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• How to get sound on macbook pro 4,1

  - by Thomas

  I have just installed Xubuntu 12.04.2. My soundcard is detected: thomas@thomas-pc:~$ sudo aplay -l **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** Home directory /home/thomas not ours. card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 0: ALC889A Analog [ALC889A Analog] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 1: ALC889A Digital [ALC889A Digital] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 Everything is put to max in alsamixer and nothing is muted (all the sliders are on OO. My speakers do not work, but when I plug in a headphone I hear it very soft. When I connect my stereo and put the sound VERY loud (3-blocks-of-complaining-neighbours loud) I hear it on a normal level but crackling. I added options snd-hda-intel model=mbp5 amixer set IEC958 off to at the end of /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf. When it's still not working I tried everything here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SoundTroubleshooting 1 >>> list-sinks 1 sink(s) available. * index: 0 name: <alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo> driver: <module-alsa-card.c> flags: HARDWARE HW_MUTE_CTRL HW_VOLUME_CTRL DECIBEL_VOLUME LATENCY DYNAMIC_LATENCY state: SUSPENDED suspend cause: IDLE priority: 9959 volume: 0: 100% 1: 100% 0: 0.00 dB 1: 0.00 dB balance 0.00 base volume: 100% 0.00 dB volume steps: 65537 muted: no current latency: 0.00 ms max request: 0 KiB max rewind: 0 KiB monitor source: 0 sample spec: s16le 2ch 44100Hz channel map: front-left,front-right Stereo used by: 0 linked by: 0 configured latency: 0.00 ms; range is 0.50 .. 371.52 ms card: 0 <alsa_card.pci-0000_00_1b.0> module: 4 properties: alsa.resolution_bits = "16" device.api = "alsa" device.class = "sound" alsa.class = "generic" alsa.subclass = "generic-mix" alsa.name = "ALC889A Analog" alsa.id = "ALC889A Analog" alsa.subdevice = "0" alsa.subdevice_name = "subdevice #0" alsa.device = "0" alsa.card = "0" alsa.card_name = "HDA Intel" alsa.long_card_name = "HDA Intel at 0x9b500000 irq 46" alsa.driver_name = "snd_hda_intel" device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1b.0" sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0" device.bus = "pci" device.vendor.id = "8086" device.vendor.name = "Intel Corporation" device.product.name = "82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller" device.form_factor = "internal" device.string = "front:0" device.buffering.buffer_size = "65536" device.buffering.fragment_size = "32768" device.access_mode = "mmap+timer" device.profile.name = "analog-stereo" device.profile.description = "Analog Stereo" device.description = "Built-in Audio Analog Stereo" alsa.mixer_name = "Realtek ALC889A" alsa.components = "HDA:10ec0885,106b3a00,00100103" module-udev-detect.discovered = "1" device.icon_name = "audio-card-pci" ports: analog-output-speaker: Speakers (priority 10000, available: unknown) properties: analog-output-headphones: Headphones (priority 9000, available: no) properties: active port: <analog-output-speaker> 2 and 3: Doesn't seem an permission issue, the sound is very far away (See opening paragraph). 4 thomas@thomas-pc:~$ sudo aplay -l **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** Home directory /home/thomas not ours. card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 0: ALC889A Analog [ALC889A Analog] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 1: ALC889A Digital [ALC889A Digital] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 5 thomas@thomas-pc:~$ find /lib/modules/`uname -r` | grep snd /lib/modules/3.2.0-48-generic/kernel/sound/core/snd-hwdep.ko /lib/modules/3.2.0-48-generic/kernel/sound/core/snd-pcm.ko [.. huge lists continues ..] /lib/modules/3.2.0-48-generic/kernel/sound/pcmcia/pdaudiocf/snd-pdaudiocf.ko /lib/modules/3.2.0-48-generic/kernel/sound/pcmcia/vx/snd-vxpocket.ko thomas@thomas-pc:~$ 6 thomas@thomas-pc:~$ lspci -v | grep -A7 -i "audio" 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03) Subsystem: Apple Inc. Device 00a4 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 46 Memory at 9b500000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel 7 I guess it's supported. Linux mint and Xubuntu 13.04 had no trouble with sounds. Everything worked out of the box Thanks in advance Edit: alsa-info.sh output: WARNING: /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf line 45: ignoring bad line starting with 'amixer' ALSA Information Script v 0.4.62 -------------------------------- This script visits the following commands/files to collect diagnostic information about your ALSA installation and sound related hardware. dmesg lspci lsmod aplay amixer alsactl /proc/asound/ /sys/class/sound/ ~/.asoundrc (etc.) See './alsa-info.sh --help' for command line options. WARNING: /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf line 45: ignoring bad line starting with 'amixer' Automatically upload ALSA information to www.alsa-project.org? [y/N] : y Uploading information to www.alsa-project.org ... Done! Your ALSA information is located at http://www.alsa-project.org/db/?f=6cffc584284d4c0b266eb53249824ef83d6c4e3e Please inform the person helping you. thomas@thomas-pc:~$

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• Ubuntu 11 and 12 initially fast but later bogs down, CPU pegged

  - by uos??

  I started with Ubuntu 11 a few weeks ago. It's on a DELL M4300 with a OCZ SSD. Default setup, except that I've installed the proprietary NVIDIA graphics and BROADCOM wireless drivers. Dual boot with Windows. If I cold boot into Ubuntu, it is very fast, just like the Windows experience that I'm used to. But SOMETHING happens, and I haven't yet determined what, but the system gets incredibly slow and stays that way. At first I thought it had to do with Adobe Flash because it seemed to be triggered by sites with Flash. But then I removed Flash and the problem remains. I thought it was just an overheating problem, but I've now upgraded to 12.04 which supposedly fixes the overheating problems I've read about. Perhaps the heat situation was brought on by Flash in my early cases? So I installed Jupiter for CPU management, but the thermometer reports a familiar Windows-side temperature of 53 degrees Celsius. Switching Jupiter to lower performance doesn't help. When I check the System Monitor application, sorting by CPU usage, there are no obvious problem processes. However, in the graphs tab, both CPU cores are pegged at 100%! I notice that the slowness seems to be similar to the extremely bad performance I got prior to installing the NVIDIA drivers. I'm not sure if that helps. This is the strangest part to me - although the temperature seems OK, even after rebooting, the system remains slow - starting with GRUB2 which is very noticeably delayed, all the way through to either Ubuntu or Windows! That's right, even the Windows side suffers effects and takes several minutes to complete booting whereas normally (with my SSD) it's ready to use in 15 seconds. The only way to fix it is to shutdown and let the parts cool down. Or maybe it just needs to completely power off and boot rather than a soft reboot, temperature has nothing to do with it? - is that possible? But know that I have never had this problem in Windows, even if Windows gets very hot (135 F) a reboot would be enough time for it to recover. For this reason, I don't think it's a heat thing, but I can't imagine what else could be surviving the reboot. I'm entirely updated - there are no pending updates. I have the Post-Release updates of NVIDIA too, btw. If this sounds CLOSE to something you know about, but one of the details doesn't line up exactly, it might be a mistake in my perception. Are there tests you can suggest to rule something out? Thanks! processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 23 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T9500 @ 2.60GHz stepping : 6 microcode : 0x60c cpu MHz : 800.000 cache size : 6144 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 2 core id : 0 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 10 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 lahf_lm ida dts tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority bogomips : 5187.00 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 1 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 23 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T9500 @ 2.60GHz stepping : 6 microcode : 0x60c cpu MHz : 800.000 cache size : 6144 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 2 core id : 1 cpu cores : 2 apicid : 1 initial apicid : 1 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 10 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 lahf_lm ida dts tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority bogomips : 5186.94 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: (Redundant figures removed. You can view them in the edits if they are still relevant) ps: %CPU PID USER COMMAND 9.4 2399 jason gnome-terminal 6.2 2408 jason bash 17.3 1117 root /usr/bin/X :0 -auth /var/run/lightdm/root/:0 -nolisten tcp vt7 -novtswitch -background none 13.7 1667 jason compiz 1.3 1960 jason /usr/lib/unity/unity-panel-service 1.3 1697 jason python /usr/bin/jupiter 0.9 1964 jason /usr/lib/indicator-appmenu/hud-service 0.6 1689 jason nautilus -n 0.4 1458 jason //bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 7 --session I should highlight specifically that GRUB2 can also be very slow. I don't know the relationship of which scenarios GRUB2 is also slow, but WHEN it is slow, it is slow both before the menu appears and after the selection is made - although for the diagnosis of GRUB2 it is harder for me to tell what the normal speeds should be. With SSD, I would expect that GRUB2 could load instantly, and that the GRUB2 purple would disappear instantly after the selection. The only delay to be expected is the change in graphics modes (though I couldn't guess why that ever requires any noticeable time)

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• When should method overloads be refactored?

  - by Ben Heley

  When should code that looks like: DoThing(string foo, string bar); DoThing(string foo, string bar, int baz, bool qux); ... DoThing(string foo, string bar, int baz, bool qux, string more, string andMore); Be refactored into something that can be called like so: var doThing = new DoThing(foo, bar); doThing.more = value; doThing.andMore = otherValue; doThing.Go(); Or should it be refactored into something else entirely? In the particular case that inspired this question, it's a public interface for an XSLT templating DLL where we've had to add various flags (of various types) that can't be embedded into the string XML input.

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• Wine can't find gnome-keyring-pkcs11.so

  - by Jackie

  I am trying to start a program using wine on ubuntu lts 12.04 64 bit When I do this I get the following error message... /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkcs11/gnome-keyring-pkcs11.so: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkcs11/gnome-keyring-pkcs11.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory When I try to symlink the 64 bit libraries, of course I get the following... jackie@jackie-Latitude-E6410:~/tmp/AC$ wine TTG.exe p11-kit: couldn't load module: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkcs11/gnome-keyring-pkcs11.so: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkcs11/gnome-keyring-pkcs11.so: wrong ELF class: ELFCLASS64 wine: Unhandled page fault on read access to 0x00000000 at address (nil) (thread 0009), starting debugger... err:seh:raise_exception Unhandled exception code c0000005 flags 0 addr 0x7bc47aac Is there a package that installs the 32-bit as well as the 64bit? UPDATE: Appears to be a bug in Ubuntu w/ 1.4 https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-wine/+archive/ppa I used these steps and my application worked http://www.noobslab.com/2012/04/install-wine-152-on-ubuntu.html Not sure exactly why but it appears to ignore the error if you use the 1.5.

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• BIND9 server not responding to external queries

  - by Twitchy

  I have set up a BIND server on my dedicated box which I want to host a nameserver for my domain on. When I use dig @202.169.196.59 nzserver.co.nz locally on the server I get the following response... ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> @202.169.196.59 nzserver.co.nz ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 43773 ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;nzserver.co.nz. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: nzserver.co.nz. 3600 IN A 202.169.196.59 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: nzserver.co.nz. 3600 IN NS ns2.nzserver.co.nz. nzserver.co.nz. 3600 IN NS ns1.nzserver.co.nz. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns1.nzserver.co.nz. 3600 IN A 202.169.196.59 ns2.nzserver.co.nz. 3600 IN A 202.169.196.59 ;; Query time: 0 msec ;; SERVER: 202.169.196.59#53(202.169.196.59) ;; WHEN: Sat Oct 27 15:40:45 2012 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 116 Which is good, and is the output I want. But when simply using dig nzserver.co.nz I get... ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> nzserver.co.nz ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: SERVFAIL, id: 16970 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;nzserver.co.nz. IN A ;; Query time: 308 msec ;; SERVER: 202.169.192.61#53(202.169.192.61) ;; WHEN: Sat Oct 27 17:09:12 2012 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 32 And if I use dig @202.169.196.59 nzserver.co.nz on another linux machine I get... ; <<>> DiG 9.7.3 <<>> @202.169.196.59 nzserver.co.nz ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; connection timed out; no servers could be reached Am I doing something wrong here? Port 53 is definitely open. /etc/bind/named.conf.options options { directory "/var/cache/bind"; forwarders { 202.169.192.61; 202.169.206.10; }; listen-on { 202.169.196.59; }; }; /etc/bind/named.conf.local zone "nzserver.co.nz" { type master; file "/etc/bind/nzserver.co.nz.zone"; }; /etc/bind/nzserver.co.nz.zone ; BIND db file for nzserver.co.nz $ORIGIN nzserver.co.nz. @ IN SOA ns1.nzserver.co.nz. mr.steven.french.gmail.com. ( 2012102606 28800 7200 864000 3600 ) NS ns1.nzserver.co.nz. NS ns2.nzserver.co.nz. MX 10 mail.nzserver.co.nz. @ IN A 202.169.196.59 * IN A 202.169.196.59 ns1 IN A 202.169.196.59 ns2 IN A 202.169.196.59 www IN A 202.169.196.59 mail IN A 202.169.196.59

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• Ralink RT3060 Driver not working

  - by Hoerlle

  I am new to linux. I was using fedora and now switching to Ubuntu for a try. On Fedora my wireless network card was working OK from the OS install (I didnt had to do anything for it to work) On Ubuntu, with the lspci -v command, I get: Network controller: Ralink corp. RT3060 Wireless 802.11n 1T/1R Subsystem: Ralink corp. RT3060 Wireless 802.11n 1T/1R Flags: bus master, slow devsel, latency 64, IRQ 20 Memory at fe9e0000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: rt2800pci Kernel modules: rt2800pci But I am not able to find any wireless network. What to do now? Thanks

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• Cannot connect to Onda GSM phone using network-manager

  - by marcobra

  On Oneiric unstable fully updated/upgraded using network-manager broadband connection with: ID 19d2:1015 ONDA Communication S.p.A. I want some hints to make a Onda GSM usbkey 19d2:1015 work? route show me Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface default * 0.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 usb0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 usb0 It connects and the usb0 device get ip-address from the provider but I cannot get webpages (also typing a known ip in firefox) It seem to be something about routing default gw, there is no active firewall on this pc btw, all works using sakis3g or wvdial or gnome-ppp

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• The Image ASP.Net web server control

  - by nikolaosk

  In this post I will try to show you how to use the ImageMap web server control. This is going to be a very easy example. We will write no code but I will use the control to create navigation hotspots. 1) Launch Visual Studio 2010/2005/2008. Express editions will be fine. 2) Create a new asp.net empty web site and call it “ NavigationHotspot ”. 3) Drag and drop in the default.aspx page a ImageMap web server control from the Toolbox. 4) Let me explain what I did. I have an image that contains two flags...(read more)

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• How to get Magento to update order status when PayPal returns IPN message?

  - by Nick

  When someone checks out in Magento with PayPal, and PayPal flags their payment for review, Magento correctly sets the order status to "Payment Review". However, if after a day or two PayPal decides the order is OK, it sends an IPN message to Magento with the proper payment status of "Pending" and pending reason of "authorization". I can see this IPN message in Magento's paypal logs (and can simulate it with the sandbox), however, when Magento receives this message it does not update its order status. Why not and how can this be fixed? I am using Magento 1.5.1.0.

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• .htaccess rewrite www to non-www and remove .html

  - by lester8891

  I need rewrite rules to redirect the following: http://www. to http:// /file.html to /file I've tried using a combination of these but each time it results in a redirect loop on one of the situations RewriteBase / RewriteRule ^(.*)\.html$ $1 [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www.domain.co.uk [NC, L] RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://domain.co.uk/$1 [R=301] I figure it's probably something to do with the flags but I don't know how to fix it. Just to be clear it needs to do all these situations: http://www.domain.co.uk to http://domain.co.uk http://www.domain.co.uk/file.html to http://domain.co.uk/file http://domain.co.uk to http://domain.co.uk http://domain.co.uk/file.html to http://domain.co.uk/file Thanks!

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• chromium-browser --proxy-server debugging

  - by user3678068

  Many places online have pointed out to configure chromium proxy via command can be achieve with the following line chromium-browser --proxy-server=[username]:[password]@[host]:[port] but I got this result on every request. Here's the output in the command line right after executing the previous command. (They do not appear to be relevant. There are no new command line output when I try to visit a page) libGL error: failed to authenticate magic 30 libGL error: failed to load driver: vboxvideo ATTENTION: default value of option force_s3tc_enable overridden by environment. [29551:29551:0606/160459:ERROR:sandbox_linux.cc(268)] InitializeSandbox() called with multiple threads in process gpu-process I have double checked that the proxy credential works with the foxyproxy chrome plugin. What else can I try to figure this out? [Edit] Going to chrome://net-internals/#proxy and reading "Effective proxy settings" if I do chromium-browser with no flags, I get Use DIRECT connections. Source: GSETTINGS if chromium-browser --proxy-server=[host]:[port], I get a message box requesting to login, and under "Effective proxy settings": Proxy server: [host]:[port] if chromium-browser --proxy-server=[user]:[pass]@[host]:[port], "Effective proxy settings" shows: Use DIRECT connections

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• Better drivers for SiS 650/740 integrated video?

  - by Bart van Heukelom

  I installed Xubuntu 10.10 on an old box today and the graphical performance is horrid. According to lspci, the video card is this: 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 65x/M650/740 PCI/AGP VGA Display Adapter (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8081 Flags: 66MHz, medium devsel, IRQ 11 BIST result: 00 Memory at f0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=128M] Memory at e7800000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K] I/O ports at d800 [size=128] Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel modules: sisfb Is there a way to make it faster? Alternative drivers? The additional drivers tool shows nothing. I'm specifically interested in improving Java's Java2D rendering speed, because I'll be running a "stat screen" written in that language on it.

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• Can't mount cds after failed Brasero burn

  - by Allan

  Brasero failed to burn a disk recently, and now I can't access CD-ROMS. Even CD-Rs are not not showing. Using Ubuntu 11.10 on a Dell D510 Lattitude laptop. allan@allan-Latitude-D510:~$ cdrecord -checkdrive Device was not specified. Trying to find an appropriate drive... Detected CD-R drive: /dev/cdrw Using /dev/cdrom of unknown capabilities Device type : Removable CD-ROM Version : 5 Response Format: 2 Capabilities : Vendor_info : 'TSSTcorp' Identification : 'DVD+-RW TS-L532B' Revision : 'DE04' Device seems to be: Generic mmc2 DVD-R/DVD-RW. Using generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver (mmc_cdr). Driver flags : MMC-3 SWABAUDIO BURNFREE Supported modes: TAO PACKET SAO SAO/R96P SAO/R96R RAW/R96R My CD drive is now useless, and any help on getting it to read/burn would be appreciated.

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• What naming anti-patterns exist?

  - by Billy ONeal

  There are some names, where if you find yourself reaching for those names, you know you've already messed something up. For example: XxxManager This is bad because a class should describe what the class does. If the most specific word you can come up with for what the class does is "manage," then the class is too big. What other naming anti-patterns exist? EDIT: To clarify, I'm not asking "what names are bad" -- that question is entirely subjective and there's no way to answer it. I'm asking, "what names indicate overall design problems with the system." That is, if you find yourself wanting to call a component Xyz, that probably indicates the component is ill concieved. Also note here that there are exceptions to every rule -- I'm just looking for warning flags for when I really need to stop and rethink a design.

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• How do you approach database design?

  - by bron

  I am primarily a web developer and I have a couple of personal projects which I want to kick off. One thing that is bugging me is database design. I have gone through in school db normalization and stuff like that but it has been a couple of years ago and I have never had experience with relational database design except for school. So how you do you approach database from a web app perspective? How do you begin and what do you look out for? What are flags for caution?

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• Anatomy of a .NET Assembly - CLR metadata 2

  - by Simon Cooper

  Before we look any further at the CLR metadata, we need a quick diversion to understand how the metadata is actually stored. Encoding table information As an example, we'll have a look at a row in the TypeDef table. According to the spec, each TypeDef consists of the following: Flags specifying various properties of the class, including visibility. The name of the type. The namespace of the type. What type this type extends. The field list of this type. The method list of this type. How is all this data actually represented? Offset & RID encoding Most assemblies don't need to use a 4 byte value to specify heap offsets and RIDs everywhere, however we can't hard-code every offset and RID to be 2 bytes long as there could conceivably be more than 65535 items in a heap or more than 65535 fields or types defined in an assembly. So heap offsets and RIDs are only represented in the full 4 bytes if it is required; in the header information at the top of the #~ stream are 3 bits indicating if the #Strings, #GUID, or #Blob heaps use 2 or 4 bytes (the #US stream is not accessed from metadata), and the rowcount of each table. If the rowcount for a particular table is greater than 65535 then all RIDs referencing that table throughout the metadata use 4 bytes, else only 2 bytes are used. Coded tokens Not every field in a table row references a single predefined table. For example, in the TypeDef extends field, a type can extend another TypeDef (a type in the same assembly), a TypeRef (a type in a different assembly), or a TypeSpec (an instantiation of a generic type). A token would have to be used to let us specify the table along with the RID. Tokens are always 4 bytes long; again, this is rather wasteful of space. Cutting the RID down to 2 bytes would make each token 3 bytes long, which isn't really an optimum size for computers to read from memory or disk. However, every use of a token in the metadata tables can only point to a limited subset of the metadata tables. For the extends field, we only need to be able to specify one of 3 tables, which we can do using 2 bits: 0x0: TypeDef 0x1: TypeRef 0x2: TypeSpec We could therefore compress the 4-byte token that would otherwise be needed into a coded token of type TypeDefOrRef. For each type of coded token, the least significant bits encode the table the token points to, and the rest of the bits encode the RID within that table. We can work out whether each type of coded token needs 2 or 4 bytes to represent it by working out whether the maximum RID of every table that the coded token type can point to will fit in the space available. The space available for the RID depends on the type of coded token; a TypeOrMethodDef coded token only needs 1 bit to specify the table, leaving 15 bits available for the RID before a 4-byte representation is needed, whereas a HasCustomAttribute coded token can point to one of 18 different tables, and so needs 5 bits to specify the table, only leaving 11 bits for the RID before 4 bytes are needed to represent that coded token type. For example, a 2-byte TypeDefOrRef coded token with the value 0x0321 has the following bit pattern: 0 3 2 1 0000 0011 0010 0001 The first two bits specify the table - TypeRef; the other bits specify the RID. Because we've used the first two bits, we've got to shift everything along two bits: 000000 1100 1000 This gives us a RID of 0xc8. If any one of the TypeDef, TypeRef or TypeSpec tables had more than 16383 rows (2^14 - 1), then 4 bytes would need to be used to represent all TypeDefOrRef coded tokens throughout the metadata tables. Lists The third representation we need to consider is 1-to-many references; each TypeDef refers to a list of FieldDef and MethodDef belonging to that type. If we were to specify every FieldDef and MethodDef individually then each TypeDef would be very large and a variable size, which isn't ideal. There is a way of specifying a list of references without explicitly specifying every item; if we order the MethodDef and FieldDef tables by the owning type, then the field list and method list in a TypeDef only have to be a single RID pointing at the first FieldDef or MethodDef belonging to that type; the end of the list can be inferred by the field list and method list RIDs of the next row in the TypeDef table. Going back to the TypeDef If we have a look back at the definition of a TypeDef, we end up with the following reprensentation for each row: Flags - always 4 bytes Name - a #Strings heap offset. Namespace - a #Strings heap offset. Extends - a TypeDefOrRef coded token. FieldList - a single RID to the FieldDef table. MethodList - a single RID to the MethodDef table. So, depending on the number of entries in the heaps and tables within the assembly, the rows in the TypeDef table can be as small as 14 bytes, or as large as 24 bytes. Now we've had a look at how information is encoded within the metadata tables, in the next post we can see how they are arranged on disk.

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• Replace Broadcom "wl" driver with "b43"

  - by Laszlo Boros

  I'm using Ubuntu 10.04.4 LTS, and in my laptop there is a Broadcom BCM4312 wlan card. lspci output: 04:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g (rev 01) Subsystem: Broadcom Corporation Device 04b5 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18 Memory at f4500000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [58] Vendor Specific Information Capabilities: [e8] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit+ Queue=0/0 Enable- Capabilities: [d0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting Capabilities: [13c] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number 81-ac-1d-ff-ff-12-54-92 Capabilities: [16c] Power Budgeting Kernel driver in use: wl Kernel modules: wl, ssb So as you can see, the current (and default) driver is wl - installed with jockey. But I have another Ubuntu based distribution on my laptop (BackTrack linux), which is also 10.04, but it has the b43 driver installed and the overall performance is MUCH better. So I would like to install it on this OS too, but even google didn't help me. So my question is how to install the latest b43 driver on my Ubuntu?

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• Ubuntu 11.10, FF 11, ATI Catalyst v12.2, Driver Package version 8.95, WebGL doesn't work

  - by Victor S

  I'm running Ubuntu 11.10, FF 11, ATI Catalyst v12.2, Driver Package version 8.95, WebGL doesn't work. This is a pretty capable setup and definetly did have FF work previously, Note: I've downloaded and installed the ATI drivers from AMD. Not sure how to get WebGL working. Updated My video card info: 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc Cypress [Radeon HD 5800 Series] (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: ATI Technologies Inc Device 0b00 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 44 Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] Memory at fbee0000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K] I/O ports at d000 [size=256] Expansion ROM at fbec0000 [disabled] [size=128K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [58] Express Legacy Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [a0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [100] Vendor Specific Information: ID=0001 Rev=1 Len=010 <?> Capabilities: [150] Advanced Error Reporting Kernel driver in use: fglrx_pci Kernel modules: fglrx, radeon

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• How to setup ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650?

  - by Thi An

  I'm currently using Ubuntu 12.04 64bit. After installing ATI/AMD proprietary FGLRX graphics drivers via Additional Drivers, I checked the status of my VGA card using lspci -v. Here's the output: 02:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] nee ATI M96 [Mobility Radeon HD 4650] (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Dell Device 0456 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 46 Memory at d0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] I/O ports at 2000 [size=256] Memory at cfef0000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] [virtual] Expansion ROM at cfe00000 [disabled] [size=128K] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: fglrx_pci Kernel modules: fglrx, radeon As mentioned in the title, my VGA card is 1GB and yet my computer only recognizes 256MB. My question is: "How to make my computer fully recognize the capacity of my ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (1GB)?"

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• Do Not Track Plus Stops Web Sites from Tracking You

  - by Jason Fitzpatrick

  Do Not Track Plus is a Firefox extension that combines the do-non’t-track header with protection lists for comprehensive tracking avoidance while surfing the web. Unlike all-or-nothing no tracking flags, the Do Not Track Plus extension for Firefox allows you to set white and black lists for websites you would prefer to be tracked or not tracked by. You may, for example, want a shopping site you get benefits from or a news site that gives you customized articles to be allowed to track you. The tool also preserves anti-tracking cookies even when you wipe the rest of the cookies in your browser’s cache; effectively stopping you from accidentally rescinding your opt out cookies from anti-tracking sites. Do Not Track Plus [Abine via Wired] How to Enable Google Chrome’s Secret Gold IconHTG Explains: What’s the Difference Between the Windows 7 HomeGroups and XP-style Networking?Internet Explorer 9 Released: Here’s What You Need To Know

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• How to have operations with character/items in binary with concrete operations?

  - by Piperoman

  I have the next problem. A item can have a lot of states: NORMAL = 0000000 DRY = 0000001 HOT = 0000010 BURNING = 0000100 WET = 0001000 COLD = 0010000 FROZEN = 0100000 POISONED= 1000000 A item can have some states at same time but not all of them Is impossible to be dry and wet at same time. If you COLD a WET item, it turns into FROZEN. If you HOT a WET item, it turns into NORMAL A item can be BURNING and POISON Etc. I have tried to set binary flags to states, and use AND to combine different states, checking before if it is possible or not to do it, or change to another status. Does there exist a concrete approach to solve this problem efficiently without having an interminable switch that checks every state with every new state? It is relatively easy to check 2 different states, but if there exists a third state it is not trivial to do.

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• If I were to claim I knew C++, what libraries would you expect me to know?

  - by Peter Smith

  I'm unsure as to the definition of knowing a programming language, so I'm picking C++ as an example. How much does it take to someone to be qualified as knowing C++? Should they just know the basic syntax? Template and generic-programming? Compiler flags and their purposes (Wall, the difference between O1, O2 and O3)? STL? Garbage collection strategies? Boost? Common libraries like zlib, curl, and libxml2?

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• Ubuntu 12.04, can't find my home wifi network

  - by Anton

  I've tried several solutions I found on the web, but didn't manage to solve a problem. Since today my laptop won't find my WiFi network, but neighbours' networks are suggested. Another laptop with U12.04 does find one. What do I do? I've Dell Latitude-E4310, 02:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4313 802.11bgn Wireless Network Adapter (rev 01) Subsystem: Dell Inspiron M5010 / XPS 8300 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 Memory at f2c00000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: brcmsmac Kernel modules: bcma, brcmsmac also NetworkManager Tool State: connected (global) - Device: eth1 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Type: 802.11 WiFi Driver: wl State: disconnected Default: no HW Address: 1C:65:9D:7A:45:5C Capabilities: Wireless Properties WEP Encryption: yes WPA Encryption: yes WPA2 Encryption: yes Should I provide anything else? Many thanks in advance.

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• sound stopped working after upgrade to 11.10 on Tuesday 20th March

  - by Hugh Barney

  My sound card stopped working after a set of updates were installed 2 days ago. The sound card is detected, the volume is not muted and the speakers work, I can make the speakers hum if I touch the jack plug lead that normally plugs into the card. hugh@lindisfarne:~$ lspci -v | grep -A7 -i "audio" 07:01.0 Multimedia audio controller: Creative Labs CA0106 Soundblaster Subsystem: Creative Labs SB0570 [SB Audigy SE] Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 16 I/O ports at c000 [size=32] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: CA0106 Kernel modules: snd-ca0106 I've tried reverting those upgraded packages that look like the could impact the kernal - but to no avail. alsamixer does not have anything muted, I've been though all the sound card debug/troubleshooting pages I can find. Kernal driver is attached. So whats gone pop ? I will boot from CD to check - but I am pretty sure this is a sw and not a hw problem.

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• Questions about linking libraries in C

  - by james

  I am learning C (still very much a beginner) on Linux using the GCC compiler. I have noticed that some libraries, such as the library used with the math.h header, need to be linked in manually when included. I have been linking in the libraries using various flags of the form -l[library-name], such as -lm for the above-mentioned math library. However, after switching from the command line and/or Geany to Code::Blocks, I noticed that Code::Blocks uses g++ to compile the programs instead of the gcc that I am used to (even though the project is definitely specified as C). Also, Code::Blocks does not require the libraries to be manually linked in when compiling - libraries such as the math library just work. I have two questions: Firstly, is it "bad" to compile C programs with the g++ compiler? So far it seems to work, but after all, C++ is not C and I am quite sure that the g++ compiler is meant for C++. Secondly, is it the g++ compiler that is doing the automatic linking of the libraries in Code::Blocks?

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