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• How to deecode your ODI encoded password in SDK

  - by tina.wang

  Someone asked me he want to use SDK to create ODI repository, but latest 11g API in SDK use plain password parameter. But he don't want to use plain text for security reason. So he want to transfer an encoded password, then decode it inside his code. He ask me whether there is a way.  After some investigating, I find com.sunopsis.dwg.DwgObject class has a static method snpsDecypher(String), it can satisfy his requirement. But seems this method is deprecated, I am trying to find the new replaced method. 

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• Toorcon 15 (2013)

  - by danx

  The Toorcon gang (senior staff): h1kari (founder), nfiltr8, and Geo Introduction to Toorcon 15 (2013) A Tale of One Software Bypass of MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Breaching SSL, One Byte at a Time Running at 99%: Surviving an Application DoS Security Response in the Age of Mass Customized Attacks x86 Rewriting: Defeating RoP and other Shinanighans Clowntown Express: interesting bugs and running a bug bounty program Active Fingerprinting of Encrypted VPNs Making Attacks Go Backwards Mask Your Checksums—The Gorry Details Adventures with weird machines thirty years after "Reflections on Trusting Trust" Introduction to Toorcon 15 (2013) Toorcon 15 is the 15th annual security conference held in San Diego. I've attended about a third of them and blogged about previous conferences I attended here starting in 2003. As always, I've only summarized the talks I attended and interested me enough to write about them. Be aware that I may have misrepresented the speaker's remarks and that they are not my remarks or opinion, or those of my employer, so don't quote me or them. Those seeking further details may contact the speakers directly or use The Google. For some talks, I have a URL for further information. A Tale of One Software Bypass of MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Andrew Furtak and Oleksandr Bazhaniuk Yuri Bulygin, Oleksandr ("Alex") Bazhaniuk, and (not present) Andrew Furtak Yuri and Alex talked about UEFI and Bootkits and bypassing MS Windows 8 Secure Boot, with vendor recommendations. They previously gave this talk at the BlackHat 2013 conference. MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Overview UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is interface between hardware and OS. UEFI is processor and architecture independent. Malware can replace bootloader (bootx64.efi, bootmgfw.efi). Once replaced can modify kernel. Trivial to replace bootloader. Today many legacy bootkits—UEFI replaces them most of them. MS Windows 8 Secure Boot verifies everything you load, either through signatures or hashes. UEFI firmware relies on secure update (with signed update). You would think Secure Boot would rely on ROM (such as used for phones0, but you can't do that for PCs—PCs use writable memory with signatures DXE core verifies the UEFI boat loader(s) OS Loader (winload.efi, winresume.efi) verifies the OS kernel A chain of trust is established with a root key (Platform Key, PK), which is a cert belonging to the platform vendor. Key Exchange Keys (KEKs) verify an "authorized" database (db), and "forbidden" database (dbx). X.509 certs with SHA-1/SHA-256 hashes. Keys are stored in non-volatile (NV) flash-based NVRAM. Boot Services (BS) allow adding/deleting keys (can't be accessed once OS starts—which uses Run-Time (RT)). Root cert uses RSA-2048 public keys and PKCS#7 format signatures. SecureBoot — enable disable image signature checks SetupMode — update keys, self-signed keys, and secure boot variables CustomMode — allows updating keys Secure Boot policy settings are: always execute, never execute, allow execute on security violation, defer execute on security violation, deny execute on security violation, query user on security violation Attacking MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Secure Boot does NOT protect from physical access. Can disable from console. Each BIOS vendor implements Secure Boot differently. There are several platform and BIOS vendors. It becomes a "zoo" of implementations—which can be taken advantage of. Secure Boot is secure only when all vendors implement it correctly. Allow only UEFI firmware signed updates protect UEFI firmware from direct modification in flash memory protect FW update components program SPI controller securely protect secure boot policy settings in nvram protect runtime api disable compatibility support module which allows unsigned legacy Can corrupt the Platform Key (PK) EFI root certificate variable in SPI flash. If PK is not found, FW enters setup mode wich secure boot turned off. Can also exploit TPM in a similar manner. One is not supposed to be able to directly modify the PK in SPI flash from the OS though. But they found a bug that they can exploit from User Mode (undisclosed) and demoed the exploit. It loaded and ran their own bootkit. The exploit requires a reboot. Multiple vendors are vulnerable. They will disclose this exploit to vendors in the future. Recommendations: allow only signed updates protect UEFI fw in ROM protect EFI variable store in ROM Breaching SSL, One Byte at a Time Yoel Gluck and Angelo Prado Angelo Prado and Yoel Gluck, Salesforce.com CRIME is software that performs a "compression oracle attack." This is possible because the SSL protocol doesn't hide length, and because SSL compresses the header. CRIME requests with every possible character and measures the ciphertext length. Look for the plaintext which compresses the most and looks for the cookie one byte-at-a-time. SSL Compression uses LZ77 to reduce redundancy. Huffman coding replaces common byte sequences with shorter codes. US CERT thinks the SSL compression problem is fixed, but it isn't. They convinced CERT that it wasn't fixed and they issued a CVE. BREACH, breachattrack.com BREACH exploits the SSL response body (Accept-Encoding response, Content-Encoding). It takes advantage of the fact that the response is not compressed. BREACH uses gzip and needs fairly "stable" pages that are static for ~30 seconds. It needs attacker-supplied content (say from a web form or added to a URL parameter). BREACH listens to a session's requests and responses, then inserts extra requests and responses. Eventually, BREACH guesses a session's secret key. Can use compression to guess contents one byte at-a-time. For example, "Supersecret SupersecreX" (a wrong guess) compresses 10 bytes, and "Supersecret Supersecret" (a correct guess) compresses 11 bytes, so it can find each character by guessing every character. To start the guess, BREACH needs at least three known initial characters in the response sequence. Compression length then "leaks" information. Some roadblocks include no winners (all guesses wrong) or too many winners (multiple possibilities that compress the same). The solutions include: lookahead (guess 2 or 3 characters at-a-time instead of 1 character). Expensive rollback to last known conflict check compression ratio can brute-force first 3 "bootstrap" characters, if needed (expensive) block ciphers hide exact plain text length. Solution is to align response in advance to block size Mitigations length: use variable padding secrets: dynamic CSRF tokens per request secret: change over time separate secret to input-less servlets Future work eiter understand DEFLATE/GZIP HTTPS extensions Running at 99%: Surviving an Application DoS Ryan Huber Ryan Huber, Risk I/O Ryan first discussed various ways to do a denial of service (DoS) attack against web services. One usual method is to find a slow web page and do several wgets. Or download large files. Apache is not well suited at handling a large number of connections, but one can put something in front of it Can use Apache alternatives, such as nginx How to identify malicious hosts short, sudden web requests user-agent is obvious (curl, python) same url requested repeatedly no web page referer (not normal) hidden links. hide a link and see if a bot gets it restricted access if not your geo IP (unless the website is global) missing common headers in request regular timing first seen IP at beginning of attack count requests per hosts (usually a very large number) Use of captcha can mitigate attacks, but you'll lose a lot of genuine users. Bouncer, goo.gl/c2vyEc and www.github.com/rawdigits/Bouncer Bouncer is software written by Ryan in netflow. Bouncer has a small, unobtrusive footprint and detects DoS attempts. It closes blacklisted sockets immediately (not nice about it, no proper close connection). Aggregator collects requests and controls your web proxies. Need NTP on the front end web servers for clean data for use by bouncer. Bouncer is also useful for a popularity storm ("Slashdotting") and scraper storms. Future features: gzip collection data, documentation, consumer library, multitask, logging destroyed connections. Takeaways: DoS mitigation is easier with a complete picture Bouncer designed to make it easier to detect and defend DoS—not a complete cure Security Response in the Age of Mass Customized Attacks Peleus Uhley and Karthik Raman Peleus Uhley and Karthik Raman, Adobe ASSET, blogs.adobe.com/asset/ Peleus and Karthik talked about response to mass-customized exploits. Attackers behave much like a business. "Mass customization" refers to concept discussed in the book Future Perfect by Stan Davis of Harvard Business School. Mass customization is differentiating a product for an individual customer, but at a mass production price. For example, the same individual with a debit card receives basically the same customized ATM experience around the world. Or designing your own PC from commodity parts. Exploit kits are another example of mass customization. The kits support multiple browsers and plugins, allows new modules. Exploit kits are cheap and customizable. Organized gangs use exploit kits. A group at Berkeley looked at 77,000 malicious websites (Grier et al., "Manufacturing Compromise: The Emergence of Exploit-as-a-Service", 2012). They found 10,000 distinct binaries among them, but derived from only a dozen or so exploit kits. Characteristics of Mass Malware: potent, resilient, relatively low cost Technical characteristics: multiple OS, multipe payloads, multiple scenarios, multiple languages, obfuscation Response time for 0-day exploits has gone down from ~40 days 5 years ago to about ~10 days now. So the drive with malware is towards mass customized exploits, to avoid detection There's plenty of evicence that exploit development has Project Manager bureaucracy. They infer from the malware edicts to: support all versions of reader support all versions of windows support all versions of flash support all browsers write large complex, difficult to main code (8750 lines of JavaScript for example Exploits have "loose coupling" of multipe versions of software (adobe), OS, and browser. This allows specific attacks against specific versions of multiple pieces of software. Also allows exploits of more obscure software/OS/browsers and obscure versions. Gave examples of exploits that exploited 2, 3, 6, or 14 separate bugs. However, these complete exploits are more likely to be buggy or fragile in themselves and easier to defeat. Future research includes normalizing malware and Javascript. Conclusion: The coming trend is that mass-malware with mass zero-day attacks will result in mass customization of attacks. x86 Rewriting: Defeating RoP and other Shinanighans Richard Wartell Richard Wartell The attack vector we are addressing here is: First some malware causes a buffer overflow. The malware has no program access, but input access and buffer overflow code onto stack Later the stack became non-executable. The workaround malware used was to write a bogus return address to the stack jumping to malware Later came ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) to randomize memory layout and make addresses non-deterministic. The workaround malware used was to jump t existing code segments in the program that can be used in bad ways "RoP" is Return-oriented Programming attacks. RoP attacks use your own code and write return address on stack to (existing) expoitable code found in program ("gadgets"). Pinkie Pie was paid $60K last year for a RoP attack. One solution is using anti-RoP compilers that compile source code with NO return instructions. ASLR does not randomize address space, just "gadgets". IPR/ILR ("Instruction Location Randomization") randomizes each instruction with a virtual machine. Richard's goal was to randomize a binary with no source code access. He created "STIR" (Self-Transofrming Instruction Relocation). STIR disassembles binary and operates on "basic blocks" of code. The STIR disassembler is conservative in what to disassemble. Each basic block is moved to a random location in memory. Next, STIR writes new code sections with copies of "basic blocks" of code in randomized locations. The old code is copied and rewritten with jumps to new code. the original code sections in the file is marked non-executible. STIR has better entropy than ASLR in location of code. Makes brute force attacks much harder. STIR runs on MS Windows (PEM) and Linux (ELF). It eliminated 99.96% or more "gadgets" (i.e., moved the address). Overhead usually 5-10% on MS Windows, about 1.5-4% on Linux (but some code actually runs faster!). The unique thing about STIR is it requires no source access and the modified binary fully works! Current work is to rewrite code to enforce security policies. For example, don't create a *.{exe,msi,bat} file. Or don't connect to the network after reading from the disk. Clowntown Express: interesting bugs and running a bug bounty program Collin Greene Collin Greene, Facebook Collin talked about Facebook's bug bounty program. Background at FB: FB has good security frameworks, such as security teams, external audits, and cc'ing on diffs. But there's lots of "deep, dark, forgotten" parts of legacy FB code. Collin gave several examples of bountied bugs. Some bounty submissions were on software purchased from a third-party (but bounty claimers don't know and don't care). We use security questions, as does everyone else, but they are basically insecure (often easily discoverable). Collin didn't expect many bugs from the bounty program, but they ended getting 20+ good bugs in first 24 hours and good submissions continue to come in. Bug bounties bring people in with different perspectives, and are paid only for success. Bug bounty is a better use of a fixed amount of time and money versus just code review or static code analysis. The Bounty program started July 2011 and paid out $1.5 million to date. 14% of the submissions have been high priority problems that needed to be fixed immediately. The best bugs come from a small % of submitters (as with everything else)—the top paid submitters are paid 6 figures a year. Spammers like to backstab competitors. The youngest sumitter was 13. Some submitters have been hired. Bug bounties also allows to see bugs that were missed by tools or reviews, allowing improvement in the process. Bug bounties might not work for traditional software companies where the product has release cycle or is not on Internet. Active Fingerprinting of Encrypted VPNs Anna Shubina Anna Shubina, Dartmouth Institute for Security, Technology, and Society (I missed the start of her talk because another track went overtime. But I have the DVD of the talk, so I'll expand later) IPsec leaves fingerprints. Using netcat, one can easily visually distinguish various crypto chaining modes just from packet timing on a chart (example, DES-CBC versus AES-CBC) One can tell a lot about VPNs just from ping roundtrips (such as what router is used) Delayed packets are not informative about a network, especially if far away from the network More needed to explore about how TCP works in real life with respect to timing Making Attacks Go Backwards Fuzzynop FuzzyNop, Mandiant This talk is not about threat attribution (finding who), product solutions, politics, or sales pitches. But who are making these malware threats? It's not a single person or group—they have diverse skill levels. There's a lot of fat-fingered fumblers out there. Always look for low-hanging fruit first: "hiding" malware in the temp, recycle, or root directories creation of unnamed scheduled tasks obvious names of files and syscalls ("ClearEventLog") uncleared event logs. Clearing event log in itself, and time of clearing, is a red flag and good first clue to look for on a suspect system Reverse engineering is hard. Disassembler use takes practice and skill. A popular tool is IDA Pro, but it takes multiple interactive iterations to get a clean disassembly. Key loggers are used a lot in targeted attacks. They are typically custom code or built in a backdoor. A big tip-off is that non-printable characters need to be printed out (such as "[Ctrl]" "[RightShift]") or time stamp printf strings. Look for these in files. Presence is not proof they are used. Absence is not proof they are not used. Java exploits. Can parse jar file with idxparser.py and decomile Java file. Java typially used to target tech companies. Backdoors are the main persistence mechanism (provided externally) for malware. Also malware typically needs command and control. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Ad-Hoc Static Code Analysis John Ashaman John Ashaman, Security Innovation Initially John tried to analyze open source files with open source static analysis tools, but these showed thousands of false positives. Also tried using grep, but tis fails to find anything even mildly complex. So next John decided to write his own tool. His approach was to first generate a call graph then analyze the graph. However, the problem is that making a call graph is really hard. For example, one problem is "evil" coding techniques, such as passing function pointer. First the tool generated an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) with the nodes created from method declarations and edges created from method use. Then the tool generated a control flow graph with the goal to find a path through the AST (a maze) from source to sink. The algorithm is to look at adjacent nodes to see if any are "scary" (a vulnerability), using heuristics for search order. The tool, called "Scat" (Static Code Analysis Tool), currently looks for C# vulnerabilities and some simple PHP. Later, he plans to add more PHP, then JSP and Java. For more information see his posts in Security Innovation blog and NRefactory on GitHub. Mask Your Checksums—The Gorry Details Eric (XlogicX) Davisson Eric (XlogicX) Davisson Sometimes in emailing or posting TCP/IP packets to analyze problems, you may want to mask the IP address. But to do this correctly, you need to mask the checksum too, or you'll leak information about the IP. Problem reports found in stackoverflow.com, sans.org, and pastebin.org are usually not masked, but a few companies do care. If only the IP is masked, the IP may be guessed from checksum (that is, it leaks data). Other parts of packet may leak more data about the IP. TCP and IP checksums both refer to the same data, so can get more bits of information out of using both checksums than just using one checksum. Also, one can usually determine the OS from the TTL field and ports in a packet header. If we get hundreds of possible results (16x each masked nibble that is unknown), one can do other things to narrow the results, such as look at packet contents for domain or geo information. With hundreds of results, can import as CSV format into a spreadsheet. Can corelate with geo data and see where each possibility is located. Eric then demoed a real email report with a masked IP packet attached. Was able to find the exact IP address, given the geo and university of the sender. Point is if you're going to mask a packet, do it right. Eric wouldn't usually bother, but do it correctly if at all, to not create a false impression of security. Adventures with weird machines thirty years after "Reflections on Trusting Trust" Sergey Bratus Sergey Bratus, Dartmouth College (and Julian Bangert and Rebecca Shapiro, not present) "Reflections on Trusting Trust" refers to Ken Thompson's classic 1984 paper. "You can't trust code that you did not totally create yourself." There's invisible links in the chain-of-trust, such as "well-installed microcode bugs" or in the compiler, and other planted bugs. Thompson showed how a compiler can introduce and propagate bugs in unmodified source. But suppose if there's no bugs and you trust the author, can you trust the code? Hell No! There's too many factors—it's Babylonian in nature. Why not? Well, Input is not well-defined/recognized (code's assumptions about "checked" input will be violated (bug/vunerabiliy). For example, HTML is recursive, but Regex checking is not recursive. Input well-formed but so complex there's no telling what it does For example, ELF file parsing is complex and has multiple ways of parsing. Input is seen differently by different pieces of program or toolchain Any Input is a program input executes on input handlers (drives state changes & transitions) only a well-defined execution model can be trusted (regex/DFA, PDA, CFG) Input handler either is a "recognizer" for the inputs as a well-defined language (see langsec.org) or it's a "virtual machine" for inputs to drive into pwn-age ELF ABI (UNIX/Linux executible file format) case study. Problems can arise from these steps (without planting bugs): compiler linker loader ld.so/rtld relocator DWARF (debugger info) exceptions The problem is you can't really automatically analyze code (it's the "halting problem" and undecidable). Only solution is to freeze code and sign it. But you can't freeze everything! Can't freeze ASLR or loading—must have tables and metadata. Any sufficiently complex input data is the same as VM byte code Example, ELF relocation entries + dynamic symbols == a Turing Complete Machine (TM). @bxsays created a Turing machine in Linux from relocation data (not code) in an ELF file. For more information, see Rebecca "bx" Shapiro's presentation from last year's Toorcon, "Programming Weird Machines with ELF Metadata" @bxsays did same thing with Mach-O bytecode Or a DWARF exception handling data .eh_frame + glibc == Turning Machine X86 MMU (IDT, GDT, TSS): used address translation to create a Turning Machine. Page handler reads and writes (on page fault) memory. Uses a page table, which can be used as Turning Machine byte code. Example on Github using this TM that will fly a glider across the screen Next Sergey talked about "Parser Differentials". That having one input format, but two parsers, will create confusion and opportunity for exploitation. For example, CSRs are parsed during creation by cert requestor and again by another parser at the CA. Another example is ELF—several parsers in OS tool chain, which are all different. Can have two different Program Headers (PHDRs) because ld.so parses multiple PHDRs. The second PHDR can completely transform the executable. This is described in paper in the first issue of International Journal of PoC. Conclusions trusting computers not only about bugs! Bugs are part of a problem, but no by far all of it complex data formats means bugs no "chain of trust" in Babylon! (that is, with parser differentials) we need to squeeze complexity out of data until data stops being "code equivalent" Further information See and langsec.org. USENIX WOOT 2013 (Workshop on Offensive Technologies) for "weird machines" papers and videos.

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• Where does Internet Explorer store saved passwords?

  - by Ian Boyd

  Where does Internet Explorer store saved passwords? And since this is a programming site, i'm not literally asking for the location where IE stores passwords, but which API ie uses to save passwords. At first i assumed that Microsoft was using the standard api: CredRead CredWrite which is used to save domain and generic program/web-site credentials. CredRead/CredWrite turn around and use CryptProtectData CryptUnprotectData to encrypt data with the current user's account. CredRead/CredWrite then store the data in some magical location, which contents you can see from the control panel: But i don't see IE passwords in there. So ie doesn't store passwords using CredRead/CredWrite. What api does IE use to store passwords, and if it uses CryptProtectData, where does it then store the protected data?

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• Login screen restarts while entering password

  - by Shane L

  I am having a problem that only occurred after installing the fglrx proprietary driver through the additional drivers app. The exact same issue is described in this question, however it's closed. Must login twice before entering Unity; first login screen has graphical anomalies When I boot up my computer, once I get to lightdm login screen I will start typing my password, and upon the entering of two of my password characters "n2" the screen will start displaying some corruption in the very top edge of the screen, then after I hit the number 2, lightdm seems to crash and it will restart and everything is fine, I can login from that point. So the issue is, every time I reboot, I have to login once, allow lightdm to crash and restart, then login as normal. The issue did not occur prior to installing fglrx, and has happened through several reinstalls.

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• SSH is not working .. Password promt is not coming

  - by Sumanth Lingappa

  I am not able to SSH into my ubuntu server since yesterday. I am not using any keyless or public key method.. Its simple SSH with username and password everytime.. However I can do a VNC session running on my ubuntu server.. But I am afraid that if the vnc session goes out, I wont be having any way to login to the server.. My ssh-vvv output is as below.. sumanth@sumanth:~$ ssh -vvv user@serverIP OpenSSH_6.6.1, OpenSSL 1.0.1f 6 Jan 2014 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 19: Applying options for * debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0 debug1: Connecting to 172.16.2.156 [172.16.2.156] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1 debug1: identity file /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_ed25519-cert type -1 debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.6.1p1 Ubuntu-2ubuntu2 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 pat OpenSSH_5* compat 0x0c000000 debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "172.16.2.156" from file "/home/sumanth/.ssh/known_hosts" debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type ECDSA in file /home/sumanth/.ssh/known_hosts:5 debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys debug3: order_hostkeyalgs: prefer hostkeyalgs: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: [email protected],ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],ssh-ed25519,ssh-rsa,ssh-dss debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],[email protected],hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,[email protected],hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],[email protected],hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,[email protected],hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,[email protected],zlib debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,[email protected],zlib debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-256-96,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-512-96,hmac-ripemd160,[email protected],hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-256-96,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-512-96,hmac-ripemd160,[email protected],hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0 debug2: mac_setup: setup hmac-md5 debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug2: mac_setup: setup hmac-md5 debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: sending SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: Server host key: ECDSA ea:4e:15:52:15:dd:6b:09:d4:36:cb:14:2d:c3:1b:7a debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "172.16.2.156" from file "/home/sumanth/.ssh/known_hosts" debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type ECDSA in file /home/sumanth/.ssh/known_hosts:5 debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys debug1: Host '172.16.2.156' is known and matches the ECDSA host key. debug1: Found key in /home/sumanth/.ssh/known_hosts:5 debug1: ssh_ecdsa_verify: signature correct debug2: kex_derive_keys debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug2: key: /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_rsa ((nil)), debug2: key: /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_dsa ((nil)), debug2: key: /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_ecdsa ((nil)), debug2: key: /home/sumanth/.ssh/id_ed25519 ((nil)),

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• Formatting and installing Ubuntu over Windows 7 without admin password

  - by Emiliano Pasqualetti

  A borrowed a friend workstation with Windows 7 and Ubuntu 10.10. I do not have the administrator password and I would like to format everything and install Ubuntu 12.04. I have put the iso on the usb using PendriveLinux and restarted the machine. At the boot I am presented with several options but those Ubuntu ones simply load my friends Ubuntu 10.10 OS (for which I have no password). edit: I fixed this by pressing F12 at the boot before it gave me that prompt (called GRUB). I clicked USB and finally install.

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• Amazon EC2 Instance - How to find SQL Server Password

  - by Prashant

  Hi I have created an Amazon EC2 Instance that provides Windows Server 2008 with SQL Sever 2008 pre-installed. Now in order to use the SQL Server for creating databases, or restoring backups of the databases that I have on my local machine, I need the "sa" password for SQL Server 2008. I have tried using the following but with no luck: sa password "blank password" "same password as the admin password for my EC2 instance" Could someone please guide me as to how to get started with using the Amazon EC2 Datacenter with respect to the "sa" password. Thanks

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• I can't do "sudo"

  - by Klevin92

  Let's describe it from the beginning: I was planning to re-enable the password requirement in LightDM for security reasons. But, since my PC's been sluggish these times, it FC'd the password setup when I was entering and now I can't enter it even with combinatorics. I have followed the tips in the Help page, but with all of them I have issues: I try to enter recovery mode (so that I type passwd and my name and change it), but it is a black screen just like my boot screen (because of nVidia graphic card compatibility issue), then I can't do anything I also tried the editting "shadow" file, but the guide talks about some commas that I just don't see where they are supposed to be. I even tried deletting the keyring file like it's said, but nothing happens (except that I lose the other passwords) So is there anything I can do to have my password back? (a bonus would be stopping all this sluggish, apps not responding, etc)

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• How to create a asp.net membership provider hashed password manually?

  - by Anheledir

  I'm using a website as a frontend and all users are authenticated with the standard ASP.NET Membership-Provider. Passwords are saved "hashed" within a SQL-Database. Now I want to write a desktop-client with administrative functions. Among other things there should be a method to reset a users password. I can access the database with the saved membership-data, but how can I manually create the password-salt and -hash? Using the System.Web.Membership Namespace seems to be inappropriate so I need to know how to create the salt and hash of the new password manually. Experts step up! :)

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• What are unique aspects of a software Lifecycle of an attack/tool on a software vulnerability?

  - by David Kaczynski

  At my local university, there is a small student computing club of about 20 students. The club has several small teams with specific areas of focus, such as mobile development, robotics, game development, and hacking / security. I am introducing some basic agile development concepts to a couple of the teams, such as user stories, estimating complexity of tasks, and continuous integration for version control and automated builds/testing. I am familiar with some basic development life-cycles, such as waterfall, spiral, RUP, agile, etc., but I am wondering if there is such a thing as a software development life-cycle for hacking / breaching security. Surely, hackers are writing computer code, but what is the life-cycle of that code? I don't think that they would be too concerned with maintenance, as once the breach has been found and patched, the code that exploited that breach is useless. I imagine the life-cycle would be something like: Find gap in security Exploit gap in security Procure payload Utilize payload What kind of differences (if any) are there for the development life-cycle of software when the purpose of the product is to breach security?

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• Software Life-cycle of Hacking

  - by David Kaczynski

  At my local university, there is a small student computing club of about 20 students. The club has several small teams with specific areas of focus, such as mobile development, robotics, game development, and hacking / security. I am introducing some basic agile development concepts to a couple of the teams, such as user stories, estimating complexity of tasks, and continuous integration for version control and automated builds/testing. I am familiar with some basic development life-cycles, such as waterfall, spiral, RUP, agile, etc., but I am wondering if there is such a thing as a software development life-cycle for hacking / breaching security. Surely, hackers are writing computer code, but what is the life-cycle of that code? I don't think that they would be too concerned with maintenance, as once the breach has been found and patched, the code that exploited that breach is useless. I imagine the life-cycle would be something like: Find gap in security Exploit gap in security Procure payload Utilize payload I propose the following questions: What kind of formal definitions (if any) are there for the development life-cycle of software when the purpose of the product is to breach security?

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• Payback Is The Coupon King

  - by Troy Kitch

  PAYBACK GmbH operates the largest marketing and couponing platforms in the world—with more than 50 million subscribers in Germany, Poland, India, Italy, and Mexico.  The Security Challenge Payback handles millions of requests for customer loyalty coupons and card-related transactions per day under tight latency constraints—with up to 1,000 attributes or more for each PAYBACK subscriber. Among the many challenges they solved using Oracle, they had to ensure that storage of sensitive data complied with the company’s stringent privacy standards aimed at protecting customer and purchase information from unintended disclosure. Oracle Advanced Security The company deployed Oracle Advanced Security to achieve reliable, cost-effective data protection for back-up files and gain the ability to transparently encrypt data transfers. By using Oracle Advanced Security, organizations can comply with privacy and regulatory mandates that require encrypting and redacting (display masking) application data, such as credit cards, social security numbers, or personally identifiable information (PII). Learn more about how PAYBACK uses Oracle.

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• Encrypting and decrypting single file with master password and passphrase

  - by Iori

  Last night my system shutdown unexpectedly and when i restart it, it gave me superblock error. will then i fixed a little but. i was able to retrive my encrypted files which i encrypted my pgp public key but i was not able to retrive my private key or public key now i have ecrypted file which cannot be open because i have lost my private key. is there any way that i can encrypt my file by providing only master password and passphrase and no physical key or private key and when i am on another computer i can easily open it my same master password and passphrase. Thanks in advance

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• Replay attacks for HTTPS requests

  - by MatthewMartin

  Let's say a security tester uses a proxy, say Fiddler, and records an HTTPS request using the administrator's credentials-- on replay of the entire request (including session and auth cookies) the security tester is able to succesfully (re)record transactions. The claim is that this is a sign of a CSRF vulnerability. What would a malicious user have to do to intercept the HTTPS request and replay it? It this a task for script kiddies, well funded military hacking teams or time-traveling-alien technology? Is it really so easy to record the SSL sessions of users and replay them before the tickets expire? No code in the application currently does anything interesting on HTTP GET, so AFAIK, tricking the admin into clicking a link or loading a image with a malicious URL isn't an issue.

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• Shifting from no-www to www and browsers' password storage

  - by user1444680

  I created a website having user-registration system and invited my friend to join it. I gave him the link of no-www version: http://mydomain.com but now after reading this and this, I want to shift to www.mydomain.com. But there's a problem. I saw that my browser is storing separate passwords for mydomain.com and www.mydomain.com. So in my friend's browser his password must have been stored for no-www. That means after I shift to www and next time he opens the login page, his browser wouldn't auto-fill the username and password fields and there will also be an extra entry (of no-www) in his browser's database of stored passwords. Can this be avoided? Can I do something that will convey to browsers that www.mydomain.com and mydomain.com are the same website? I already have a CNAME record for www pointing to mydomain.com but it seems that search engines consider CNAME as alias but browsers consider them as different websites, I don't know why.

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• Database Security: The First Step in Pre-Emptive Data Leak Prevention

  - by roxana.bradescu

  With WikiLeaks raising awareness around information leaks and the harm they can cause, many organization are taking stock of their own information leak protection (ILP) strategies in 2011. A report by IDC on data leak prevention stated: Increasing database security is one of the most efficient and cost-effective measures an organization can take to prevent data leaks. By utilizing the data protection, access control, account management, encryption, log management, and other security controls inherent in the database management system, entities can institute first-level control over the widest range of protected information. As a central repository for unstructured data, which is growing at leaps and bounds, the database should be the first layer providing information leakage protection. Unfortunately, most organizations are not taking sufficient steps to protect their databases according to a survey of the Independent Oracle User Group. For example, any operating system administrator or database administrator can access the all the data stored in the database in most organizations. Without any kind of auditing or monitoring. And it's not just administrators, database users can typically access the database with ad-hoc query tools from their desktop and by-pass any application level controls. Despite numerous regulations calling for controls to limit the powers of insiders, most organizations still put too many privileges in the hands of their employees. Time and time again these excess privileges have backfired. Internal agents were implicated in almost half of data breaches according to the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report and the rate is rising. Hackers also took advantage of these excess privileges very successfully using stolen credentials and SQL injection attacks. But back to the insiders. Who are these insiders and why do they do it? In 2002, the U.S. Secret Service (USSS) behavioral psychologists and CERT information security experts formed the Insider Threat Study team to examine insider threat cases that occurred in US critical infrastructure sectors, and examined them from both a technical and a behavioral perspective. A series of fascinating reports has been published as a result of this work. You can learn more by watching the ISSA Insider Threat Web Conference. So as your organization starts to look at data leak prevention over the coming year, start off by protecting your data at the source - your databases. IDC went on to say: Any enterprise looking to improve its competitiveness, regulatory compliance, and overall data security should consider Oracle's offerings, not only because of their database management capabilities but also because they provide tools that are the first layer of information leak prevention. Learn more about Oracle Database Security solutions and get the whitepapers, demos, tutorials, and more that you need to protect data privacy from internal and external threats.

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• sha1(password) encryption

  - by Jason

  Alright, so I tried to make my users info super secure by adding '" . sha1($_POST['password']) . "' when inserting their password when they register. THAT WORKS great, looking at the database, I have no clue what their password is. Now the problem is logging in. I'm running some tests and when I try to log in, the password 12345 doesn't match the encrypted password using "$password=sha1($_POST['mypassword']);" Any idea's why?

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• Check whether Excel file is Password protected

  - by Torben Klein

  I am trying to open an Excel (xlsm) file via VBA. It may or may not be protected with a (known) password. I am using this code: On Error Resume Next Workbooks.Open filename, Password:=user_entered_pw opened = (Err.Number=0) On Error Goto 0 Now, this works fine if the workbook has a password. But if it is unprotected, it can NOT be opened. Apparently this is a bug in XL2007 if there is also workbook structure protection active. (http://vbaadventures.blogspot.com/2009/01/possible-error-in-excel-2007.html). On old XL2003, supplying a password would open both unprotected and password protected file. I tried: Workbooks.Open filename, Password:=user_entered_pw If (Err.Number <> 0) Then workbooks.open filename This works for unprotected and protected file. However if the user enters a wrong password it runs into the second line and pops up the "enter password" prompt, which I do not want. How to get around this?

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• Check wether Excel file is Password protected

  - by Torben Klein

  I am trying to open an Excel (xlsm) file via VBA. It may or may not be protected with a (known) password. I am using this code: On Error Resume Next Workbooks.Open filename, Password:=user_entered_pw opened = (Err.Number=0) On Error Goto 0 Now, this works fine if the workbook has a password. But if it is unprotected, it can NOT be opened. Apparently this is a bug in XL2007 if there is also workbook structure protection active. (http://vbaadventures.blogspot.com/2009/01/possible-error-in-excel-2007.html). On old XL2003, supplying a password would open both unprotected and password protected file. I tried: Workbooks.Open filename, Password:=user_entered_pw If (Err.Number <> 0) Then workbooks.open filename This works for unprotected and protected file. However if the user enters a wrong password it runs into the second line and pops up the "enter password" prompt, which I do not want. How to get around this?

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• How do I change the "Default" password

  - by Allwar

  hi, here's my problem. When I log in I'm beeing asked for a password connecting to the internet which is strange because I'm the only user and the admin. I have auto log in and it never asks for passwords, (except when i do administrative tasks.) I have looked in the menu (System -- preferences, but i can't find any topic that say's passwords or similar. the only place where I have found a way to change my password is my user ((System -- preferences -- user and groups). I did try to take screenshots but nothing happened, which also is strange. I'm running ubuntu 10.04 LTS Desktop on my Asus 1201n (12").

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• Server asks for username and password on boot

  - by Jon

  I installed the Ubuntu server 12.04 easily, however, when I boot it asks for a username and password. I don't know my previous username or password from Windows XP. I am currently trying to install any version of Ubuntu I have in my arsenal to recover the PC, but all intents so far have failed. They worked on other computers but not on this one, the error I get is No DEFAULT or UI configuration directive found! I have tried all the solutions found on this site but to no avail. I don't have a Windows Ultimate boot disk and I'm out of CDs to burn. I can, however, make live USBs. Any Suggestions?

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• Make password case unsensitive in shared ASP.Net membership tables web ap

  - by bill

  Hi all, i have two webapps.. that share ASP.Net membership tables. Everything works fine except i cannot remove case-sensitivity in one of the apps the way i am doing it in the other. in the non-working app void Login1_LoggingIn(object sender, LoginCancelEventArgs e) { string username = Login1.UserName.Trim(); if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(username)) { MembershipUser user = Membership.GetUser(username); if (user != null) { // Only adjust the UserName if the password is correct. This is more secure // so a hacker can't find valid usernames if we adjust the case of mis-cased // usernames with incorrect passwords. string password = Login1.Password.ToUpper(); if (Membership.ValidateUser(user.UserName, password)) { Login1.UserName = user.UserName; } } } } is not working. the password is stored as all upper case. Converted at the time the membership user is created! So if the password is PASSWORD, typing PASSWORD allows me to authenticate. but typing password does not! Even though i can see the string being sent is PASSWORD (converted with toUpper()). I am at a complete loss on this.. in the other app i can type in lower or upper or mixed and i am able to authenticate. In the other app i am not using the textboxes from the login control though.. not sure if this is making the difference??

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• How do I reset the password for Ubuntu 12.04 LTS

  - by user169930

  I installed Ubuntu 12.04 LTS using Wubi in the D: drive of my PC. I have Vista installed in the C: drive. I have forgotten my password for my Ubuntu Admin Account. I only have only access to the Guest login. Please note, I don't see any GRUB menu and get only Vista & Ubuntu as options while booting. I can't get into Recovery Mode of Ubuntu using Shift, ESC or any other way. Please let me know how to reset the password.

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• How to send link/url to confirm user registration and/or password reset/recovery using ASP.Net MVC2?

  - by Mark_DVM_Software

  Hi, I see it all over the place, yet, I could not find one example about this (maybe I don't know the proper wording), I am trying to build using ASP .Net MVC2 (but any example on just ASP .Net would be also helpful) a process that will send a link to the user at the end of the registration process to let him confirm his registration. Also, a similar process to let the user to reset his password, with the typical "forgot password" and send a link/url so that the user can click and type a new password. Can someone help me to either find an example or at least to let me know how to "google" it? Thanks, Mark

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• How to make a custom template in WordPress work as a password protected page?

  - by KaOSoFt

  I'm building a page with a custom template. The thing is, I need this page to be password protected, or at least accessible to logged in users, but even if I set it as such (Private/Password protected) in the New Pages section in WordPress Administration, it won't display the menu entry nor the content (if Private) or it would show the page contents immediately (if Password protected). I've read somewhere that the_content() function is what makes this work, but as you can guess, my custom template doesn't use the_content() at all, and it's all based on custom content. Do you happen to know how can I (re)implement these two options?

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