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  • Is there any functional-like unix shell?

    - by Caruccio
    I'm (really) newbie to functional programming (in fact only had contact with it using python) but seems to be a good approach for some list-intensive tasks in a shell environment. I'd love to do something like this: $ [ git clone $host/$repo for repo in repo1 repo2 repo3 ] Is there any Unix shell with these kind of feature? Or maybe some feature to allow easy shell access (commands, env/vars, readline, etc...) from within python (the idea is to use python's interactive interpreter as a replacement to bash). EDIT: Maybe a comparative example would clarify. Let's say I have a list composed of dir/file: $ FILES=( build/project.rpm build/project.src.rpm ) And I want to do a really simple task: copy all files to dist/ AND install it in the system (it's part of a build process): Using bash: $ cp ${files[*]} dist/ $ cd dist && rpm -Uvh $(for f in ${files[*]}; do basename $f; done)) Using a "pythonic shell" approach (caution: this is imaginary code): $ cp [ os.path.join('dist', os.path.basename(file)) for file in FILES ] 'dist' Can you see the difference ? THAT is what i'm talking about. How can not exits a shell with these kind of stuff build-in yet? It's a real pain to handle lists in shell, even its being a so common task: list of files, list of PIDs, list of everything. And a really, really, important point: using syntax/tools/features everybody already knows: sh and python. IPython seams to be on a good direction, but it's bloated: if var name starts with '$', it does this, if '$$' it does that. It's syntax is not "natural", so many rules and "workarounds" ([ ln.upper() for ln in !ls ] -- syntax error)

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  • Unix sort keys cause performance problems

    - by KenFar
    My data: It's a 71 MB file with 1.5 million rows. It has 6 fields All six fields combine to form a unique key - so that's what I need to sort on. Sort statement: sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 -k4,4 -k5,5 -k6,6 -o output.csv input.csv The problem: If I sort without keys, it takes 30 seconds. If I sort with keys, it takes 660 seconds. I need to sort with keys to keep this generic and useful for other files that have non-key fields as well. The 30 second timing is fine, but the 660 is a killer. More details using unix time: sort input.csv -o output.csv = 28 seconds sort -t ',' -k1 input.csv -o output.csv = 28 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 input.csv -o output.csv = 64 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 input.csv -o output.csv = 194 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 input.csv -o output.csv = 328 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 -k4,4 input.csv -o output.csv = 483 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 -k4,4 -k5,5 input.csv -o output.csv = 561 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 -k4,4 -k5,5 -k6,6 input.csv -o output.csv = 660 seconds I could theoretically move the temp directory to SSD, and/or split the file into 4 parts, sort them separately (in parallel) then merge the results, etc. But I'm hoping for something simpler since looks like sort is just picking a bad algorithm. Any suggestions? Testing Improvements using buffer-size: With 2 keys I got a 5% improvement with 8, 20, 24 MB and best performance of 8% improvement with 16MB, but 6% worse with 128MB With 6 keys I got a 5% improvement with 8, 20, 24 MB and best performance of 9% improvement with 16MB. Testing improvements using dictionary order (just 1 run each): sort -d --buffer-size=8M -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 input.csv -o output.csv = 235 seconds (21% worse) sort -d --buffer-size=8M -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 input.csv -o ouput.csv = 232 seconds (21% worse) conclusion: it makes sense that this would slow the process down, not useful Testing with different file system on SSD - I can't do this on this server now. Testing with code to consolidate adjacent keys: def consolidate_keys(key_fields, key_types): """ Inputs: - key_fields - a list of numbers in quotes: ['1','2','3'] - key_types - a list of types of the key_fields: ['integer','string','integer'] Outputs: - key_fields - a consolidated list: ['1,2','3'] - key_types - a list of types of the consolidated list: ['string','integer'] """ assert(len(key_fields) == len(key_types)) def get_min(val): vals = val.split(',') assert(len(vals) <= 2) return vals[0] def get_max(val): vals = val.split(',') assert(len(vals) <= 2) return vals[len(vals)-1] i = 0 while True: try: if ( (int(get_max(key_fields[i])) + 1) == int(key_fields[i+1]) and key_types[i] == key_types[i+1]): key_fields[i] = '%s,%s' % (get_min(key_fields[i]), key_fields[i+1]) key_types[i] = key_types[i] key_fields.pop(i+1) key_types.pop(i+1) continue i = i+1 except IndexError: break # last entry return key_fields, key_types While this code is just a work-around that'll only apply to cases in which I've got a contiguous set of keys - it speeds up the code by 95% in my worst case scenario.

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  • UNIX - mount: only root can do that

    - by Travesty3
    I need to allow a non-root user to mount/unmount a device. I am a total noob when it comes to UNIX, so please dumb it down for me. I've been looking all over teh interwebz to find an answer and it seems everyone is giving the same one, which is to modify /etc/fstab to include that device with the 'user' option (or 'users', tried both). Cool, well I did that and it still says "mount: only root can do that". Here are the contents of my fstab: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'vol_id --uuid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 # / was on /dev/mapper/minicc-root during installation UUID=1a69f02a-a049-4411-8c57-ff4ebd8bb933 / ext3 relatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /boot was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=038498fe-1267-44c4-8788-e1354d71faf5 /boot ext2 relatime 0 2 # swap was on /dev/mapper/minicc-swap_1 during installation UUID=0bb583aa-84a8-43ef-98c4-c6cb25d20715 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/scd0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 /dev/scd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdcard auto auto,user,rw,exec 0 0 My thumb drive partition shows up as /dev/sdb1. I'm pretty sure my fstab is set up OK, but everyone on the other posts seems to fail to mention how they actually call the 'mount' command once this entry is in the fstab file. I think this is where my problem may be. The command I use to mount the drive is: $ mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdcard. /bin/mount is owned by root and is in the root group and has 4755 permissions. /bin/umount is owned by root and is in the root group and has 4755 permissions. /mnt/sdcard is owned by me and is in one of my groups and has 0755 permissions. My mount command works fine if I use sudo, but I need to be able to do this without sudo (need to be able to do it from a PHP script using shell_exec). Any suggestions? Sorry for making you read so much...just trying to get as much info in the initial post as possible to preemptively answer questions about configuration stuff. If I missed anything tho, ask away. Thanks! -Travis

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  • Any info about book "Unix Internals: The New Frontiers" by Uresh Vahalia 2nd edition (Jan 2010)

    - by claws
    This summer I'm getting into UNIX (mostly *BSD) development. I've graduate level knowledge about operating systems. I can also understand the code & read from here and there but the thing is I want to make most of my time. Reading books are best for this. From my search I found that these two books The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD Operating System "Unix Internals: The New Frontiers" by Uresh Vahalia are like established books on UNIX OS internals. But the thing is these books are pretty much outdated. yay!! Lucky me. "Unix Internals: The New Frontiers" by Uresh Vahalia 2 edition (Jan 2010) is released. I've been search for information on this book. Sadly, Amazon says "Out of Print--Limited Availability" & I couldn't find any info regarding this book. This is the information I'm looking for: Table of Contents Whats new in this edition? Where the hell can I buy soft-copy of this book? I really cannot afford buying a hardcopy. How can I contact the author? I've lot of hopes & expectations on this book. I've been waiting for its release for a long time. I've sent random mails to & & requesting to have a proper website for this book. I even contacted publisher for any further information but no replies from any one. If you have any other books that you think will help me. I again repeat, I want to get max possible out of these 2.5 months summer.

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  • SQlite: Column format for unix timestamp; Integer types

    - by SF.
    Original problem: What is the right column format for a unix timestamp? The net is full of confusion: some posts claim SQLite has no unsigned types - either whatsoever, or with exception of the 64bit int type (but there are (counter-)examples that invoke UNSIGNED INTEGER). The data types page mentions it only in a bigint example. It also claims there is a 6-byte integer but doesn't give a name for it. Of course standard INTEGER being 4-byte signed signed stores unix timestamps as negative numbers. I've heard that some systems return 64-bit timestamps too. OTOH I'm not too fond of wasting 4 bytes to store 1 extra bit (top bit of timestamp), and even if I have to pick a bigger data format, I'd rather go for the 6-byte one. I've even seen a post that claims SQLite unix timestamp is of type REAL... Complete problem: Could someone please clarify that mess?

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  • Better way to set unix permissions when deploying war file

    - by Chris G
    We have a vendor application where we download their updates and deploy a war file. We are deploying the war file on a unix application server running oracle application server 9i. I believe when we deploy the war file, we remove the previous install and then deploy the new war file. When we deploy the war file, sometimes we have to manually set the unix file permissions for the class and other files. We do this so all the unix user ids can run the processes they need. Is there a better way to do this?

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  • How to validate Windows VC++ DLL on Unix systems

    - by Guildencrantz
    I have a solution, mostly C#, but with a few VC++ projects, that is pushed through our standard release process (perl and bash scripts on Unix boxes). Currently the initiative is to validate DLL and EXE versions as they pass through the process. All the versioning is set so that File Version is of the format $Id: $ (between the colon and the second dollar should be a git commit hash), and the Product Version is of the format $Hudson Build: $ (between the colon and the second dollar should be a string representing the hudson build details). Currently this system works extremely well for the C# projects because this version information is stored as plain strings within the compiled code (you can literally use the unix strings command and see the version information); the problem is that the VC++ projects do not expose this information as strings (I have used a windows system to verify that the version information is correctly being set), so I'm not sure how to extract the version on a unix system. Any suggestions for either A) Getting a string representation of the version embedded in the compiled code, or B) A utility/script which can extract this information?

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  • Postfix Postscreen: how to use postscreen for smtp and smtps both

    - by petermolnar
    I'm trying to get postscreen work. I've followed the man page and it's already running correctly for smtp. But it I want to use it for smtps as well (adding the same line as smtp in master.cf but with smtps) i receive failure messages in syslog like: postfix/postscreen[8851]: fatal: btree:/var/lib/postfix/postscreen_cache: unable to get exclusive lock: Resource temporarily unavailable Some say that postscreen can only run once; that's ok. But can I use the same postscreen session for both smtp and smtps? If not, how to enable postscreen for smtps as well? Any help would be apprecieted! The parts of the configs: main.cf postscreen_access_list = permit_mynetworks, cidr:/etc/postfix/postscreen_access.cidr postscreen_dnsbl_threshold = 8 postscreen_dnsbl_sites = dnsbl.ahbl.org*3 dnsbl.njabl.org*3 dnsbl.sorbs.net*3 pbl.spamhaus.org*3 cbl.abuseat.org*3 bl.spamcannibal.org*3 nsbl.inps.de*3 spamrbl.imp.ch*3 postscreen_dnsbl_action = enforce postscreen_greet_action = enforce master.cf (full) smtpd pass - - n - - smtpd smtp inet n - n - 1 postscreen tlsproxy unix - - n - 0 tlsproxy dnsblog unix - - n - 0 dnsblog ### the problematic line ### smtps inet n - - - - smtpd pickup fifo n - - 60 1 pickup cleanup unix n - - - 0 cleanup qmgr fifo n - n 300 1 qmgr tlsmgr unix - - - 1000? 1 tlsmgr rewrite unix - - - - - trivial-rewrite bounce unix - - - - 0 bounce defer unix - - - - 0 bounce trace unix - - - - 0 bounce verify unix - - - - 1 verify flush unix n - - 1000? 0 flush proxymap unix - - n - - proxymap proxywrite unix - - n - 1 proxymap smtp unix - - - - - smtp relay unix - - - - - smtp showq unix n - - - - showq error unix - - - - - error retry unix - - - - - error discard unix - - - - - discard local unix - n n - - local virtual unix - n n - - virtual lmtp unix - - - - - lmtp anvil unix - - - - 1 anvil scache unix - - - - 1 scache dovecot unix - n n - - pipe flags=DRhu user=virtuser:virtuser argv=/usr/bin/spamc -e /usr/lib/dovecot/deliver -d ${recipient} -f {sender}

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  • Unix/Linux find and sort by date modified

    - by Richard Easton
    How can I do a simple find which would order the results by most recently modified? Here is the current find I am using (I am doing a shell escape in PHP, so that is the reasoning for the variables): find '$dir' -name '$str'\* -print | head -10 How could I have this order the search by most recently modified? (Note I do not want it to sort 'after' the search, but rather find the results based on what was most recently modified.)

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  • Unix : `nc` on Ubuntu vs Redhat (netcat)

    - by bguiz
    How do I achieve the equivalent of nc -q in Redhat 5? Details? nc -q -1 local host ${PORT} ${CMD} In Ubuntu, nc may be use as above, with the -q option. See manpage. -q after EOF on stdin, wait the specified number of seconds and then quit. If seconds is negative, wait forever. However, this option is not available in Redhat 5. See manpage. (Note: The Red Hat website is horrible to search, if someone finds their manpage for nc, please edit this post or comment with the new link).

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  • Unix LVM: how to resize root lvm

    - by Hussein Sabbagh
    I took over a virtual server at work after a co-worker left. He, however, setup the server incorrectly at multiple stages and im cleaning them up as I run into them... Currently I realized that the file system is broken in half onto 2 logical volumes both at 50gb. One is mounted as the root directory and the other as the /home directory. Saddly, the server has taken up 46gb of the root lv and i need to expand it. I have already shrunk and remounted the home lv. I resized the root lv, but I can't figure out how to unmount the root directory while the computer is on. Obviously this needs to be done before I can finalize the expansion, but I don't know how. I'd appreciate any help or pointing in the right direction. Thanks in advance. PS this is on a CentOS server.

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  • Unix list absolute file name

    - by Matthew Adams
    Given an arbitrary single argument representing a file (or directory, device, etc), how do I get the absolute path of the argument? I've seen many answers to this question involving find/ls/stat/readlink and $PWD, but none that suits my need. It looks like the closest answer is ksh's "whence" command, but I need it to work in sh/bash. Assume a file, foo.txt, is located in my home directory, /Users/matthew/foo.txt. I need the following behavior, despite what my current working directory is (I'm calling the command "abs"): (PWD is ~) $ abs foo.txt /Users/matthew/foo.txt $ abs ~/foo.txt /Users/matthew/foo.txt $ abs ./foo.txt /Users/matthew/foo.txt $ abs /Users/matthew/foo.txt /Users/matthew/foo.txt What would "abs" really be? TIA, Matthew

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  • Setting default path in Unix

    - by eSKay
    I just installed valgrind on my Fedora12 machine. $ valgrind // 1 $ valgrind: Command not found. //error $ /usr/local/bin/valgrind // 2 works fine My $PATH has /usr/local/bin in it. Is there something else that I need to do to make 1 work?

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  • Combine multiple unix commands into one output

    - by Ben McCormack
    I need to search our mail logs for a specific e-mail address. We keep a current file named maillog as well as a week's worth of .bz2 files in the same folder. Currently, I'm running the following commands to search for the file: grep [email protected] maillog bzgrep [email protected] *.bz2 Is there a way combine the grep and bzgrep commands into a single output? That way, I could pipe the combined results to a single e-mail or a single file.

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  • Recursive move utility on Unix?

    - by Thomas Vander Stichele
    Sometimes I have two trees that used to have the same content, but have grown out of sync (because I moved disks around or whatever). A good example is a tree where I mirror upstream packages from Fedora. I want to merge those two trees again by moving all of the files from tree1 into tree2. Usually I do this with: rsync -arv tree1/* tree2 Then delete tree1. However, this takes an awful lot of time and disk space, and it would be much easier to be able to do: mv -r tree1/* tree2 In other words, a recursive move. It would be faster because first of all it would not even copy, just move the inodes, and second I wouldn't need a delete at the end. Does this exist ? As a test case, consider the following sequence of commands: $ mkdir -p a/b $ touch a/b/c1 $ rsync -arv a/ a2 sending incremental file list created directory ./ b/ b/c1 b/c2 sent 173 bytes received 57 bytes 460.00 bytes/sec total size is 0 speedup is 0.00 $ touch a/b/c2 What command would now have the effect of moving a/b/c2 to a2/b/c2 and then deleting the a subtree (since everything in it is already in the destination tree) ?

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  • Unix commandline to repeat command with pipes

    - by bguiz
    I want to write a script that will repeat a commandline that usually contains pipes ./myscript.sh ls -lart |grep ^d And in myscript.sh I do a bunch of stuff, and then want to execute ls -lart |grep ^d and pipe the output from that into something else. (sorry in advance if this is really simple and has a 1-liner solution). So far I have tried $@ | someothercommand and $* | someothercommand But to no avail...

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  • Perl under unix/linux

    - by folone
    Could anyone help me fix the following script: cat "test... test... test..." | perl -e '$??s:;s:s;;$?::s;;=]=>%-{<-|}<&|`{;;y; -/:-@[-`{-};`-{/" -;;s;;$_;see' It won't print to the output.

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  • UNIX User Account to Restricted SysAdmin (User/Printer Admin only)

    - by Mark
    Hi all, I'd like to know if there is a way for a user account to be enabled or elevated to carry out system admin tasks WITHOUT having to use the root account or sudo. Goal here is to allow a user account to Add/Delete users/printers without giving them the 'God' powers that the root account carries, in a way setting up a restricted system admin essentially. Not sure if there is a way of doing this as most just use root to my understanding.

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  • Unix Permissions issue with users belonging to the same group accessing a folder

    - by TK Kocheran
    I have a folder I'd really like to allow another user on this machine access to. I'm using mt-daapd to serve music to the network, so I'd like to enable the mt-daapd user to access my Music directory, /home/rfkrocktk/Music. The master user is rfkrocktk obviously. I've tried to set all of my permissions properly on the directory, but the mt-daapd user can't acces the files. I created a group called media-users and added both rfkrocktk and mt-daapd to it in order to give mt-daapd permission to simply read all of the files in that directory and subdirectories. If I run id on each of my users, here's what's displayed: $ id rfkrocktk > uid=1000(rfkrocktk) gid=1000(rfkrocktk) groups=1000(rfkrocktk),4(adm),20(dialout),24(cdrom),29(audio),46(plugdev),104(lpadmin),115(admin),120(sambashare),124(vboxusers),1001(jupiter),2002(media-users) $ id mt-daapd > uid=123(mt-daapd) gid=65534(nogroup) groups=65534(nogroup),2002(media-users) It definitely seems that both users are a part of the media-users group, so what could be going wrong? If I run ls -l on the actual Music directory to see its permissions, here's the output: drwxr-Sr-- 201 rfkrocktk media-users 12288 2011-01-13 12:26 Music If I run ls -l on the Music directory to get its children, here's the output: drwxr-Sr-- 3 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2010-12-20 15:31 2DBoy drwxr-Sr-- 3 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2010-05-25 12:50 ABBA drwxr-Sr-- 3 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2009-12-28 15:19 Access Denied drwxr-Sr-- 10 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2009-12-28 15:19 AC-DC drwxr-Sr-- 3 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2009-12-28 15:19 Aerosmith drwxr-Sr-- 3 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2010-06-04 10:45 A Flock of Seagulls drwxr-Sr-- 4 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2010-05-28 18:13 Alestorm drwxr-Sr-- 3 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2010-06-22 23:29 Amon Amarth drwxr-Sr-- 5 rfkrocktk media-users 4096 2009-12-28 15:19 Anberlin ... From this, it would seem that I should be able to access the folders from mt-daapd, but I can't. Running sudo -i -u mt-daapd ls -l /home/rfkrocktk/Music displays nothing, indicating to me that for whatever reason, mt-daapd doesn't have access to read the folder. What am I doing wrong?

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  • Python version priority in OSX/UNIX PATH environment variable

    - by mindthief
    Hi all, I want my system to use /usr/bin/python, but it's currently using /opt/local/bin/python, which points to /usr/bin/python2.6. I tried modifying the PATH variable in my .bashrc as PATH=~/bin:$PATH ...and then set a symbolic link in ~/bin to point to /usr/bin/python. i.e. ~/bin/python --> /usr/bin/python I figured this might prioritize this symlink over the /opt/local version if it came before the other one in the PATH variable, but when I opened a new shell I still found python pointing to /opt/local/bin. Any advice on a good way to get the system to use /usr/bin/python? Also, I usually use ipython as opposed to python directly. I'm assuming that if the system starts to use the correct version of python then ipython would also use that version? If not, how could I also get ipython to use the correct version? Thanks!

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  • Unix VPS server going down at almost the same time every day

    - by ronnz
    My server load seems to be really spiking and many times the server goes down at the same time each night (Around midnight). I have about 20 cPanel accounts hosted on it and have tried everything I know to try to find what is causing the issue. Some of the things I have tried: Combined all site access logs found in /etc/httpd/domlogs and cannot see anything unusual at the time of server going down. Checked most other logs in the var/log directory and found nothing indicating the issue at the time the server is going down. Checked cron logs and cannot see anything unusual.. See below. Last night CPU spiked to 7.5 at 00:14. What else can I be checking? How can I really monitor to find out the root cause? Dec 8 00:05:01 v1 crond[6082]: (root) CMD (/usr/local/cpanel/bin/dcpumon /dev/null 2&1) Dec 8 00:05:01 v1 crond[6084]: (root) CMD (/usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/bin/dnsqueue /dev/null 2&1) Dec 8 00:10:01 v1 crond[6435]: (root) CMD (/usr/lib64/sa/sa1 1 1) Dec 8 00:10:01 v1 crond[6436]: (root) CMD (/usr/local/cpanel/bin/dcpumon /dev/null 2&1) Dec 8 00:15:12 v1 crond[6775]: (root) CMD (/usr/local/cpanel/scripts/autorepair recoverymgmt /dev/null 2&1) Dec 8 00:15:12 v1 crond[6776]: (root) CMD (/usr/local/cpanel/scripts/recoverymgmt /dev/null 2&1) Dec 8 00:15:12 v1 crond[6777]: (root) CMD (/usr/local/cpanel/bin/dbindex /dev/null 2&1) Dec 8 00:15:12 v1 crond[6781]: (root) CMD (/usr/local/cpanel/bin/dcpumon /dev/null 2&1) Dec 8 00:20:33 v1 crond[7047]: (root) CMD (/usr/lib64/sa/sa1 1 1)

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  • Arguments passed on by shell to command in Unix

    - by Ryan Brown
    I've been going over this question and I can't for the life of me figure out why the answer is what it is. How many arguments are passed to the command by the shell on this command line:<pig pig -x " " -z -r" " >pig pig pig a. 8 b. 6 c. 5 d. 7 e. 9 The first symbol is supposed to be the symbol for redirected input but the site isn't letting me use it. [Fixed.] I looked at this question and said ok...arguments...not options so 2nd pig, then " ", then -r" ", 4th pig and 5th pig...-z and -x are options, so I count 5. The answer is b. 6. Where is the 6th argument that's being passed on?

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  • Batch deletion of smaller files from group of files via unix command line

    - by artlung
    I have a large number (more than 400) of directories full of photos. What I want to do is to keep the larger sizes of these photos. Each directory has 31 to 66 files in it. Each directory has thumbnails, and larger versions, plus a file called example.jpg I dispatched the example.jpg file easily with: rm */example.jpg I initially thought that it would be easy to delete the thumbnails, but the problem is they are not consistently named. The typical pattern was photo1.jpg and photo1s.jpg. I did rm */photo*s.jpg but it ended up some of the files named photoXs.jpg were actually larger and not smaller. Argh. So what I want to do is scan each directory for filesize and delete (or move) the thumbnails. I initially thought I'd just ls -R every file and extract the size of each file and save those under a threshold. The problem? In one directory the large will be 1.1 MB and the thumb is 200k. In another the large is 200k and the small 30k. Even worse, the files really are mostly named photo1.jpg - so simply putting them all in the same folder, sorting by size, and deleting in groups would not work without renaming already, and if it's possible I'd prefer to keep them in their folders. I was almost resolved to just doing this all manually, but then thought I'd ask here. How would you do this task?

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