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• How to code a 4x shader/filter which emulates arcade crt display behavior?

  - by Arthur Wulf White

  I want to write a shader/filer probably in adobe Pixel Bender that will do the best job possible in emulating the fill of an oldskul monochromatic arcade CRT screen. Much like this here: http://filthypants.blogspot.com/2012/07/customizing-cgwgs-crt-pixel-shader.html Here are some attributes I know will exist in this filter: It will take in a low res image 160 x 120 and return a medium res image 640 x 480. It will add scanlines It will blur the color channels to create that color bleeding effect It will distort the shape of the image from a perfect rectangle into a rounder shape. The question is, could you please provide any other attributes that are beneficial to emulating an arcade CRT feel and links and resources on coding these effects. Thanks

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• Is finding graph minors without single node pinch points possible?

  - by Alturis

  Is it possible to robustly find all the graph minors within an arbitrary node graph where the pinch points are generally not single nodes? I have read some other posts on here about how to break up your graph into a Hamiltonian cycle and then from that find the graph minors but it seems to be such an algorithm would require that each "room" had "doorways" consisting of single nodes. To explain a bit more a visual aid is necessary. Lets say the nodes below are an example of the typical node graph. What I am looking for is a way to automatically find the different colored regions of the graph (or graph minors)

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• Level Design V.S. Modeler

  - by Ecurbed

  From what I understand being a level designer and a character/environment/object/etc Modeler are two different jobs, yet sometimes it feels like a Modeler can also do the job of the level designer. I know this also depends on the scale of the game. For small games maybe they are one and the same, but for bigger games they become two different jobs. I understand a background in some modeling could not hurt when it comes to level design, but the question I have is: Do jobs prefer people who can model for level designing? This way they can kill two birds with one stone and have someone to create the assets and design the level. What is your opinion of the training? Does level design contain skill sets that make them completely different from what a modeler can do, or is this an easy transition for a modeler to become a level designer? Can you be a bad level designer but a good modeler and vice versa?

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• How to restrict paddle movement using Farseer Physics engine 3.2

  - by brainydexter

  I am new to using Farseer Physics Engine 3.2(FPE), so please bear with my questions. Also, since FPE 3.2 is based on Box2D, I have been reading Box2D manual and pieces of code scattered in samples to better understand terminology and usage. Pong is usually my testbed whenever I try to do something new. Here is one of the issue I am running into: How can I restrict paddles to move only along Y axis, because the ball comes in and knocks off the paddles and everything floats in space afterwards ? (Box = Rectangle and ball = circle) I know MKS is the unit system, but is there a recommendation for sizes/position to be used ? I know this is a very generic question, but it would be good to know a simple set of values that one could use for making a game as simple as pong. Between box2d and FPE, I have some doubts: what is the recommended way of making a body in FPE ? world.CreateBody() does not exist in FPE Box2d manual recommends never to "new" body(since Box2D uses Small Object allocators), so is there a recommended way in Farseer to create a body (apart from factories) ? In box2d, it is recommended to keep a track of the body object, since it is also the parent to fixture(s). Why is it that in most of the examples, the fixture object is tracked ? Is there a reason why body is not tracked ? Thanks

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• ContentManager in XNA cant find any XML

  - by user36385

  Im making a game in XNA 4 and this is the first time I'm using the Content loader to initialize a simple class with a XML file, but no matter how many guide I follow, or how simple or complicated is my XML File the ContentManager cant find the file; the Debug keep telling me: "A first chance exception of type 'Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content.ContentLoadException' occurred in Microsoft.Xna.Framework.dll". I'm really confuse because I can load SpriteFonts and Texture2D without a problem ... I create the following XML (the most basic Xna XML): <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <XnaContent> <Asset Type="System.String">Hello</Asset> </XnaContent> and I try to load it in the LoadContent method in my main class like this: System.String hello = Content.Load<System.String>("NewXmlFile"); There is something I'm doing wrong? I really appreciate your help

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• Game Over function is not working Starling

  - by aNgeLyN omar

  I've been following a tutorial over the web but it somehow did not show something about creating a game over function. I am new to the Starling framework and Actionscript so I'm kind of still trying to find a way to make it work. Here's the complete snippet of the code. package screens { import flash.geom.Rectangle; import flash.utils.getTimer; import events.NavigationEvent; import objects.GameBackground; import objects.Hero; import objects.Item; import objects.Obstacle; import starling.display.Button; import starling.display.Image; import starling.display.Sprite; import starling.events.Event; import starling.events.Touch; import starling.events.TouchEvent; import starling.text.TextField; import starling.utils.deg2rad; public class InGame extends Sprite { private var screenInGame:InGame; private var screenWelcome:Welcome; private var startButton:Button; private var playAgain:Button; private var bg:GameBackground; private var hero:Hero; private var timePrevious:Number; private var timeCurrent:Number; private var elapsed:Number; private var gameState:String; private var playerSpeed:Number = 0; private var hitObstacle:Number = 0; private const MIN_SPEED:Number = 650; private var scoreDistance:int; private var obstacleGapCount:int; private var gameArea:Rectangle; private var touch:Touch; private var touchX:Number; private var touchY:Number; private var obstaclesToAnimate:Vector.<Obstacle>; private var itemsToAnimate:Vector.<Item>; private var scoreText:TextField; private var remainingLives:TextField; private var gameOverText:TextField; private var iconSmall:Image; static private var lives:Number = 2; public function InGame() { super(); this.addEventListener(starling.events.Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, onAddedToStage); } private function onAddedToStage(event:Event):void { this.removeEventListener(Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, onAddedToStage); drawGame(); scoreText = new TextField(300, 100, "Score: 0", "MyFontName", 35, 0xD9D919, true); remainingLives = new TextField(600, 100, "Lives: " + lives +" X ", "MyFontName", 35, 0xD9D919, true); iconSmall = new Image(Assets.getAtlas().getTexture("darnahead1")); iconSmall.x = 360; iconSmall.y = 40; this.addChild(iconSmall); this.addChild(scoreText); this.addChild(remainingLives); } private function drawGame():void { bg = new GameBackground(); this.addChild(bg); hero = new Hero(); hero.x = stage.stageHeight / 2; hero.y = stage.stageWidth / 2; this.addChild(hero); startButton = new Button(Assets.getAtlas().getTexture("startButton")); startButton.x = stage.stageWidth * 0.5 - startButton.width * 0.5; startButton.y = stage.stageHeight * 0.5 - startButton.height * 0.5; this.addChild(startButton); gameArea = new Rectangle(0, 100, stage.stageWidth, stage.stageHeight - 250); } public function disposeTemporarily():void { this.visible = false; } public function initialize():void { this.visible = true; this.addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, checkElapsed); hero.x = -stage.stageWidth; hero.y = stage.stageHeight * 0.5; gameState ="idle"; playerSpeed = 0; hitObstacle = 0; bg.speed = 0; scoreDistance = 0; obstacleGapCount = 0; obstaclesToAnimate = new Vector.<Obstacle>(); itemsToAnimate = new Vector.<Item>(); startButton.addEventListener(Event.TRIGGERED, onStartButtonClick); //var mainStage:InGame =InGame.current.nativeStage; //mainStage.dispatchEvent(new Event(Event.COMPLETE)); //playAgain.addEventListener(Event.TRIGGERED, onRetry); } private function onStartButtonClick(event:Event):void { startButton.visible = false; startButton.removeEventListener(Event.TRIGGERED, onStartButtonClick); launchHero(); } private function launchHero():void { this.addEventListener(TouchEvent.TOUCH, onTouch); this.addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, onGameTick); } private function onTouch(event:TouchEvent):void { touch = event.getTouch(stage); touchX = touch.globalX; touchY = touch.globalY; } private function onGameTick(event:Event):void { switch(gameState) { case "idle": if(hero.x < stage.stageWidth * 0.5 * 0.5) { hero.x += ((stage.stageWidth * 0.5 * 0.5 + 10) - hero.x) * 0.05; hero.y = stage.stageHeight * 0.5; playerSpeed += (MIN_SPEED - playerSpeed) * 0.05; bg.speed = playerSpeed * elapsed; } else { gameState = "flying"; } break; case "flying": if(hitObstacle <= 0) { hero.y -= (hero.y - touchY) * 0.1; if(-(hero.y - touchY) < 150 && -(hero.y - touchY) > -150) { hero.rotation = deg2rad(-(hero.y - touchY) * 0.2); } if(hero.y > gameArea.bottom - hero.height * 0.5) { hero.y = gameArea.bottom - hero.height * 0.5; hero.rotation = deg2rad(0); } if(hero.y < gameArea.top + hero.height * 0.5) { hero.y = gameArea.top + hero.height * 0.5; hero.rotation = deg2rad(0); } } else { hitObstacle-- cameraShake(); } playerSpeed -= (playerSpeed - MIN_SPEED) * 0.01; bg.speed = playerSpeed * elapsed; scoreDistance += (playerSpeed * elapsed) * 0.1; scoreText.text = "Score: " + scoreDistance; initObstacle(); animateObstacles(); createEggItems(); animateItems(); remainingLives.text = "Lives: "+lives + " X "; if(lives == 0) { gameState = "over"; } break; case "over": gameOver(); break; } } private function gameOver():void { gameOverText = new TextField(800, 400, "Hero WAS KILLED!!!", "MyFontName", 50, 0xD9D919, true); scoreText = new TextField(800, 600, "Score: "+scoreDistance, "MyFontName", 30, 0xFFFFFF, true); this.addChild(scoreText); this.addChild(gameOverText); playAgain = new Button(Assets.getAtlas().getTexture("button_tryAgain")); playAgain.x = stage.stageWidth * 0.5 - startButton.width * 0.5; playAgain.y = stage.stageHeight * 0.75 - startButton.height * 0.75; this.addChild(playAgain); playAgain.addEventListener(Event.TRIGGERED, onRetry); } private function onRetry(event:Event):void { playAgain.visible = false; gameOverText.visible = false; scoreText.visible = false; var btnClicked:Button = event.target as Button; if((btnClicked as Button) == playAgain) { this.dispatchEvent(new NavigationEvent(NavigationEvent.CHANGE_SCREEN, {id: "playnow"}, true)); } disposeTemporarily(); } private function animateItems():void { var itemToTrack:Item; for(var i:uint = 0; i < itemsToAnimate.length; i++) { itemToTrack = itemsToAnimate[i]; itemToTrack.x -= playerSpeed * elapsed; if(itemToTrack.bounds.intersects(hero.bounds)) { itemsToAnimate.splice(i, 1); this.removeChild(itemToTrack); } if(itemToTrack.x < -50) { itemsToAnimate.splice(i, 1); this.removeChild(itemToTrack); } } } private function createEggItems():void { if(Math.random() > 0.95){ var itemToTrack:Item = new Item(Math.ceil(Math.random() * 10)); itemToTrack.x = stage.stageWidth + 50; itemToTrack.y = int(Math.random() * (gameArea.bottom - gameArea.top)) + gameArea.top; this.addChild(itemToTrack); itemsToAnimate.push(itemToTrack); } } private function cameraShake():void { if(hitObstacle > 0) { this.x = Math.random() * hitObstacle; this.y = Math.random() * hitObstacle; } else if(x != 0) { this.x = 0; this.y = 0; lives--; } } private function initObstacle():void { if(obstacleGapCount < 1200) { obstacleGapCount += playerSpeed * elapsed; } else if(obstacleGapCount !=0) { obstacleGapCount = 0; createObstacle(Math.ceil(Math.random() * 5), Math.random() * 1000 + 1000); } } private function animateObstacles():void { var obstacleToTrack:Obstacle; for(var i:uint = 0; i<obstaclesToAnimate.length; i++) { obstacleToTrack = obstaclesToAnimate[i]; if(obstacleToTrack.alreadyHit == false && obstacleToTrack.bounds.intersects(hero.bounds)) { obstacleToTrack.alreadyHit = true; obstacleToTrack.rotation = deg2rad(70); hitObstacle = 30; playerSpeed *= 0.5; } if(obstacleToTrack.distance > 0) { obstacleToTrack.distance -= playerSpeed * elapsed; } else { if(obstacleToTrack.watchOut) { obstacleToTrack.watchOut = false; } obstacleToTrack.x -= (playerSpeed + obstacleToTrack.speed) * elapsed; } if(obstacleToTrack.x < -obstacleToTrack.width || gameState == "over") { obstaclesToAnimate.splice(i, 1); this.removeChild(obstacleToTrack); } } } private function checkElapsed(event:Event):void { timePrevious = timeCurrent; timeCurrent = getTimer(); elapsed = (timeCurrent - timePrevious) * 0.001; } private function createObstacle(type:Number, distance:Number):void{ var obstacle:Obstacle = new Obstacle(type, distance, true, 300); obstacle.x = stage.stageWidth; this.addChild(obstacle); if(type >= 4) { if(Math.random() > 0.5) { obstacle.y = gameArea.top; obstacle.position = "top" } else { obstacle.y = gameArea.bottom - obstacle.height; obstacle.position = "bottom"; } } else { obstacle.y = int(Math.random() * (gameArea.bottom - obstacle.height - gameArea.top)) + gameArea.top; obstacle.position = "middle"; } obstaclesToAnimate.push(obstacle); } } }

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• MD5 vertex skinning problem extending to multi-jointed skeleton (GPU Skinning)

  - by Soapy

  Currently I'm trying to implement GPU skinning in my project. So far I have achieved single joint translation and rotation, and multi-jointed translation. The problem arises when I try to rotate a multi-jointed skeleton. The image above shows the current progress. The left image shows how the model should deform. The middle image shows how it deforms in my project. The right shows a better deform (still not right) inverting a certain value, which I will explain below. The way I get my animation data is by exporting it to the MD5 format (MD5mesh for mesh data and MD5anim for animation data). When I come to parse the animation data, for each frame, I check if the bone has a parent, if not, the data is passed in as is from the MD5anim file. If it does have a parent, I transform the bones position by the parents orientation, and the add this with the parents translation. Then the parent and child orientations get concatenated. This is covered at this website. if (Parent < 0){ ... // Save this data without editing it } else { Math3::vec3 rpos; Math3::quat pq = Parent.Quaternion; Math3::quat pqi(pq); pqi.InvertUnitQuat(); pqi.Normalise(); Math3::quat::RotateVector3(rpos, pq, jv); Math3::vec3 npos(rpos + Parent.Pos); this->Translation = npos; Math3::quat nq = pq * jq; nq.Normalise(); this->Quaternion = nq; } And to achieve the image to the right, all I need to do is to change Math3::quat::RotateVector3(rpos, pq, jv); to Math3::quat::RotateVector3(rpos, pqi, jv);, why is that? And this is my skinning shader. SkinningShader.vert #version 330 core smooth out vec2 vVaryingTexCoords; smooth out vec3 vVaryingNormals; smooth out vec4 vWeightColor; uniform mat4 MV; uniform mat4 MVP; uniform mat4 Pallete[55]; uniform mat4 invBindPose[55]; layout(location = 0) in vec3 vPos; layout(location = 1) in vec2 vTexCoords; layout(location = 2) in vec3 vNormals; layout(location = 3) in int vSkeleton[4]; layout(location = 4) in vec3 vWeight; void main() { vec4 wpos = vec4(vPos, 1.0); vec4 norm = vec4(vNormals, 0.0); vec4 weight = vec4(vWeight, (1.0f-(vWeight[0] + vWeight[1] + vWeight[2]))); normalize(weight); mat4 BoneTransform; for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { if(vSkeleton[i] != -1) { if(i == 0) { // These are interchangable for some reason // BoneTransform = ((invBindPose[vSkeleton[i]] * Pallete[vSkeleton[i]]) * weight[i]); BoneTransform = ((Pallete[vSkeleton[i]] * invBindPose[vSkeleton[i]]) * weight[i]); } else { // These are interchangable for some reason // BoneTransform += ((invBindPose[vSkeleton[i]] * Pallete[vSkeleton[i]]) * weight[i]); BoneTransform += ((Pallete[vSkeleton[i]] * invBindPose[vSkeleton[i]]) * weight[i]); } } } wpos = BoneTransform * wpos; vWeightColor = weight; vVaryingTexCoords = vTexCoords; vVaryingNormals = normalize(vec3(vec4(vNormals, 0.0) * MV)); gl_Position = wpos * MVP; } The Pallete matrices are the matrices calculated using the above code (a rotation and translation matrix get created from the translation and quaternion). The invBindPose matrices are simply the inverted matrices created from the joints in the MD5mesh file. Update 1 I looked at GLM to compare the values I get with my own implementation. They turn out to be exactly the same. So now i'm checking if there's a problem with matrix creation... Update 2 Looked at GLM again to compare matrix creation using quaternions. Turns out that's not the problem either.

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• farseer physics xbox samples not working

  - by Hugh

  I have downloaded a few of the sample projects from the official farseer physics website and i just cant get them to run on my xbox. -My connection to the xbox is fine, other xbox projects debug fine on my xbox -I have tried running both the xbox versions of the samples (for example the farseer hello world sample project) and the windows version by right-clicking the project and making a copy for xbox. I get a bunch of errors but what i always get is "unreachable code detected" referring to code in the farseer library, it seems to be a problem to do with referencing/linking the farseer library to the main game project. Help please!

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• Decal implementation

  - by dreta

  I had issues finding information about decals, so maybe this question will help others. The implementation is for a forward renderer. Could somebody confirm if i got decal implementation right? You define a cube of any dimension that'll define the projection volume in common space. You check for triangle intersection with the defined cube to recieve triangles that the projection will affect. You clip these triangles and save them. You then use matrix tricks to calculate UV coordinates for the saved triangles that'll reference the texture you're projecting. To do this you take the vectors representing height, width and depth of the cube in common space, so that f.e. the bottom left corner is the origin. You put that in a matrix as the i, j, k unit vectors, set the translation for the cube, then you inverse this matrix. You multiply the vertices of the saved triangles by this matrix, that way you get their coordinates inside of a 0 to 1 size cube that you use as the UV coordinates. This way you have the original triangles you're projecting onto and you have UV coordinates for them (the UV coordinates are referencing the texture you're projecting). Then you rerender the saved triangles onto the scene and they overwrite the area of projection with the projected image. Now the questions that i couldn't find answers for. Is the last point right? I've never done software clipping, but it seems error prone enough, due to limited precision, that the'll be some z fighting occuring for the projected texture. Also is the way of getting UV coordinates correct?

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• Camera frustum calculation coming out wrong

  - by Telanor

  I'm trying to calculate a view/projection/bounding frustum for the 6 directions of a point light and I'm having trouble with the views pointing along the Y axis. Our game uses a right-handed, Y-up system. For the other 4 directions I create the LookAt matrix using (0, 1, 0) as the up vector. Obviously that doesn't work when looking along the Y axis so for those I use an up vector of (-1, 0, 0) for -Y and (1, 0, 0) for +Y. The view matrix seems to come out correctly (and the projection matrix always stays the same), but the bounding frustum is definitely wrong. Can anyone see what I'm doing wrong? This is the code I'm using: camera.Projection = Matrix.PerspectiveFovRH((float)Math.PI / 2, ShadowMapSize / (float)ShadowMapSize, 1, 5); for(var i = 0; i < 6; i++) { var renderTargetView = shadowMap.GetRenderTargetView((TextureCubeFace)i); var up = DetermineLightUp((TextureCubeFace) i); var forward = DirectionToVector((TextureCubeFace) i); camera.View = Matrix.LookAtRH(this.Position, this.Position + forward, up); camera.BoundingFrustum = new BoundingFrustum(camera.View * camera.Projection); } private static Vector3 DirectionToVector(TextureCubeFace direction) { switch (direction) { case TextureCubeFace.NegativeX: return -Vector3.UnitX; case TextureCubeFace.NegativeY: return -Vector3.UnitY; case TextureCubeFace.NegativeZ: return -Vector3.UnitZ; case TextureCubeFace.PositiveX: return Vector3.UnitX; case TextureCubeFace.PositiveY: return Vector3.UnitY; case TextureCubeFace.PositiveZ: return Vector3.UnitZ; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("direction"); } } private static Vector3 DetermineLightUp(TextureCubeFace direction) { switch (direction) { case TextureCubeFace.NegativeY: return -Vector3.UnitX; case TextureCubeFace.PositiveY: return Vector3.UnitX; default: return Vector3.UnitY; } } Edit: Here's what the values are coming out to for the PositiveX and PositiveY directions: Constants: Position = {X:0 Y:360 Z:0} camera.Projection = [M11:0.9999999 M12:0 M13:0 M14:0] [M21:0 M22:0.9999999 M23:0 M24:0] [M31:0 M32:0 M33:-1.25 M34:-1] [M41:0 M42:0 M43:-1.25 M44:0] PositiveX: up = {X:0 Y:1 Z:0} target = {X:1 Y:360 Z:0} camera.View = [M11:0 M12:0 M13:-1 M14:0] [M21:0 M22:1 M23:0 M24:0] [M31:1 M32:0 M33:0 M34:0] [M41:0 M42:-360 M43:0 M44:1] camera.BoundingFrustum: Matrix = [M11:0 M12:0 M13:1.25 M14:1] [M21:0 M22:0.9999999 M23:0 M24:0] [M31:0.9999999 M32:0 M33:0 M34:0] [M41:0 M42:-360 M43:-1.25 M44:0] Top = {A:0.7071068 B:-0.7071068 C:0 D:254.5584} Bottom = {A:0.7071068 B:0.7071068 C:0 D:-254.5584} Left = {A:0.7071068 B:0 C:0.7071068 D:0} Right = {A:0.7071068 B:0 C:-0.7071068 D:0} Near = {A:1 B:0 C:0 D:-1} Far = {A:-1 B:0 C:0 D:5} PositiveY: up = {X:0 Y:0 Z:-1} target = {X:0 Y:361 Z:0} camera.View = [M11:-1 M12:0 M13:0 M14:0] [M21:0 M22:0 M23:-1 M24:0] [M31:0 M32:-1 M33:0 M34:0] [M41:0 M42:0 M43:360 M44:1] camera.BoundingFrustum: Matrix = [M11:-0.9999999 M12:0 M13:0 M14:0] [M21:0 M22:0 M23:1.25 M24:1] [M31:0 M32:-0.9999999 M33:0 M34:0] [M41:0 M42:0 M43:-451.25 M44:-360] Top = {A:0 B:0.7071068 C:0.7071068 D:-254.5585} Bottom = {A:0 B:0.7071068 C:-0.7071068 D:-254.5585} Left = {A:-0.7071068 B:0.7071068 C:0 D:-254.5585} Right = {A:0.7071068 B:0.7071068 C:0 D:-254.5585} Near = {A:0 B:1 C:0 D:-361} Far = {A:0 B:-1 C:0 D:365} When I use the resulting BoundingFrustum to cull regions outside of it, this is the result: Pass PositiveX: Drew 3 regions Pass NegativeX: Drew 6 regions Pass PositiveY: Drew 400 regions Pass NegativeY: Drew 36 regions Pass PositiveZ: Drew 3 regions Pass NegativeZ: Drew 6 regions There are only 400 regions to draw and the light is in the center of them. As you can see, the PositiveY direction is drawing every single region. With the near/far planes of the perspective matrix set as small as they are, there's no way a single frustum could contain every single region.

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• How are events in games handled?

  - by Alex

  In may games that I have played, I have seen events being triggered, such as when you walk into a certain land area while holding a specific object, it will trigger a special creature to spawn. I was wondering, how do games deal with events such as this? Not in a specific game, but in general among games. The first thought I had was that each place has a hard-coded set of events that it will call when something happens there. However, that would be too inefficient to maintain, as when something new is added, that would require modification of every part of the game that would potentially cause the event to be called. Next up, I had the idea of maybe how GUI programming works. In all of the GUI programming I've done, you create a component and a callback function, or a listener. Then, when the user interacts when the button, the callback function is called, allowing you to do something with it. So, I was thinking that in terms of a game, when a land area gets loaded the game loops over a list of all events, creating instances of them and calling public methods to bind them to the current scene. The events themselves then handle what scene it is, and if it is a scene that pertains to the event, will call the public method of the scene to bind the event to an action. Then, when the action takes place, the scene would call all events that are bound to that action. However, I'm sure that's not how games would operate either, as that would require a lot of creating of events all the time. So how to video games handle events, are either of those methods correct, or is it something completely different?

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• Away3D & Directional Light w/ Rotating Meshes

  - by seethru

  This is likely a stupid error but I can't seem to find what I've done wrong. I've got a simple scene with 10 cylinders rotating at a default speed. If I grab one of these cylinders I can rotate it in the opposite direction or at a greater speed. I have a single directional light in the scene. It would appear that the directional light is only calculated at initialization and not on further frames. The shadow created by the light rotates with the cylinder giving the impression that the light is rotating when it isn't. Camera & Light Initialization _view = new View3D(); addChild(_view); _view.antiAlias = 4; _view.backgroundColor = 0xFFFFFF; _view.camera.z = -850; _view.camera.y = 0; _view.camera.x = 0; _view.camera.lookAt(new Vector3D()); _view.camera.lens = new PerspectiveLens(15); _view.mousePicker = PickingType.RAYCAST_BEST_HIT; _light = new DirectionalLight(); _light.z = -850; _light.direction = new Vector3D(1, 1, 1); _light.color = 0xFFFFFF; _light.ambient = 0.1; _light.diffuse = 0.7; _view.scene.addChild(_light); Mesh and Material creation var material:TextureMaterial = new TextureMaterial(createPow2Texture(sprite, _colors[i]) , true, false, true); material.animateUVs = true; material.lightPicker = _lightPicker; cylinder = new Mesh(new CylinderGeometry(radius, radius, 13, 70, 1, true, true), material); cylinder.subMeshes[0].scaleU = spriteWidth / sprite.width; cylinder.y = y; cylinder.mouseEnabled = true; cylinder.pickingCollider = PickingColliderType.AS3_BEST_HIT; cylinder.addEventListener(MouseEvent3D.MOUSE_OVER, onMouseOverMesh); cylinder.addEventListener(MouseEvent3D.MOUSE_MOVE, onMouseOverMesh); cylinder.addEventListener(MouseEvent3D.MOUSE_OUT, onMouseOutMesh); _cylinders.push(cylinder); Frame private function onEnterFrame(event:Event):void { for each (var mesh:Mesh in _cylinders) { if (mesh == _mouseOverMesh) continue; mesh.rotationY += 0.25; } _view.render(); }

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• Sliding collision response

  - by dbostream

  I have been reading plenty of tutorials about sliding collision responses yet I am not able to implement it properly in my project. What I want to do is make a puck slide along the rounded corner boards of a hockey rink. In my latest attempt the puck does slide along the boards but there are some strange velocity behaviors. First of all the puck slows down a lot pretty much right away and then it slides for awhile and stops before exiting the corner. Even if I double the speed I get a similar behavior and the puck does not make it out of the corner. I used some ideas from this document http://www.peroxide.dk/papers/collision/collision.pdf. This is what I have: Update method called from the game loop when it is time to update the puck (I removed some irrelevant parts). I use two states (current, previous) which are used to interpolate the position during rendering. public override void Update(double fixedTimeStep) { /* Acceleration is set to 0 for now. */ Acceleration.Zero(); PreviousState = CurrentState; _collisionRecursionDepth = 0; CurrentState.Position = SlidingCollision(CurrentState.Position, CurrentState.Velocity * fixedTimeStep + 0.5 * Acceleration * fixedTimeStep * fixedTimeStep); /* Should not this be affected by a sliding collision? and not only the position. */ CurrentState.Velocity = CurrentState.Velocity + Acceleration * fixedTimeStep; Heading = Vector2.NormalizeRet(CurrentState.Velocity); } private Vector2 SlidingCollision(Vector2 position, Vector2 velocity) { if(_collisionRecursionDepth > 5) return position; bool collisionFound = false; Vector2 futurePosition = position + velocity; Vector2 intersectionPoint = new Vector2(); Vector2 intersectionPointNormal = new Vector2(); /* I did not include the collision detection code, if a collision is detected the intersection point and normal in that point is returned. */ if(!collisionFound) return futurePosition; /* If no collision was detected it is safe to move to the future position. */ /* It is not exactly the intersection point, but slightly before. */ Vector2 newPosition = intersectionPoint; /* oldVelocity is set to the distance from the newPosition(intersection point) to the position it had moved to had it not collided. */ Vector2 oldVelocity = futurePosition - newPosition; /* Project the distance left to move along the intersection normal. */ Vector2 newVelocity = oldVelocity - intersectionPointNormal * oldVelocity.DotProduct(intersectionPointNormal); if(newVelocity.LengthSq() < 0.001) return newPosition; /* If almost no speed, no need to continue. */ _collisionRecursionDepth++; return SlidingCollision(newPosition, newVelocity); } What am I doing wrong with the velocity? I have been staring at this for very long so I have gone blind. I have tried different values of recursion depth but it does not seem to make it better. Let me know if you need more information. I appreciate any help. EDIT: A combination of Patrick Hughes' and teodron's answers solved the velocity problem (I think), thanks a lot! This is the new code: I decided to use a separate recursion method now too since I don't want to recalculate the acceleration in each recursion. public override void Update(double fixedTimeStep) { Acceleration.Zero();// = CalculateAcceleration(fixedTimeStep); PreviousState = new MovingEntityState(CurrentState.Position, CurrentState.Velocity); CurrentState = SlidingCollision(CurrentState, fixedTimeStep); Heading = Vector2.NormalizeRet(CurrentState.Velocity); } private MovingEntityState SlidingCollision(MovingEntityState state, double timeStep) { bool collisionFound = false; /* Calculate the next position given no detected collision. */ Vector2 futurePosition = state.Position + state.Velocity * timeStep; Vector2 intersectionPoint = new Vector2(); Vector2 intersectionPointNormal = new Vector2(); /* I did not include the collision detection code, if a collision is detected the intersection point and normal in that point is returned. */ /* If no collision was detected it is safe to move to the future position. */ if (!collisionFound) return new MovingEntityState(futurePosition, state.Velocity); /* Set new position to the intersection point (slightly before). */ Vector2 newPosition = intersectionPoint; /* Project the new velocity along the intersection normal. */ Vector2 newVelocity = state.Velocity - 1.90 * intersectionPointNormal * state.Velocity.DotProduct(intersectionPointNormal); /* Calculate the time of collision. */ double timeOfCollision = Math.Sqrt((newPosition - state.Position).LengthSq() / (futurePosition - state.Position).LengthSq()); /* Calculate new time step, remaining time of full step after the collision * current time step. */ double newTimeStep = timeStep * (1 - timeOfCollision); return SlidingCollision(new MovingEntityState(newPosition, newVelocity), newTimeStep); } Even though the code above seems to slide the puck correctly please have a look at it. I have a few questions, if I don't multiply by 1.90 in the newVelocity calculation it doesn't work (I get a stack overflow when the puck enters the corner because the timeStep decreases very slowly - a collision is found early in every recursion), why is that? what does 1.90 really do and why 1.90? Also I have a new problem, the puck does not move parallell to the short side after exiting the curve; to be more exact it moves outside the rink (I am not checking for any collisions with the short side at the moment). When I perform the collision detection I first check that the puck is in the correct quadrant. For example bottom-right corner is quadrant four i.e. circleCenter.X < puck.X && circleCenter.Y puck.Y is this a problem? or should the short side of the rink be the one to make the puck go parallell to it and not the last collision in the corner? EDIT2: This is the code I use for collision detection, maybe it has something to do with the fact that I can't make the puck slide (-1.0) but only reflect (-2.0): /* Point is the current position (not the predicted one) and quadrant is 4 for the bottom-right corner for example. */ if (GeometryHelper.PointInCircleQuadrant(circleCenter, circleRadius, state.Position, quadrant)) { /* The line is: from = state.Position, to = futurePosition. So a collision is detected when from is inside the circle and to is outside. */ if (GeometryHelper.LineCircleIntersection2d(state.Position, futurePosition, circleCenter, circleRadius, intersectionPoint, quadrant)) { collisionFound = true; /* Set the intersection point to slightly before the real intersection point (I read somewhere this was good to do because of floting point precision, not sure exactly how much though). */ intersectionPoint = intersectionPoint - Vector2.NormalizeRet(state.Velocity) * 0.001; /* Normal at the intersection point. */ intersectionPointNormal = Vector2.NormalizeRet(circleCenter - intersectionPoint) } } When I set the intersection point, if I for example use 0.1 instead of 0.001 the puck travels further before it gets stuck, but for all values I have tried (including 0 - the real intersection point) it gets stuck somewhere (but I necessarily not get a stack overflow). Can something in this part be the cause of my problem? I can see why I get the stack overflow when using -1.0 when calculating the new velocity vector; but not how to solve it. I traced the time steps used in the recursion (initial time step is always 1/60 ~ 0.01666): Recursion depth Time step next recursive call [Start recursion, time step ~ 0.016666] 0 0,000985806527246773 [No collision, stop recursion] [Start recursion, time step ~ 0.016666] 0 0,0149596704364629 1 0,0144883449376379 2 0,0143155612984837 3 0,014224925727213 4 0,0141673917461608 5 0,0141265435314026 6 0,0140953966184117 7 0,0140704653746625 ...and so on. As you can see the collision is detected early in every recursive call which means the next time step decreases very slowly thus the recursion depth gets very big - stack overflow.

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• How do I implement a Bullet Physics CollisionObject that represents my cube like terrain?

  - by Byte56

  I've successfully integrated the Bullet Physics library into my entity/component system. Entities can collide with each other. Now I need to enable them to collide with the terrain, which is finite and cube-like (think InfiniMiner or it's clone Minecraft). I only started using the Bullet Physics library yesterday, so perhaps I'm missing something obvious. So far I've extended the RigidBody class to override the checkCollisionWith(CollisionObject co) function. At the moment it's just a simple check of the origin, not using the other shape. I'll iterate on that later. For now it looks like this: @Override public boolean checkCollideWith(CollisionObject co) { Transform t = new Transform(); co.getWorldTransform(t); if(COLONY.SolidAtPoint(t.origin.x, t.origin.y,t.origin.z)){ return true; } return false; } This works great, as far as detecting when collisions happen. However, this doesn't handle the collision response. It seems that the default collision response is to move the colliding objects outside of each others shapes, possibly their AABBs. At the moment the shape of the terrain is just a box the size of the world. This means the entities that collide with the terrain just shoot away to outside that world size box. So it's clear that I either need to modify the collision response or I need to create a shape that conforms directly to the shape of the terrain. So which option is best and how do I go about implementing it? It should be noted that the terrain is dynamic and frequently modified by the player.

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• Using idle time in turn-based (RPG) games for updating

  - by The Communist Duck

  If you take any turn based RPG game there will be large periods of time when nothing is happening because the game is looping over 'wait_for_player_input'. Naturally it seems sensible to use this time to update things. However, this immediately seems to suggest that it would need to be threaded. Is this sort of design possible in a single thread? loop: if not check_something_pressed: update_a_very_small_amount else keep going But if we says 'a_very_small_amount' is only updating a single object each loop, it's going to be very slow at updating. How would you go about this, preferably in a single thread? EDIT: I've tagged this language-agnostic as that seems the sensible thing, though anything more specific to Python would be great. ;-)

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• C# XNA - Sky Sphere Question

  - by Wade

  I have been banging my head against the wall trying to get a sky sphere to work appropriately in XNA 4.0. I have the sphere loading correctly, and even textured, but i would like something a little more dynamic that can support a day/night cycle. My issue is that, while i know a good amount of C# and XNA, i know next to nothing about HLSL. (I could make an ambient light shader if my life depended on it...) I also have not been able to find a tutorial on how to build a sky sphere like this. Of course i don't expect to be able to make an amazing one right off the bat, i would like to start small, with a dynamic coloring sky i'll work out the clouds and sun later. My first question: Does anyone know of any good tutorial sites that could help me get a decent grasp around HLSL? Second: Does anyone have a good example of or know where to find one of a gradient sky using XNA and C#?

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• XNA Deferred Shading, Replace BasicEffect

  - by Alex

  I have implemented deferred shading in my XNA 4.0 project, meaning that I need all objects to start out with the same shader "RenderGBuffer.fx". How can I use a custom Content Processor to: Not load any textures by default (I want to manually do this) Use "RenderGBuffer.fx" as the default shader instead of BasicEffect Below is the progress so far public class DeferredModelProcessor : ModelProcessor { EffectMaterialContent deferredShader; public DeferredModelProcessor() { } protected override MaterialContent ConvertMaterial(MaterialContent material, ContentProcessorContext context) { deferredShader = new EffectMaterialContent(); deferredShader.Effect = new ExternalReference<EffectContent>("DeferredShading/RenderGBuffer.fx"); return context.Convert<MaterialContent, MaterialContent>(deferredShader, typeof(MaterialProcessor).Name); } }

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• This code is of chess game. What is represented by 'DISTANCE' in code? [closed]

  - by rajeshverma423

  package chess; public class Evaluate { public static final int PIECE_KING = 0; public static final int PIECE_QUEEN = 1; public static final int PIECE_ROOK = 2; public static final int PIECE_BISHOP = 3; public static final int PIECE_KNIGHT = 4; public static final int PIECE_PAWN = 5; public static final int FULL_BIT_RANK = 4080; public static final int LAZY_MARGIN = 100; public static final int ISOLATED_PENALTY = 10; public static final int DOUBLE_PENALTY = 4; public static final int[] PIECE_VALUE = { 0, 9, 5, 3, 3, 1 }; public static final int[] PASS_PAWN = { 0, 35, 30, 20, 10, 5 }; public static final byte[] DISTANCE = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7 };

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• How should I replan A*?

  - by Gregory Weir

  I've got a pathfinding boss enemy that seeks the player using the A* algorithm. It's a pretty complex environment, and I'm doing it in Flash, so the search can get a bit slow when it's searching over long distances. If the player was stationary, I could just search once, but at the moment I'm searching every frame. This takes long enough that my framerate is suffering. What's the usual solution to this? Is there a way to "replan" A* without redoing the entire search? Should I just search a little less often (every half-second or second) and accept that there will be a little inaccuracy in the path?

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• Finding the normals of an oriented bounding box?

  - by Milo

  Here is my problem. I'm working on the physics for my 2D game. All objects are oriented bounding boxes (OBB) based on the separate axis theorem. In order to do collision resolution, I need to be able to get an object out out of the object it is penetrating. To do this I need to find the normal of the face(s) that the other OBB is touching. Example: The small red OBB is a car lets say, and the big OBB is a static building. I need to determine the unit vector that is the normal of the building edge(s) the car is penetrating to get the car out of there. Here are my questions: How do I determine which edges the car is penetrating. I know how to determine the normal of an edge, but how do I know if I need (-dy, dx) or (dy, -dx)? In the case I'm demonstrating the car is penetrating 2 edges, which edge(s) do I use to get it out? Answers or help with any or all of these is greatly appreciated. Thank you

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• First time shadow mapping problems

  - by user1294203

  I have implemented basic shadow mapping for the first time in OpenGL using shaders and I'm facing some problems. Below you can see an example of my rendered scene: The process of the shadow mapping I'm following is that I render the scene to the framebuffer using a View Matrix from the light point of view and the projection and model matrices used for normal rendering. In the second pass, I send the above MVP matrix from the light point of view to the vertex shader which transforms the position to light space. The fragment shader does the perspective divide and changes the position to texture coordinates. Here is my vertex shader, #version 150 core uniform mat4 ModelViewMatrix; uniform mat3 NormalMatrix; uniform mat4 MVPMatrix; uniform mat4 lightMVP; uniform float scale; in vec3 in_Position; in vec3 in_Normal; in vec2 in_TexCoord; smooth out vec3 pass_Normal; smooth out vec3 pass_Position; smooth out vec2 TexCoord; smooth out vec4 lightspace_Position; void main(void){ pass_Normal = NormalMatrix * in_Normal; pass_Position = (ModelViewMatrix * vec4(scale * in_Position, 1.0)).xyz; lightspace_Position = lightMVP * vec4(scale * in_Position, 1.0); TexCoord = in_TexCoord; gl_Position = MVPMatrix * vec4(scale * in_Position, 1.0); } And my fragment shader, #version 150 core struct Light{ vec3 direction; }; uniform Light light; uniform sampler2D inSampler; uniform sampler2D inShadowMap; smooth in vec3 pass_Normal; smooth in vec3 pass_Position; smooth in vec2 TexCoord; smooth in vec4 lightspace_Position; out vec4 out_Color; float CalcShadowFactor(vec4 lightspace_Position){ vec3 ProjectionCoords = lightspace_Position.xyz / lightspace_Position.w; vec2 UVCoords; UVCoords.x = 0.5 * ProjectionCoords.x + 0.5; UVCoords.y = 0.5 * ProjectionCoords.y + 0.5; float Depth = texture(inShadowMap, UVCoords).x; if(Depth < (ProjectionCoords.z + 0.001)) return 0.5; else return 1.0; } void main(void){ vec3 Normal = normalize(pass_Normal); vec3 light_Direction = -normalize(light.direction); vec3 camera_Direction = normalize(-pass_Position); vec3 half_vector = normalize(camera_Direction + light_Direction); float diffuse = max(0.2, dot(Normal, light_Direction)); vec3 temp_Color = diffuse * vec3(1.0); float specular = max( 0.0, dot( Normal, half_vector) ); float shadowFactor = CalcShadowFactor(lightspace_Position); if(diffuse != 0 && shadowFactor > 0.5){ float fspecular = pow(specular, 128.0); temp_Color += fspecular; } out_Color = vec4(shadowFactor * texture(inSampler, TexCoord).xyz * temp_Color, 1.0); } One of the problems is self shadowing as you can see in the picture, the crate has its own shadow cast on itself. What I have tried is enabling polygon offset (i.e. glEnable(POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL), glPolygonOffset(GLfloat, GLfloat) ) but it didn't change much. As you see in the fragment shader, I have put a static offset value of 0.001 but I have to change the value depending on the distance of the light to get more desirable effects , which not very handy. I also tried using front face culling when I render to the framebuffer, that didn't change much too. The other problem is that pixels outside the Light's view frustum get shaded. The only object that is supposed to be able to cast shadows is the crate. I guess I should pick more appropriate projection and view matrices, but I'm not sure how to do that. What are some common practices, should I pick an orthographic projection? From googling around a bit, I understand that these issues are not that trivial. Does anyone have any easy to implement solutions to these problems. Could you give me some additional tips? Please ask me if you need more information on my code. Here is a comparison with and without shadow mapping of a close-up of the crate. The self-shadowing is more visible.

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• Surface of Revolution with 3D surface

  - by user5584

  I have to use this function to get a Surface of Revolution (homework). newVertex = (oldVertex.y, someFunc1(oldVertex.x, oldVertex.y), someFunc2(oldVertex.x, oldVertex.y)); As far as I know (FIXME) Surface of Revolution means rotations of a (2D)curve around an axis in 3D. But this vertex computing gives a 3D plane (FIXME again :D), so rotation of this isn't obvious. Am I misunderstanding something?

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• Out of Memory when building an application

  - by Jacob Neal

  I have quite a major problem with my Multimedia Fusion 2 game. I finished it months ago, however, the only thing keeping me from finally compiling the game into an executable file is this error message that pops up every time I try to, simply saying, "Out of Memory". Its highly frustrating to be halted at this point by this message, and I tried everything I could come up with to fix it including compressing the runtime and sounds and increasing the proity of MMF2 all the way to realtime in the task manager. Im begging someone to toss me a bone on this problem, and any advice at all would be much appreciated.

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• Alpha blending without depth writing

  - by teodron

  A recurring problem I get is this one: given two different billboard sets with alpha textures intended to create particle special effects (such as point lights and smoke puffs), rendering them correctly is tedious. The issue arising in this scenario is that there's no way to use depth writing and make certain billboards obey depth information as they appear in front of others that are clearly closer to the camera. I've described the problem on the Ogre forums several times without any suggestions being given (since the application I'm writing uses their engine). What could be done then? sort all individual billboards from different billboard sets to avoid writing the depth and still have nice alpha blended results? If yes, please do point out some resources to start with in the frames of the aforementioned Ogre engine. Any other suggestions are welcome!

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• Off center projection

  - by N0xus

  I'm trying to implement the code that was freely given by a very kind developer at the following link: http://forum.unity3d.com/threads/142383-Code-sample-Off-Center-Projection-Code-for-VR-CAVE-or-just-for-fun Right now, all I'm trying to do is bring it in on one camera, but I have a few issues. My class, looks as follows: using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; public class PerspectiveOffCenter : MonoBehaviour { // Use this for initialization void Start () { } // Update is called once per frame void Update () { } public static Matrix4x4 GeneralizedPerspectiveProjection(Vector3 pa, Vector3 pb, Vector3 pc, Vector3 pe, float near, float far) { Vector3 va, vb, vc; Vector3 vr, vu, vn; float left, right, bottom, top, eyedistance; Matrix4x4 transformMatrix; Matrix4x4 projectionM; Matrix4x4 eyeTranslateM; Matrix4x4 finalProjection; ///Calculate the orthonormal for the screen (the screen coordinate system vr = pb - pa; vr.Normalize(); vu = pc - pa; vu.Normalize(); vn = Vector3.Cross(vr, vu); vn.Normalize(); //Calculate the vector from eye (pe) to screen corners (pa, pb, pc) va = pa-pe; vb = pb-pe; vc = pc-pe; //Get the distance;; from the eye to the screen plane eyedistance = -(Vector3.Dot(va, vn)); //Get the varaibles for the off center projection left = (Vector3.Dot(vr, va)*near)/eyedistance; right = (Vector3.Dot(vr, vb)*near)/eyedistance; bottom = (Vector3.Dot(vu, va)*near)/eyedistance; top = (Vector3.Dot(vu, vc)*near)/eyedistance; //Get this projection projectionM = PerspectiveOffCenter(left, right, bottom, top, near, far); //Fill in the transform matrix transformMatrix = new Matrix4x4(); transformMatrix[0, 0] = vr.x; transformMatrix[0, 1] = vr.y; transformMatrix[0, 2] = vr.z; transformMatrix[0, 3] = 0; transformMatrix[1, 0] = vu.x; transformMatrix[1, 1] = vu.y; transformMatrix[1, 2] = vu.z; transformMatrix[1, 3] = 0; transformMatrix[2, 0] = vn.x; transformMatrix[2, 1] = vn.y; transformMatrix[2, 2] = vn.z; transformMatrix[2, 3] = 0; transformMatrix[3, 0] = 0; transformMatrix[3, 1] = 0; transformMatrix[3, 2] = 0; transformMatrix[3, 3] = 1; //Now for the eye transform eyeTranslateM = new Matrix4x4(); eyeTranslateM[0, 0] = 1; eyeTranslateM[0, 1] = 0; eyeTranslateM[0, 2] = 0; eyeTranslateM[0, 3] = -pe.x; eyeTranslateM[1, 0] = 0; eyeTranslateM[1, 1] = 1; eyeTranslateM[1, 2] = 0; eyeTranslateM[1, 3] = -pe.y; eyeTranslateM[2, 0] = 0; eyeTranslateM[2, 1] = 0; eyeTranslateM[2, 2] = 1; eyeTranslateM[2, 3] = -pe.z; eyeTranslateM[3, 0] = 0; eyeTranslateM[3, 1] = 0; eyeTranslateM[3, 2] = 0; eyeTranslateM[3, 3] = 1f; //Multiply all together finalProjection = new Matrix4x4(); finalProjection = Matrix4x4.identity * projectionM*transformMatrix*eyeTranslateM; //finally return return finalProjection; } // Update is called once per frame public void FixedUpdate () { Camera cam = camera; //calculate projection Matrix4x4 genProjection = GeneralizedPerspectiveProjection( new Vector3(0,1,0), new Vector3(1,1,0), new Vector3(0,0,0), new Vector3(0,0,0), cam.nearClipPlane, cam.farClipPlane); //(BottomLeftCorner, BottomRightCorner, TopLeftCorner, trackerPosition, cam.nearClipPlane, cam.farClipPlane); cam.projectionMatrix = genProjection; } } My error lies in projectionM = PerspectiveOffCenter(left, right, bottom, top, near, far); The debugger states: Expression denotes a `type', where a 'variable', 'value' or 'method group' was expected. Thus, I changed the line to read: projectionM = new PerspectiveOffCenter(left, right, bottom, top, near, far); But then the error is changed to: The type 'PerspectiveOffCenter' does not contain a constructor that takes '6' arguments. For reasons that are obvious. So, finally, I changed the line to read: projectionM = new GeneralizedPerspectiveProjection(left, right, bottom, top, near, far); And the error I get is: is a 'method' but a 'type' was expected. With this last error, I'm not sure what it is I should do / missing. Can anyone see what it is that I'm missing to fix this error?

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