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• shutdown.exe on Win Server2k3 64-bit cannot be found

  - by normalocity

  Server 2003 SP2 64-bit Verified my path settings are correct, as I can run other executables within the "system32" folder without issue. If I cd to "c:\windows\system32\" folder, and try to run "shutdown /?" I get "shutdown is not recognized as a valid..." you know - the message you get when you type a command that doesn't exist. Doing a "dir *.exe" inside the "system32" folder, also doesn't return "shutdown.exe" as one of the results. HOWEVER - if I go through Windows Explorer - there it is! I can see shutdown.exe. Also, if I go to "Start - Run" and type "shutdown /?", it works fine. So, works in the GUI, not on the command line. very strange. This is an excerpt of the last portion of "dir *.exe" when run on the "system32" folder. Note the lack of commonly used executables such as "shutdown.exe" and "tsadmin.exe" 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 24,064 route.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 29,184 routemon.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 14,848 rsh.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 67,072 rsopprov.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 77,824 rtcshare.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 18,432 runas.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 34,816 rundll32.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 18,432 runonce.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 13,312 savedump.exe 03/19/2009 07:51 PM 49,152 sc.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 90,112 scardsvr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 152,064 schtasks.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 16,384 schupgr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 31,232 sdbinst.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 36,352 secedit.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 32,768 sethc.exe 06/28/2006 12:12 AM 31,232 SetLACState.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 41,472 setup.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 25,088 setup16.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 20,480 setupn.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 60,416 setx.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 10,752 sfc.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 76,288 sfmprint.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 11,776 sfmpsexe.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 65,024 sfmsvc.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 38,400 shmgrate.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 71,168 sigverif.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 26,112 skeys.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 96,256 smlogsvc.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 53,760 smss.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 40,960 snmp.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 25,088 sort.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 9,728 sprestrt.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 10,240 subst.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 14,848 svchost.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 54,272 syncapp.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 18,896 sysedit.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 29,696 syskey.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 107,520 sysocmgr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 79,360 systeminfo.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 3,072 systray.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 58,880 takeown.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 32,768 tapicfg.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 84,480 taskkill.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 87,552 tasklist.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 168,960 taskmgr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 13,824 tcmsetup.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 21,504 tcpsvcs.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 28,672 timeout.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 419,328 tracerpt.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 12,800 tracert.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 26,624 tsecimp.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 37,376 typeperf.exe 10/24/2008 04:12 PM 64,000 tzchange.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 5,632 unlodctr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 321,024 upg351db.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 16,896 ups.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 4,096 user.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 26,112 userinit.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 49,152 utilman.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 47,104 uwdf.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 29,184 verclsid.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 112,640 verifier.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 1,129 vwipxspx.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 55,296 w32tm.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 38,400 waitfor.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 39,424 wdfmgr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 62,464 wextract.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 38,400 where.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 48,640 whoami.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 36,864 winchat.exe 08/13/2007 06:45 PM 206,336 WinFXDocObj.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 8,704 winhlp32.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 12,800 winmsd.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 2,112 winspool.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 6,656 winver.exe 08/21/2002 05:13 AM 189,952 WISPTIS.EXE 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 67,072 wlbs.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 10,560 wowexec.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 10,752 wowreg32.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 31,232 wpnpinst.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 5,632 write.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 114,688 wscript.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 30,720 xcopy.exe

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• How can I forward ALL traffic over a site-to-site VPN on Cisco ASA?

  - by Scott Clements

  Hi There, I currently have two Cisco ASA 5100 routers. They are at different physical sites and are configured with a site-to-site VPN which is active and working. I can communicate with the subnets on either site from the other and both are connected to the internet, however I need to ensure that all the traffic at my remote site goes through this VPN to my site here. I know that the web traffic is doing so as a "tracert" confirms this, but I need to ensure that all other network traffic is being directed over this VPN to my network here. Here is my config for the ASA router at my remote site: hostname ciscoasa domain-name xxxxx enable password 78rl4MkMED8xiJ3g encrypted names ! interface Ethernet0/0 nameif NIACEDC security-level 100 ip address x.x.x.x 255.255.255.0 ! interface Ethernet0/1 description External Janet Connection nameif JANET security-level 0 ip address x.x.x.x 255.255.255.248 ! interface Ethernet0/2 shutdown no nameif security-level 100 no ip address ! interface Ethernet0/3 shutdown no nameif security-level 100 ip address dhcp setroute ! interface Management0/0 nameif management security-level 100 ip address 192.168.100.1 255.255.255.0 management-only ! passwd 2KFQnbNIdI.2KYOU encrypted ftp mode passive clock timezone GMT/BST 0 clock summer-time GMT/BDT recurring last Sun Mar 1:00 last Sun Oct 2:00 dns domain-lookup NIACEDC dns server-group DefaultDNS name-server 154.32.105.18 name-server 154.32.107.18 domain-name XXXX same-security-traffic permit inter-interface same-security-traffic permit intra-interface access-list ren_access_in extended permit ip any any access-list ren_access_in extended permit tcp any any access-list ren_nat0_outbound extended permit ip 192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 access-list NIACEDC_nat0_outbound extended permit ip 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 access-list JANET_20_cryptomap extended permit ip 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 access-list NIACEDC_access_in extended permit ip any any access-list NIACEDC_access_in extended permit tcp any any access-list JANET_access_out extended permit ip any any access-list NIACEDC_access_out extended permit ip any any pager lines 24 logging enable logging asdm informational mtu NIACEDC 1500 mtu JANET 1500 mtu management 1500 icmp unreachable rate-limit 1 burst-size 1 asdm image disk0:/asdm-522.bin no asdm history enable arp timeout 14400 nat-control global (NIACEDC) 1 interface global (JANET) 1 interface nat (NIACEDC) 0 access-list NIACEDC_nat0_outbound nat (NIACEDC) 1 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 access-group NIACEDC_access_in in interface NIACEDC access-group NIACEDC_access_out out interface NIACEDC access-group JANET_access_out out interface JANET route JANET 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 194.82.121.82 1 route JANET 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.3.248 tunneled timeout xlate 3:00:00 timeout conn 1:00:00 half-closed 0:10:00 udp 0:02:00 icmp 0:00:02 timeout sunrpc 0:10:00 h323 0:05:00 h225 1:00:00 mgcp 0:05:00 mgcp-pat 0:05:00 timeout sip 0:30:00 sip_media 0:02:00 sip-invite 0:03:00 sip-disconnect 0:02:00 timeout uauth 0:05:00 absolute http server enable http 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 NIACEDC http 192.168.100.0 255.255.255.0 management http 192.168.9.0 255.255.255.0 NIACEDC no snmp-server location no snmp-server contact snmp-server enable traps snmp authentication linkup linkdown coldstart crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA esp-3des esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-256-SHA esp-aes-256 esp-sha-hmac crypto map JANET_map 20 match address JANET_20_cryptomap crypto map JANET_map 20 set pfs crypto map JANET_map 20 set peer X.X.X.X crypto map JANET_map 20 set transform-set ESP-AES-256-SHA crypto map JANET_map interface JANET crypto isakmp enable JANET crypto isakmp policy 10 authentication pre-share encryption aes-256 hash sha group 2 lifetime 86400 crypto isakmp policy 30 authentication pre-share encryption 3des hash sha group 2 lifetime 86400 crypto isakmp policy 50 authentication pre-share encryption aes-256 hash sha group 5 lifetime 86400 tunnel-group X.X.X.X type ipsec-l2l tunnel-group X.X.X.X ipsec-attributes pre-shared-key * telnet timeout 5 ssh timeout 5 console timeout 0 dhcpd address 192.168.100.2-192.168.100.254 management dhcpd enable management ! ! class-map inspection_default match default-inspection-traffic ! ! policy-map type inspect dns preset_dns_map parameters message-length maximum 512 policy-map global_policy class inspection_default inspect dns preset_dns_map inspect ftp inspect h323 h225 inspect h323 ras inspect rsh inspect rtsp inspect esmtp inspect sqlnet inspect skinny inspect sunrpc inspect xdmcp inspect sip inspect netbios inspect tftp inspect http ! service-policy global_policy global prompt hostname context no asdm history enable Thanks in advance, Scott

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• shutdown.exe on Win Server2k3 cannot be found

  - by normalocity

  Server 2003 SP2 64-bit Verified my path settings are correct, as I can run other executables within the "system32" folder without issue. If I cd to "c:\windows\system32\" folder, and try to run "shutdown /?" I get "shutdown is not recognized as a valid..." you know - the message you get when you type a command that doesn't exist. Doing a "dir *.exe" inside the "system32" folder, also doesn't return "shutdown.exe" as one of the results. HOWEVER - if I go through Windows Explorer - there it is! I can see shutdown.exe. Also, if I go to "Start - Run" and type "shutdown /?", it works fine. So, works in the GUI, not on the command line. very strange. This is an excerpt of the last portion of "dir *.exe" when run on the "system32" folder. Note the lack of commonly used executables such as "shutdown.exe" and "tsadmin.exe" 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 24,064 route.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 29,184 routemon.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 14,848 rsh.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 67,072 rsopprov.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 77,824 rtcshare.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 18,432 runas.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 34,816 rundll32.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 18,432 runonce.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 13,312 savedump.exe 03/19/2009 07:51 PM 49,152 sc.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 90,112 scardsvr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 152,064 schtasks.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 16,384 schupgr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 31,232 sdbinst.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 36,352 secedit.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 32,768 sethc.exe 06/28/2006 12:12 AM 31,232 SetLACState.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 41,472 setup.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 25,088 setup16.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 20,480 setupn.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 60,416 setx.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 10,752 sfc.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 76,288 sfmprint.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 11,776 sfmpsexe.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 65,024 sfmsvc.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 38,400 shmgrate.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 71,168 sigverif.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 26,112 skeys.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 96,256 smlogsvc.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 53,760 smss.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 40,960 snmp.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 25,088 sort.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 9,728 sprestrt.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 10,240 subst.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 14,848 svchost.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 54,272 syncapp.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 18,896 sysedit.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 29,696 syskey.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 107,520 sysocmgr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 79,360 systeminfo.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 3,072 systray.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 58,880 takeown.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 32,768 tapicfg.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 84,480 taskkill.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 87,552 tasklist.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 168,960 taskmgr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 13,824 tcmsetup.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 21,504 tcpsvcs.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 28,672 timeout.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 419,328 tracerpt.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 12,800 tracert.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 26,624 tsecimp.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 37,376 typeperf.exe 10/24/2008 04:12 PM 64,000 tzchange.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 5,632 unlodctr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 321,024 upg351db.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 16,896 ups.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 4,096 user.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 26,112 userinit.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 49,152 utilman.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 47,104 uwdf.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 29,184 verclsid.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 112,640 verifier.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 1,129 vwipxspx.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 55,296 w32tm.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 38,400 waitfor.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 39,424 wdfmgr.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 62,464 wextract.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 38,400 where.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 48,640 whoami.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 36,864 winchat.exe 08/13/2007 06:45 PM 206,336 WinFXDocObj.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 8,704 winhlp32.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 12,800 winmsd.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 2,112 winspool.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 6,656 winver.exe 08/21/2002 05:13 AM 189,952 WISPTIS.EXE 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 67,072 wlbs.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 10,560 wowexec.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 10,752 wowreg32.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 31,232 wpnpinst.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 5,632 write.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 114,688 wscript.exe 02/18/2007 07:00 AM 30,720 xcopy.exe

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• An error occured synchronizing windows with time.windows.com

  - by Killrawr

  Okay so I've tried stopping/registering the win32tm service on this Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Computer. C:\Users\Administrator>net stop w32time The Windows Time service is stopping. The Windows Time service was stopped successfully. C:\Users\Administrator>w32tm /unregister The following error occurred: Access is denied. (0x80070005) C:\Users\Administrator>w32tm /unregister W32Time successfully unregistered. C:\Users\Administrator>w32tm /register W32Time successfully registered. C:\Users\Administrator>net start w32time The Windows Time service is starting. The Windows Time service was started successfully. (Source : http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/winserverDS/thread/9bdfc2cc-4775-4435-8868-57d214e1e3ba/) And I get this error from the Date and Time, Internet Time tab (After also following the steps here). I've even tried the Atomic Time Clock Worldtimeserver and I get the error The following error occurred: The specified module could not be found. (0x8007007E). I've also disabled the Windows Firewall, that might of been blocking the synchronization. I've done a file scan with sfc /scannow that came back with no errors. C:\Users\Administrator>sfc /scannow Beginning system scan. This process will take some time. Beginning verification phase of system scan. Verification 100% complete. Windows Resource Protection did not find any integrity violations. C:\Users\Administrator> But I'm not having much luck. Is there anyway lo possibly solve this? or is the time.windows.com servers unsupported? because the software is from 2008? (I really don't know :/), My ping result to time.windows.com C:\Users\Administrator>ping time.windows.com Pinging time.microsoft.akadns.net [65.55.21.22] with 32 bytes of data: Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Ping statistics for 65.55.21.22: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss), And tracert result C:\Users\Administratortracert time.windows.com Tracing route to time.microsoft.akadns.net [65.55.21.24] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.1.1 2 32 ms 31 ms 32 ms be2-100.bras1wtc.wlg.vf.net.nz [203.109.129.113] 3 31 ms 32 ms 31 ms be5-100.ppnzwtc01.wlg.vf.net.nz.129.109.203.in-a ddr.arpa [203.109.129.114] 4 31 ms 31 ms 31 ms gi0-2-0-3.ppnzwtc01.wlg.vf.net.nz.180.109.203.in -addr.arpa [203.109.180.210] 5 31 ms 31 ms 30 ms gi0-2-0-3.ppnzwtc02.wlg.vf.net.nz [203.109.180.2 09] 6 167 ms 166 ms 166 ms ip-141.199.31.114.VOCUS.net.au [114.31.199.141] 7 175 ms 175 ms 175 ms microsoft.com.any2ix.coresite.com [206.223.143.1 43] 8 177 ms 180 ms 176 ms xe-7-0-2-0.by2-96c-1a.ntwk.msn.net [207.46.42.17 6] 9 205 ms 205 ms 204 ms xe-10-0-2-0.co1-96c-1b.ntwk.msn.net [207.46.45.3 1] 10 * * * Request timed out. 11 * * * Request timed out. 12 * * * Request timed out. 13 * * * Request timed out. 14 * * * Request timed out. 15 * * * Request timed out. 16 ^C And nslookup C:\Users\Administrator>nslookup time.windows.com Server: UnKnown Address: 192.168.1.1 Non-authoritative answer: Name: time.microsoft.akadns.net Address: 65.55.21.22 Aliases: time.windows.com

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• Computer Networks UNISA - Chap 10 &ndash; In Depth TCP/IP Networking

  - by MarkPearl

  After reading this section you should be able to Understand methods of network design unique to TCP/IP networks, including subnetting, CIDR, and address translation Explain the differences between public and private TCP/IP networks Describe protocols used between mail clients and mail servers, including SMTP, POP3, and IMAP4 Employ multiple TCP/IP utilities for network discovery and troubleshooting Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks The following sections explain how network and host information in an IPv4 address can be manipulated to subdivide networks into smaller segments. Subnetting Subnetting separates a network into multiple logically defined segments, or subnets. Networks are commonly subnetted according to geographic locations, departmental boundaries, or technology types. A network administrator might separate traffic to accomplish the following… Enhance security Improve performance Simplify troubleshooting The challenges of Classful Addressing in IPv4 (No subnetting) The simplest type of IPv4 is known as classful addressing (which was the Class A, Class B & Class C network addresses). Classful addressing has the following limitations. Restriction in the number of usable IPv4 addresses (class C would be limited to 254 addresses) Difficult to separate traffic from various parts of a network Because of the above reasons, subnetting was introduced. IPv4 Subnet Masks Subnetting depends on the use of subnet masks to identify how a network is subdivided. A subnet mask indicates where network information is located in an IPv4 address. The 1 in a subnet mask indicates that corresponding bits in the IPv4 address contain network information (likewise 0 indicates the opposite) Each network class is associated with a default subnet mask… Class A = 255.0.0.0 Class B = 255.255.0.0 Class C = 255.255.255.0 An example of calculating  the network ID for a particular device with a subnet mask is shown below.. IP Address = 199.34.89.127 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Resultant Network ID = 199.34.89.0 IPv4 Subnetting Techniques Subnetting breaks the rules of classful IPv4 addressing. Read page 490 for a detailed explanation Calculating IPv4 Subnets Read page 491 – 494 for an explanation Important… Subnetting only applies to the devices internal to your network. Everything external looks at the class of the IP address instead of the subnet network ID. This way, traffic directed to your network externally still knows where to go, and once it has entered your internal network it can then be prioritized and segmented. CIDR (classless Interdomain Routing) CIDR is also known as classless routing or supernetting. In CIDR conventional network class distinctions do not exist, a subnet boundary can move to the left, therefore generating more usable IP addresses on your network. A subnet created by moving the subnet boundary to the left is known as a supernet. With CIDR also came new shorthand for denoting the position of subnet boundaries known as CIDR notation or slash notation. CIDR notation takes the form of the network ID followed by a forward slash (/) followed by the number of bits that are used for the extended network prefix. To take advantage of classless routing, your networks routers must be able to interpret IP addresses that don;t adhere to conventional network class parameters. Routers that rely on older routing protocols (i.e. RIP) are not capable of interpreting classless IP addresses. Internet Gateways Gateways are a combination of software and hardware that enable two different network segments to exchange data. A gateway facilitates communication between different networks or subnets. Because on device cannot send data directly to a device on another subnet, a gateway must intercede and hand off the information. Every device on a TCP/IP based network has a default gateway (a gateway that first interprets its outbound requests to other subnets, and then interprets its inbound requests from other subnets). The internet contains a vast number of routers and gateways. If each gateway had to track addressing information for every other gateway on the Internet, it would be overtaxed. Instead, each handles only a relatively small amount of addressing information, which it uses to forward data to another gateway that knows more about the data’s destination. The gateways that make up the internet backbone are called core gateways. Address Translation An organizations default gateway can also be used to “hide” the organizations internal IP addresses and keep them from being recognized on a public network. A public network is one that any user may access with little or no restrictions. On private networks, hiding IP addresses allows network managers more flexibility in assigning addresses. Clients behind a gateway may use any IP addressing scheme, regardless of whether it is recognized as legitimate by the Internet authorities but as soon as those devices need to go on the internet, they must have legitimate IP addresses to exchange data. When a clients transmission reaches the default gateway, the gateway opens the IP datagram and replaces the client’s private IP address with an Internet recognized IP address. This process is known as NAT (Network Address Translation). TCP/IP Mail Services All Internet mail services rely on the same principles of mail delivery, storage, and pickup, though they may use different types of software to accomplish these functions. Email servers and clients communicate through special TCP/IP application layer protocols. These protocols, all of which operate on a variety of operating systems are discussed below… SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol) The protocol responsible for moving messages from one mail server to another over TCP/IP based networks. SMTP belongs to the application layer of the ODI model and relies on TCP as its transport protocol. Operates from port 25 on the SMTP server Simple sub-protocol, incapable of doing anything more than transporting mail or holding it in a queue MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) The standard message format specified by SMTP allows for lines that contain no more than 1000 ascii characters meaning if you relied solely on SMTP you would have very short messages and nothing like pictures included in an email. MIME us a standard for encoding and interpreting binary files, images, video, and non-ascii character sets within an email message. MIME identifies each element of a mail message according to content type. MIME does not replace SMTP but works in conjunction with it. Most modern email clients and servers support MIME POP (Post Office Protocol) POP is an application layer protocol used to retrieve messages from a mail server POP3 relies on TCP and operates over port 110 With POP3 mail is delivered and stored on a mail server until it is downloaded by a user Disadvantage of POP3 is that it typically does not allow users to save their messages on the server because of this IMAP is sometimes used IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) IMAP is a retrieval protocol that was developed as a more sophisticated alternative to POP3 The single biggest advantage IMAP4 has over POP3 is that users can store messages on the mail server, rather than having to continually download them Users can retrieve all or only a portion of any mail message Users can review their messages and delete them while the messages remain on the server Users can create sophisticated methods of organizing messages on the server Users can share a mailbox in a central location Disadvantages of IMAP are typically related to the fact that it requires more storage space on the server. Additional TCP/IP Utilities Nearly all TCP/IP utilities can be accessed from the command prompt on any type of server or client running TCP/IP. The syntaxt may differ depending on the OS of the client. Below is a list of additional TCP/IP utilities – research their use on your own! Ipconfig (Windows) & Ifconfig (Linux) Netstat Nbtstat Hostname, Host & Nslookup Dig (Linux) Whois (Linux) Traceroute (Tracert) Mtr (my traceroute) Route

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• Windows periodically disconnects, reconnects to the network

  - by einpoklum

  My setup: I have a PC with a Gigabyte GA-MA78S2H motherboard (Realtek Gigabit wired Ethernet on-board). I have the latest drivers (at least the latest driver for the NIC. I'm connecting via an Edimax BR-6216Mg (again, wired connection). For some reason I experience short periodic disconnects and reconnects. Specifically, Skype disconnects, tries to connect, succeeds after a short while; incoming SFTP sessions get dropped; using a browser, I sometime get stuck in the DNS lookup or connection to the website and a page won't load. A couple of seconds later, a reload works. All this happens with Windows XP SP3. With Windows 7, it also happens. (When I initially wrote this question I didn't notice it.) ipconfig for my adapter: Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-1D-7D-E9-72-9E Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.2 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.254 DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.254 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.117.235.235 62.219.186.7 Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Saturday, March 10, 2012 8:28:20 AM Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Friday, January 26, 1906 2:00:04 AM A result of some tests a couple of the disconnects: C:\Documents and Settings\eyalroz.BAKNUNIN>nslookup google.com DNS request timed out. timeout was 2 seconds. *** Can't find server name for address 192.117.235.235: Timed out DNS request timed out. timeout was 2 seconds. *** Can't find server name for address 62.219.186.7: Timed out *** Default servers are not available Server: UnKnown Address: 192.117.235.235 DNS request timed out. timeout was 2 seconds. DNS request timed out. timeout was 2 seconds. *** Request to UnKnown timed-out C:\Documents and Settings\eyalroz.BAKNUNIN>ping 194.90.1.5 Pinging 194.90.1.5 with 32 bytes of data: Control-C ^C C:\Documents and Settings\eyalroz.BAKNUNIN>tracert -d 194.90.1.5 Tracing route to 194.90.1.5 over a maximum of 30 hops 1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.0.254 2 * * 11 ms 10.168.128.1 3 14 ms 13 ms 14 ms 212.179.160.142 4 * * * Request timed out. 5 * * * Request timed out. 6 * * 47 ms 62.219.189.169 7 31 ms 27 ms 32 ms 62.219.189.150 8 15 ms 14 ms 16 ms 192.114.65.202 9 15 ms 15 ms 11 ms 212.143.10.66 10 13 ms 29 ms 31 ms 212.143.12.234 11 35 ms 15 ms 18 ms 212.143.8.72 12 22 ms 22 ms 16 ms 194.90.1.5 I usually ping 194.90.1.5 (which is not at my ISP) with 15ms response time and no losses. Things I've done/tried: [2012-03-26] I replaced the cable; I thought that made a difference, but the disconnects were back a while later, so that wasn't it. Updated the NIC driver. Tried reducing the MTU (used a utility called Dr. TCP); there was no effect. I updated my board BIOS revision (which caused all the HW to be "reinstalled" or re-identified - successfully). I installed another NIC, and tried switching to it - same effect with the on-board NIC. A while back I tried another router (although it was an Edimax model) - same problem. Connected the computer directly, with no router. Same problem. ping -t to the router (192.168.0.254) gives pongs, nothing is lost, and time is < 1 ms almost always (sometimes it says 1 or 2 ms). This is the case also during the disconnects.

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• VPN still working after rebooting without client - DrayTek client shows "No Connection"

  - by HeavenCore

  My home network is a simple router + pc's setup, nothing fancy - the router has DHCP enabled for 192.168.0.X (255.255.255.0) and my PC picks up the address 192.168.0.82. There are no devices on my local lan in the 192.168.1.x range. On my pc i have the DrayTek VPN client, and a company i do some work for has a DrayTek Vigor router. The VPN client establishes a VPN to that remote company using an IPSec Tunnel (PreShared Key - no encryption) Last night i shut down my pc with the VPN tunnel still connected, when i turned my computer on this morning i accidentally clicked an RDP shortcut to 192.168.1.2 (a host in the remote company) and to my amazement it connected?!? I checked and the DrayTek VPN client isnt running, and when i did run it, it clearly shows "Status: No connection". confused as to how my machine can still talk to this remote machine i tried a trace: C:\Users\HeavenCore>tracert 192.168.1.2 Tracing route to C4SERVERII [192.168.1.2] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 * * * Request timed out. 2 * * * Request timed out. 3 * * * Request timed out. 4 * * * Request timed out. 5 * * * Request timed out. 6 * * * Request timed out. 7 * * * Request timed out. 8 * * * Request timed out. 9 * * * Request timed out. 10 * * * Request timed out. 11 * * * Request timed out. 12 15 ms 21 ms 32 ms C4SERVERII [192.168.1.2] Trace complete. No indication there as to how it's getting from my network to the remote host. with my network mask being 255.255.255.0 with ip 192.168.0.1 i dont even see how packets are routing to 192.168.1.1 - unless there was a static route in place, so i checked the route table: IPv4 Route Table =========================================================================== Active Routes: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.82 266 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 On-link 192.168.0.82 266 192.168.0.82 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.82 266 192.168.0.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.82 266 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 192.168.0.82 266 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.82 266 =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: Network Address Netmask Gateway Address Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 Default =========================================================================== As far as i can see, nothing indicating how my packets are getting to 192.168.1.2??? To confirm i was on a different subnet i did an ipconfig /all: Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Marvell Yukon 88E8056 PCI-E Gigabit Ether net Controller Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-23-54-F3-4E-BA DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.82(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1 208.67.222.222 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled Yet straight after confirming my ip and subnet as above i can go ahead and ping the remote machine: C:\Users\HeavenCore>ping 192.168.1.2 Pinging 192.168.1.2 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=48ms TTL=127 Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=23ms TTL=127 Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=103ms TTL=127 Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=25ms TTL=127 Ping statistics for 192.168.1.2: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 23ms, Maximum = 103ms, Average = 49ms Also, note on the ping how the times are 35ms ish, this clearly shows the pings are to the remote host and not something on my local lan (all stuff on my local lan pings in 0ms) - plus i verified the host was actually the host via RDP. My Question: Can an IPSec tunnel stay up some how after a reboot without use of the VPN client? (well, i can clearly see that it can) - where in windows is there visibility of this? how does my machine know where to route the packets? I appreciate any insights & thoughts!

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• Can ping device from one computer and not the other

  - by Sean Duggan

  I've recently been assigned to work on a diagnostic program done in C++ which communicates with a piece of electronic equipment. Our normal scenario involves communicating via an RS232 interface, but I've been asked to make our program work over ethernet, source code having been done in Visual Basic. After much thrashing about trying to get the code to work and continuing to get 10049 Winsock errors when I tried to connect, I tried pinging the switch. From the computer the VB program is running on, I can see the switch via ping, nslookup, tracert, and pathping (I was going down the list of programs) and I can do this via URI or IP address. From my laptop, sending the same commands fails every time. They're both using the same network cable and the same USB-to-Ethernet device (I've been swapping them between tests) but one can see the switch and the other cannot. I'm working on the programming end, but the ping results makes me think that there might be a network issue stymieing me. wry grin I'm not much of a network guy, so I'm appealing to expert assistance. Both computers are running Windows XP if that helps. The connection is to an "IP-RS8" device which then connects to our VCU-C units. Each unit is accessible via URI or IP address on the desktop computer we usually have connected to the units (it's running the older VB program that I was asked to lift the networking code from). The connection is made via a USB-to-Ethernet adapter so as to leave the regular Ethernet port available for connecting to the company network. Hmm... come to think of it, I've probably been confusing the issue, talking about pinging "the switch" rather than indicating that it's the devices. My apologies. Communication is generally done with a DLL that uses Winsock functions to make queries for data from the VCU and then to receive. I'm failing when connecting. I haven't found anything on the firewall which should block these commands, but I'll keep poking. I don't know if it's potentially relevant, but on the desktop, the adapter maps to Local Area Connection 3 while on the laptop, it consistently maps to Local Area Connection 2. Currently reading up on DHCP. IPConfig /all results: Desktop Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : AMERDAEXXXXXX Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : amer.example.com Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : COMPANY.com amer.example.com atle.example.com cone.example.com apac.example.com scan.example.com bYX.example.com Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection X: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : amer.example.com Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Broadcom NetXtreme XYxx Gigabit Controller Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : YY-XX-YB-XX-XX-XX Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : XYY.XXX.XY.XXX Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : XXX.XXX.XXY.Y Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : XYY.XXX.XY.X DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : XY.XXX.XXY.XX DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : XY.XXX.XXY.XX XY.XXY.XXY.XX Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : XY.XXX.XXY.X Secondary WINS Server . . . . . . : XY.XXY.XXY.X Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Thursday, July XX, XYXX XY:XX:XX AM Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Sunday, July XX, XYXX XY:XX:XX AM Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection X: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : ASIX axYYYYX USBX.Y to Fast Ethernet Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : YY-XY-BY-YX-XY-AY Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : XY.Y.Y.X Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : XXX.XXX.XXY.Y Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : XY.Y.Y.X DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : XY.Y.Y.XY DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : XY.Y.Y.X Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Thursday, July XX, XYXX XY:XX:XY AM Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Tuesday, August YX, XYXX XX:XY:XY AM Laptop Windows IP Configuration Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : AMERLAFYYXXYX Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : amer.example.com Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : COMPANY.com amer.example.com atle.example.com cone.example.com apac.example.com scan.example.com bYX.example.com Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : amer.example.com Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) 82567LM Gigabit Network Connection Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : YY-XY-BY-DY-XB-YX Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : XYY.XXX.XY.XY Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : XXX.XXX.XXY.Y Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : XYY.XXX.XY.X DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : XY.XXX.XXY.XX DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : XY.XXX.XXY.XX XY.XXY.XXY.XX Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : XY.XXX.XXY.X Secondary WINS Server . . . . . . : XY.XXY.XXY.X Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Thursday, July XX, XYXX XX:XX:XX AM Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Sunday, July XX, XYXX XX:XX:XX AM Ethernet adapter {XYXAAYXX-YEDY-XXYX-YYEX-BYXYXXYEEYEX}: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Nortel IPSECSHM Adapter - Packet Scheduler iniport Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-YY Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : Y.Y.Y.Y Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : Y.Y.Y.Y Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : Ethernet adapter Leaf Networks Adapter: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Leaf Networks Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : YY-FF-FA-BC-YF-AY Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : X.XYY.XY.XX Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : XXX.Y.Y.Y Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 3: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Bluetooth LAN Access Server Driver Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : YY-FX-AX-YA-BY-CA Ethernet adapter Wireless Network Connection 2: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) WiFi Link 5300 AGN Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : YY-XX-YA-CX-FC-YE Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : ASIX ax88772 USB2.0 to Fast Ethernet Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : YY-XY-BY-YX-XY-AY Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : XYX.XYY.X.X Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : XXX.XXX.XXX.Y Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . :

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