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  • Arguments, local variables, and global variables coding convention in Python

    - by prosseek
    In python, there is no way to differentiate between arguments, local variables, and global variables. The easy way to do so might be have some coding convention such as Global variables start with _ and capital letter arguments end with with _ _Gvariable = 10 def hello(x_, y_): z = x_ + y_ Is this a Pythonian way to go? I mean, is there well established/agreed coding-standards to differentiate them in python?

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  • Arguments, local variables, and global variables in Python

    - by prosseek
    In python, there is no way to differentiate between arguments, local variables, and global variables. The easy way to do so might be have some coding convention such as Global variables start with _ and capital letter arguments end with with _ _Global variable = 10 def hello(x_, y_): z = x_ + y_ Is this a Pythonian way to go? I mean, is there well established/agreed coding-standards to differentiate them in python?

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  • Flash As3.0 PHP Variables?

    - by user311421
    Is it possible to make php variables public and accessible anywhere on the timeline? The script I included works fine if I set it as the document class only (it won't work if I try importing it). The variables pass the text to dynamic text fields on the main timeline. The problem: It will pull the information and display it when the SWF first loads but if I move to my second frame and then back it erases the information. It also will not pass any variables to the second frame. The only way to see the variables after going back to the first frame is to reload the whole SWF. I'm pretty much stuck at this point trying to make the variables persistent through all frames. this is my code: package { import flash.display.MovieClip; import flash.events.*; import flash.net.*; import flash.display.Stage; public class Main extends MovieClip { public function Main() { var request:URLRequest = new URLRequest("http://localhost/mytest2/dataLayer.php"); request.method = URLRequestMethod.GET; var loader:URLLoader = new URLLoader(); loader.dataFormat = URLLoaderDataFormat.VARIABLES; loader.addEventListener(Event.COMPLETE, completeHandler); loader.load(request); function completeHandler(evt:Event) { var username = evt.target.data.username; var pclass = evt.target.data.pclass; var hpoints = evt.target.data.hpoints; var spoints = evt.target.data.spoints; username_txt.text = username; class_txt.text = pclass; hpoints_txt.text = hpoints; spoints_txt.text = spoints; } } } }

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  • Ant trouble with environment variables on Ubuntu

    - by Inaimathi
    Having some trouble with with ant reading environment variables in Ubuntu 9.1. Specifically, the build tasks my company uses has a token like ${env.CATALINA_HOME] in the main build.xml. I set CATALINA_HOME to the correct value in /etc/environment, ~/.pam_environment and (just to be safe) my .bashrc. I can see the correct value when I run printenv from bash, or when I eval (getenv "CATALINA_HOME") in emacs. Ant refuses to build to the correct directory though; instead I get a folder named ${env.CATALINA_HOME} in the same directory as my build.xml. Any idea what's happening there, and/or how to fix it?

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  • Using Apache Environment Variables to set custom ErrorDocument

    - by Tad
    I've got a set of RewriteCond rules that test for various mobile devices and then set environment variables like "env=device:.iphone" or "env=device:.smartphone" if the useragent matches an iPhone or Android device. I'm trying to now redirect the user to custom-styled 404/500 server error pages for each device, by way of the error pages. Ideally I'd like to be able to test for a variable being there, and then write in a custom ErrorDocument string. But an apache doesn't seem to work in this case. Any ideas how I can construct if/else tests in an apache conf file for environment vars?

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  • /proc/pid/environ missing variables

    - by Josh Arenberg
    google is giving no love on this one today, so I turn to the experts... I'm currently hacking together a script that relies on the /proc/pid/environ feature in Linux (RHEL 4) to check for a particular environment variable. Trouble is, it seems certain environment variables aren't showing up in there for some reason. Example: create some test vars: $ export T_1=testval TEST_1=testval T=testval TESTING_LONGEST=testval open a subshell: $bash $ cat /proc/self/environ|tr "\0" "\n"|grep testval TESTVARIABLE_LONGEST=testval T=testval hmm... where did T_1 and TEST_1 go?? what rules govern this strange universe? Thanks in advance, Josh

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  • Please Describe Your Struggles with Minimizing Use of Global Variables

    - by MetaHyperBolic
    Most of the programs I write are relatively flowchartable processes, with a defined start and hoped-for end. The problems themselves can be complex but do not readily lean towards central use of objects and event-driven programming. Often, I am simply churning through great varied batches of text data to produce different text data. Only occasionally do I need to create a class: As an example, to track warnings, errors, and debugging message, I created a class (Problems) with one instantiation (myErr), which I believe to be an example of the Singleton design pattern. As a further factor, my colleagues are more old school (procedural) than I and are unacquainted with object-oriented programming, so I am loath to create things they could not puzzle through. And yet I hear, again and again, how even the Singleton design pattern is really an anti-pattern and ought to be avoided because Global Variables Are Bad. Minor functions need few arguments passed to them and have no need to know of configuration (unchanging) or program state (changing) -- I agree. However, the functions in the middle of the chain, which primarily control program flow, have a need for a large number of configuration variables and some program state variables. I believe passing a dozen or more arguments along to a function is a "solution," but hardly an attractive one. I could, of course, cram variables into a single hash/dict/associative array, but that seems like cheating. For instance, connecting to the Active Directory to make a new account, I need such configuration variables as an administrative username, password, a target OU, some default groups, a domain, etc. I would have to pass those arguments down through a variety of functions which would not even use them, merely shuffle them off down through a chain which would eventually lead to the function that actually needs them. I would at least declare the configuration variables to be constant, to protect them, but my language of choice these days (Python) provides no simple manner to do this, though recipes do exist as workarounds. Numerous Stack Overflow questions have hit on the why? of the badness and the requisite shunning, but do not often mention tips on living with this quasi-religious restriction. How have you resolved, or at least made peace with, the issue of global variables and program state? Where have you made compromises? What have your tricks been, aside from shoving around flocks of arguments to functions?

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  • NUMA-aware placement of communication variables

    - by Dave
    For classic NUMA-aware programming I'm typically most concerned about simple cold, capacity and compulsory misses and whether we can satisfy the miss by locally connected memory or whether we have to pull the line from its home node over the coherent interconnect -- we'd like to minimize channel contention and conserve interconnect bandwidth. That is, for this style of programming we're quite aware of where memory is homed relative to the threads that will be accessing it. Ideally, a page is collocated on the node with the thread that's expected to most frequently access the page, as simple misses on the page can be satisfied without resorting to transferring the line over the interconnect. The default "first touch" NUMA page placement policy tends to work reasonable well in this regard. When a virtual page is first accessed, the operating system will attempt to provision and map that virtual page to a physical page allocated from the node where the accessing thread is running. It's worth noting that the node-level memory interleaving granularity is usually a multiple of the page size, so we can say that a given page P resides on some node N. That is, the memory underlying a page resides on just one node. But when thinking about accesses to heavily-written communication variables we normally consider what caches the lines underlying such variables might be resident in, and in what states. We want to minimize coherence misses and cache probe activity and interconnect traffic in general. I don't usually give much thought to the location of the home NUMA node underlying such highly shared variables. On a SPARC T5440, for instance, which consists of 4 T2+ processors connected by a central coherence hub, the home node and placement of heavily accessed communication variables has very little impact on performance. The variables are frequently accessed so likely in M-state in some cache, and the location of the home node is of little consequence because a requester can use cache-to-cache transfers to get the line. Or at least that's what I thought. Recently, though, I was exploring a simple shared memory point-to-point communication model where a client writes a request into a request mailbox and then busy-waits on a response variable. It's a simple example of delegation based on message passing. The server polls the request mailbox, and having fetched a new request value, performs some operation and then writes a reply value into the response variable. As noted above, on a T5440 performance is insensitive to the placement of the communication variables -- the request and response mailbox words. But on a Sun/Oracle X4800 I noticed that was not the case and that NUMA placement of the communication variables was actually quite important. For background an X4800 system consists of 8 Intel X7560 Xeons . Each package (socket) has 8 cores with 2 contexts per core, so the system is 8x8x2. Each package is also a NUMA node and has locally attached memory. Every package has 3 point-to-point QPI links for cache coherence, and the system is configured with a twisted ladder "mobius" topology. The cache coherence fabric is glueless -- there's not central arbiter or coherence hub. The maximum distance between any two nodes is just 2 hops over the QPI links. For any given node, 3 other nodes are 1 hop distant and the remaining 4 nodes are 2 hops distant. Using a single request (client) thread and a single response (server) thread, a benchmark harness explored all permutations of NUMA placement for the two threads and the two communication variables, measuring the average round-trip-time and throughput rate between the client and server. In this benchmark the server simply acts as a simple transponder, writing the request value plus 1 back into the reply field, so there's no particular computation phase and we're only measuring communication overheads. In addition to varying the placement of communication variables over pairs of nodes, we also explored variations where both variables were placed on one page (and thus on one node) -- either on the same cache line or different cache lines -- while varying the node where the variables reside along with the placement of the threads. The key observation was that if the client and server threads were on different nodes, then the best placement of variables was to have the request variable (written by the client and read by the server) reside on the same node as the client thread, and to place the response variable (written by the server and read by the client) on the same node as the server. That is, if you have a variable that's to be written by one thread and read by another, it should be homed with the writer thread. For our simple client-server model that means using split request and response communication variables with unidirectional message flow on a given page. This can yield up to twice the throughput of less favorable placement strategies. Our X4800 uses the QPI 1.0 protocol with source-based snooping. Briefly, when node A needs to probe a cache line it fires off snoop requests to all the nodes in the system. Those recipients then forward their response not to the original requester, but to the home node H of the cache line. H waits for and collects the responses, adjudicates and resolves conflicts and ensures memory-model ordering, and then sends a definitive reply back to the original requester A. If some node B needed to transfer the line to A, it will do so by cache-to-cache transfer and let H know about the disposition of the cache line. A needs to wait for the authoritative response from H. So if a thread on node A wants to write a value to be read by a thread on node B, the latency is dependent on the distances between A, B, and H. We observe the best performance when the written-to variable is co-homed with the writer A. That is, we want H and A to be the same node, as the writer doesn't need the home to respond over the QPI link, as the writer and the home reside on the very same node. With architecturally informed placement of communication variables we eliminate at least one QPI hop from the critical path. Newer Intel processors use the QPI 1.1 coherence protocol with home-based snooping. As noted above, under source-snooping a requester broadcasts snoop requests to all nodes. Those nodes send their response to the home node of the location, which provides memory ordering, reconciles conflicts, etc., and then posts a definitive reply to the requester. In home-based snooping the snoop probe goes directly to the home node and are not broadcast. The home node can consult snoop filters -- if present -- and send out requests to retrieve the line if necessary. The 3rd party owner of the line, if any, can respond either to the home or the original requester (or even to both) according to the protocol policies. There are myriad variations that have been implemented, and unfortunately vendor terminology doesn't always agree between vendors or with the academic taxonomy papers. The key is that home-snooping enables the use of a snoop filter to reduce interconnect traffic. And while home-snooping might have a longer critical path (latency) than source-based snooping, it also may require fewer messages and less overall bandwidth. It'll be interesting to reprise these experiments on a platform with home-based snooping. While collecting data I also noticed that there are placement concerns even in the seemingly trivial case when both threads and both variables reside on a single node. Internally, the cores on each X7560 package are connected by an internal ring. (Actually there are multiple contra-rotating rings). And the last-level on-chip cache (LLC) is partitioned in banks or slices, which with each slice being associated with a core on the ring topology. A hardware hash function associates each physical address with a specific home bank. Thus we face distance and topology concerns even for intra-package communications, although the latencies are not nearly the magnitude we see inter-package. I've not seen such communication distance artifacts on the T2+, where the cache banks are connected to the cores via a high-speed crossbar instead of a ring -- communication latencies seem more regular.

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  • Environment variables in bash_profile or bashrc?

    - by Viriato
    I have found this question [blog]: Difference between .bashrc and .bash_profile very useful but after seeing the most voted answer (very good by the way) I have further questions. Towards the end of the most voted, correct answer I see the statement as follows : Note that you may see here and there recommendations to either put environment variable definitions in ~/.bashrc or always launch login shells in terminals. Both are bad ideas. Why is it a bad idea (I am not trying to fight, I just want to understand)? If I want to set an environment variable and add it to the PATH (for example JAVA_HOME) where it would be the best place to put the export entry? in ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bashrc? If the answer to question number 2 is ~/.bash_profile, then I have two further questions: 3.1. What would you put under ~/.bashrc? only aliases? 3.2. In a non-login shell, I believe the ~/.bash_profile is not being "picked up". If the export of JAVA_HOME entry was in bash_profile would I be able to execute javac & java commands? Would it find them on the PATH? Is that the reason why some posts and forums suggest setting JAVA_HOME and alike to ~/.bashrc? Thanks in advance.

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  • PsExec and Remote Environment Variables, Logging, Etc.

    - by alharaka
    When I run PsExec on a remote computer, I always fall short of what I want. What I would like ideally in most situations is a) a log on an admin server where each individual log has the name of each the remote computer it was generated from (e.g. COMPNAME1.log, COMPNAME2.log, etc.) or b) a log file on each remote computer with whatever name I specify. When I try scenario (a), I use the following command. %SystemDrive%\path\to\psexec.exe @listofcomputers.txt -u DOMAIN\username cmd /c echo TEST >> \\server.company.tld\share\%computername%.log Problem is that it never works. All the computers just write to the log where %computername% is just the computer I execute PsExec from in my office. What I want are unique logs for each computer specific in the listofcomputers.txt that will correctly use the hostname from the remote environment variable without issue. Is that even possible? It does not seem to work for me. I tried this, and the syntax is clearly wrong. %SystemDrive%\path\to\psexec.exe @listofcomputers.txt -u DOMAIN\username "cmd /c echo TEST >> \\server.company.tld\share\%computername%.log" PsExec just fails saying the system file cannot be found (read: syntax fail). As for scenario (b), it appears to be a variation of a similar problem. When I run a command like this, it does not work. %SystemDrive%\path\to\psexec.exe @listofcomputers.txt -u DOMAIN\username "cmd /c echo %computername% >> \\server.company.tld\share\aggregated.log" Is there something I do not understand about remote path and environment variables with PsExec on the cmd.exe console (I have not even tried the dreaded PowerShell yet). I know such things work in a batch file (cmd /c \\server.company.tld\share\runthis.bat), but is there a reason it will not work when executing commands as arguments? I always need this, and can never get it!

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  • DNS-Based Environment Determination

    - by zvolkov
    Found the following here. The questions is: where can I find more details on how exactly implement this on Windows? Any guide or how-to anybody? Or maybe you can provide your invaluable suggestions? Specifically, how do I make so that "all QA servers would first resolve entries in qa.example.com first and then if that lookup failed they would try example.com" (I'm a dev, not a DNS specialist, but our IT Support has refused to help on this:() Use DNS Based Environment Determination for your servers. Do this by initially splitting your top level domain into a number of sub domains depending on their function, and then creating DNS Service Names in each of the sub domains pointing to the relevant server for that service. Based on the list above we would then have: * clientdb.prod.example.com for Production * clientdb.perf.example.com for Performance Testing * clientdb.qa.example.com for QA * clientdb.dev.example.com for Development Servers then resolve entries in their relevant sub domain by function. That is, all QA servers would first resolve entries in qa.example.com first and then if that lookup failed they would try example.com. This allows you to have a single configuration entry for your client database hostname (clientdb) that would resolve correctly in all environments. This technique has the added advantage of still having global services defined in a common top level domain. This seems to be related to Providing "split horizon" DNS service. Reading that, I see that I will probably need separate DNS Server for each environment. Is this true or does Windows support some form of "tagging" the records to be visible depending on the requestor's IP?

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  • Can start-stop-daemon use environmental variables?

    - by scottburton11
    I need to daemonize a Windows app running in Wine, and create a pid in /var/run. Since it requires an X11 session to run, I need to make sure the $DISPLAY variable is set in the running user's environment. Assuming I already have a X11 session running, with a given display, here's what the start-stop-daemon line looks like in my /etc/init.d script: start-stop-daemon --start --pidfile /var/run/wine-app.pid -m -c myuser -g mygroup -k 002 --exec /home/myuser/.wine/drive_c/Program\ Files/wine-app.exe Unfortunately, my version of start-stop-daemon on Ubuntu 8.04 doesn't have the -e option to set environmental variables. I gather that you could simply set $DISPLAY before the command, like so: VAR1="Value" start-stop-daemon ... But it doesn't work. Since I'm using the -c {user} option to run as a specific user, I'm guessing there's an environment switch and VAR1 is lost. I've tried exporting DISPLAY from the running user's .profile and/or .bashrc but it doesn't work either. Is there another way to do this? Is this even possible? Am I overlooking something? Many thanks

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  • control a bash script with variables from an external file

    - by perler
    I would like to control a bash script like this: #!/bin/sh USER1=_parsefromfile_ HOST1=_parsefromfile_ PW1=_parsefromfile_ USER2=_parsefromfile_ HOST2=_parsefromfile_ PW2=_parsefromfile_ imapsync \ --buffersize 8192000 --nosyncacls --subscribe --syncinternaldates --IgnoreSizeErrors \ --host1 $HOST1 --user1 $USER1 --password1 $PW1 --ssl1 --port1 993 --noauthmd5 \ --host2 $HOST2 --user2 $USER2 --password2 $PW2 --ssl2 --port2 993 --noauthmd5 --allowsizemismatch with parameters from a control file like this: host1 user1 password1 host2 user2 password2 anotherhost1 anotheruser1 anotherpassword1 anotherhost2 anotheruser2 anotherpassword2 where each line represents one run of the script with the parameters extracted and made into variables. what would be the most elegant way of doing this? PAT

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  • Using custom variables in Google Analytics funnels?

    - by Matt Huggins
    Google Analytics allow you to view how many users completed funnels through a set of pages in order to reach a goal URL. The service also allows you to pass custom variables when tracking a page view. Is it possible to combine the two, such that I create a funnel based upon the vale of a custom variable set for each visitor?

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  • confused about variables in bash

    - by gappy
    I know that variables in bash have no type, but am confused about the value they are assigned. The following simple script works fine in bash #!/bin/bash tail -n +2 /cygdrive/c/workdir\ \(newco\,\ LLC\)/workfile.txt > \ /cygdrive/c/workdir\ \(newco\,\ LLC\)/workfile2.txt However, the following does not #!/bin/bash tmpdir=/cygdrive/c/workdir\ \(newco\,\ LLC\) tail -n +2 $tmpdir/workfile.txt > $tmpdir/workfile2.txt Is there an explanation for this behavior?

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  • Idiomatic way to read .env variables in Ansible?

    - by Arms
    I'm provisioning a Vagrant box with Ansible, and using Benno Joy's MySQL role to setup MySQL (including creating a database and users.) The database name and credentials are stored in a .env file in the project's root. What would be the idiomatic way to use these variables when provisioning MySQL? Should I write a custom script that generates a YAML file from my .env, and then use the include_vars module? Or is there a simpler way?

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  • Apache: scope for environmental variables

    - by Anonymous
    While there's documentation available on Apache environmental variables, I can not find answer to one important question. Imagine I use rewrite rules to set environmental variable RewriteRule ... ... [E=something:1] What is the scope of "something" - global Apache server (this means "something" will be available for other request transactions), this request (means that "something" is only valid for THIS http request (and its related processing - but what's about internal redirects and other internal stuff - are they considered as THIS request, or another one?), and may be set differently within another (concurrent) request?

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