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• How to stop NAT dropping idle connections?

  - by WGH

  I have a TCP connection that can be idle for many hours. The traffic is flowing from the server to the client only. One might say it's kind of push notification. My home router, however, tends to drop the connection silently after 20 minutes (the value of /proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established). The server detects the loss once it tries to send anything (I assume it receives RST from the router itself). As client never sends anything, it never detects the loss. RFC 5382 "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP" states the following: A NAT can check if an endpoint for a session has crashed by sending a TCP keep-alive packet and receiving a TCP RST packet in response. It makes sense. It's much more effective than sending keep-alives by the host itself (as only NAT knows its own timeout). And probably not hard to implement. Is there any NAT solutions implementing this? It would be great if there was a way to enable this in iptables.

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• Moving a site from IIs6 to IIS7.5

  - by Sukotto

  I need to move a site off of IIS6 (Win Server 2003) and onto IIS7.5 (Win Server 2008) as soon as possible. Preferably tomorrow. The site itself is a delightful mix of classic asp (vbscript) and one-off asp.net (C#) applications (each asp.net app is in its own virtual dir and has a self-contained web.config). In case it's relevant, this is a sort of research site made up of 40 or 50 unconnected microsites. Each microsite is typically a simple form allowing a user to submit a form, which then runs a Stored Proc on a sqlserver db and displays a chart and/or table of the results. There is very little security to worry about. The database connection info is in a central file (in the case of the classic asp) or app's individual web.config (lots of duplication there) To add a little spice to the exercise... I have no idea how to admin IIS The company no longer employs the sysadmin or the guys who set this thing up. (They're not going to employ me much longer either but my sense of professional pride does not permit me to just walk away from this task). The servers are on mutually firewalled networks and I have to perform a convoluted, multi-step process to copy anything from one to the other. Would someone please point me to a crash-course tutorial for accomplishing the above? I have: a complete copy of the site's filesystem on the new box installed the 3rd party charting tool on the new system a config.xml file from the "all tasks - save configuration to a file" right click menu. There doesn't seem to be a way to import it on the new system however. The newer IIS manager has a completely different UI and I'm totally lost. Please help.

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• Poor write performance on Debian server running NFS with 22TB exported JFS filesystem

  - by user143546

  I am currently running a debian server that is exporting a large JFS filesystem (22TB) over NFS (nfs-kernel-server.) When attempting to write to the NFS share, the performance is very poor. The 22TB disk is sitting on a NAS mounted using iSCSI. It will bust for a moment near expected line speed, and then sit idle for several seconds. Very little traffic measured in the low kb/sec. The wait peeks on write. When reading from the NFS mount, the system operates at expected speeds (11MB/sec). The issue does not occur when using SFTP, rsync, or local coping (non-nfs). The issue persists between stable and testing releases. On the same machine I have a 14TB ext4 filesystem using the exact same export configuration that does not share the issue. This share is not in regular use and thus not consuming resources. NFS Server: cat /etc/exports /data2 10.1.20.86(rw,no_subtree_check,async,all_squash) cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler noop [deadline] cfq cat /etc/default/nfs-kernel-server RPCNFSDCOUNT=8 RPCNFSDPRIORITY=0 RPCMOUNTDOPTS=--manage-gids NEED_SVCGSSD= RPCSVCGSSDOPTS= NFS Client: cat /etc/fstab 10.1.20.100:/data2 /root/incoming nfs rw,noatime,soft,intr,noacl 0 2 cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler noop [deadline] cfq cat /proc/mounts 10.1.20.100:/data2/ /root/incoming nfs4 rw,noatime,vers=4,rsize=262144,wsize=262144,namlen=255,soft,proto=tcp,port=0,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,clientaddr=10.1.20.86,minorversion=0,addr=10.1.20.100 0 0 This problem has me pretty stumped. Any help would be greatly welcomed. Thanks.

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• Creating "save as" functionality to .eml file in AppleScript

  - by unieater

  I'm new to AppleScript and trying to figure out how to save a Mail.app message as an .eml message. Ideally, I would like it to act similar to the Mail menu bar actions, in which it saves the message and the attachments together. The workflow is that you have a selection in Mail, hit a hotkey and the function creates a filename (newFile) for the email to be saved. I just need help with how to save the message to the path (theFolder) in an .eml format. tell application "Mail" set msgs to selection if length of msgs is not 0 then display dialog "Export selected message(s)?" if the button returned of the result is "OK" then set theFolder to choose folder with prompt "Save Exported Messages to..." without invisibles repeat with msg in msgs -- determine date received of msg and put into YYYYMMDD format set msgDate to date received of msg -- parse date SEMversion below using proc pad2() set {year:y, month:m, day:d, hours:h, minutes:min} to (msgDate) set msgDate to ("" & y & my pad2(m as integer) & my pad2(d)) -- assign subject of msg set msgSubject to (subject of msg) -- create filename.eml to be use as title saved set newFile to (msgDate & "_" & msgSubject & ".eml") as Unicode text -- copy mail message to the folder and prepend date-time to file name -- THIS IS WEHRE I AM COMPLETE LOST HOW SAVE THE EMAIL into theFolder end repeat beep 2 display dialog "Done exporting " & length of msgs & " messages." end if -- OK to export msgs end if -- msgs > 0 end tell on pad2(n) return text -2 thru -1 of ("00" & n) end pad2

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• Puzzling TCP performance over 3G / UMTS

  - by lemonsqueeze

  I'm using 3G as my primary internet connection, and TCP over this thing is getting more puzzling every day. For example: Downloading from kernel.org is crazy fast: $wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/linux-3.6.8.tar.bz2 increases to ~500kB/s after a few secs ! Some servers are incredibly slow, for instance www.graphic-pc.com:Same thing, downloading a big file with wget it starts at ~30kB/s for a split second, then collapses to 5-10k or even worse. Web browsing is decent but somewhat unreliable. Randomly, a page will take really long to load or even fail to load, but a reload can succeed almost immediately. Now, by chance i started playing with OpenVPN over UDP on top of the 3G connection, and OMG suddenly everything's extremely fast !Same www.graphic-pc.com now shoots at 100-200kB/s ! What's going on here ??? How come it is so much better with the VPN than without ?? And why does graphic-pc.com crawl when kernel.org flies ?Something to do with my tcp stack (or the server), or some buggy router in between ?? Notes: Setup is laptop running Ubuntu Lucid and a Huawei 3G dongle (So direct pppd connection). I can reproduce this pretty much any time during the day and I'm not moving, so it's clearly not cell environment or internet congestion. (although kernel.org without VPN sometimes does worse in the evening, 60kB or so - but still 500kB with VPN !) For 2) wireshark shows retransmitted packets, dup ack's, even out of order sometimes. I've tried playing with different /proc/sys/net/ipv4 parameters (tcp_rmem, window_scaling, tcp_congestion...) doesn't seem to make a difference. Update: Tried under windows 7 (no VPN) with some interesting results: tcp settings : default tcp_optimizer kernel.org : 10 kB/s 20 kB/s graphic-pc.com: 8 kB/s 70 kB/s ! tcp_optimizer turned on ctcp among other things. Have to check what os graphic-pc.com is running, my bet is linux's tcp_westwood and ms ctcp don't mix well here...

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• Glassfish v3 failure when startup. "Cannot allocate memory "

  - by Shisoft

  It is clear in this Question Fail to start Glassfish 3.1: java.io.IOException: error=12, Cannot allocate memory But in my case,I have a 512M memory Ubuntu 10.04 vps.It seems that I don't need to change any configure.But when start the server,I got this exception VM failed to start: java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.22/bin/java" (in directory "/home/glassfish/glassfish/domains/domain1/config"): java.io.IOException: error=12, Cannot allocate memory So,I set <jvm-options>-Xmx512</jvm-options> to <jvm-options>-Xmx400</jvm-options> The exception remains.What did I do something wrong? result of free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 512 43 468 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 43 468 Swap: 0 0 0 result of cat /proc/user_beancounters Version: 2.5 uid resource held maxheld barrier limit failcnt 146049: kmemsize 2670652 5385253 51200000 51200000 0 lockedpages 0 8 2048 2048 0 privvmpages 11134 134522 131200 262200 4 shmpages 648 1352 128000 128000 0 dummy 0 0 0 0 0 numproc 12 73 500 500 0 physpages 6519 28162 0 200000000 0 vmguarpages 0 0 512000 512000 0 oomguarpages 6527 28169 512000 512000 0 numtcpsock 4 14 4096 4096 0 numflock 0 5 2048 2048 0 numpty 1 2 32 32 0 numsiginfo 0 3 1024 1024 0 tcpsndbuf 159600 265744 20480000 20480000 0 tcprcvbuf 65536 3590352 20480000 20480000 0 othersockbuf 44232 90640 20480000 20480000 0 dgramrcvbuf 0 12848 10240000 10240000 0 numothersock 22 31 2048 2048 0 dcachesize 0 0 10240000 10240000 0 numfile 1002 1474 50000 50000 0 dummy 0 0 0 0 0 dummy 0 0 0 0 0 dummy 0 0 0 0 0 numiptent 24 24 2048 2048 0 Thanks

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• IP to IP forwarding with iptables [centos]

  - by FunkyChicken

  I have 2 servers. Server 1 with ip 1.1.1.1 and server 2 with ip 2.2.2.2 My domain example.com points to 1.1.1.1 at the moment, but very soon I'm going to switch to ip 2.2.2.2. I have already setup a low TTL for domain example.com, but some people will still hit the old ip a after I change the ip address of the domain. Now both machines run centos 5.8 with iptables and nginx as a webserver. I want to forward all traffic that still hits server 1.1.1.1 to 2.2.2.2 so there won't be any downtime. Now I found this tutorial: http://www.debuntu.org/how-to-redirecting-network-traffic-a-new-ip-using-iptables but I cannot seem to get it working. I have enabled ip forwarding: echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward After that I ran these 2 commands: /sbin/iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s 1.1.1.1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination 2.2.2.2:80 /sbin/iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE But when I load http://1.1.1.1 in my browser, I still get the pages hosted on 1.1.1.1 and not the content from 2.2.2.2. What am I doing wrong?

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• Can't access server sound card when vnc'd into ubuntu server

  - by Corey Kennedy

  I've set up my ubunutu 10 server with xfce, nxserver, and now tightvncserver so that I can control it remotely from my Windows 7 laptop. NX is working fine for remote access, but when I run (for example) exaile, no sound will be sent through the server's sound card. I installed tightvncserver and connected, but ran into the same problem. Exaile opens, sound isn't muted, I can see that sound cards are installed (via cat /proc/asound/cards), but I can't seem to get the remote sessions to access the server's sound card. Also, just to confirm that the sound card was working I hooked up a montior/keyboard to the server and opened a local xfce session. That worked fine. While I had the local session running, I was also able to open a remote session with NXClient and start exaile - which then successfully piped sound to the local card. After disconnecting the monitor/keyboard and moving the box back to its normal spot, though, I was not able to play sound via either an NX or VNC session. Does anyone have any suggestions? Surely it's possible to configure my remote sessions to pipe sound to the server's sound card, right? Or at least get xfce up and running without a monitor or keyboard but with access to the sound card so I can VNC into it? Thanks!

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• Removing a device in "removed" state from Linux software RAID array

  - by Sahasranaman MS

  My workstation has two disks(/dev/sd[ab]), both with similar partitioning. /dev/sdb failed, and cat /proc/mdstat stopped showing the second sdb partition. I ran mdadm --fail and mdadm --remove for all partitions from the failed disk on the arrays that use them, although all such commands failed with mdadm: set device faulty failed for /dev/sdb2: No such device mdadm: hot remove failed for /dev/sdb2: No such device or address Then I hot swapped the failed disk, partitioned the new disk and added the partitions to the respective arrays. All arrays got rebuilt properly except one, because in /dev/md2, the failed disk doesn't seem to have been removed from the array properly. Because of this, the new partition keeps getting added as a spare to the partition, and its status remains degraded. Here's what mdadm --detail /dev/md2 shows: [root@ldmohanr ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md2 /dev/md2: Version : 1.1 Creation Time : Tue Dec 27 22:55:14 2011 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 52427708 (50.00 GiB 53.69 GB) Used Dev Size : 52427708 (50.00 GiB 53.69 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Intent Bitmap : Internal Update Time : Fri Nov 23 14:59:56 2012 State : active, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Name : ldmohanr.net:2 (local to host ldmohanr.net) UUID : 4483f95d:e485207a:b43c9af2:c37c6df1 Events : 5912611 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2 1 0 0 1 removed 2 8 18 - spare /dev/sdb2 To remove a disk, mdadm needs a device filename, which was /dev/sdb2 originally, but that no longer refers to device number 1. I need help with removing device number 1 with 'removed' status and making /dev/sdb2 active.

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• Size of modules within initrd

  - by LiKao

  I am currently trying to manually replace the kernel within ubuntu-core on an embedded device with a custom kernel. However when I try to update the initrd my initrd becomes much bigger. Here is what I did: Extract the initrd that was shipped with ubuntu Make a list of all modules within the old initrd get the same modules from the new module director at /lib/modules/new_kernel_version add these modules to the initrd and remove the old ones If I do this my initrd becomes quite bigger than the original one, so I checked the individual modules. I picked the btrfs.ko filesystem driver as an example. So by comparing these two modules I noticed the one I just picked into the initrd was much bigger, which caused the difference in size. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 999K Nov 14 15:06 btrfs.ko For the btrfs.ko within the shipped initrd. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.2M Nov 14 15:08 btrfs.ko For the new btrfs.ko. What is different between these two modules? Could this be caused by some faulty setting for the new kernel? When producing the kernel I copied /proc/config.gz and used make oldconfig to update it, so all optimisations should be the same for both kernels. Or is there something else which is being done to the modules before they are put into the initrd? Maybe is there even some better way to build a new initrd for the new kernel in ubuntu altogether. Update: I just also tested with an initrd which I created from scratch using the mkinitrfs command within ubuntu, and it has the same size difference that I found for the initrd I manually updated.

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• Why is my cron daemon is being killed every few minutes?

  - by user113215

  As of about a week ago, my cron daemon refuses to stay running. I'm using Debian 6 x64 on an OpenVZ virtual machine. Running something like pgrep cron shows that the daemon isn't running. I start the service with service cron start or /etc/init.d/cron start and it launches, but it disappears from the running process list after a few minutes (varying anywhere between 1 - 30 minutes before the process is killed again). Using strace -f service cron start, I can see that the process is being killed for some reason: nanosleep({60, 0}, <unfinished ...> +++ killed by SIGKILL +++ There's nothing relevant in /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages, /var/log/auth.log, or /var/log/kern.log to explain why the the process is dying. The system has at least 800 MB of free memory, and cat /proc/loadavg returns 0.22 0.13 0.04 so resources shouldn't be the issue. With cron running, free -m reports: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1024 211 812 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 211 812 Swap: 0 0 0 I also tried removing and reinstalling the cron package using apt-get. Update: I initially thought the problem was a resource issues. I erased my entire VPS and started from a fresh Debian image. There is now nothing else running on the system, but even from a clean install my cron daemon is still being killed at random. What else should I check? How do I find out what's killing my crond?

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• Backup data from RAID 1 disk out of its server

  - by Doomsday

  I'm facing with a pretty easy problem in my opinion. I've extracted a working disk from a RAID1 and I'm looking to copy only data (FS and RAID configuration doesn't matter) into another location (another FS). My problem is I'm not able to mount properly this disk into another linux. I've first looked the partition table : # fdisk -l /dev/sdc Disk /dev/sdc: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77825 cylinders, total 1250263728 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 63 1249535699 624767818+ fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc2 1249535700 1250017649 240975 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc3 1250017650 1250258624 120487+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris I've understood I should use dmraid tools. Once installed : # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : md0 : inactive sdc1[1](S) 624767744 blocks unused devices: <none> And some other informations : # mdadm --examine /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdc1: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 0.90.00 UUID : 8f292f54:7e5aef72:7e5ab5fd:b348fd05 Creation Time : Mon Jun 2 03:39:41 2008 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 624767744 (595.82 GiB 639.76 GB) Array Size : 624767744 (595.82 GiB 639.76 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Update Time : Tue Feb 7 22:34:59 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : a505b324 - correct Events : 15148 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 1 8 1 1 active sync /dev/sda1 0 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 1 8 1 1 active sync /dev/sda1 From here, I've tried to mount but I'm not comfortable with dmtools and how it's working. # mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/sdc1 mount: unknown filesystem type 'linux_raid_member' # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/sdc1 mount: /dev/md0: can't read superblock I've seen some options to alter RAID array with mdadm but I only want to copy data on its filesystem before wiping them... Anyone has a clue ?

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• Creating a partitioned raid1 array for booting a debian squeeze system

  - by gucki

  I'd like to have the following raid1 (mirror) setup: /dev/md0 consists of /dev/sda and /dev/sdb I created this raid1 device using mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --auto=yes --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda /dev/sdb This gave a warning about metadata being 1.2 and my system might not boot. I cannot use 0.9 because it restricts the size of the raid to 2TB and I assume grub shipped with latest debian (squeeze) should be able to handle metadata 1.2. So then I created the needed partitions like this: # creating new label (partition table) parted -s /dev/md0 mklabel 'msdos' # creating partitions sfdisk -uM /dev/md0 << EOF 0,4096 ,1024,S ; EOF # making root filesystem mkfs -t ext4 -L boot -m 0 /dev/md0p1 # making swap filesystem mkswap /dev/md0p2 # making data filesystem mkfs -t ext4 -L data /dev/md0p3 Then I mounted the root partition, copied a minimal debian install inside and temporary mounted /dev /proc /sys. Afer this I chrooted to the new root folder and executed: grub-install --no-floppy --recheck /dev/md0 However this fails badly with: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: unknown filesystem. Auto-detection of a filesystem of /dev/md0p1 failed. Please report this together with the output of "/usr/sbin/grub-probe --device-map=/boot/grub/device.map --target=fs -v /boot/grub" to I don't think it's a bug in grub (so I didn't report it yet) but a fault of mine. So I really wonder how to properly setup my raid1, everything I tried so far failed.

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• Fresh install CentOS 6.4 64b with directadmin slowly consumes all memory and crashes

  - by Coen Ponsen

  Dear server fault community, This is my first question on server fault, i'm new to server (mis)configuration so please forgive me for asking something stupid :) I'm running Directadmin on a CentOS 6.4 64b with 4GB memory and over 10000Gh virtual machine. I migrated my websites because my former vps couldn't keep up anymore. Only half of the websites from this 1GB machine were migrated jet. So the migration is still in progress and already my server crashes every day. The server performance up until that moment is perfect. The directadmin log files show nothing out of the ordinary. Yesterday only the mysql server crashed but it also crashed the entire machine before. The memory usage in DA seems to be normal: directadmin directadmin (pid 3923 22158 22159 22160 22161 22162 )8.75 MB dovecot dovecot (pid 3851 ) 47.8 MB exim exim (pid 1350 ) 1.29 MB httpd (pid 21525 21528 21529 21530 21531 21532 21546 21571 21742 21743 21744 )490.4 MB mysqld mysqld (pid 1299 ) 287.8 MB named named (pid 3807 ) 16.3 MB proftpd proftpd (pid 1481 ) 1.91 MB sshd sshd (pid 1173 21494 ) 5.16 MB Restarting services immediately frees up memory, but slowly over time the memory usage increases(about 24 hours to crash). The commands: # sync # echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches Will free al memory correct. I could just create a cronjob but it seems the wrong way around to me. I can't seem to pinpoint the cause. Any advices, references or tips are highly appreciated! Greetings, Coen edit: free -m : after drop_caches: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3830 735 3095 0 0 21 -/+ buffers/cache: 712 3117 Swap: 991 0 991 I'll post another one this evening.

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• Decrease in disk performance after partitioning and encryption, is this much of a drop normal?

  - by Biohazard

  I have a server that I only have remote access to. Earlier in the week I repartitioned the 2 disk raid as follows: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/sda1_crypt 363G 1.8G 343G 1% / tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 2.0G 140K 2.0G 1% /dev tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda5 461M 26M 412M 6% /boot /dev/sda7 179G 8.6G 162G 6% /data The raid consists of 2 x 300gb SAS 15k disks. Prior to the changes I made, it was being used as a single unencrypted root parition and hdparm -t /dev/sda was giving readings around 240mb/s, which I still get if I do it now: /dev/sda: Timing buffered disk reads: 730 MB in 3.00 seconds = 243.06 MB/sec Since the repartition and encryption, I get the following on the separate partitions: Unencrypted /dev/sda7: /dev/sda7: Timing buffered disk reads: 540 MB in 3.00 seconds = 179.78 MB/sec Unencrypted /dev/sda5: /dev/sda5: Timing buffered disk reads: 476 MB in 2.55 seconds = 186.86 MB/sec Encrypted /dev/mapper/sda1_crypt: /dev/mapper/sda1_crypt: Timing buffered disk reads: 150 MB in 3.03 seconds = 49.54 MB/sec I expected a drop in performance on the encrypted partition, but not that much, but I didn't expect I would get a drop in performance on the other partitions at all. The other hardware in the server is: 2 x Quad Core Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5405 @ 2.00GHz and 4gb RAM $ cat /proc/scsi/scsi Attached devices: Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 32 Lun: 00 Vendor: DP Model: BACKPLANE Rev: 1.05 Type: Enclosure ANSI SCSI revision: 05 Host: scsi0 Channel: 02 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: DELL Model: PERC 6/i Rev: 1.11 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05 Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: HL-DT-ST Model: CD-ROM GCR-8240N Rev: 1.10 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 05 I'm guessing this means the server has a PERC 6/i RAID controller? The encryption was done with default settings during debian 6 installation. I can't recall the exact specifics and am not sure how I go about finding them? Thanks

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• OpenVPN bridge network from routed clients

  - by gphilip

  I have the following setup: subnet 1 - 10.0.1.0/24 with a machine used as NAT and also running an OpenVPN client subnet 2 - 192.168.1/24 with an OpenVPN server (the server in subnet 1 connect here) subnet 3 - 10.0.2.0/24 that uses the NAT machine (subnet 1) to access the internet, so all non-local traffic is routed there to the eth0 interface The OpenVPN client creates the tun0 interface and appropriate routing so that I can access machines from 192.168.1/24 [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# telnet 192.168.1.186 8081 Trying 192.168.1.186... Connected to 192.168.1.186. Escape character is '^]'. [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 10.0.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.5 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 169.254.169.254 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 However, when I try the same from subnet 3, it can't reach that machine. [root@ip-10-0-2-61 ~]# telnet 192.168.1.186 8081 Trying 192.168.1.186... I suspect that it's because subnet 3 is routed to eth0 on the NAT machine in subnet 1 and it cannot jump to tun0. What's the easiest way to resolve it? I don't want to use iptables. I can't change the routing from machines in subnet 1 because it's done in AWS and so it works only with specific interfaces. Also, the NAT machine gets its IP with DHCP and so bridging is a bit complicated. IP forwarding is set on the NAT machine [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 1 Thank you!

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• How do I find the cause for a huge difference in performance between two identical Ubuntu servers?

  - by the.duckman

  I am running two Dell R410 servers in the same rack of a data center. Both have the same hardware configuration, run Ubuntu 10.4, have the same packages installed and run the same Java web servers. No other load. One of them is 20-30% faster than the other, very consistently. I used dstat to figure out, if there are more context switches, IO, swapping or anything, but I see no reason for the difference. With the same workload, (no swapping, virtually no IO), the cpu usage and load is higher on one server. So the difference appears to be mainly CPU bound, but while a simple cpu benchmark using sysbench (with all other load turned off) did yield a difference, it was only 6%. So maybe it is not only CPU but also memory performance. I tried to figure out if the BIOS settings differ in some parameter, did a dump using dmidecode, but that yielded no difference. I compared /proc/cpuinfo, no difference. I compared the output of cpufreq-info, no difference. I am lost. What can I do, to figure out, what is going on?

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• How To Boot with "mem=1024m" Argument using GRUB - Ubuntu 10.04

  - by nicorellius

  I am still working on this question. This new one is a different question so I thought it would be good to post a new question. Is this the proper protocol or should I have just edited the other question? I'm running Ubuntu 10.04 with the kernel 2.6.32-22-generic on a Toshiba Satellite laptop. When I enter the GRUB menu (I have Ubuntu 9.10 installed as well), I can choose which kernel to boot. I use scroll down to the one I want and press "e" and I expect to be able to enter mem=1024m and force the kernel to use this much memory. But when I run cat /proc/meminfo or look in the process manager after booting wth this argument I still see all the RAM: ~2 GB. Am I using this boot argument incorrectly? The boot configuration (before I add anything) looks like this: insmod ext2 set root=(hd0,1) search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 10270f21-1c42-494b-bd3f-813c23f6d\ 518 linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-22-generic root=UUID=10270f21-1c42-494b-b\ d3f-813c23f6d518 ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-22-generic The way I did this was that I added the mem=1024m after the last line and pressed Ctrl+x (Emacs save and boot the kernel) and the system booted. I tried adding mem=1024m to the end and the beginning of this list and it appeared to not change the RAM allocation.

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• Have servers behind OpenVPN subnet reach connecting clients

  - by imaginative

  I am trying to find some relevant documentation or what directives I need in either the OpenVPN server configuration or client configuration to accommodate for this use case. I have an OpenVPN server that clients connect to. The OpenVPN server can communicate directly with any of the clients already, this is not an issue. The client is able to reach any machine on the private subnet where OpenVPN resides, this is also not an issue. My issue is that the reverse is currently not possible - I have servers on the same subnet as the OpenVPN box that cannot reach any of the connecting clients. I'd like to be able to SSH to them and more, the same way the client can reach the servers behind the OpenVPN subnet. What do I need to do to make this possible? I already have masquerading rules set on the OpenVPN box: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.50.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE IP Forwarding is enabled: echo 1 >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward I added a route on the server behind the private subnet to be aware of the route: 192.168.50.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 What am I missing?

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• Linux file server for an inexperienced admin

  - by Pat

  A charity I volunteer for wants a file server for their mostly Windows machines (about five XP and 7 machines, with some Mac laptops every now and then). For the server, I have a PC with an Intel Core 2 Duo 3GHz proc, 4GB of DDR2 400MHz RAM, and a 500 GB HDD. (I should point out that they do not currently have any server - they are just using Windows to share a folder on one of the PCs.) What is a linux distro that is easy to configure for Windows file serving yet stable and secure enough to protect sensitive data without an expert sysadmin? I'm guessing that a Debian distro would probably fit the security bill, but I don't know of any tailored to novice sysadmins. Also, are there any killer apps for making this easy to administer and set up (as a Windows file server, in particular - this answer is a good example)? Would FreeNAS be sufficient? Once it's all set up, what are the minimum measures I need to take to keep the data secure? I found this somewhat helpful answer, but it's not specific to my question of just getting a secure file server up, running, and maintained.

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• Second CPU missing of Dual Core

  - by Zardoz

  My Lenovo T61 has a dual core CPU. I just noticed that under Ubuntu 10.10 only one CPU is recognized. I know that once both CPUs worked. Not sure since when the second CPU is missing. Maybe since the last kernel update. Currently I am using linux-image-2.6.35-23-generic (for x86_64). What can I do to enable the second CPU again? Here the ouput of /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 23 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T8100 @ 2.10GHz stepping : 6 cpu MHz : 800.000 cache size : 3072 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 1 core id : 0 cpu cores : 1 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 10 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 lahf_lm ida dts tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority bogomips : 4189.99 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: Any help is welcome. I really need that CPU power for my work here.

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• RAID degraded on Ubuntu server

  - by reano

  We're having a very weird issue at work. Our Ubuntu server has 6 drives, set up with RAID1 as follows: /dev/md0, consisting of: /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/md1, consisting of: /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb2 /dev/md2, consisting of: /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb3 /dev/md3, consisting of: /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/md4, consisting of: /dev/sde1 /dev/sdf1 As you can see, md0, md1 and md2 all use the same 2 drives (split into 3 partitions). I also have to note that this is done via ubuntu software raid, not hardware raid. Today, the /md0 RAID1 array shows as degraded - it is missing the /dev/sdb1 drive. But since /dev/sdb1 is only a partition (and /dev/sdb2 and /dev/sdb3 are working fine), it's obviously not the drive that's gone AWOL, it seems the partition itself is missing. How is that even possible? And what could we do to fix it? My output of cat /proc/mdstat: Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1] 24006528 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md2 : active raid1 sda3[0] sdb3[1] 1441268544 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] 1464710976 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] md3 : active raid1 sdd1[1] sdc1[0] 2930133824 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md4 : active raid1 sdf2[1] sde2[0] 2929939264 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> FYI: I tried the following: mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb1 But got this error: mdadm: add new device failed for /dev/sdb1 as 2: Invalid argument Output of mdadm --detail /dev/md0 is: /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sat Dec 29 17:09:45 2012 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 1464710976 (1396.86 GiB 1499.86 GB) Used Dev Size : 1464710976 (1396.86 GiB 1499.86 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Nov 7 15:55:07 2013 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Name : lia:0 (local to host lia) UUID : eb302d19:ff70c7bf:401d63af:ed042d59 Events : 26216 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 0 0 1 removed

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• Linux CentOS strange memory readings

  - by user2008937

  I am actually a young junior sys admin. I have a question - i am trying to understand how linux deals with memory... while playing around different monitoring programs I found some strange thing. When I run top on my laptop it shows me that FIREFOX process with pid 8778 takes 18,3% of memory (%MEM column). grep "MemTotal" /proc/meminfo Above command give me 1848336kb/1024 = 1805megs of memory (its ok - i have 2 gigs of ram). So if the firefox process takes 18,3% of MEM(according to tops %MEM column) then it takes 0.183 * 1805 which is approximately 325mb of memory. Quite a lot as for firefox... But well, in Linux there are lots of shared libraries that programs commonly uses (like famous libc). And those libraries are added to memory utilization of every process that uses it in the system, despite they are actually reading same file(single object in memory). So top may show too big mem utilization because of those shared libraries. Well, it is time to use PMAP which should show us the real mem utilization of process. But.. pmap -d $(pidof firefox) mapped: 983460K writeable/private: 757164K shared: 66416K so pmap shows that 983460/1024=993MB of memory is mapped to this process. It is in fact much bigger than mem utilization showed by top. Whats wrong here? How pmap can show more than top? even when top adds also the shared libraries (which in fact are single objects in memory) for each process that uses it? and pmap omits it? Regards Krzysztof

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• backup an existing linux server to a virtualbox virtual machine

  - by user146526

  I have some servers and VPSs to many companies across the world. I want to back them up locally. I have some backup solutions enabled to remote hosts, but I want to have a local backup on a computer at home. What I am thinking is: 1) Create a virtualbox virtual machine, install the same version linux as the server. 2) Use rsync to backup the server to the local virtualbox machine. (something like rsync -av --delete --progress --exclude '/dev/' --exclude '/proc/' root@server_ip:// / ) 3) Repeat the command every few days update files. 4) In case of a hard disk failure, or any other bad event, reverse the rsync command and get the files back and continue my bussiness. I tried it with 2 openvz VPS, the one was a backup of the other. I also tried to transfer normal linux server host to openvz machine and it worked great. That way looks pretty clean and easy to me, this is the kind of solution I am looking for. However I need to be sure that this will work if I am going to do it. The question is, will that work ok ? Does anyone see any problem with that ? Do you have any other suggestions ? Thanks

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• Possible for linux bridge to intercept traffic?

  - by A G

  I have a linux machine setup as a bridge between a client and a server; brctl addbr0 brctl addif br0 eth1 brctl addif br0 eth2 ifconfig eth1 0.0.0.0 ifconfig eth2 0.0.0.0 ip link set br0 up I also have an application listening on port 8080 of this machine. Is it possible to have traffic destined for port 80 to be passed to my application? I have done some research and it looks like it could be done using ebtables and iptables. Here is the rest of my setup: //set the ebtables to pass this traffic up to ip for processing; DROP on the broute table should do this ebtables -t broute -A BROUTING -p ipv4 --ip-proto tcp --ip-dport 80 -j redirect --redirect-target DROP //set iptables to forward this traffic to my app listening on port 8080 iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j TPROXY --on-port 8080 --tproxy-mark 1/1 iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp -j MARK --set-mark 1/1 //once the flows are marked, have them delivered locally via loopback interface ip rule add fwmark 1/1 table 1 ip route add local 0.0.0.0/0 dev lo table 1 //enable ip packet forwarding echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward However nothing is coming into my application. Am I missing anything? My understanding is that the target DROP on the broute BROUTING chain will push it up to be processed by iptables. Secondly, are there any other alternatives I should investigate? Edit: IPtables gets it at nat PREROUTING, but it looks like it drops after that; the INPUT chain (in either mangle or filter) doesn't see the packet.

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