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• What is the cheapest non-colocation way to serve about 10 static files at a rate of 100 megabits per

  - by Mark Maunder

  I've looked at Amazon S3 and it costs roughly $4746 per month for 100 megabits/s (which translates into 31,640 Gigabytes of data transferred. That's at a rate of $0.15 per gig.) I haven't found a cheaper "cloud" option. I'm curious if there's any other cloud hosting option out there cheaper than S3. Uptime is not an issue because I can build failover for most things into the browser. e.g. I can use javascript to say "if the image didn't load then go to this other URL instead." FYI I'm currently using a colocation facility which is about 30% cheaper than S3 and I'm familiar with colo prices - so this question is really about "cloud" services and by that I mean services where I don't have to worry about the infrastructure.

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• Easy way to update apache on a server cluster with shared NFS conf?

  - by Simon

  we have a server setup where a server cluster connected with a db/files/conf server shared by nfs serve our sites, behind an Elastic Load Balancer at Amazon EC2. The setup works correctly, but keeping it up to date is becoming like hell, because the apache/php conf that webservers use is shared through NFS. So, if we try to run an apt-get upgrade on a server on the cluster, it will abort it due to the webserver is not able to write back the configuration to the nfs server. Every time we want to update the machines, or install a package like php-curl, we need to create a new ami, so the changes will reflect on the new launched amis. Could it be another way of doing the things simpler? Thanks in advance!

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• Performance data collection for short-running, ephemeral servers

  - by ErikA

  We're building a medical image processing software stack, currently hosted on various AWS resources. As part of this application, we have a handful of long-running servers (database, load balancers, web application, etc.). Collecting performance data on those servers is quite simple - my go-to- recipe of Nagios (for monitoring/notifications) and Munin (for collection of performance data and displaying trends) will work just fine. However - as part of this application, we are constantly starting up and terminating compute instances on EC2. In typical usage, these compute instances start up, configure themselves, receive a job from a message queue, and then get to work processing that job, which takes anywhere from 15 minutes to over 8 hours. After job completion, these instances get terminated, never to be heard from again. What is a decent strategy for collecting performance data on these short-lived instances? I don't necessarily need monitoring on them - if they fail for whatever reason, our application will detect this and handle re-starting the job on another instance or raising the flag so an administrator can take a look at things. However, it still would be useful to collect information like CPU (user, idle, iowait, etc.), memory usage, network traffic, disk read/write data, etc. In our internal database, we track the instance ID of the machine that runs each job, and it would be quite helpful to be able to look up performance data for a specific instance ID for troubleshooting and profiling. Munin doesn't seem like a great candidate, as it requires maintaining a list of munin nodes in a text file - far from ideal for an environment with a high amount of churn, and for the short amount of time each node will be running, I'd rather keep the full-resolution data indefinitely than have RRD water down the data over time. In the end, my guess is that this will require a monitoring engine that: uses a database (MySQL, SQLite, etc.) for configuration and data storage exposes an API for adding/removing hosts and services Are there other things I should be thinking about when evaluating options? Perhaps I'm over-thinking this, though, and just ought to run sar at 1-minute intervals on these short-lived instances and collect the sar db files prior to termination.

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• Providing high availability and failover using MySQL on EC2

  - by crb

  I would like to have a highly-available MySQL system, with automatic failover, running on Amazon EC2 instances. The standard approach to solving this is problem Heartbeat + DRBD, but I've found a lot of posts suggesting DRBD doesn't work on EC2, though none saying exactly why. Obviously, a serial heartbeat or distinct network is out of the question in the virtualised environment. It would also be good to have the different servers be in different availability zones, but we're getting into a much harder problem there. What are peoples' opinion on having a high uptime solution in "the cloud"? Note: This question was asked before RDS with multi-AZ was announced, which is the nice automatic answer for today's modern IT professional. :)

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• How to create a new public AMI for windows?

  - by user67081

  I am trying to make a windows 2008 AMI that is a nice clean 64bit starter pack (IIS, SQL express, ASP.NET MVC, etc...) I would like to make it a public AMI when its done. There in lies the problem. I can make an AMI from my image no problem. But I can't seen to get new instances to generate their own passwords.. The results are that I have a new instance that works great with my password. So what is the process of making my EBS backed Instances convert into an AMI that will auto-generate its password and do all the other setup steps that amazon wants to go thru when a new instance starts up? Thanks in advance.

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• How can I get started with BigData?

  - by ????? ????????

  I have a programming background, and I've done lots of database design and written lots of queries with Sql Server. I am really excited about looking at bigdata solutions. I know almost nothing about it. The way I want to learn is to sign up for a sandbox where I can try things out. questions Is there a sandbox where I can play around with hadoop? It does not have to be free. Would amazon EMR be the right path to go? What technologies should I be looking at to get started quickly? Is there a 'bigdata' dataset that is available to play with? Thank you so much for your guidance.

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• EC2 AMI won't boot after edit

  - by Eric Lars0n

  I did something stupid, I got a new laptop and copied everything over to the new one, then wiped the old one clean. Then I realized that I forgot to copy the private key out of .ssh that I use to connect to my AWS EBS backed instance. So I can't log in to my custom AMI. So I created a new Volume from the Snapshot of the AMI, then started up a public instance and attached the Volume to it, edit the sshd_config to allow for password log in. Unmounted the volume, detached it, made a snapshot of it, then made a new AMI from the snapshot. The new AMI launches, but never passes the Status Checks and is not reachable. What am I doing wrong? Or alternatively how can I fix my problem? Edit: Adding some of the console output Linux version 2.6.16-xenU ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.0.1 20050727 (Red Hat 4.0.1-5)) #1 SMP Mon May 28 03:41:49 SAST 2007 BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Xen: 0000000000000000 - 000000006a400000 (usable) 980MB HIGHMEM available. 727MB LOWMEM available. NX (Execute Disable) protection: active IRQ lockup detection disabled RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize NET: Registered protocol family 2 Registering block device major 8 XENBUS: Timeout connecting to devices! Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(8,0)

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• Cant access EC2 hosted website

  - by Himanshu Page

  For some reason, I am unable to access our website www.doccaster.com (Bad request nginx). We are hosted on amazon EC2 with elastic ip associated to it. The weird part is a) I can access it through the public dns url http://ec2-184-73-195-180.compute-1.amazonaws.com b) My co founder who is located in another city can access it via www.doccaster.com. I observed that my instance was failing reachability check, so I launched a new one and assigned it the the elastic ip. I tried to ping the ip address 184.73.195.180 from my machine but no success. Any help will be really appreciated. More details I ran the following command on my server netstat -lntp | grep -E 'apache|httpd' and it displays :::80 for httpd . Is this accurate ? Should it be 0:0:0:80 ? or doesnt matter?

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• Where would an S3 upload speed cap originate?

  - by CoreyH

  I do a ton of uploading to S3 and am experiencing capped speeds and I can't quite figure out how to address it. The setup: Windows Server 2008 R2 x64, external HD, using a Java based upload tool called Jsh3ll and custom VBS scripts to kick the jobs off. Running one process at a time, I am always limited to about 4mbps. I have FiOS at 35/35mbps speeds, so it isn't an outright limit. AND, I can run parallel instances and can go all the way up to 35mbps, so I know the problem isn't gateway/nic/machine/amazon related. Running parallel instances works to a degree as a solution, but increases the complexity of my workflow greatly. Solving this would make my life dramatically easier. When I was first doing this I was playing around with a bunch of Windows TCP parameters and was able to briefly get unconstrained bandwidth, but it wasn't repeatable. Thoughts?

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• Tomcat access logs - are failed requests included?

  - by Maxim Eliseev

  We have a RESTful web service (Java, hosted in Tomcat on Ubuntu on Amazon EC2). From time to time it fails (not every week). When it fails, Java CPU consumption goes to 100% and it takes all available memory. It does not finish by itself. I have to restart the server. There is nothing suspicious in Tomcat access logs. I guess one of our users could submit a very "heavy" request which brought the server down. Is it possible this request is not in Tomcat logs since it never finished?

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• EC2 hostname ubuntu and ejabberd

  - by aelbaz

  I have questions related to the host name in Ubuntu EC2 instances. I have a IPS elastics for hosts that want to be seen from the internet and I have pointed out in the DNS entries with the computer name to those ips. For example, for elastic IP 11.11.11.11 DNS I added my computer name www.example.com. But I also want to rename the machines which they have, because it is a parameter of the service running on them (ejabberd server). EC2 instances are restarted when changing the host name, and seen on the client requesting dhcp hostname to dhcp Amazon. My question is ... What is the safest method to change the hostname: dhcp client modify, insert the command in rc.local, etc. ..? Could I have a problem with the internal resolution of traffic between EC2 instances? thanks

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• Setup local EC2 style cloud?

  - by John Kramlich

  I was recently given 3 dual opteron 2400 servers with 4GB of RAM and 120GB hard drives. I am interested in setting up something similar to Amazon's EC2 for my own personal web development use. Basically, I would like to spin up instances from an ISO or other disk images and have them available to test and develop software. Are there open source solutions I can use to accomplish this? I am assuming one of the machines will need to act as a controller of some sort for the other two. I use Sun's VirtualBox on my local development machine to virtualize various versions of Microsoft Windows. However, I'm not sure if that's the best tool for what I am trying to achieve. I apologize in advance if this question is to vague to get meaningful responses. I am new to cloud computing and fairly new at server administration.

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• Force ID of user created by apt-get

  - by Bart van Heukelom

  Context: I'm automatically installing postgresql-9.1 on an Ubuntu server with apt-get. This creates the required postgres user. The Postgres data is on an external volume that survives reinstalls. This data is obviously owned by the postgres user. The problem I'm having is that the ownership is not recorded under the name postgres, but under the UID that postgres had at creation time. When the server is reinstalled, postgres sometimes gets a different UID, and no longer owns the data directory, and thus does not work. Question: Can I force the UID of the user postgres created by apt-get to something fixed? Or is there another way to solve my problem? (As you may have deduced, this is on Amazon EC2 with the data on an EBS volume)

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• Unable to resize ec2 ebs root volume

  - by nathanjosiah

  I have followed many of the tutorials that pretty much all say the same thing which is basically: Stop the instance Detach the volume Create a snapshot of the volume Create a bigger volume from the snapshot Attach the new volume to the instance Start the instance back up Run resize2fs /dev/xxx However, step 7 is where the problems start happening. In any case running resize2fs always tells me that it is already xxxxx blocks big and does nothing, even with -f passed. So I start to continue with tutorials which all basically say the same thing and that is: Delete all partitons Recreate them back to what they were except with the bigger sizes Reboot the instance and run resize2fs (I have tried these steps both from the live instance and by attaching the volume to another instance and running the commands there) The main problem is that the instance won't start back up again and the system error log provided in the AWS console doesn't provide any errors. (it does however stop at the grub bootloader which to me indicates that it doesn't like the partitions(yes, the boot flag was toggled on the partition with no affect)) The other thing that happens regardless of what changes I make to the partitions is that the instance that the volume is attached to says that the partition has an invalid magic number and the super-block is corrupt. However, if I make no changes and reattach the volume, the instance runs without a problem. Can anybody shed some light on what I could be doing wrong? Edit On my new volume of 20GB with the 6GB image,df -h says: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvde1 5.8G 877M 4.7G 16% / tmpfs 836M 0 836M 0% /dev/shm And fdisk -l /dev/xvde says: Disk /dev/xvde: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x7d833f39 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvde1 1 766 6144000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvde2 766 784 146432 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. Also, sudo resize2fs /dev/xvde1 says: resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The filesystem is already 1536000 blocks long. Nothing to do!

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• Where and how does Kindle Cloud Reader store downloaded books, on a Windows 7 system?

  - by einpoklum

  I use Firefox and sometimes Chrome, on Windows 7. Amazon's in-browser Kindle Cloud Reader lets you "download" books for local/offline viewing. Where are these stored, given my OS+browser combination? I've searched the Users subdirectory for my user, and could not find a relevant (separate) file in there, specifically not in the Firefox and Chrome profile directories. To clarify, the files are obviously not downloaded as-is and are stored in some potentially-obfuscated format, possibly in the browser's local store and possibly elsewhere. The question is, where and how exactly? (This was the first of this question, but wasn't answered there since it was not the main focus of the question.)

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• Duplicating an instance into a new VPC from a Snapshot

  - by Remmus

  We have a group of instances in an Amazon VPC we use for our live environment. We have a big release to do and want to test that the deployment will run smoothly. I have created a second VPC, created instances of the same size on the same private ips and then removed their original volumes and attached new volumes that were created from snapshots of the live environment. Unfortunately none of the instance will allow me to connect. They start running fine, but I don't get any system logs appear and can't connect. The only thing I can think of is that the new instance was created from a new AMI as the old one is deprecated due to new security fixes. Is this a problem? If so can I fix it in any way? And if this isn't a problem, does anyone have any ideas how I can fix it?

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• Cloud hosting and single hardware point of failure?

  - by PeterB

  From talking to sales I thought Rackspace Cloud was running on a SAN and compute nodes (as VMWare's offerings do), only to find out it doesn't, so when the host server goes down for maintenance all cloud servers on the server go down (in our case for 2.5 hours). I understand Amazon EC2 also has this single-server point of failure. Which cloud hosting solutions don't rely on a single server? I've yet to find a list by architecture Is there a term that distinguishes between these types of 'cloud'? Is one of these 'grid computing' and the other 'virtualisation'? Can a SAN backed solution provide the same reliability as 2 mirrored cloud servers on (say) Rackspace Cloud? I am more familiar with the VMWare architecture and would like to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. I understand the standard architecture is to have multiple cloud servers and mirrored data between them; until we need multiple database servers I'm wondering if a SAN/node hosting solution would provide the lack of downtime we need without the added complexity.

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• What's better for deploying a website + DB on EC2: 2 small VM or a large one?

  - by devguy

  I'm planning the deployment of a mid-sized website with a SQL Server Standard DB. I've chosen Amazon EC2 to deploy it. I now have to choose between these 2 options: 1) get 2 small instances (1 core each, 1.7 GB of ram each): one for the IIS front-end, one for running the DB. Note: these "small instances" can only run the 32-bit version of Win2008 Server 2) a single large instance (4 cores, 7.5 gb of ram) where I'd install both IIS and the SQL Server. Note: this large instance can only run the 64-bit version of Win2008 Server What's better in terms on performance, scalability, ease of management (launch up a new instance while I backup the principal instance) etc. All suggestions and points of view are welcome!

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• Problems with the backup

  - by marcodv

  I did a script which run around 4 o'clock in the morning, for backup all the mysql databases and the config file for 250 linux vm. The problem is that it tooks ages for complete and more than 50% of these vm, need more than 8 hours for complete. More or less all the vm had the same configuration,I mean Same amount of ram same amount of disk space same number of cpu Debian 6.0.5 I am saving these backup on amazon s3, because is the cheapest solutions that I've found. Now my questions is: Has anyone some solutions or suggestions about that? On one blog I've read that probably the ionice and nice combination could be good work around about that. any thought?

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• Advice for an EC2 Architecture and Deployment Strategy

  - by Mark

  My company is currently migrating several websites and PHP web applications (standard LAMP stack) from three in-house servers to Amazon EC2. Because we had only three servers, we clustered several low-traffic websites with perhaps one high-traffic web application, and served them from the same server. The server admin has pretty much copied the previous architecture wholesale onto the EC2 instances, simply upping the instance size to account for the highest traffic client that occupies that particular instance. This architecture might be okay if it wasn't for deployment. Any time one of these sites/apps changes, it means redeploying the entire instance, along with the 30 sites/apps it hosts, instead of just updating one. How can we architect our cloud in a more modular fashion? Should each app get its own appropriately-sized instance? What is the best strategy for deployment in this type of situation?

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• Backing Up User Data when data is not in use. Should I be concerned?

  - by jberryman

  This may be a dumb question. I would like to use duplicity to make backups to Amazon S3 of directories, each of which contains a different user's data. Each directory could be written to at any time. So I have two questions: Should I be concerned that a scheduled backup of a directory might occur in the middle of data being written to files in the directory, resulting in a corrupted backup? And if that is a valid concern, how would I go about temporarily delaying an operation while IO was happening, to try to minimize that effect. Thanks for the advice

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• How to maximize parallel download from S3

  - by StCee

  I got a lot of images to load from Amazon S3 on a single page, and sometimes it takes quite some time to load all the images. I heard that splitting the images to load from different sub-domains would help parallel downloads, however what is the actual implementation on that? While it is easy to split for sub-domains like static,image, etc; Should I make like 10 sub-domains (image1, image2...) to load say 100 images? Or is there some clever ways to do? (By the way I am considering using memcache to cache the S3images; I am not sure if it is possible. I would be grateful for any further comments. Thanks a lot!

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• Redirect all subdomains to subfolders

  - by alfonso

  I'd like to add a rule so that all subdomains get redirected to a subfolder. For example: app1.example.com -> example.com/app1 app2.example.com -> example.com/app2 something.example.com -> example.com/something All subdomains will only be one level deep. Questions Which DNS providers allow me to do this? Are these alternatives feasible? Redirect them all to a special webapp with a static IP that redirects to the proper subfolder. How can I know from which subdomain they came from? Programatically create each rule when I need it. Which DNS providers have API access to add rules? I think Amazon Route 53 might be the answer here.

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• Suspicious activity in access logs - someone trying to find phpmyadmin dir - should I worry?

  - by undefined

  I was looking over the access logs for a server that we are running on Amazon Web Services. I noticed that someone was obviously trying to find the phpmyadmin directory - they (or a bot) were trying different paths eg - admin/phpmyadmin/, db_admin, ... and the list goes on. Actually there isnt a database on this server and so this was not a problem, they were never going to find it, but should I be worried about such snooping? Is this just a really basic attempt at getting in to our system? Actually our database is held on another managed server which I assume is protected from such intrusions. What are your views on such sneaky activity?

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• intermittent SSH with ssh_exchange_identification error

  - by rafamvc

  My ssh connection to my server works every 30 min for around 10 min. Things that I figure out that might be the problem: The server is underload (it is a database server), but on those spare moments that I can connect, it is still under the same load, which doesnt make sense. The server is a ubuntu, and the consolekit was using a lot of virtual memory. Restarted the consolekit and it seems to be using a right amount of memory now. It is not the host alows or deny. Those are setup properly. It is not a firewall problem. Those settings were working and the same settings are working for other similar machines. It is on the ec2. Amazon cloud.

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