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• possible to have a background color transition from color A to color B without repeating a pixel sti

  - by Andrew Heath

  For things like menubars and headers, a background color is nice. But a background color that gracefully transitions from say Blue to White is even nicer. I know this can be done by making a 1-pixel wide, X-pixel tall image file containing the desired fade and repeating it across the div, but does CSS have native support to just define colors and be done with it? Can any other language handle this?

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• Building applications with WCF - Intro

  - by skjagini

  I am going to write series of articles using Windows Communication Framework (WCF) to develop client and server applications and this is the first part of that series. What is WCF As Juwal puts in his Programming WCF book, WCF provides an SDK for developing and deploying services on Windows, provides runtime environment to expose CLR types as services and consume services as CLR types. Building services with WCF is incredibly easy and it’s implementation provides a set of industry standards and off the shelf plumbing including service hosting, instance management, reliability, transaction management, security etc such that it greatly increases productivity Scenario: Lets consider a typical bank customer trying to create an account, deposit amount and transfer funds between accounts, i.e. checking and savings. To make it interesting, we are going to divide the functionality into multiple services and each of them working with database directly. We will run test cases with and without transactional support across services. In this post we will build contracts, services, data access layer, unit tests to verify end to end communication etc, nothing big stuff here and we dig into other features of the WCF in subsequent posts with incremental changes. In any distributed architecture we have two pieces i.e. services and clients. Services as the name implies provide functionality to execute various pieces of business logic on the server, and clients providing interaction to the end user. Services can be built with Web Services or with WCF. Service built on WCF have the advantage of binding independent, i.e. can run against TCP and HTTP protocol without any significant changes to the code. Solution Services Profile: For creating a new bank customer, getting details about existing customer ProfileContract ProfileService Checking Account: To get checking account balance, deposit or withdraw amount CheckingAccountContract CheckingAccountService Savings Account: To get savings account balance, deposit or withdraw amount SavingsAccountContract SavingsAccountService ServiceHost: To host services, i.e. running the services at particular address, binding and contract where client can connect to Client: Helps end user to use services like creating account and amount transfer between the accounts BankDAL: Data access layer to work with database     BankDAL It’s no brainer not to use an ORM as many matured products are available currently in market including Linq2Sql, Entity Framework (EF), LLblGenPro etc. For this exercise I am going to use Entity Framework 4.0, CTP 5 with code first approach. There are two approaches when working with data, data driven and code driven. In data driven we start by designing tables and their constrains in database and generate entities in code while in code driven (code first) approach entities are defined in code and the metadata generated from the entities is used by the EF to create tables and table constrains. In previous versions the entity classes had  to derive from EF specific base classes. In EF 4 it  is not required to derive from any EF classes, the entities are not only persistence ignorant but also enable full test driven development using mock frameworks.  Application consists of 3 entities, Customer entity which contains Customer details; CheckingAccount and SavingsAccount to hold the respective account balance. We could have introduced an Account base class for CheckingAccount and SavingsAccount which is certainly possible with EF mappings but to keep it simple we are just going to follow 1 –1 mapping between entity and table mappings. Lets start out by defining a class called Customer which will be mapped to Customer table, observe that the class is simply a plain old clr object (POCO) and has no reference to EF at all. using System;   namespace BankDAL.Model { public class Customer { public int Id { get; set; } public string FullName { get; set; } public string Address { get; set; } public DateTime DateOfBirth { get; set; } } }   In order to inform EF about the Customer entity we have to define a database context with properties of type DbSet<> for every POCO which needs to be mapped to a table in database. EF uses convention over configuration to generate the metadata resulting in much less configuration. using System.Data.Entity;   namespace BankDAL.Model { public class BankDbContext: DbContext { public DbSet<Customer> Customers { get; set; } } }   Entity constrains can be defined through attributes on Customer class or using fluent syntax (no need to muscle with xml files), CustomerConfiguration class. By defining constrains in a separate class we can maintain clean POCOs without corrupting entity classes with database specific information.   using System; using System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration;   namespace BankDAL.Model { public class CustomerConfiguration: EntityTypeConfiguration<Customer> { public CustomerConfiguration() { Initialize(); }   private void Initialize() { //Setting the Primary Key this.HasKey(e => e.Id);   //Setting required fields this.HasRequired(e => e.FullName); this.HasRequired(e => e.Address); //Todo: Can't create required constraint as DateOfBirth is not reference type, research it //this.HasRequired(e => e.DateOfBirth); } } }   Any queries executed against Customers property in BankDbContext are executed against Cusomers table. By convention EF looks for connection string with key of BankDbContext when working with the context.   We are going to define a helper class to work with Customer entity with methods for querying, adding new entity etc and these are known as repository classes, i.e., CustomerRepository   using System; using System.Data.Entity; using System.Linq; using BankDAL.Model;   namespace BankDAL.Repositories { public class CustomerRepository { private readonly IDbSet<Customer> _customers;   public CustomerRepository(BankDbContext bankDbContext) { if (bankDbContext == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(); _customers = bankDbContext.Customers; }   public IQueryable<Customer> Query() { return _customers; }   public void Add(Customer customer) { _customers.Add(customer); } } }   From the above code it is observable that the Query methods returns customers as IQueryable i.e. customers are retrieved only when actually used i.e. iterated. Returning as IQueryable also allows to execute filtering and joining statements from business logic using lamba expressions without cluttering the data access layer with tens of methods.   Our CheckingAccountRepository and SavingsAccountRepository look very similar to each other using System; using System.Data.Entity; using System.Linq; using BankDAL.Model;   namespace BankDAL.Repositories { public class CheckingAccountRepository { private readonly IDbSet<CheckingAccount> _checkingAccounts;   public CheckingAccountRepository(BankDbContext bankDbContext) { if (bankDbContext == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(); _checkingAccounts = bankDbContext.CheckingAccounts; }   public IQueryable<CheckingAccount> Query() { return _checkingAccounts; }   public void Add(CheckingAccount account) { _checkingAccounts.Add(account); }   public IQueryable<CheckingAccount> GetAccount(int customerId) { return (from act in _checkingAccounts where act.CustomerId == customerId select act); }   } } The repository classes look very similar to each other for Query and Add methods, with the help of C# generics and implementing repository pattern (Martin Fowler) we can reduce the repeated code. Jarod from ElegantCode has posted an article on how to use repository pattern with EF which we will implement in the subsequent articles along with WCF Unity life time managers by Drew Contracts It is very easy to follow contract first approach with WCF, define the interface and append ServiceContract, OperationContract attributes. IProfile contract exposes functionality for creating customer and getting customer details.   using System; using System.ServiceModel; using BankDAL.Model;   namespace ProfileContract { [ServiceContract] public interface IProfile { [OperationContract] Customer CreateCustomer(string customerName, string address, DateTime dateOfBirth);   [OperationContract] Customer GetCustomer(int id);   } }   ICheckingAccount contract exposes functionality for working with checking account, i.e., getting balance, deposit and withdraw of amount. ISavingsAccount contract looks the same as checking account.   using System.ServiceModel;   namespace CheckingAccountContract { [ServiceContract] public interface ICheckingAccount { [OperationContract] decimal? GetCheckingAccountBalance(int customerId);   [OperationContract] void DepositAmount(int customerId,decimal amount);   [OperationContract] void WithdrawAmount(int customerId, decimal amount);   } }   Services   Having covered the data access layer and contracts so far and here comes the core of the business logic, i.e. services.   .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } ProfileService implements the IProfile contract for creating customer and getting customer detail using CustomerRepository. using System; using System.Linq; using System.ServiceModel; using BankDAL; using BankDAL.Model; using BankDAL.Repositories; using ProfileContract;   namespace ProfileService { [ServiceBehavior(IncludeExceptionDetailInFaults = true)] public class Profile: IProfile { public Customer CreateAccount( string customerName, string address, DateTime dateOfBirth) { Customer cust = new Customer { FullName = customerName, Address = address, DateOfBirth = dateOfBirth };   using (var bankDbContext = new BankDbContext()) { new CustomerRepository(bankDbContext).Add(cust); bankDbContext.SaveChanges(); } return cust; }   public Customer CreateCustomer(string customerName, string address, DateTime dateOfBirth) { return CreateAccount(customerName, address, dateOfBirth); } public Customer GetCustomer(int id) { return new CustomerRepository(new BankDbContext()).Query() .Where(i => i.Id == id).FirstOrDefault(); }   } } From the above code you shall observe that we are calling bankDBContext’s SaveChanges method and there is no save method specific to customer entity because EF manages all the changes centralized at the context level and all the pending changes so far are submitted in a batch and it is represented as Unit of Work. Similarly Checking service implements ICheckingAccount contract using CheckingAccountRepository, notice that we are throwing overdraft exception if the balance falls by zero. WCF has it’s own way of raising exceptions using fault contracts which will be explained in the subsequent articles. SavingsAccountService is similar to CheckingAccountService. using System; using System.Linq; using System.ServiceModel; using BankDAL.Model; using BankDAL.Repositories; using CheckingAccountContract;   namespace CheckingAccountService { [ServiceBehavior(IncludeExceptionDetailInFaults = true)] public class Checking:ICheckingAccount { public decimal? GetCheckingAccountBalance(int customerId) { using (var bankDbContext = new BankDbContext()) { CheckingAccount account = (new CheckingAccountRepository(bankDbContext) .GetAccount(customerId)).FirstOrDefault();   if (account != null) return account.Balance;   return null; } }   public void DepositAmount(int customerId, decimal amount) { using(var bankDbContext = new BankDbContext()) { var checkingAccountRepository = new CheckingAccountRepository(bankDbContext); CheckingAccount account = (checkingAccountRepository.GetAccount(customerId)) .FirstOrDefault();   if (account == null) { account = new CheckingAccount() { CustomerId = customerId }; checkingAccountRepository.Add(account); }   account.Balance = account.Balance + amount; if (account.Balance < 0) throw new ApplicationException("Overdraft not accepted");   bankDbContext.SaveChanges(); } } public void WithdrawAmount(int customerId, decimal amount) { DepositAmount(customerId, -1*amount); } } }   BankServiceHost The host acts as a glue binding contracts with it’s services, exposing the endpoints. The services can be exposed either through the code or configuration file, configuration file is preferred as it allows run time changes to service behavior even after deployment. We have 3 services and for each of the service you need to define name (the class that implements the service with fully qualified namespace) and endpoint known as ABC, i.e. address, binding and contract. We are using netTcpBinding and have defined the base address with for each of the contracts .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } <system.serviceModel> <services> <service name="ProfileService.Profile"> <endpoint binding="netTcpBinding" contract="ProfileContract.IProfile"/> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:1000/Profile"/> </baseAddresses> </host> </service> <service name="CheckingAccountService.Checking"> <endpoint binding="netTcpBinding" contract="CheckingAccountContract.ICheckingAccount"/> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:1000/Checking"/> </baseAddresses> </host> </service> <service name="SavingsAccountService.Savings"> <endpoint binding="netTcpBinding" contract="SavingsAccountContract.ISavingsAccount"/> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:1000/Savings"/> </baseAddresses> </host> </service> </services> </system.serviceModel> Have to open the services by creating service host which will handle the incoming requests from clients.   using System;   namespace ServiceHost { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { CreateHosts(); Console.ReadLine(); }   private static void CreateHosts() { CreateHost(typeof(ProfileService.Profile),"Profile Service"); CreateHost(typeof(SavingsAccountService.Savings), "Savings Account Service"); CreateHost(typeof(CheckingAccountService.Checking), "Checking Account Service"); }   private static void CreateHost(Type type, string hostDescription) { System.ServiceModel.ServiceHost host = new System.ServiceModel.ServiceHost(type); host.Open();   if (host.ChannelDispatchers != null && host.ChannelDispatchers.Count != 0 && host.ChannelDispatchers[0].Listener != null) Console.WriteLine("Started: " + host.ChannelDispatchers[0].Listener.Uri); else Console.WriteLine("Failed to start:" + hostDescription); } } } BankClient    The client has no knowledge about service business logic other than the functionality it exposes through the contract, end points and a proxy to work against. The endpoint data and server proxy can be generated by right clicking on the project reference and choosing ‘Add Service Reference’ and entering the service end point address. Or if you have access to source, you can manually reference contract dlls and update clients configuration file to point to the service end point if the server and client happens to be being built using .Net framework. One of the pros with the manual approach is you don’t have to work against messy code generated files.   <system.serviceModel> <client> <endpoint name="tcpProfile" address="net.tcp://localhost:1000/Profile" binding="netTcpBinding" contract="ProfileContract.IProfile"/> <endpoint name="tcpCheckingAccount" address="net.tcp://localhost:1000/Checking" binding="netTcpBinding" contract="CheckingAccountContract.ICheckingAccount"/> <endpoint name="tcpSavingsAccount" address="net.tcp://localhost:1000/Savings" binding="netTcpBinding" contract="SavingsAccountContract.ISavingsAccount"/>   </client> </system.serviceModel> The client uses a façade to connect to the services   using System.ServiceModel; using CheckingAccountContract; using ProfileContract; using SavingsAccountContract;   namespace Client { public class ProxyFacade { public static IProfile ProfileProxy() { return (new ChannelFactory<IProfile>("tcpProfile")).CreateChannel(); }   public static ICheckingAccount CheckingAccountProxy() { return (new ChannelFactory<ICheckingAccount>("tcpCheckingAccount")) .CreateChannel(); }   public static ISavingsAccount SavingsAccountProxy() { return (new ChannelFactory<ISavingsAccount>("tcpSavingsAccount")) .CreateChannel(); }   } }   With that in place, lets get our unit tests going   using System; using System.Diagnostics; using BankDAL.Model; using NUnit.Framework; using ProfileContract;   namespace Client { [TestFixture] public class Tests { private void TransferFundsFromSavingsToCheckingAccount(int customerId, decimal amount) { ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().DepositAmount(customerId, amount); ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().WithdrawAmount(customerId, amount); }   private void TransferFundsFromCheckingToSavingsAccount(int customerId, decimal amount) { ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().DepositAmount(customerId, amount); ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().WithdrawAmount(customerId, amount); }     [Test] public void CreateAndGetProfileTest() { IProfile profile = ProxyFacade.ProfileProxy(); const string customerName = "Tom"; int customerId = profile.CreateCustomer(customerName, "NJ", new DateTime(1982, 1, 1)).Id; Customer customer = profile.GetCustomer(customerId); Assert.AreEqual(customerName,customer.FullName); }   [Test] public void DepositWithDrawAndTransferAmountTest() { IProfile profile = ProxyFacade.ProfileProxy(); string customerName = "Smith" + DateTime.Now.ToString("HH:mm:ss"); var customer = profile.CreateCustomer(customerName, "NJ", new DateTime(1982, 1, 1)); // Deposit to Savings ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().DepositAmount(customer.Id, 100); ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().DepositAmount(customer.Id, 25); Assert.AreEqual(125, ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().GetSavingsAccountBalance(customer.Id)); // Withdraw ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().WithdrawAmount(customer.Id, 30); Assert.AreEqual(95, ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().GetSavingsAccountBalance(customer.Id));   // Deposit to Checking ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().DepositAmount(customer.Id, 60); ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().DepositAmount(customer.Id, 40); Assert.AreEqual(100, ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().GetCheckingAccountBalance(customer.Id)); // Withdraw ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().WithdrawAmount(customer.Id, 30); Assert.AreEqual(70, ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().GetCheckingAccountBalance(customer.Id));   // Transfer from Savings to Checking TransferFundsFromSavingsToCheckingAccount(customer.Id,10); Assert.AreEqual(85, ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().GetSavingsAccountBalance(customer.Id)); Assert.AreEqual(80, ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().GetCheckingAccountBalance(customer.Id));   // Transfer from Checking to Savings TransferFundsFromCheckingToSavingsAccount(customer.Id, 50); Assert.AreEqual(135, ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().GetSavingsAccountBalance(customer.Id)); Assert.AreEqual(30, ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().GetCheckingAccountBalance(customer.Id)); }   [Test] public void FundTransfersWithOverDraftTest() { IProfile profile = ProxyFacade.ProfileProxy(); string customerName = "Angelina" + DateTime.Now.ToString("HH:mm:ss");   var customerId = profile.CreateCustomer(customerName, "NJ", new DateTime(1972, 1, 1)).Id;   ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().DepositAmount(customerId, 100); TransferFundsFromSavingsToCheckingAccount(customerId,80); Assert.AreEqual(20, ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().GetSavingsAccountBalance(customerId)); Assert.AreEqual(80, ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().GetCheckingAccountBalance(customerId));   try { TransferFundsFromSavingsToCheckingAccount(customerId,30); } catch (Exception e) { Debug.WriteLine(e.Message); }   Assert.AreEqual(110, ProxyFacade.CheckingAccountProxy().GetCheckingAccountBalance(customerId)); Assert.AreEqual(20, ProxyFacade.SavingsAccountProxy().GetSavingsAccountBalance(customerId)); } } }   We are creating a new instance of the channel for every operation, we will look into instance management and how creating a new instance of channel affects it in subsequent articles. The first two test cases deals with creation of Customer, deposit and withdraw of month between accounts. The last case, FundTransferWithOverDraftTest() is interesting. Customer starts with depositing $100 in SavingsAccount followed by transfer of $80 in to checking account resulting in $20 in savings account.  Customer then initiates $30 transfer from Savings to Checking resulting in overdraft exception on Savings with $30 being deposited to Checking. As we are not running both the requests in transactions the customer ends up with more amount than what he started with $100. In subsequent posts we will look into transactions handling.  Make sure the ServiceHost project is set as start up project and start the solution. Run the test cases either from NUnit client or TestDriven.Net/Resharper which ever is your favorite tool. Make sure you have updated the data base connection string in the ServiceHost config file to point to your local database

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• nautilus selected item color

  - by shantanu

  See in the image, selected item "build" colour is black as background colour. How can i change the selected item colour gtk3 theme's nautilus.css script Which section colour need to modify: /* desktop mode */ .nautilus-desktop.nautilus-canvas-item { color: @bg_color; text-shadow: 1 1 alpha (#001B33, 0.8); } .nautilus-desktop.nautilus-canvas-item:active { background-image: none; background-color: alpha (@selected_bg_color, 0.84); border-radius: 4; color: @fg_color; } .nautilus-desktop.nautilus-canvas-item:selected { background-image: none; background-color: alpha (@bg_color, 0.84); border-radius: 4; color: @selected_fg_color; } .nautilus-desktop.nautilus-canvas-item:active, .nautilus-desktop.nautilus-canvas-item:prelight, .nautilus-desktop.nautilus-canvas-item:selected { text-shadow: none; } /* browser window */ NautilusTrashBar.info, NautilusXContentBar.info, NautilusSearchBar.info, NautilusQueryEditor.info { /* this background-color controls the symbolic icon in the entry */ background-color: mix (@fg_color, @base_color, 0.3); border-radius: 0; border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1 1 1; } NautilusSearchBar .entry { } .nautilus-cluebar-label { color: @fg_color; font: bold; } #nautilus-search-button *:active, #nautilus-search-button *:active:prelight { color: @dark_fg_color; } NautilusFloatingBar { background-color: @info_bg_color; border-radius: 3 3 0 0; border-style: solid; border-width: 1; border-color: darker (@info_bg_color); -unico-border-gradient: none; } NautilusFloatingBar .button { -GtkButton-image-spacing: 0; -GtkButton-inner-border: 0; } /* sidebar */ NautilusWindow .sidebar, NautilusWindow .sidebar .view { background-color: @bg_color; color: @fg_color; } NautilusWindow .sidebar .frame { } NautilusWindow > GtkTable > .pane-separator { background-color: @bg_color; border-color: @bg_color; border-width: 0 0 0 0; border-style: solid; }

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• Create new variable or make multiple chained calls?

  - by Rodrigo

  What is the best way to get this attributes, thinking in performance and code quality? Using chained calls: name = this.product.getStock().getItems().get(index).getName(); id = this.product.getStock().getItems().get(index).getId(); Creating new variable: final item = this.product.getStock().getItems().get(index); name = item.getName(); it = item.getId(); I prefer the second way, to let the code cleaner. But I would like to see some opinions about it. Thank you!

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• Should you create a class within a method?

  - by Amndeep7

  I have made a program using Java that is an implementation of this project: http://nifty.stanford.edu/2009/stone-random-art/sml/index.html. Essentially, you create a mathematical expression and, using the pixel coordinate as input, make a picture. After I initially implemented this in serial, I then implemented it in parallel due to the fact that if the picture size is too large or if the mathematical expression is too complex (especially considering the fact that I made the expression recursively), it takes a really long time. During this process, I realized that I needed two classes which implemented the Runnable interface as I had to put in parameters for the run method, which you aren't allowed to do directly. One of these classes ended up being a medium sized static inner class (not large enough to make an independent class file for it though). The other though, just needed a few parameters to determine some indexes and the size of the for loop that I was making run in parallel - here it is: class DataConversionRunnable implements Runnable { int jj, kk, w; DataConversionRunnable(int column, int matrix, int wid) { jj = column; kk = matrix; w = wid; } public void run() { for(int i = 0; i < w; i++) colorvals[kk][jj][i] = (int) ((raw[kk][jj][i] + 1.0) * 255 / 2.0); increaseCounter(); } } My question is should I make it a static inner class or can I just create it in a method? What is the general programming convention followed in this case?

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• Should comments say WHY the program is doing what it is doing? (opinion on a dictum by the inventor of Forth)

  - by AKE

  The often provocative Chuck Moore (inventor of the Forth language) gave the following advice (paraphrasing): "Use comments sparingly. Programs are self-documenting, with a modicum of help from mnemonics. Comments should say WHAT the program is doing, not HOW." My question: Should comments say WHY the program is doing what it is doing? Update: In addition to the answers below, these two provide additional insight. Beginner's guide to writing comments? http://programmers.stackexchange.com/a/98609/62203

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• What should NOT be included in comments? (opinion on a dictum by the inventor of Forth)

  - by AKE

  The often provocative Chuck Moore (inventor of the Forth language) gave the following advice (paraphrasing): "Use comments sparingly. Programs are self-documenting, with a modicum of help from mnemonics. Comments should say WHAT the program is doing, not HOW." My question: Should comments say WHY the program is doing what it is doing? Update: In addition to the answers below, these two provide additional insight. 1: Beginner's guide to writing comments? 2: http://programmers.stackexchange.com/a/98609/62203

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• Single quotes vs double quotes

  - by Eric Hydrick

  I just started a job where I'm writing Python after coming from a Java background, and I'm noticing that other developers tend to quote strings using single quotes ('') instead of double quotes (""). For example: line1 = 'This is how strings typically look.' line2 = "Not like this." Is there a particular reason for this other than personal preference? Is this the proper way to be quoting strings?

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• Why do most of us use 'i' as a loop counter variable?

  - by kprobst

  Has anyone thought about why so many of us repeat this same pattern using the same variable names? for (int i = 0; i < foo; i++) { // ... } It seems most code I've ever looked at uses i, j, k and so on as iteration variables. I suppose I picked that up from somewhere, but I wonder why this is so prevalent in software development. Is it something we all picked up from C or something like that? Just an itch I've had for a while in the back of my head.

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• Eliminating Magic Numbers: When is it time to say "No"?

  - by oosterwal

  We're all aware that magic numbers (hard-coded values) can wreak havoc in your program, especially when it's time to modify a section of code that has no comments, but where do you draw the line? For instance, if you have a function that calculates the number of seconds between two days, do you replace seconds = num_days * 24 * 60 * 60 with seconds = num_days * HOURS_PER_DAY * MINUTES_PER_HOUR * SECONDS_PER_MINUTE At what point do you decide that it is completely obvious what the hard-coded value means and leave it alone?

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• What is the benefit of not using Hungarian notation?

  - by user29981

  One of the things I struggle with is not using Hungarian notation. I don't want to have to go to the variable definition just to see what type it is. When a project gets extensive, it's nice to be able to look at a variable prefixed by 'bool' and know that it's looking for true/false instead of a 0/1 value. I also do a lot of work in SQL Server. I prefix my stored procedures with 'sp' and my tables with 'tbl', not to mention all of my variables in the database respectively. I see everywhere that nobody really wants to use Hungarian notation, to the point where they avoid it. My question is, what is the benefit of not using Hungarian notation, and why does the majority of developers avoid it like the plague?

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• When is it appropriate to use colour in a command-line application?

  - by marcoms

  Currently I have a command-line application in C called btcwatch. It has a -C option that it can receive as an argument that compares the current price of Bitcoin with a price that was stored beforehand with -S. Example output with this option is: $ btcwatch -vC # -v = verbose buy: UP $ 32.000000 USD (100.000000 -> 132.000000) sell: UP $ 16.000000 USD (100.000000 -> 116.000000) The dilemma is whether to use colour for the UP or DOWN string (green and red, respectively). Most command-line applications I know of (apart from git) stay away from colour in their output. In my desire for btcwatch to look and be quite "standard" (use of getopt, Makefiles, etc), I'm not sure if colour would look out of place in this situation.

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• Long lines of text in source code [closed]

  - by ale

  Possible Duplicate: Is the 80 character limit still relevant in times of widescreen monitors? I used to set a vertical line set at 80 characters in my text editor and then I added carriage returns if the lines got too long. I later increased the value to 135 characters. I started using word wrap and not giving myself a limit but tried to keep lines short if I could because it took a lot of time shortening my lines. People at work use word wrap and don't give themselves a limit.. is this the correct way? What are you meant to do ? Many thanks.

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• How should I get my code ready for OpenSourcing it and putting it on GitHub?

  - by Sempus

  In a few weeks, my project is going to be finished and I want to start getting my code ready for other people to use it. I am going to be posting everything to GitHub so people can tweak it and hopefully make it better. I guess what I'm asking is, what would be the best way to make sure my code is sufficiently documented and worded right for other people to use? I know you should always comment everything and I'm going to be putting in the @params feature for every method, but are there any other tips in general?

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• Simple MSBuild Configuration: Updating Assemblies With A Version Number

  - by srkirkland

  When distributing a library you often run up against versioning problems, once facet of which is simply determining which version of that library your client is running.  Of course, each project in your solution has an AssemblyInfo.cs file which provides, among other things, the ability to set the Assembly name and version number.  Unfortunately, setting the assembly version here would require not only changing the version manually for each build (depending on your schedule), but keeping it in sync across all projects.  There are many ways to solve this versioning problem, and in this blog post I’m going to try to explain what I think is the easiest and most flexible solution.  I will walk you through using MSBuild to create a simple build script, and I’ll even show how to (optionally) integrate with a Team City build server.  All of the code from this post can be found at https://github.com/srkirkland/BuildVersion. Create CommonAssemblyInfo.cs The first step is to create a common location for the repeated assembly info that is spread across all of your projects.  Create a new solution-level file (I usually create a Build/ folder in the solution root, but anywhere reachable by all your projects will do) called CommonAssemblyInfo.cs.  In here you can put any information common to all your assemblies, including the version number.  An example CommonAssemblyInfo.cs is as follows: using System.Reflection; using System.Resources; using System.Runtime.InteropServices;   [assembly: AssemblyCompany("University of California, Davis")] [assembly: AssemblyProduct("BuildVersionTest")] [assembly: AssemblyCopyright("Scott Kirkland & UC Regents")] [assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("")] [assembly: AssemblyTrademark("")]   [assembly: ComVisible(false)]   [assembly: AssemblyVersion("1.2.3.4")] //Will be replaced   [assembly: NeutralResourcesLanguage("en-US")] .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   Cleanup AssemblyInfo.cs & Link CommonAssemblyInfo.cs For each of your projects, you’ll want to clean up your assembly info to contain only information that is unique to that assembly – everything else will go in the CommonAssemblyInfo.cs file.  For most of my projects, that just means setting the AssemblyTitle, though you may feel AssemblyDescription is warranted.  An example AssemblyInfo.cs file is as follows: using System.Reflection;   [assembly: AssemblyTitle("BuildVersionTest")] .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Next, you need to “link” the CommonAssemblyinfo.cs file into your projects right beside your newly lean AssemblyInfo.cs file.  To do this, right click on your project and choose Add | Existing Item from the context menu.  Navigate to your CommonAssemblyinfo.cs file but instead of clicking Add, click the little down-arrow next to add and choose “Add as Link.”  You should see a little link graphic similar to this: We’ve actually reduced complexity a lot already, because if you build all of your assemblies will have the same common info, including the product name and our static (fake) assembly version.  Let’s take this one step further and introduce a build script. Create an MSBuild file What we want from the build script (for now) is basically just to have the common assembly version number changed via a parameter (eventually to be passed in by the build server) and then for the project to build.  Also we’d like to have a flexibility to define what build configuration to use (debug, release, etc). In order to find/replace the version number, we are going to use a Regular Expression to find and replace the text within your CommonAssemblyInfo.cs file.  There are many other ways to do this using community build task add-ins, but since we want to keep it simple let’s just define the Regular Expression task manually in a new file, Build.tasks (this example taken from the NuGet build.tasks file). <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Go" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003"> <UsingTask TaskName="RegexTransform" TaskFactory="CodeTaskFactory" AssemblyFile="$(MSBuildToolsPath)\Microsoft.Build.Tasks.v4.0.dll"> <ParameterGroup> <Items ParameterType="Microsoft.Build.Framework.ITaskItem[]" /> </ParameterGroup> <Task> <Using Namespace="System.IO" /> <Using Namespace="System.Text.RegularExpressions" /> <Using Namespace="Microsoft.Build.Framework" /> <Code Type="Fragment" Language="cs"> <![CDATA[ foreach(ITaskItem item in Items) { string fileName = item.GetMetadata("FullPath"); string find = item.GetMetadata("Find"); string replaceWith = item.GetMetadata("ReplaceWith"); if(!File.Exists(fileName)) { Log.LogError(null, null, null, null, 0, 0, 0, 0, String.Format("Could not find version file: {0}", fileName), new object[0]); } string content = File.ReadAllText(fileName); File.WriteAllText( fileName, Regex.Replace( content, find, replaceWith ) ); } ]]> </Code> </Task> </UsingTask> </Project> .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } If you glance at the code, you’ll see it’s really just going a Regex.Replace() on a given file, which is exactly what we need. Now we are ready to write our build file, called (by convention) Build.proj. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Go" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003"> <Import Project="$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\Build.tasks" /> <PropertyGroup> <Configuration Condition="'$(Configuration)' == ''">Debug</Configuration> <SolutionRoot>$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)</SolutionRoot> </PropertyGroup>   <ItemGroup> <RegexTransform Include="$(SolutionRoot)\CommonAssemblyInfo.cs"> <Find>(?&lt;major&gt;\d+)\.(?&lt;minor&gt;\d+)\.\d+\.(?&lt;revision&gt;\d+)</Find> <ReplaceWith>$(BUILD_NUMBER)</ReplaceWith> </RegexTransform> </ItemGroup>   <Target Name="Go" DependsOnTargets="UpdateAssemblyVersion; Build"> </Target>   <Target Name="UpdateAssemblyVersion" Condition="'$(BUILD_NUMBER)' != ''"> <RegexTransform Items="@(RegexTransform)" /> </Target>   <Target Name="Build"> <MSBuild Projects="$(SolutionRoot)\BuildVersionTest.sln" Targets="Build" /> </Target>   </Project> Reviewing this MSBuild file, we see that by default the “Go” target will be called, which in turn depends on “UpdateAssemblyVersion” and then “Build.”  We go ahead and import the Bulid.tasks file and then setup some handy properties for setting the build configuration and solution root (in this case, my build files are in the solution root, but we might want to create a Build/ directory later).  The rest of the file flows logically, we setup the RegexTransform to match version numbers such as <major>.<minor>.1.<revision> (1.2.3.4 in our example) and replace it with a $(BUILD_NUMBER) parameter which will be supplied externally.  The first target, “UpdateAssemblyVersion” just runs the RegexTransform, and the second target, “Build” just runs the default MSBuild on our solution. Testing the MSBuild file locally Now we have a build file which can replace assembly version numbers and build, so let’s setup a quick batch file to be able to build locally.  To do this you simply create a file called Build.cmd and have it call MSBuild on your Build.proj file.  I’ve added a bit more flexibility so you can specify build configuration and version number, which makes your Build.cmd look as follows: set config=%1 if "%config%" == "" ( set config=debug ) set version=%2 if "%version%" == "" ( set version=2.3.4.5 ) %WINDIR%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\msbuild Build.proj /p:Configuration="%config%" /p:build_number="%version%" .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Now if you click on the Build.cmd file, you will get a default debug build using the version 2.3.4.5.  Let’s run it in a command window with the parameters set for a release build version 2.0.1.453.   Excellent!  We can now run one simple command and govern the build configuration and version number of our entire solution.  Each DLL produced will have the same version number, making determining which version of a library you are running very simple and accurate. Configure the build server (TeamCity) Of course you are not really going to want to run a build command manually every time, and typing in incrementing version numbers will also not be ideal.  A good solution is to have a computer (or set of computers) act as a build server and build your code for you, providing you a consistent environment, excellent reporting, and much more.  One of the most popular Build Servers is JetBrains’ TeamCity, and this last section will show you the few configuration parameters to use when setting up a build using your MSBuild file created earlier.  If you are using a different build server, the same principals should apply. First, when setting up the project you want to specify the “Build Number Format,” often given in the form <major>.<minor>.<revision>.<build>.  In this case you will set major/minor manually, and optionally revision (or you can use your VCS revision number with %build.vcs.number%), and then build using the {0} wildcard.  Thus your build number format might look like this: 2.0.1.{0}.  During each build, this value will be created and passed into the $BUILD_NUMBER variable of our Build.proj file, which then uses it to decorate your assemblies with the proper version. After setting up the build number, you must choose MSBuild as the Build Runner, then provide a path to your build file (Build.proj).  After specifying your MSBuild Version (equivalent to your .NET Framework Version), you have the option to specify targets (the default being “Go”) and additional MSBuild parameters.  The one parameter that is often useful is manually setting the configuration property (/p:Configuration="Release") if you want something other than the default (which is Debug in our example).  Your resulting configuration will look something like this: [Under General Settings] [Build Runner Settings]   Now every time your build is run, a newly incremented build version number will be generated and passed to MSBuild, which will then version your assemblies and build your solution.   A Quick Review Our goal was to version our output assemblies in an automated way, and we accomplished it by performing a few quick steps: Move the common assembly information, including version, into a linked CommonAssemblyInfo.cs file Create a simple MSBuild script to replace the common assembly version number and build your solution Direct your build server to use the created MSBuild script That’s really all there is to it.  You can find all of the code from this post at https://github.com/srkirkland/BuildVersion. Enjoy!

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• Introducing Data Annotations Extensions

  - by srkirkland

  Validation of user input is integral to building a modern web application, and ASP.NET MVC offers us a way to enforce business rules on both the client and server using Model Validation.  The recent release of ASP.NET MVC 3 has improved these offerings on the client side by introducing an unobtrusive validation library built on top of jquery.validation.  Out of the box MVC comes with support for Data Annotations (that is, System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations) and can be extended to support other frameworks.  Data Annotations Validation is becoming more popular and is being baked in to many other Microsoft offerings, including Entity Framework, though with MVC it only contains four validators: Range, Required, StringLength and Regular Expression.  The Data Annotations Extensions project attempts to augment these validators with additional attributes while maintaining the clean integration Data Annotations provides. A Quick Word About Data Annotations Extensions The Data Annotations Extensions project can be found at http://dataannotationsextensions.org/, and currently provides 11 additional validation attributes (ex: Email, EqualTo, Min/Max) on top of Data Annotations’ original 4.  You can find a current list of the validation attributes on the afore mentioned website. The core library provides server-side validation attributes that can be used in any .NET 4.0 project (no MVC dependency). There is also an easily pluggable client-side validation library which can be used in ASP.NET MVC 3 projects using unobtrusive jquery validation (only MVC3 included javascript files are required). On to the Preview Let’s say you had the following “Customer” domain model (or view model, depending on your project structure) in an MVC 3 project: public class Customer { public string Email { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } public string ProfilePictureLocation { get; set; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } When it comes time to create/edit this Customer, you will probably have a CustomerController and a simple form that just uses one of the Html.EditorFor() methods that the ASP.NET MVC tooling generates for you (or you can write yourself).  It should look something like this: With no validation, the customer can enter nonsense for an email address, and then can even report their age as a negative number!  With the built-in Data Annotations validation, I could do a bit better by adding a Range to the age, adding a RegularExpression for email (yuck!), and adding some required attributes.  However, I’d still be able to report my age as 10.75 years old, and my profile picture could still be any string.  Let’s use Data Annotations along with this project, Data Annotations Extensions, and see what we can get: public class Customer { [Email] [Required] public string Email { get; set; }   [Integer] [Min(1, ErrorMessage="Unless you are benjamin button you are lying.")] [Required] public int Age { get; set; }   [FileExtensions("png|jpg|jpeg|gif")] public string ProfilePictureLocation { get; set; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Now let’s try to put in some invalid values and see what happens: That is very nice validation, all done on the client side (will also be validated on the server).  Also, the Customer class validation attributes are very easy to read and understand. Another bonus: Since Data Annotations Extensions can integrate with MVC 3’s unobtrusive validation, no additional scripts are required! Now that we’ve seen our target, let’s take a look at how to get there within a new MVC 3 project. Adding Data Annotations Extensions To Your Project First we will File->New Project and create an ASP.NET MVC 3 project.  I am going to use Razor for these examples, but any view engine can be used in practice.  Now go into the NuGet Extension Manager (right click on references and select add Library Package Reference) and search for “DataAnnotationsExtensions.”  You should see the following two packages: The first package is for server-side validation scenarios, but since we are using MVC 3 and would like comprehensive sever and client validation support, click on the DataAnnotationsExtensions.MVC3 project and then click Install.  This will install the Data Annotations Extensions server and client validation DLLs along with David Ebbo’s web activator (which enables the validation attributes to be registered with MVC 3). Now that Data Annotations Extensions is installed you have all you need to start doing advanced model validation.  If you are already using Data Annotations in your project, just making use of the additional validation attributes will provide client and server validation automatically.  However, assuming you are starting with a blank project I’ll walk you through setting up a controller and model to test with. Creating Your Model In the Models folder, create a new User.cs file with a User class that you can use as a model.  To start with, I’ll use the following class: public class User { public string Email { get; set; } public string Password { get; set; } public string PasswordConfirm { get; set; } public string HomePage { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } } Next, create a simple controller with at least a Create method, and then a matching Create view (note, you can do all of this via the MVC built-in tooling).  Your files will look something like this: UserController.cs: public class UserController : Controller { public ActionResult Create() { return View(new User()); }   [HttpPost] public ActionResult Create(User user) { if (!ModelState.IsValid) { return View(user); }   return Content("User valid!"); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Create.cshtml: @model NuGetValidationTester.Models.User   @{ ViewBag.Title = "Create"; }   <h2>Create</h2>   <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>   @using (Html.BeginForm()) { @Html.ValidationSummary(true) <fieldset> <legend>User</legend> @Html.EditorForModel() <p> <input type="submit" value="Create" /> </p> </fieldset> } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } In the Create.cshtml view, note that we are referencing jquery validation and jquery unobtrusive (jquery is referenced in the layout page).  These MVC 3 included scripts are the only ones you need to enjoy both the basic Data Annotations validation as well as the validation additions available in Data Annotations Extensions.  These references are added by default when you use the MVC 3 “Add View” dialog on a modification template type. Now when we go to /User/Create we should see a form for editing a User Since we haven’t yet added any validation attributes, this form is valid as shown (including no password, email and an age of 0).  With the built-in Data Annotations attributes we can make some of the fields required, and we could use a range validator of maybe 1 to 110 on Age (of course we don’t want to leave out supercentenarians) but let’s go further and validate our input comprehensively using Data Annotations Extensions.  The new and improved User.cs model class. { [Required] [Email] public string Email { get; set; }   [Required] public string Password { get; set; }   [Required] [EqualTo("Password")] public string PasswordConfirm { get; set; }   [Url] public string HomePage { get; set; }   [Integer] [Min(1)] public int Age { get; set; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Now let’s re-run our form and try to use some invalid values: All of the validation errors you see above occurred on the client, without ever even hitting submit.  The validation is also checked on the server, which is a good practice since client validation is easily bypassed. That’s all you need to do to start a new project and include Data Annotations Extensions, and of course you can integrate it into an existing project just as easily. Nitpickers Corner ASP.NET MVC 3 futures defines four new data annotations attributes which this project has as well: CreditCard, Email, Url and EqualTo.  Unfortunately referencing MVC 3 futures necessitates taking an dependency on MVC 3 in your model layer, which may be unadvisable in a multi-tiered project.  Data Annotations Extensions keeps the server and client side libraries separate so using the project’s validation attributes don’t require you to take any additional dependencies in your model layer which still allowing for the rich client validation experience if you are using MVC 3. Custom Error Message and Globalization: Since the Data Annotations Extensions are build on top of Data Annotations, you have the ability to define your own static error messages and even to use resource files for very customizable error messages. Available Validators: Please see the project site at http://dataannotationsextensions.org/ for an up-to-date list of the new validators included in this project.  As of this post, the following validators are available: CreditCard Date Digits Email EqualTo FileExtensions Integer Max Min Numeric Url Conclusion Hopefully I’ve illustrated how easy it is to add server and client validation to your MVC 3 projects, and how to easily you can extend the available validation options to meet real world needs. The Data Annotations Extensions project is fully open source under the BSD license.  Any feedback would be greatly appreciated.  More information than you require, along with links to the source code, is available at http://dataannotationsextensions.org/. Enjoy!

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• Working with Tile Notifications in Windows 8 Store Apps – Part I

  - by dwahlin

  One of the features that really makes Windows 8 apps stand out from others is the tile functionality on the start screen. While icons allow a user to start an application, tiles provide a more engaging way to engage the user and draw them into an application. Examples of “live” tiles on part of my current start screen are shown next: I’ll admit that if you get enough of these tiles going the start screen can actually be a bit distracting. Fortunately, a user can easily disable a live tile by right-clicking on it or pressing and holding a tile on a touch device and then selecting Turn live tile off from the AppBar: The can also make a wide tile smaller (into a square tile) or make a square tile bigger assuming the application supports both squares and rectangles. In this post I’ll walk through how to add tile notification functionality into an application. Both XAML/C# and HTML/JavaScript apps support live tiles and I’ll show the code for both options.   Understanding Tile Templates The first thing you need to know if you want to add custom tile functionality (live tiles) into your application is that there is a collection of tile templates available out-of-the-box. Each tile template has XML associated with it that you need to load, update with your custom data, and then feed into a tile update manager. By doing that you can control what shows in your app’s tile on the Windows 8 start screen. So how do you learn more about the different tile templates and their respective XML? Fortunately, Microsoft has a nice documentation page in the Windows 8 Store SDK. Visit http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/hh761491.aspx to see a complete list of square and wide/rectangular tile templates that you can use. Looking through the templates you’ll It has the following XML template associated with it:  <tile> <visual> <binding template="TileSquareBlock"> <text id="1">Text Field 1</text> <text id="2">Text Field 2</text> </binding> </visual> </tile> An example of a wide/rectangular tile template is shown next:    <tile> <visual> <binding template="TileWideImageAndText01"> <image id="1" src="image1.png" alt="alt text"/> <text id="1">Text Field 1</text> </binding> </visual> </tile>   To use these tile templates (or others you find interesting), update their content, and get them to show for your app’s tile on the Windows 8 start screen you’ll need to perform the following steps: Define the tile template to use in your app Load the tile template’s XML into memory Modify the children of the <binding> tag Feed the modified tile XML into a new TileNotification instance Feed the TileNotification instance into the Update() method of the TileUpdateManager In the remainder of the post I’ll walk through each of the steps listed above to provide wide and square tile notifications for an application. The wide tile that’s shown will show an image and text while the square tile will only show text. If you’re going to provide custom tile notifications it’s recommended that you provide wide and square tiles since users can switch between the two of them directly on the start screen. Note: When working with tile notifications it’s possible to manipulate and update a tile’s XML template without having to know XML parsing techniques. This can be accomplished using some C# notification extension classes that are available. In this post I’m going to focus on working with tile notifications using an XML parser so that the focus is on the steps required to add notifications to the Windows 8 start screen rather than on external extension classes. You can access the extension classes in the Windows 8 samples gallery if you’re interested.   Steps to Create Custom App Tile Notifications   Step 1: Define the tile template to use in your app Although you can cut-and-paste a tile template’s XML directly into your C# or HTML/JavaScript Windows store app and then parse it using an XML parser, it’s easier to use the built-in TileTemplateType enumeration from the Windows.UI.Notifications namespace. It provides direct access to the XML for the various templates so once you locate a template you like in the documentation (mentioned above), simplify reference it:HTML/JavaScript var notifications = Windows.UI.Notifications; var template = notifications.TileTemplateType.tileWideImageAndText01; .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   XAML/C# var template = TileTemplateType.TileWideImageAndText01;   Step 2: Load the tile template’s XML into memory Once the target template’s XML is identified, load it into memory using the TileUpdateManager’s GetTemplateContent() method. This method parses the template XML and returns an XmlDocument object:   HTML/JavaScript   var tileXml = notifications.TileUpdateManager.getTemplateContent(template); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   XAML/C#  var tileXml = TileUpdateManager.GetTemplateContent(template);   Step 3: Modify the children of the <binding> tag Once the XML for a given template is loaded into memory you need to locate the appropriate <image> and/or <text> elements in the XML and update them with your app data. This can be done using standard XML DOM manipulation techniques. The example code below locates the image folder and loads the path to an image file located in the project into it’s inner text. The code also creates a square tile that consists of text, updates it’s <text> element, and then imports and appends it into the wide tile’s XML.   HTML/JavaScript var image = tileXml.selectSingleNode('//image[@id="1"]'); image.setAttribute('src', 'ms-appx:///images/' + imageFile); image.setAttribute('alt', 'Live Tile'); var squareTemplate = notifications.TileTemplateType.tileSquareText04; var squareTileXml = notifications.TileUpdateManager.getTemplateContent(squareTemplate); var squareTileTextAttributes = squareTileXml.selectSingleNode('//text[@id="1"]'); squareTileTextAttributes.appendChild(squareTileXml.createTextNode(content)); var node = tileXml.importNode(squareTileXml.selectSingleNode('//binding'), true); tileXml.selectSingleNode('//visual').appendChild(node); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   XAML/C#var tileXml = TileUpdateManager.GetTemplateContent(template); var text = tileXml.SelectSingleNode("//text[@id='1']"); text.AppendChild(tileXml.CreateTextNode(content)); var image = (XmlElement)tileXml.SelectSingleNode("//image[@id='1']"); image.SetAttribute("src", "ms-appx:///Assets/" + imageFile); image.SetAttribute("alt", "Live Tile"); Debug.WriteLine(image.GetXml()); var squareTemplate = TileTemplateType.TileSquareText04; var squareTileXml = TileUpdateManager.GetTemplateContent(squareTemplate); var squareTileTextAttributes = squareTileXml.SelectSingleNode("//text[@id='1']"); squareTileTextAttributes.AppendChild(squareTileXml.CreateTextNode(content)); var node = tileXml.ImportNode(squareTileXml.SelectSingleNode("//binding"), true); tileXml.SelectSingleNode("//visual").AppendChild(node);  Step 4: Feed the modified tile XML into a new TileNotification instance Now that the XML data has been updated with the desired text and images, it’s time to load the XmlDocument object into a new TileNotification instance:   HTML/JavaScript var tileNotification = new notifications.TileNotification(tileXml); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   XAML/C#var tileNotification = new TileNotification(tileXml);  Step 5: Feed the TileNotification instance into the Update() method of the TileUpdateManager Once the TileNotification instance has been created and the XmlDocument has been passed to its constructor, it needs to be passed to the Update() method of a TileUpdator in order to be shown on the Windows 8 start screen:   HTML/JavaScript notifications.TileUpdateManager.createTileUpdaterForApplication().update(tileNotification); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   XAML/C#TileUpdateManager.CreateTileUpdaterForApplication().Update(tileNotification);    Once the tile notification is updated it’ll show up on the start screen. An example of the wide and square tiles created with the included demo code are shown next:     Download the HTML/JavaScript and XAML/C# sample application here. In the next post in this series I’ll walk through how to queue multiple tiles and clear a queue.

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• Is white the best base color to start with when planning to shade sprites within Unity?

  - by SpartanDonut

  I'm looking into prototyping a game in Unity which will consist of solid square sprites / tiles. I figure I can represent different types of objects with different colors for each of the tiles in the game. I figure that I can import a single square sprite and shade it appropriately in Unity as opposed to imported squares of many different colors. My experience with adjusting the hue and saturation within Photoshop shows that white is not an easy color to change as things that are white often stay white. My testing in Unity shows that I can change the "color" of a sprite to anything other than white and the sprite is seemingly shaded appropriately, despite what I would have thought given my Photoshop experience. Since white objects do seem to take on the appropriate color shading when changed within Unity my gut tells me that this is the best base color to begin with, meaning that I can import a single white square sprite and simply adjust the color to represent different objects and object states. Is a white sprite actually the best color sprite to begin with and why does something like this work in Unity as opposed to adjusting the hue and saturation within Photoshop?

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• SharePoint 2010 Center and Fixed Width of all content on page including the ribbon

  - by Bill Daugherty

  All, I am trying to make the width of the sharepoint 2010 web site to be within a fixed width and centered across the screen. I would like for it to be 800px and centered. When i do this, it seems like it starts to work until the ribbion bar renters. Here is my attempt so far: body.v4/* _lcid="1033" _version="14.0.4536" _LocalBinding */ body,form{ margin:0px; width:800px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; } .ms-toolbar{ font-family:verdana; font-size:8pt; text-decoration:none; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Hyperlink")] */ color:#0072BC; } a.ms-toolbar:hover{ text-decoration:underline; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent1",themeShade:"0.8")] */ color:#005e9a; } .ms-toolbar-togglebutton-on{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Darker")] */ border:1px solid #2353b2; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent4-Lightest")] */ background-color:#fffacc; } table.ms-toolbar{ height:45px; border:none; /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Light2",includeRectangle:{x:0,y:610,width:1,height:42})] */ background:url("/_layouts/images/bgximg.png") repeat-x -0px -610px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#fff; } table.ms-toolbar{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light2-Lightest")] */ border:1px solid #f1f1f2; } .ms-menutoolbar{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light2-Lightest")] */ border-bottom:1px solid #f1f1f2; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#fff; /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Light2",includeRectangle:{x:0,y:610,width:1,height:42})] */ background:url("/_layouts/images/bgximg.png") repeat-x -0px -610px; height:45px; } .ms-menutoolbar td{ padding:0px 0px 0px 4px; margin:0px; border:none; } .ms-menutoolbar td a{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Hyperlink")] */ color:#0072bc; font-size:8pt; font-family:verdana; text-decoration:none; } .ms-menutoolbar td a:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Hyperlink",themeShade:"0.82")] */ color:#005e9a; text-decoration:none; } .ms-menubuttoninactivehover,.ms-buttoninactivehover{ margin:3px; padding:3px 4px 4px 4px; border:1px solid transparent; background-color:transparent; white-space:nowrap; } .ms-menubuttonactivehover,.ms-buttonactivehover{ margin:3px; padding:3px 4px 4px 4px; /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Light1-Darkest",includeRectangle:{x:0,y:431,width:1,height:21})] */ background:url("/_layouts/images/bgximg.png") repeat-x -0px -431px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#fff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lighter")] */ border:solid 1px #cccccc; cursor:pointer; } .ms-buttoninactivehover{ white-space:nowrap; } .ms-buttoninactivehover img,.ms-buttonactivehover img{ margin:0px 1px 0px 0px; } td.ms-menutoolbarheader{ font-size:10pt; font-family:verdana; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ color:#204d89; font-weight:bold; line-height:16px; padding-left:7px; padding-right:7px; } .ms-listheaderlabel{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark2")] */ color:#204d89; } .ms-listheaderlabel,.ms-viewselector,.ms-viewselectortext,.ms-viewselectorhover{ font-size:8pt; font-family:tahoma; } .ms-menutoolbar td td.ms-viewselector,.ms-menutoolbar td td.ms-viewselectorhover,.ms-toolbar td td.ms-viewselector,.ms-toolbar td td.ms-viewselectorhover,td.ms-viewselector{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark2-Medium")] */ border:1px solid #D3D6DA; font-weight:bold; padding:0px; } .ms-menutoolbar td td{ border:none; } div.ms-viewselector,div.ms-viewselectorhover{ padding:2px 4px 2px 4px; cursor:pointer; } div.ms-viewselector a,div.ms-viewselectorhover a.ms-menu-a span{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; } .ms-viewselector-arrow{ vertical-align:middle; } .ms-menutoolbar td td.ms-viewselectorhover,.ms-toolbar td td.ms-viewselectorhover{ /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Accent1",method:"Tinting",includeRectangle:{x:0,y:654,width:1,height:18})] */ background:url("/_layouts/images/bgximg.png") repeat-x -0px -654px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent1-Lighter")] */ border-color:#91cdf2; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent1",themeTint:"0.35")] */ background-color:#ccebff; } .ms-bottompaging{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lightest")] */ background:#ebf3ff; } .ms-bottompagingline1{ height:3px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; } .ms-bottompagingline2,.ms-bottompagingline3{ height:1px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; } .ms-bottompaging .ms-vb{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; } .ms-bottompagingline2 img,.ms-bottompagingline3 img,.ms-partline img{ display:none; } .ms-paging{ padding-left:11px; padding-right:11px; padding-bottom:4px; font-family:tahoma,sans-serif; font-size:8pt; font-weight:normal; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Darker")] */ color:#204d89; } .ms-bottompaging .ms-paging{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Medium")] */ color:#4c4c4c; } .ms-menutoolbar .ms-splitbuttondropdown{ padding:3px 2px 0px 2px; } .ms-menutoolbar .ms-splitbuttontext{ padding:0px 7px 1px 7px; } .ms-splitbutton{ margin:0px 2px; } .ms-splitbuttonhover{ margin:0px 2px; /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Accent6-Darker",method:"Tinting",includeRectangle:{x:0,y:431,width:1,height:21})] */ background:url("/_layouts/images/bgximg.png") repeat-x -0px -431px; border-collapse:collapse; height:22px; background-color:#fff; } .ms-splitbuttonhover .ms-splitbuttondropdown{ padding:3px 1px 0px 2px; } .ms-splitbuttonhover .ms-splitbuttontext{ padding:0px 6px 0px 6px; } .ms-splitbuttonhover .ms-splitbuttondropdown,.ms-splitbuttonhover .ms-splitbuttontext{ border:solid 1px #cccccc; cursor:pointer; } .ms-propertysheet { font-size:1em; } .ms-propertysheet th.ms-gridT1 { text-align:left; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; width:190px; } .ms-viewselect a:link{ font-size:8pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3")] */ color:#003399; } select{ font-size:8pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif; } hr{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3")] */ color:#003399; height:2px; } .ms-input{ font-size:8pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif; } .ms-treeviewouter{ margin-top:5px; } .ms-quicklaunch table td{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lighter")] */ border-top:1px solid #add1ff; } .ms-quicklaunch .ms-treeviewouter table td{ border-top:none; } .ms-quicklaunch table.ms-navheader td,.ms-quicklaunch span.ms-navheader{ padding:1px 4px 4px 4px; } div.ms-treeviewouter > div > div{ border:none; } .ms-quicklaunch span.ms-navheader{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lightest")] */ background-color:#d6e8ff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lighter")] */ border-top:1px solid #add1ff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lightest")] */ border-left:solid 1px #f2f8ff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lighter")] */ border-bottom:1px solid #add1ff; padding:1px 6px 3px 6px; } .ms-quicklaunch table.ms-navsubmenu2 td{ border:none; } .ms-quicklaunch table.ms-selectednavheader td{ width:100%; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent6-Lightest")] */ background-color:#fff699; } .ms-quicklaunch table.ms-selectednavheader{ border:none; } .ms-quicklaunch span{ display:block; } .ms-quicklaunch div.ms-navsubmenu1 br{ display:none; } .ms-quicklaunch table.ms-selectednav{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent6-Darker")] */ border:solid 1px #d2b47a; /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Accent1",method:"Tinting")] */ background-image:url("/_layouts/images/selectednav.gif"); background-repeat:repeat-x; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent6-Lightest")] */ background-color:#ffe6a0; margin:2px; margin-bottom:0; width:97%; } .ms-quicklaunch table.ms-selectednav td{ background:transparent url("/_layouts/images/selectednavbullet.gif"); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:left top; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ border:solid 1px #ffffff; padding:0px 4px 1px 12px; margin:0px; } table.ms-selectednav td a.ms-selectednav{ background:none; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; } .ms-quicklaunch table.ms-selectednavheader td{ width:100%; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent6-Lighter")] */ background-color:#ffe6a0; /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Accent1",method:"Tinting")] */ background-image:url("/_layouts/images/selectednav.gif"); background-repeat:repeat-x; padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ border-top:solid 1px #ffffff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ border-left:solid 1px #ffffff; padding:1px 6px 3px 6px; } .ms-selectednavheader a{ font-weight:bold; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; text-decoration:none; } .ms-selectednavheader a:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; text-decoration:underline; } table.ms-navitem td,span.ms-navitem{ background-image:url("/_layouts/images/navBullet.gif"); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:left top; padding:3px 6px 4px 16px; font-family:tahoma; } .ms-navsubmenu1{ width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lightest")] */ background-color:#f2f8ff; } .ms-navsubmenu2{ width:100%; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lightest")] */ background-color:#f2f8ff; margin-bottom:6px; } table.ms-navselected{ padding:2px; } table.ms-navselected,span.ms-navselected{ /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Accent6",method:"Tinting")] */ background-image:url("/_layouts/images/SELECTEDNAV.GIF"); /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent6-Lighter")] */ background-color:#ffe6a0; background-repeat:repeat-x; } table.ms-navselected td{ background-image:url("/_layouts/images/navBullet.gif"); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:top left; padding:3px 6px 4px 17px; } table.ms-navheader td{ background-image:none; } .ms-navheader a{ font-weight:bold; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3")] */ color:#003399; text-decoration:none; } .ms-navheader a:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; text-decoration:underline; } .ms-navitem a{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark2")] */ color:#3b4f65 !important; text-decoration:none; display:inline-block; } .ms-navitem a:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent1")] */ color:#44aff6 !important; text-decoration:underline !important; } .ms-quicklaunchouter{ border:none; margin-bottom:5px; } .ms-quicklaunchouter{ margin:0px 1px 2px 1px; } .ms-treeviewouter a.ms-navitem{ padding:4px 4px 5px; margin-left:4px; border-color:transparent; border-width:1px; border-style:solid !important; } .ms-tvselected a.ms-navitem{ /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background:url("/_layouts/images/selbg.png") repeat-x left top; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent1",themeTint:"0.15")] */ background-color:#ccebff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent1-Lighter")] */ border-color:#91cdf2; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent1-Lightest")] */ border-top-color:#c6e5f8; border-width:1px; border-style:solid !important; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark2")] */ color:#003759 !important; display:inline-block; } .ms-tvselected a:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark2")] */ color:#003759 !important; } table.ms-recyclebin td{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lightest")] */ background-color:#f2f8ff; width:100%; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ border-top:solid 1px #ffffff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ border-left:solid 1px #ffffff; padding:3px 5px 7px 3px; } table.ms-recyclebin td a{ font-weight:bold; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent5-Darker")] */ color:#008800; text-decoration:none; } table.ms-recyclebin td a:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; text-decoration:underline; } .ms-quickLaunch{ padding-top:5px; } .ms-quickLaunch h3{ font-size:1em; font-weight:normal; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark2")] */ color:#929fad; margin:0px 0px 6px 10px; } .ms-quicklaunchheader{ padding:2px 6px 4px 10px; font-weight:bold; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lighter")] */ color:#676767; background-image:url("/_layouts/images/quickLaunchHeader.gif"); background-repeat:repeat-x; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lightest")] */ background-color:#d6e8ff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lightest")] */ border-left:solid 1px #f2f8ff; margin-left:-7px; font-size:inherit; } .ms-quicklaunchheader a,.ms-unselectednav a{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Lighter")] */ color:#676767 !important; text-decoration:none; } .ms-quicklaunchheader a:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000 !important; text-decoration:underline; } .ms-navline{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Darker")] */ border-bottom:1px solid #adadad; } .ms-navwatermark{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent6-Lighter")] */ color:#ffdf88; } .ms-selectednav{ border:1px solid #2353b2; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent6-Lightest")] */ background:#fff699; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:2px; } .ms-unselectednav{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ border:1px solid #83b0ec; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:2px; } .ms-verticaldots{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ border-right:1px solid #83b0ec; border-left:none; } .ms-nav{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ background-color:#83b0ec; font-family:tahoma; } .ms-globalTitleArea{ text-align:right; background-image:url("/_layouts/images/siteTitleBKGD.gif"); background-position:right top; background-repeat:repeat-y; padding-left:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-top:1px; } .ms-titlearea{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Lighter")] */ color:#666666; font-family:tahoma; font-size:8pt; letter-spacing:.1em; } .ms-titlearea a { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Darker")] */ color:#3966bf; text-decoration:none; } .ms-titlearea a:hover { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; text-decoration:underline; } .ms-titlearealeft { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lightest")] */ background-color:#d6e8ff; } TD.ms-titleareaframe,Div.ms-titleareaframe,.ms-pagetitleareaframe{ background:url("/_layouts/images/bgximg.png") repeat-x -0px -461px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lightest")] */ background-color:#d6e8ff; text-align:left; } div.ms-titleareaframe{ height:100%; } .ms-pagetitleareaframe table{ background-image:url("/_layouts/images/topshape.jpg"); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:332px 4px; height:54px; } .ms-titlearealine{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ background-color:#83b0ec; } .ms-titleareaframe table td.ms-titlearea,.ms-areaseparator table td.ms-titlearea,.ms-pagetitleareaframe table td.ms-titlearea{ padding:7px 0px 1px 0px; } .ms-sitemapdirectional,.ms-sitemapdirectional a{ unicode-bidi:embed; } .ms-areaseparatorcorner{ background-image:url("/_layouts/images/framecornergrad.gif"); background-position:left top; background-repeat:repeat-y; height:8px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent5-Medium")] */ border-right:1px solid #6f9dd9; } td.ms-areaseparatorleft{ background:#d6e8ff url("/_layouts/images/bgximg.png") repeat-x -0px -461px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent5-Medium")] */ border-right:1px solid #6f9dd9; height:100%; } div.ms-areaseparatorleft{ background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:-143px 0px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent5-Medium")] */ border-right:1px solid #6f9dd9; height:100%; } div.ms-areaseparatorright{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent5-Medium")] */ border-left:1px solid #6f9dd9; padding-right:2px; height:100%; } .ms-titlearearight .ms-areaseparatorright{ background:#d6e8ff url("/_layouts/images/bgximg.png") repeat-x -0px -461px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent5-Medium")] */ border-left:1px solid #6f9dd9; padding-right:2px; height:100%; } .ms-areaseparator{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent4-Lightest")] */ background-color:#ffeaad; border-right:none; border-left:none; padding-left:5px; height:61px; } .ms-pagemargin{ background-color:#83b0ec; height:100%; } td.ms-rightareacell div.ms-pagemargin{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ background-color:#83b0ec; height:100%; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ border-left:solid 1px #83b0ec; } .ms-bodyareacell{ vertical-align:top; } .ms-pagebottommargin,.ms-pagebottommarginleft,.ms-pagebottommarginright{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ background:#83b0ec; } .ms-bodyareapagemargin{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ background:#83b0ec; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lighter")] */ border-top:1px solid #6f9dd9; } .ms-bodyareaframe{ vertical-align:top; height:100%; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lighter")] */ border:1px solid #6f9dd9; } .ms-bodyareaframe{ padding:10px; } .ms-pagetitle{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; font-family:verdana; font-size:16pt; margin:0px 0px 4px 0px; font-weight:normal; } .ms-pagetitle a{ text-decoration:none; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; margin:0; font-weight:normal; } .ms-pagetitle a:hover{ } .ms-vh table.ms-selectedtitle,.ms-vh2 table.ms-selectedtitle,.ms-vh-icon table.ms-selectedtitle,.ms-vh table.ms-unselectedtitle,.ms-vh2 table.ms-unselectedtitle,.ms-vh-icon table.ms-unselectedtitle{ height:21px; } .ms-vh table.ms-selectedtitle,.ms-vh2 table.ms-selectedtitle,.ms-vh-icon table.ms-selectedtitle{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lighter")] */ background-color:#dde1e5; border:none; } .ms-vh2 .ms-selectedtitle .ms-vb,.ms-vh2 .ms-unselectedtitle .ms-vb{ padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px; padding-top:1px; } .ms-vh-icon .ms-selectedtitle .ms-vb,.ms-vh-icon .ms-unselectedtitle .ms-vb{ padding-left:0px; vertical-align:middle; } .ms-propertysheet th.ms-vh2,.ms-propertysheet th.ms-vh2-nofilter{ font-family:tahoma; } .ms-listviewtable .ms-vh2,.ms-summarystandardbody .ms-vh2{ padding:1px 1px 0px 1px; } .ms-listviewtable .ms-vb2,.ms-summarystandardbody .ms-vb2{ padding-left:2px; padding-right:7px; } .ms-selectedtitle{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent4-Darker")] */ border:1px solid #b09460; margin:0px; padding:0px; cursor:pointer; } .ms-selectedtitlealternative { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent4-Darker")] */ border:1px solid #b09460; margin:0px; padding:0px; cursor:pointer; } .ms-unselectedtitle{ background-color:transparent; margin:0px; padding:0px; } .ms-newgif{ display:inline-block; margin-left:5px; } .ms-menuimagecell{ /* [RecolorImage(themeColor:"Accent1",method:"Tinting")] */ background:url("/_layouts/images/selectednav.gif") repeat-x; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent6-Lighter")] */ background-color:#ffe6a0; cursor:pointer; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ border:solid 1px #ffffff; padding:0px; height:18px; } .ms-vh .ms-menuimagecell,.ms-vh2 .ms-menuimagecell,.ms-vh-icon .ms-menuimagecell{ height:20px; } .ms-vh .ms-menuimagecell img,.ms-vh2 .ms-menuimagecell img,.ms-vh-icon .ms-menuimagecell img{ margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:2px; } .ms-descriptiontext{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Medium")] */ color:#4c4c4c; font-family:tahoma; font-size:8pt; text-align:left; } .ms-statusdescriptiontext { color:#4c4c4c; background-color:#FFFF00; font-family:tahoma; font-size:8pt; text-align:left; } .ms-webpartpagedescription{ font-family:verdana; font-size:8pt; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Lighter")] */ color:#5a5a5a; padding:8px 12px 0px 12px; } .ms-separator { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light2",themeShade:"0.02")] */ color:#f1f1f2; background-repeat:repeat-x; border:none; padding-left:4px; font-size:10pt; } .ms-rtetoolbarmenu .ms-separator{ padding-left:0px !important; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Medium")] */ color:#83b0ec; } .ms-separator img { height:12px; width:1px; margin:0px 1px 0px 1px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light2",themeShade:"0.02")] */ background:#f1f1f2; } .ms-propertysheet th.ms-authoringcontrols { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lightest")] */ background-color:#f1f1f2; text-align:left; } table.ms-authoringcontrols > tbody > tr > td{ vertical-align:middle; } td.ms-authoringcontrols > label,td.ms-authoringcontrols > span > label,td.ms-authoringcontrols > table > tbody > tr > td > label{ vertical-align:middle; } .ms-propertysheet th.ms-linksectionheader { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; font-family:tahoma; font-size:8pt; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; } .ms-linksectionitemdescription{ padding-left:3px; padding-top:7px; } .ms-propertysheet .ms-sectionheader a,.ms-propertysheet .ms-sectionheader a:hover { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Lighter")] */ color:#525252; text-decoration:none; } .ms-partline { height:3px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark2",themeTint:"0.17")] */ border-bottom:1px solid #EBEBEB; } .ms-propertysheet{ font-family:verdana; font-size:1em; text-align:left; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Medium")] */ color:#4c4c4c; } .ms-propertysheet th{ font-family:verdana; font-size:8pt; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Medium")] */ color:#4c4c4c; font-weight:normal; } .ms-propertysheet a{ text-decoration:none; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Darker")] */ color:#3966bf; } .ms-propertysheet a:hover{ text-decoration:underline; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; } .ms-vh,.ms-vh2,.ms-vh-icon-empty,.ms-vhImage,.ms-vh2-nograd,.ms-vh3-nograd,.ms-vh2-nograd-icon,.ms-vh2-nofilter-icon,.ms-ph{ font-weight:normal; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Medium")] */ color:#b2b2b2; text-align:left; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:top; } .ms-vh-icon{ vertical-align:middle; } .ms-gb,.ms-gb2,.ms-gbload,.ms-vb-tall,.ms-vb-user,.ms-pb,.ms-pb-selected td{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; } .ms-gb a,.ms-gb2 a{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3")] */ color:#003399; } .ms-vh,.ms-vh2,.ms-vh-icon,.ms-vh-icon-empty,.ms-vhImage,.ms-gb,.ms-gb2,.ms-gbload,.ms-vb,.ms-vb2,.ms-vb-tall,.ms-vb-user,.ms-vh2-nograd,.ms-vh3-nograd,.ms-vh2-nograd-icon,.ms-vh2-nofilter-icon,.ms-pb,.ms-pb-selected,.ms-ph{ font-size:8pt; line-height:1.2; font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,sans-serif; } .ms-vh,.ms-vh2,.ms-vh2-nograd,.ms-vh3-nograd,.ms-vh2-nograd-icon,.ms-vh2-nofilter-icon,.ms-ph{ white-space:nowrap; } .ms-vh,.ms-vh2,.ms-vh-icon,.ms-vh2-nofilter-icon,.ms-viewheadertr .ms-vh-group,.ms-vh2-nograd,.ms-vh3-nograd,.ms-vh2-nograd-icon,.ms-ph,.ms-pickerresultheadertr{ background-repeat:repeat-x; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:0px; } .ms-viewheadertr th{ padding-top:5px !important; } .ms-disc .ms-viewheadertr th.ms-vh2{ padding:1px 5px 0px 4px; } .ms-disc .ms-vh2 .ms-selectedtitle .ms-vb,.ms-disc .ms-vh2 .ms-unselectedtitle .ms-vb{ padding-left:4px; } th.ms-vh3-nograd{ width:12px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Darker")] */ color:#949494; font-size:8pt; font-family:tahoma,sans-serif; } .ms-vh .ms-vh{ background-image:none; border-left:none; padding-left:1px; background-color:transparent; } .ms-vh2,.ms-ph{ padding:3px 8px 1px; } .ms-vh-div{ padding-top:5px; } .ms-vh-icon,.ms-vh2-nograd-icon,.ms-vh2-nofilter-icon{ width:12px; } .ms-vh-icon{ padding-left:6px; padding-right:4px; padding-bottom:3px; } .ms-vh-icon-empty{ width:0px; } .ms-vh a,.ms-vh a:visited,.ms-vh2 a{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Lightest")] */ color:#7f7f7f; text-decoration:none; } .ms-vh a:hover,.ms-vh2 a:hover{ text-decoration:underline; } .ms-imnImgTD { padding-right:2px; padding-bottom:5px; } .ms-vhltr .ms-imnImgTD { padding-right:2px; } .ms-vhrtl .ms-imnImgTD { padding-left:2px; } .ms-imnTxtTD { padding-top:0px; } .ms-vhImage{ width:18pt } .ms-standardheader{ font-size:1em; margin:0em; text-align:left; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#525252; } .ms-formlabel h3.ms-standardheader{ font-weight:normal; color:auto; } .ms-linksectionheader .ms-standardheader{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#000000; } .ms-gb{ height:22px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lighter")] */ border-bottom:1px solid #8ebbf5; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lightest")] */ border-top:1px solid #f9f9f9; padding-bottom:3px; } .ms-gb .ms-vb2{ font-weight:normal; } .ms-listviewtable .ms-gb,.ms-listviewtable .ms-gb2{ padding-top:14px; } .ms-gb2{ height:22px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Medium")] */ color:#4c4c4c; padding-bottom:3px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Accent3-Lightest")] */ border-bottom:1px solid #e3efff; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1-Lightest")] */ border-top:1px solid #f9f9f9; } .ms-gbload{ height:22px; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1-Medium")] */ color:#4c4c4c; /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Light1")] */ background-color:#ffffff; padding-bottom:3px; } .ms-vb,.ms-vb2,.ms-vb-user,.ms-vb-tall,.ms-pb,.ms-pb-selected { /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Dark1")] */ color:#6d6f72; vertical-align:top; } .ms-vb a:link,.ms-vb2 a:link,.ms-vb-user a:link{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Hyperlink")] */ color:#0072BC; text-decoration:none; } .ms-vb a:hover,.ms-vb2 a:hover,.ms-vb-user a:hover{ text-decoration:underline; } .ms-vb a:visited,.ms-vb2 a:visited,.ms-vb-user a:visited{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Hyperlink")] */ color:#0072BC; text-decoration:none; } .ms-vb a:visited:hover,.ms-vb2 a:visited:hover,.ms-vb-user a:visited:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor:"Hyperlink")] */ color:#0072BC; text-decoration:underline; } .ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb a:link,.ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb2 a:link,.ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb-user a:link,.ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb a:visited,.ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb2 a:visited,.ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb-user a:visited,.ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb a:visited:hover,.ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb2 a:visited:hover,.ms-alternatingstrong .ms-vb-user a:visited:hover{ /* [ReplaceColor(themeColor

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• Casting SelectedItem of WPF Combobox to Color causes exception

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  I have a combobox databound to the available system colors. When the user selects a color the following code is fired: private void cboFontColour_SelectionChanged(object sender, SelectionChangedEventArgs e) { Color colour = (Color)(cboFontColour.SelectedItem); } This throws a Casting Exception with the following message: "Specified cast is not valid." When I hover over cboFontColour.SelectedItem in the debugger, it is always a Color object. I do not understand why the system seemingly cannot cast from Color to Color, any help would be much obliged.

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• Get image pixels of prescribed color

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