova nodes, but not a single document/article/howto/wiki contains information on: a) what happens if the cloud controller node dies; and b) how to setup redundant cloud controllers. It seems to me that, although it is massively scalable, there is a big single-point-of-failure built into OpenStack. Can anyone with more experience on OpenStack please shed some light as to how it all works in regards to high-availability?

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• In Varnish, is it normal for the number of freed bytes to be 60% of those allocated?

  - by user331397

  I have an installation of Varnish 3.02 on an Amazon EC2 Medium Linux instance in front of two relatively low-traffic websites. After an uptime of 2 hours, there are 3400 objects in the cache. Using varnishstat, I checked the variables SMA.s0.c_bytes and SMA.s0.c_freed, which I assume correspond to the total number of bytes allocated since startup and the number freed, respectively. No objects should have had time to expire during these two hours, but still about 60% of the memory allocated since startup (330MB out of 560MB) has already been freed. Do you know if this is normal? If not, do you know what kind of configuration could be wrong?

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• startup cassandra layout

  - by davidkomer

  We've got a relatively low-traffic site (~1K pageviews/day) hosted on a single server, and expect it to grow significantly over the next few years. I'm thinking of moving over to Rackspace CloudServer or EC2 and firing up 3 nodes (all on CentOS): 2 x Web (Apache) - with loadbalancer 1 x MySQL (for the Wordpress powered part) The question is where to put Cassandra right now... Should it sit on each Web node, or the MySQL node? My thought right now is to put it on Web nodes. It's my understanding that Cassandra has the benefits of fault-tolerance (i.e. if we take a node down, the site is still operational). So even with only 2 nodes, we'd have that benefit as opposed to just putting it on the MySQL node. Also, as we scale up and add another node, a cassandra instance can come along with it and the php can always run its queries on localhost. Is this a good idea?

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• aws s3 works with script but not on cron

  - by user3800017

  guys.. My first post ! hope not the last .. I have few bunch of servers on aws ec2 platforms. I made a simple script to backup my custom logs on their s3 storage bucket. The problem is the script works fine .. but I tried to add it to the crontab. And the script executes but not the s3 sync/mv part ! Here is my code: NOW=$(date "+%b_%d_%Y") MY_HOSTNAME=`uname -n` mv /opt/req/req* /opt/req/bkup/ mv /opt/response/res* /opt/req/bkup/ cd /opt/req/bkup/ tar -cvf ${MY_HOSTNAME}_req_bkup_${NOW}.tar re* rm *.txt aws s3 mv /opt/req/bkup/* s3://req `

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• Nagios remote monitoring: NRPE Vs. SSH

  - by sam

  We use Nagios to monitor quite a few (~130) servers. We monitor CPU, Disk, RAM and a few other things on each server. I've always used SSH to run the remote commands, purely because it requires little to no additional config on the remote server, just install nagios-plugins, create the nagios user and add the SSH key, all of which I've automated into a shell script. I've never actually considered the performance implications of using SSH over NRPE. I'm not too bothered about the load hit on the Nagios server (It's probably over-speced for what it does, it's never been over 10% CPU), but we run each remote check every 30 seconds and each server has 5 different checks performed. I assume SSH requires more resources for each check but is there a huge difference? (I.E. enough of a difference to warrant the switch to NRPE). If it's any help, we monitor a mix of physical servers (Normally with 8, 12 or 16 physical cores) and Amazon EC2 medium/large instances.

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• MapReduce job is hung after 1 of 5 reducers completed on single-node environment

  - by Marboni

  I have only one Data Node on my dev environment on EC2. I ran heavy MR job and in 6 hours noticed that 100% of mappers and 20% of reducers finished (1 of reducer shows 100% competition, other ones - 0%). Looks like job is hung between 2 reducer runs. I don't see any errors in log files. What it can be? P.S. Last logs of successfully finished reducer: 2012-11-09 11:29:21,576 INFO org.apache.hadoop.mapred.Task: Task:attempt_201211090523_0004_r_000000_0 is done. And is in the process of commiting 2012-11-09 11:29:22,692 INFO org.apache.hadoop.mapred.Task: Task attempt_201211090523_0004_r_000000_0 is allowed to commit now 2012-11-09 11:29:22,719 INFO org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputCommitter: Saved output of task 'attempt_201211090523_0004_r_000000_0' to /data/output/1352457275873/20121109-053433-common 2012-11-09 11:29:22,721 INFO org.apache.hadoop.mapred.Task: Task 'attempt_201211090523_0004_r_000000_0' done. 2012-11-09 11:29:22,725 INFO org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TaskLogsTruncater: Initializing logs' truncater with mapRetainSize=-1 and reduceRetainSize=-1

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• Installing a fake microphone on Windows Server.

  - by Adrian

  My application, that is running on Windows Server (which is an instance on Amazon EC2) requires Skype to be able to make phone calls. The server, of course, does not have a microphone installed and I don't need it to have one, because my application changes the input source to a wav file when the call is established. However, Skype has a strict rule that a microphone must be installed for a call to be made. Thus I want to install a fake microphone that will trick Skype's configuration. So far, I was able to start and run the Windows Sound service, which enabled all of the sound settings. Any ideas are very welcome!

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• HAProxy being killed with more that 54,000 connections

  - by Olly

  I am trying to run HAProxy (1.4.8) on a EC2 machine running Ubuntu 10.04. I need HAProxy to be able to handle many thousands of long-running persistent connections (websockets). With the current setup HAProxy gets killed at around 54,300 connections (roughly). If I am running HAProxy in the foreground, the only output is "Killed". Am I right in thinking this is the Kernel killing the process? Is this because it is out of resources? Can I increase the resources? The CPU and memory consumption are low with 50,000 connections, so I don't suspect either of these. How can I prevent this from happening?

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• Replicate portion of an LDAP directory to external server

  - by colemanm

  We're in the process of setting up a Jabber server on Amazon EC2 right now, and we'd like to have our internal users authenticate via LDAP so we don't have to create/manage a separate set of user accounts than the master directory in the office. My question is: is there a way to copy, unidirectionally, a segment of our internal LDAP directory (the user accounts OU) to an external LDAP server and authenticate Jabber against that? We're trying to work around having our externally hosted machines out in the cloud accessing our internal network directly... If we can replicate in one direction only a subset of the user accounts, then if that gets compromised we don't necessarily have a critical security breach into our internal network.

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• raid 5 creation (using mdadm) lots of read/writes on creation: is this normal?

  - by Gbrits

  I created a software raid 5 disk using: mdadm -C /dev/md2 -l5 -n4 /dev/sd[i-l] at the same time I'm using dstat to see io-activity: dstat -c -d -D total,sda1,md2,sdi,sdj,sdk,sdl -l -m -n and notice that disks sd[i-k] are all read from and sdl is written to. Now, I do understand that raid5 has to be configured, but it takes a really long time and all disks are clean & formatted (using xfs) so I figure there might be some kind of shortcut to skip (unnecessary? ) checking.. Is it? The creation is part of a time-critical nightly batch-process (run on amazon ec2) so it's not a one-time thing. Thanks, Geert-Jan

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• PostgreSQL 9.0 HA load balancing between servers

  - by Vijay Ramachandran

  Hey folks, I'm bashing my head to configure load balancing stuff between two database servers. I have no clue whether, I can find any mechanism to implement this. I already tried to implement Heart beat clustering but it requires virtual Ip wherein I can't create virtual IP or assign my own IP address in amazon EC2. Is there a way to configure PostgreSQL database servers in similar to Amazon load balancing kind of thing ? If so, please suggest the solution. Thanks in advance.

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• gmetric data submitted doesn't follow dmax value

  - by 580farm

  I have a custom script that is querying a metric port for an application that I'm running and submitting parsed values to ganglia via gmetric. The script runs every minute, so I submit the data to ganglia using the following gmetric options: /usr/sbin/gmetric -g ec2 -s positive -t uint32 -d 600 -n "$NAME" -v $VALUE -x 60 But for some reason there are still gaps in the graphing data: Is there something in my formatting that is preventing the dmax/ttl of the last metric received from being honored? Is there anyone who does custom metric collection that has run into this problem before that can shed some insight or provide some tips as to how to best correct this?

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• Wordpress serving PHP but not CSS or JS

  - by Jason

  I'm trying to set up an Amazon EC2 instance to run a Django app and a WP instance side by side, differing only by the incoming URL. Initially, accessing the site via mysite.com/wordpress worked, but I also needed to catch the incoming requests from a subdomain address blog.mysite.com. To do that, I created a default file in /etc/apache2/sites-enabled and included two virtualhost directives, one of which was <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName www.blog.mysite.com <Directory /var/www/wordpress> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory> </VirtualHost> This created some errors with the other virtualhost, so I restored the default 000-default file configuration and restarted. Now, accessing mysite.com/wordpress takes forever, and even then the CSS and JS files are not loading. Iside the Firebug Net tab, I can see the HTML response, but the CSS and JS files are not loading at all. What happened here?

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• How do I correctly display special characters in my Firefox browser?

  - by BrianH

  (Firefox 3.6.13 on Windows XP) Every once in a while I notice an odd character on certain web pages when browsing the web. It is a outline of a box with a 4-digit number inside. And example of a page that has these characters is: http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/#highlights After each section heading (Elastic, Completely Controlled, ...) I see a box with the number "0096" inside. I looked at the cached version on Google, and google has &ndash; in it's place, so I'm guessing I should be seeing a dash there instead of the box with the numbers in it. I have tried changing the character encoding in Firefox but haven't been able to find one that shows these characters correctly. Is there a way to allow Firefox to view these characters? Thanks in advance!

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• Network Path not found while joining Active Directory

  - by Chiggins

  So I have an Amazon EC2 box running Windows Server 2008 with Active Directory installed on it. I also have a Windows 7 virtual machine, which is set to use the Active Directory box as its DNS and WINS server. I'm trying to join the virtual machine to the domain, and I'm asked for authentication. I give authentication, wait a minute, and I get an error saying: The following error occurred attempting to join the domain "ad.chigs.me": The network path was not found. How can I fix this so that I'll be able to join the domain? Thanks!

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• Cron process not starting

  - by vkris

  I have an ec2 image created with cron jobs. These jobs fail to run; I discovered the cron process in itself has not started. So, I included /usr/sbin/cron in /etc/rc.d/rc.local and created another image. But still for some reason the cron process does not start on bootup. If I restart the machine, the cron process runs. It doesn't run when it boots up! Any reason why this is happening? Also, is there any other alternatives for this ?

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• Windows Server R2 Task Scheduler - Open Programs On Startup

  - by Markive

  I want Fiddler and some other programs to run on startup, so it's there and running every time I bring up an instance of my test server on EC2. There's a few questions about running scripts on Startup with Task Scheduler, but this needs to work slightly differently. I have set this up to run on startup but when I RDP into the server I can see Fiddler is running in Task Manager (so I can't manually run a second instance of the program), but it's not viewable on the task bar? So I can't actually see the interface? Here's my setup: General Tab Running with highest privileges Run whether user is logged on or not Configure for Windows 2008 server R2 Triggers Tab At startup Others are obvious and defaults.. What am I doing wrong?

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• How can one domain route to an always-changing pool of servers?

  - by ryeguy

  I'm sure this is an easy solution, I'm just not too familiar with how DNS works or if that's even related to this problem. If I'm running a web service on amazon ec2, distributed across many instances, how can I make it so a single domain name can be used to access the entire pool of servers, which will be changing from time to time? Since the instances may be present one second but gone the next (and vice versa), I need a way to randomly pick an active member of the cluster to route to. The updates would have to be instantaneous. Is this even possible, with dns caching and all?

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• How do you move files to Windows Server 2008 cloud server from local computer?

  - by Mausimo

  I recently setup a Windows 2008 R2 server on Amazon EC2. I now want to move an application I created on my local desktop to this server. However, having never done this before I have no idea how to transfer files from my local desktop to the online server. What is the standard convention for transferring files from local machine to the server? As a side note, why can I not download the .NET framework 4 .exe file? Clicking the download link does nothing... (it is already a trusted site)

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• How to Increase Memory Allocated to IIS .NET Application?

  - by Mark Hansen

  We are using Windows 2008 R2 and IIS 7 running on Amazon EC2. IIS is running a single .NET application written in C#. We are having performance issues and I want to give the application more memory, but I cannot figure out how to do it. How do I control the amount of memory that the CLR gets? I'm a total newbie with IIS, .NET and the CLR. If I were working with Java, I would just use the -Xmx flag to increase the memory available to the JVM (e.g., -Xmx3000m for 3GB). But, I cannot seem to figure out how to do this in the Windows world.

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