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• Typing commands into a terminal always returns "-bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory"

  - by Artur Sapek

  I think I messed something up on my Ubuntu server while trying to upgrade to Python 2.7.2. Every time I type in a command that doesn't have a response, the default from bash is this: -bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory Just like it would say if I typed the name of a directory. But this happens every time I enter a command that doesn't do anything. artur@SERVER:~$ dslkfjdsklfdshjk -bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory I remember messing with the update-alternatives to point at python at some point, perhaps that could be it? Any inklings as to why this is happening? Related to this problem is also the fact that when I try using easy_install it tells me -bash: /usr/bin/easy_install: /usr/bin/python: bad interpeter: Permission denied /etc/fstab/ is set to exec. I've read that could fix the second problem but it hasn't.

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• How to make a python script run in Anacron

  - by Jeremy

  I have a python script that I would like to run daily using anacron, but I haven't been able to get it to work. The script is in my home directory, and I have put a symlink to it in /etc/cron.daily/. I saw somewhere that things here can't have dots in the filename, so the symlink has the .py extension removed (the original file still has it). The python file does have #!/usr/bin/python on the first line. This is my first experience with cron / anacron, and so I'm sure I'm making a dumb mistake - I just don't know what it is. Is a symlink a problem? Do I need the actual file there? Is the python script the problem? Do I need to run a bash script that will open the python script? Is there something else I'm not thinking of?

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• Python script as a service on Ubuntu 11.10

  - by bugs99

  I am facing the following problem. I want to run a python script as a service on Ubuntu 11.10 system (already mentioned in the following link: Python service using Upstart on Ubuntu) I followed the steps mentioned in the above mentioned link, but i got the following error message in syslog: init: script main process (21826) terminated with status 1 Jun 8 16:59:55 bilbo kernel: [263012.984531] init: script main process ended, respawning Jun 8 16:59:55 bilbo kernel: [263013.044099] init: script main process (21827) terminated with status 1 The above two lines are getting repeated all the time. On saying sudo start script, I get the following: $ sudo start script script start/running, process 21826 Following is the content of my script.conf placed in /etc/init: description "Used to start python script as a service" author "bilbo" start on runlevel [2] stop on runlevel [06] exec python /home/bilbo/scripts/webserver.py respawn Please tell me what I am doing wrong? Do I have to change my python code as well?

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• How to install Visual Python?

  - by user214152

  I'm a Linux newbie but I'm determined to get my favorite applications on my laptop running Ubuntu 12.04. I just installed Cinnamon. I'm trying to install Visual Python and it requires Python 2.7. I followed the instructions on the VPython site but the Wine application isn't extracting anything from the Python .msi file. From the first line wine start /i python-2.7.5.amd64.msi /qn TARGETDIR=~/Python27 ALLUSERS=1 it says fixme:storage:create_storagefile Storage share mode not implemented. I created that Python27 directory so I know it exists and it's empty. I know Ubuntu already has Python 2.7 so I just tried running the VPython.exe file but it says "This program can only be installed on versions of Windows designed for the following processor architectures: x64." My Toshiba satellite has a 64-bit processor. Could anybody help?

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• Python repl in python application

  - by Olorin

  Hello i am learning python(so i can use qt with python not only c++) and i'm curios if it would be possible to embed a python interpreter in my application as a repl. I would like to give users to possibility to script the app using python either loading a file (and that file to act as a plugin for the app) or by evaluating code entered in a text box or something like that. Just like you can embed the interpreter in C or C++ and script the app using python can this be done if the application is itself written in python(and made a stand-alone binary using py2exe or something similar)? something like Anders did with the C# repl or Miguel with mono. Thanks.

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• Using Python on Mac

  - by choise

  hi, i want to learn python using my mac. now i want to setup a python version = 3.1.3, because my materials for learning are using this version. typing python into terminal results version 2.6.1, using the dmg installer on python.org (http://docs.python.org/ftp/python/3.1.3/) doesn't have an effect on the python version in terminal, but it's bundled with an own shell under Applications/Python 3.1/Idle.app my question now is, should i use this shell for learing or is there a better way, updating the python version bundled with snow leopard? i already tried defaults write com.apple.versioner.python Version 3.1.3 or defaults write com.apple.versioner.python Version 3.0 without any result. thanks!

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• Until when will Python 2.5 be supported?

  - by Emilien

  Apparently Python only supports 2 minor versions (like 2.X), so that would mean Python 2.5 would get phased out when Python 2.7 comes out (in June 2010?) Is this correct? PEP 356 -- Python 2.5 Release Schedule doesn't give much answers to this question.

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• No IDLE for Python 3?

  - by NotSuper

  I installed Python 3.1 yesterday on my Windows Vista PC, and was surprised to find that the version of IDLE is 2.6.4, for "Python 2.6.4 (r264:75708, Oct 26 2009, 08:23:19) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32" I was hoping to use IDLE to investigate some of the new features of Python 3... I guess I'm stuck with the command line... Anyone know what's up with Python 3's IDLE? Thanks

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• Metaprogramming - self explanatory code - tutorials, articles, books

  - by elena

  Hello everybody, I am looking into improving my programming skils (actually I try to do my best to suck less each year, as our Jeff Atwood put it), so I was thinking into reading stuff about metaprogramming and self explanatory code. I am looking for something like an idiot's guide to this (free books for download, online resources). Also I want more than your average wiki page and also something language agnostic or preferably with Java examples. Do you know of such resources that will allow to efficiently put all of it into practice (I know experience has a lot to say in all of this but i kind of want to build experience avoiding the flow bad decisions - experience - good decisions)? EDIT: Something of the likes of this example from the Pragmatic Programmer: ...implement a mini-language to control a simple drawing package... The language consists of single-letter commands. Some commands are followed by a single number. For example, the following input would draw a rectangle: P 2 # select pen 2 D # pen down W 2 # draw west 2cm N 1 # then north 1 E 2 # then east 2 S 1 # then back south U # pen up Thank you!

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• Why use Python interactive mode?

  - by mvid

  When I first started reading about Python, all of the tutorials have you use Python's Interactive Mode. It is difficult to save, write long programs, or edit your existing lines (for me at least). It seems like a far more difficult way of writing Python code than opening up a code.py file and running the interpreter on that file. python code.py I am coming from a Java background, so I have ingrained expectations of writing and compiling files for programs. I also know that a feature would not be so prominent in Python documentation if it were not somehow useful. So what am I missing?

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• Boost.Python tutorial in Ubuntu 10.04

  - by Doughy

  I downloaded the latest version of Boost and I'm trying to get the Boost.python tutorial up and running on Ubuntu 10.04: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_43_0/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/html/python/hello.html I navigated to the correct directory, ran "bjam" and it compiled using default settings. I did not yet create a bjam config file. The compilation appears to have worked, but now I have no idea how to include the files in my python script. When I try to run the python hello world script, it gives me this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "./hello.py", line 6, in <module> import hello_ext ImportError: libboost_python.so.1.43.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory Anyone know what is going on?

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• Avoiding accidentally catching KeyboardInterrupt and SystemExit in Python 2.4

  - by jrdioko

  In Python scripts, there are many cases where a keyboard interrupt (Ctrl-C) fails to kill the process because of a bare except clause somewhere in the code: try: foo() except: bar() The standard solution in Python 2.5 or higher is to catch Exception rather than using bare except clauses: try: foo() except Exception: bar() This works because, as of Python 2.5, KeyboardInterrupt and SystemExit inherit from BaseException, not Exception. However, some installations are still running Python 2.4. How can this problem be handled in versions prior to Python 2.5? (I'm going to answer this question myself, but putting it here so people searching for it can find a solution.)

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• Having a Python package install itself under a different name

  - by cool-RR

  I'm developing a package called garlicsim. (Website.) The package is intended for Python 2.X, but I am also offerring Python 3 support on a different fork called garlicsim_py3.(1) So both of these packages live side by side on PyPI, and Python 3 users install garlicsim_py3, and Python 2 users install garlicsim. The problem is: When third party modules want to use garlicsim, they should have one package name to refer to, not two. Sure, they can do something like this: try: import garlicsim except ImportError: import garlicsim_py3 as garlicsim But I would prefer not to make the developers of these modules do this. Is there a way that garlicsim_py3 will install itself under the alias garlicsim? What I want is for a Python 3 user to be able to import garlicsim and refer to the module all the time as garlicsim, but that it will really be garlicsim_py3. I know that the Distribute project does something like this: They make it so you can import setuptools and it will be redirected into their code. I have no idea how they do it. Any ideas? (1) I've reached the decision to support Python 3 on a fork instead of in the same code base; It's important for me that the code base will be clean, and I would really not want to introduce compatibilty hacks.

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• Getting syntax errors when building with python 3.1 and not with python 2.6

  - by mathan

  Hi All, Using Mac os X 10.6, python 3.1 and gcc 4.0 trying to build pyfsevent implemented in python2.6 by converting it to python 3.1. Wondering when getting the following errors while building in python 3.1 alone. Why not when building with python 2.6? error: syntax error before ‘CFFileDescriptorRef’ warning: no semicolon at end of struct or union error: syntax error before ‘}’ token warning: data definition has no type or storage clas

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• Python: disabling $HOME/.python-eggs?

  - by Mark Harrison

  Is there an easy way to disable Python egg caching? We have the situation where a system account needs to run a python program which imports a module. Since this is a non-login robot account, it does not have a home directory, and dies trying to create the directory /.python-eggs. What's the best way to fix this? Can I convert my eggs in site-files to something which will not be cached in .python-eggs?

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• Specifying the Python interpreter for vim's :python command

  - by dwf

  (Mac)Vim seems to be picking up /usr/bin/python instead of the one that's at the front of my path (/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/bin/python) when I use the :python command. Is this entirely a compile-time thing or can I somehow override it?

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• Syntax error when using "with open" in Python (python newbie)

  - by Tony

  [root@234571-app2 git]# ./test.py File "./test.py", line 4 with open("/home/git/post-receive-email.log",'a') as log_file: ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax The code looks like this: [root@234571-app2 git]# more test.py #!/usr/bin/python from __future__ import with_statement with open("/home/git/post-receive-email.log",'a') as log_file: log_file.write("hello world") and I am using Python 2.5.5 [root@234571-app2 git]# python -V Python 2.5.5

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• Getting template metaprogramming compile-time constants at runtime

  - by GMan - Save the Unicorns

  Background Consider the following: template <unsigned N> struct Fibonacci { enum { value = Fibonacci<N-1>::value + Fibonacci<N-2>::value }; }; template <> struct Fibonacci<1> { enum { value = 1 }; }; template <> struct Fibonacci<0> { enum { value = 0 }; }; This is a common example and we can get the value of a Fibonacci number as a compile-time constant: int main(void) { std::cout << "Fibonacci(15) = "; std::cout << Fibonacci<15>::value; std::cout << std::endl; } But you obviously cannot get the value at runtime: int main(void) { std::srand(static_cast<unsigned>(std::time(0))); // ensure the table exists up to a certain size // (even though the rest of the code won't work) static const unsigned fibbMax = 20; Fibonacci<fibbMax>::value; // get index into sequence unsigned fibb = std::rand() % fibbMax; std::cout << "Fibonacci(" << fibb << ") = "; std::cout << Fibonacci<fibb>::value; std::cout << std::endl; } Because fibb is not a compile-time constant. Question So my question is: What is the best way to peek into this table at run-time? The most obvious solution (and "solution" should be taken lightly), is to have a large switch statement: unsigned fibonacci(unsigned index) { switch (index) { case 0: return Fibonacci<0>::value; case 1: return Fibonacci<1>::value; case 2: return Fibonacci<2>::value; . . . case 20: return Fibonacci<20>::value; default: return fibonacci(index - 1) + fibonacci(index - 2); } } int main(void) { std::srand(static_cast<unsigned>(std::time(0))); static const unsigned fibbMax = 20; // get index into sequence unsigned fibb = std::rand() % fibbMax; std::cout << "Fibonacci(" << fibb << ") = "; std::cout << fibonacci(fibb); std::cout << std::endl; } But now the size of the table is very hard coded and it wouldn't be easy to expand it to say, 40. The only one I came up with that has a similiar method of query is this: template <int TableSize = 40> class FibonacciTable { public: enum { max = TableSize }; static unsigned get(unsigned index) { if (index == TableSize) { return Fibonacci<TableSize>::value; } else { // too far, pass downwards return FibonacciTable<TableSize - 1>::get(index); } } }; template <> class FibonacciTable<0> { public: enum { max = 0 }; static unsigned get(unsigned) { // doesn't matter, no where else to go. // must be 0, or the original value was // not in table return 0; } }; int main(void) { std::srand(static_cast<unsigned>(std::time(0))); // get index into sequence unsigned fibb = std::rand() % FibonacciTable<>::max; std::cout << "Fibonacci(" << fibb << ") = "; std::cout << FibonacciTable<>::get(fibb); std::cout << std::endl; } Which seems to work great. The only two problems I see are: Potentially large call stack, since calculating Fibonacci<2 requires we go through TableMax all the way to 2, and: If the value is outside of the table, it returns zero as opposed to calculating it. So is there something I am missing? It seems there should be a better way to pick out these values at runtime. A template metaprogramming version of a switch statement perhaps, that generates a switch statement up to a certain number? Thanks in advance.

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• Python web devlopment framework for python 3.1 user

  - by iama

  I have been learning python for some time now. While starting this "learning python" endeavor I decided to learn the latest and greatest 3.1 version of python. I regret this decision now because I wanted to try my hands on some of the python web development frameworks & it looks like many of them does not support 3.1 yet & it looks like it might take them years to support the new version of Python especially Django and TurboGears. This is really disappointing. Therefore, SO users, do you have any recommendation for a web framework for me that runs on 3.1 and supports some of the modern (I guess I will never learn ;-)) web framework features like MVC/ORM/URL Routing/Caching etc. Many thanks for your response.

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• How can I sandbox Python in pure Python?

  - by Blixt

  I'm developing a web game in pure Python, and want some simple scripting available to allow for more dynamic game content. Game content can be added live by privileged users. It would be nice if the scripting language could be Python. However, it can't run with access to the environment the game runs on since a malicious user could wreak havoc which would be bad. Is it possible to run sandboxed Python in pure Python? If not, are there any open source script interpreters written in pure Python that I could use? The requirements are support for variables, basic conditionals and function calls (not definitions).

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• How to choose python version to install in gentoo

  - by Shamanu4

  Hello, I'm using linux gentoo and i want to install python2.5 but it's a problem. emerge -av python shows These are the packages that would be merged, in order: Calculating dependencies... done! [ebuild U ] dev-lang/python-3.1.2-r3 [3.1.1-r1] USE="gdbm ipv6 ncurses readline ssl threads (wide-unicode%*) xml -build -doc -examples -sqlite* -tk -wininst (-ucs2%)" 9,558 kB [ebuild U ] app-admin/python-updater-0.8 [0.7] 8 kB and there are ebuild for more versions: # ls /usr/portage/dev-lang/python ChangeLog files Manifest metadata.xml python-2.4.6.ebuild python-2.5.4-r4.ebuild python-2.6.4-r1.ebuild python-2.6.5-r2.ebuild python-3.1.2-r3.ebuild How to choose ebuild that I want? (python-2.5.4-r4)

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• what could cause a script to fail to find python when it has `#!/usr/bin/env python` in the first line?

  - by jcollum

  Trying to get casperjs running on Ubuntu 12.04. After installing it when I run I get: 09:20 $ ll /usr/local/bin/casperjs lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 26 Nov 6 16:49 /usr/local/bin/casperjs -> /opt/casperjs/bin/casperjs 09:20 $ /usr/bin/env python --version Python 2.7.3 09:20 $ cat /opt/casperjs/bin/casperjs | head -4 #!/usr/bin/env python import os import sys 09:20 $ casperjs : No such file or directory 09: 22 $ python Python 2.7.3 (default, Sep 26 2013, 20:03:06) [GCC 4.6.3] on linux2 So Python is present and runnable, casperjs is pointing to the right place and it is a python script. But when I run it I get "No such file". I can fix it by changing the first line of the casperjs python file from: #!/usr/bin/env python to: #!/usr/bin/python Result: $ casperjs --version 1.1.0-DEV I managed to fix it, but I'm wondering why it didn't work with #!/usr/bin/env python, since that seems to be a normal interpreter line. Do I have something configured wrong? Here are the steps to get casperjs: $ git clone git://github.com/n1k0/casperjs.git $ cd casperjs $ ln -sf `pwd`/bin/casperjs /usr/local/bin/casperjs $ casperjs : No such file or directory

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• Odd difference between Python 2.5 and Python 2.6 on MacOS 10.6 using ctypes and libproc proc_pidinfo

  - by cemasoniv

  I'm trying to determine the current working directory of a process given its PID. The command-line utility lsof does something similar. Here's the source to the python script: import ctypes from ctypes import util import sys PROC_PIDVNODEPATHINFO = 9 proc = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(util.find_library("libproc")) print(proc.proc_pidinfo) class vnode_info(ctypes.Structure): _fields_ = [('data', ctypes.c_ubyte * 152)] class vnode_info_path(ctypes.Structure): _fields_ = [('vip_vi', vnode_info), ('vip_path', ctypes.c_char * 1024)] class proc_vnodepathinfo(ctypes.Structure): _fields_ = [('pvi_cdir', vnode_info_path), ('pvi_rdir', vnode_info_path)] inst = proc_vnodepathinfo() pid = int(sys.argv[1]) ret = proc.proc_pidinfo( pid, PROC_PIDVNODEPATHINFO, 0, ctypes.byref(inst), ctypes.sizeof(inst) ) print(ret, inst.pvi_cdir.vip_path) However, even though this script behaves as expected on Python 2.6, it does not work in Python 2.5: host:dir user$ sudo /usr/bin/python2.6 script.py 2698 <_FuncPtr object at 0x100419ae0> (2352, '/') host:dir user$ sudo /usr/bin/python2.5 script.py 2698 <_FuncPtr object at 0x19fdc0> (0, '') (PID 2698 is "Activity Monitor.app"). Note the different return values. Since this program strongly based on ctypes, I can't imagine any difference in Python itself that would cause this. The same behavior (as Python 2.5) occurs with my self-built Python 3.2. I'm not sure what versioning information I can give to help track down the weirdness -- or even come up with a solution for 2.5 -- but here's some stuff: host:dir user$ otool -L /usr/bin/python2.6 /usr/bin/python2.6: /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 125.2.0) host:dir user$ otool -L /usr/bin/python2.5 /usr/bin/python2.5 (architecture i386): /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 125.2.0) /usr/bin/python2.5 (architecture ppc7400): /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 125.2.0) host:dir user$ uname -a Darwin host.local 10.8.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.8.0: Tue Jun 7 16:33:36 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1504.15.3~1/RELEASE_I386 i386 Thanks to anyone that has a clue about what's going on here:)

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• Hadoop streaming with Python and python subprocess

  - by Ganesh

  I have established a basic hadoop master slave cluster setup and able to run mapreduce programs (including python) on the cluster. Now I am trying to run a python code which accesses a C binary and so I am using the subprocess module. I am able to use the hadoop streaming for a normal python code but when I include the subprocess module to access a binary, the job is getting failed. As you can see in the below logs, the hello executable is recognised to be used for the packaging, but still not able to run the code. . . packageJobJar: [/tmp/hello/hello, /app/hadoop/tmp/hadoop-unjar5030080067721998885/] [] /tmp/streamjob7446402517274720868.jar tmpDir=null JarBuilder.addNamedStream hello . . 12/03/07 22:31:32 INFO mapred.FileInputFormat: Total input paths to process : 1 12/03/07 22:31:32 INFO streaming.StreamJob: getLocalDirs(): [/app/hadoop/tmp/mapred/local] 12/03/07 22:31:32 INFO streaming.StreamJob: Running job: job_201203062329_0057 12/03/07 22:31:32 INFO streaming.StreamJob: To kill this job, run: 12/03/07 22:31:32 INFO streaming.StreamJob: /usr/local/hadoop/bin/../bin/hadoop job -Dmapred.job.tracker=master:54311 -kill job_201203062329_0057 12/03/07 22:31:32 INFO streaming.StreamJob: Tracking URL: http://master:50030/jobdetails.jsp?jobid=job_201203062329_0057 12/03/07 22:31:33 INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 0% reduce 0% 12/03/07 22:32:05 INFO streaming.StreamJob: map 100% reduce 100% 12/03/07 22:32:05 INFO streaming.StreamJob: To kill this job, run: 12/03/07 22:32:05 INFO streaming.StreamJob: /usr/local/hadoop/bin/../bin/hadoop job -Dmapred.job.tracker=master:54311 -kill job_201203062329_0057 12/03/07 22:32:05 INFO streaming.StreamJob: Tracking URL: http://master:50030/jobdetails.jsp?jobid=job_201203062329_0057 12/03/07 22:32:05 ERROR streaming.StreamJob: Job not Successful! 12/03/07 22:32:05 INFO streaming.StreamJob: killJob... Streaming Job Failed! Command I am trying is : hadoop jar contrib/streaming/hadoop-*streaming*.jar -mapper /home/hduser/MARS.py -reducer /home/hduser/MARS_red.py -input /user/hduser/mars_inputt -output /user/hduser/mars-output -file /tmp/hello/hello -verbose where hello is the C executable. It is a simple helloworld program which I am using to check the basic functioning. My Python code is : #!/usr/bin/env python import subprocess subprocess.call(["./hello"]) Any help with how to get the executable run with Python in hadoop streaming or help with debugging this will get me forward in this. Thanks, Ganesh

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• how to do asynchronous http requests with epoll and python 3.1

  - by flow

  there is an interesting page http://scotdoyle.com/python-epoll-howto.html about how to do asnchronous / non-blocking / AIO http serving in python 3. there is the tornado web server which does include a non-blocking http client. i have managed to port parts of the server to python 3.1, but the implementation of the client requires pyCurl and seems to have problems (with one participant stating how ‘Libcurl is such a pain in the neck’, and looking at the incredibly ugly pyCurl page i doubt pyCurl will arrive in py3+ any time soon). now that epoll is available in the standard library, it should be possible to do asynchronous http requests out of the box with python. i really do not want to use asyncore or whatnot; epoll has a reputation for being the ideal tool for the task, and it is part of the python distribution, so using anything but epoll for non-blocking http is highly counterintuitive (prove me wrong if you feel like it). oh, and i feel threading is horrible. no threading. i use stackless. people further interested in the topic of asynchronous http should not miss out on this talk by peter portante at PyCon2010; also of interest is the keynote, where speaker antonio rodriguez at one point emphasizes the importance of having up-to-date web technology libraries right in the standard library.

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