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• Force Windows Local Subnet Traffic through a Gateway

  - by Beerey

  Hi all, We are attempting to route all traffic from a certain machine to a gateway. This works ok for traffic destined for subnets outside of the machine's subnet. However, traffic to machines in the same subnet as the source machine goes through an On-Link gateway in Windows. This means that the default gateway is ignored, and traffic in a subnet (for example, 192.168.50.10 - 192.168.50.11) flows. Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 192.168.50.0 255.255.255.0 On-link 192.168.50.214 276 This route can be deleted from Windows, but when the machine is rebooted it always comes back. Adding a persistant static route to the gateway with a lower metric doesn't work, since it will still try the On-Link gateway after the persistant route fails. Adding each machine in a VLAN isn't an option due to the setup we have Adding a startup script to delete the gateway isn't a great option either, since users will have full admin access to the machine and might disable the script. We cannot transperantly intercept all network traffic on the subnet using Gratuitous ARPs or transparent proxying, since there are other machines on the subnet which use a different gateway The only way we have gotten it to work is by adding a persistant route to the gateway for the subnet traffic, and deleting the On-link route on reboot. The question is then. Is there a way to permanently remove this On-link route If not, is there a way to otherwise force even local subnet traffic to go through a gateway?

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• Traffic Shaping using tc

  - by Simon

  Hi guys, I have a 1.5 Mbit/s link that i want to share with 150 users. My setup is the following: Linux box with 3 NICs eth0 - public ip eth1 - subnet A - 50 users (static ips) eth2 - subnet B - 100 users (via dhcp) I am using squid as a transparent proxy on port 3128. dhcp server using ports 67 and 68. I was creating, but I think packets are not going to the right queues #!/bin/bash DEV=eth0 RATE_MAIN=2048kbit CEIL_MAIN=2048kbit BURST=1b CBURST=1b RATE_DEFAULT=1024kbit CEIL_DEFAULT=$CEIL_MAIN PRIO_DEFAULT=3 RATE_P2P=1024Kbit CEIL_P2P=$CEIL_MAIN PRIO_P2P=4 RATE_IND=32kbit CEIL_IND=$CEIL_DEFAULT tc qdisc del dev $DEV root tc qdisc add dev $DEV root handle 1: htb default 30 tc class add dev $DEV parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate $RATE_MAIN ceil $CEIL_MAIN tc class add dev $DEV parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate $RATE_DEFAULT ceil $CEIL_MAIN burst $BURST cburst $CBURST prio $PRIO_WEB ## some other sub class for p2p other traffic tc class add dev $DEV parent 1:1 classid 1:20 htb rate $RATE_P2P ceil $CEIL_P2P burst $BURST cburst $CBURST prio $PRIO_P2P $IPS_NET1=50 $IPS_NET2=100 let $IPS=$IPS_NET1+$IPS_NET2 for ((i=1; i<= $IPS; i++)) do let CLASSID=($i+100) let HANDLE=($i+100) tc class add dev $DEV parent 1:10 classid 1:$CLASSID htb rate $RATE_IND ceil $CEIL_IND tc qdisc add dev $DEV parent 1:$CLASSID handle $HANDLE: sfq perturb 10 done ## Generate IP addresses ## IP_ADDRESSES="" # Subnet A BASE_IP=10.10.10. for ((i=2; i<=$IPS_NET1+1; i++)) do TEMP="$BASE_IP$i" IP=ADDRESSES="$IP_ADDRESSES $TEMP" done # Subnet B BASE_IP=192.168.0. for ((i=2; i<=$IPS_NET2+1; i++)) do TEMP="$BASE_IP$i" IP_ADDRESSES="$IP_ADDRESSES $TEMP" done ## FILTERS ## j=1 U32="tc filter add dev $DEV protocol ip parent 1:0 prio $PRIO_DEFAULT u32" for NET in $IP_ADDRESSES; do let CLASSID=($j+100) $U32_DEFAULT match ip src $NET/32 flowid 1:$CLASSID $U32_DEFAULT match ip dst $NET/32 flowid 1:$CLASSID let j=j+1 done Can you guys help me figure out what's wrong with it? basically I want my classes to be 1:1 (1.5 Mbit ) 1:10 (1024 Kbit) 1:20 (1024 Kbit) (200 ips each with 32 kbit)

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• How can the little guys effectively learn and use puppet?

  - by drumfire

  Six months ago, in our not-for-profit project we decided to start migrating our system management to a Puppet controlled environment because we are expecting our number of servers to grow substantially between now and a year from now. Since the decision has been made our IT guys have become a bit too annoyed a bit too often. Their biggest objections are: "We're not programmers, we're sysadmins"; Modules are available online but many differ from one another; wheels are being reinvented too often, how do you decide which one fits the bill; Code in our repo is not transparent enough, to find how something works they have to recurse through manifests and modules they might have even written themselves a while ago; One new daemon requires writing a new module, conventions have to be similar to other modules, a difficult process; "Let's just run it and see how it works" Tons of hardly known 'extensions' in community modules: 'trocla', 'augeas', 'hiera'... how can our sysadmins keep track? I can see why a large organisation would dispatch their sysadmins to puppet courses to become puppet masters. But how would smaller players get to learn puppet to a professional level if they do not go to courses and basically learn it via their browser and editor?

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• IIS6 Multiple SSL websites to a single HTTP website?

  - by docflabby

  Running a IIS6 server on Windows 2003. All the websites use ASP.NET I have a number of websites all running separate HTTP websites: www.domain1.com www.domain2.com www.domain3.com I have a separate HTTPS website www.secure.com These websites are all running on the same server. I now wish to intergrate the content of www.secure.com into each of the domains in a transparent way. Such that each website despite having its own SSL connection displays the same website. The complicatrion is www.secure.com needs to know which website the connection has come from to apply the appropriate branding. The idea behind this is to have only one website, and location, but it keeps the core website brand. https://domain1.com looks alot better from a marketing point of view (and avoids users getting confused about what our secure website is) SSL www.domain1.com/secure - displays www.secure.com (branded domain1) SSL www.domain2.com/secure - displays www.secure.com (branded domain2) SSL www.domain3.com/secure - displays www.secure.com (branded domain3) How would the best way of achieving this, i'm open to using additional software if necessery. Would a reverse proxy be sutible for this situation?

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• How to Protect Sensitive (HIPAA) SQL Server Standard Data and Log Files

  - by Quesi

  I am dealing with electronic personal health information (ePHI or PHI) and HIPAA regulations require that only authorized users can access ePHI. Column-level encryption may be of value for some of the data, but I need the ability to do like searches on some of the PHI fields such as name. Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) is a feature of SQL Server 2008 for encrypting database and log files. As I understand it this prevents someone who gains access to the MDF, LDF, or backup files from being able to do anything with the files because they are encrypted. TDE is only on enterprise and developer versions of SQL Server and enterprise is cost-prohibitive for my particular scenario. How can I get similar protection on SQL Server Standard? Is there a way to encrypt the database and backup files (is there a third-party tool)? Or just as good, is there a way to prevent the files from being used if the disk were attached to another machine (linux or windows)? Administrator access to the files from the same machine is fine, but I just want to prevent any issues if the disk were removed and hooked up to another machine. What are some of the solutions for this that are out there?

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• How to setup equivalent USVIDEO.ORG DNS-Proxy on Linux

  - by Gary

  I have a VPS in the USA running Ubuntu. I want to setup something similar to http://www.usvideo.org Basically, USVIDEO is a DNS service that allows Canadians to access American content like Hulu, Netflix, NBC, and etc (restricted by geographical IP). Here is how I think USVideo does it: Clients (PS3, XBOX, PC) specifies the DNS server(s) as specified on USVIDEO.org's website. If the DNS request is a video/audio site such as Netflix or Pandora, forward the request to a proxy. Otherwise, for all other requests, forward it to a different DNS server. If the specific video/audio URL is requested, return the address of the proxy server, which in turn relays traffic to the destination video/audio domain via the U.S. gateway so that it appears that the access is coming from a U.S. IP address. Once the DNS request has passed the U.S. IP address check, their proxy server steps out of the loop and lets the video streaming site contact you directly to start the video stream. This trick relies on the way that the video streaming sites check the country of your IP address once up front, but don't actually check the country of the destination IP address while the video is streaming. What is elegant about this solution is that a VPN Tunnel is not required to bypass geographical IP checks from certain websites. All that is required on the client side is to specify the DNS server (the VPS). If a certain site is geographically locked, just forward the traffic to a proxy, and that's it. These sites can be specified in the DNS entries, or perhaps in the proxy service to redirect the DNS request to its own proxy. I believe what I need to setup something similar is Squid Proxy, IPTables, and DNS. What I need help is how to exactly approach this? Would Squid Proxy be setup as a transparent proxy?

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• Squid, authentication, Outlook Anywhere, Windows 7 and HTTP 1.1 = NIGHTMARE

  - by Massimo

  I'm running a Squid proxy (latest version, 3.1.4) on Linux CentOS 5.4 with Samba 3.5.4, in order to allow authenticated web access for domain users; everything works fine, and even Windows 7 clients are fully supported. Authentication is transparent for domain users, while it is explicitly requested for non-domain ones, and it works if the user can provide valid domain credentials. All nice and good. Then, Outlook Anywhere kicks in and pain and suffering ensue. When Outlook (be it 2007 or 2010, it doesn't matter) runs on Windows XP clients, it connects gracefully through the Squid proxy to its remote Exchange server. When it runs on Windows 7, it doesn't. If the authentication requirement is lifted from the proxy, everything works on Windows 7 too, so the problem is obviously related to NTLM authentication with Squid. Digging more deeply (WireShark), I discovered Outlook Anywhere uses HTTP 1.1 when it runs on Windows 7, while it uses HTTP 1.0 when on Windows XP. And it looks like Squid, even in its latest incarnation, still has some serious troubles handling HTTP 1.1 properly, particularly when SSL and proxy authentication are thrown in the mix. While waiting for Squid to fully and officially support HTTP 1.1 (and it looks like this could take quite a long time), I'm looking for one of the following solutions: Make Squid handle this correctly, if it is at all possible. Identify Outlook Anywhere connections and have Squid not require authentication for them. But it isn't easy: again, the behaviour of Outlook differs when running on Windows XP and Windows 7, and while on Windows XP Outlook sends a really nice user-agent string of "MSRPC", on Windows 7 it doesn't send any (why? WHY?!?). Force Outlook Anywhere to use HTTP 1.0 even when running on Windows 7. And no, this is not as simple as deselecting "use HTTP 1.1" in Internet Explorer, looks like Outlook ignores that setting and chooses on its own which protocol to use. Any other feasible solution which doesn't involve whitelisting specific destination Exchange servers, which is the last-resort solution I'm trying to avoid.

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• Tips on setting up a virtual lab for self-learning networking topics

  - by Harry

  I'm trying to self-learn the following topics on Linux (preferably Fedora): Network programming (using sockets API), especially across proxies and firewalls Proxies (of various kinds like transparent, http, socks...), Firewalls (iptables) and 'basic' Linux security SNAT, DNAT Network admininstration power tools: nc, socat (with all its options), ssh, openssl, etc etc. Now, I know that, ideally, it would be best if I had 'enough' number of physical nodes and physical network equipment (routers, switches, etc) for this self-learning exercise. But, obviously, don't have the budget or the physical space, nor want to be wasteful -- especially, when things could perhaps be simulated/emulated in a Linux environment. I have got one personal workstation, which is a single-homed Fedora desktop with 4GB memory, 200+ GB disk, and a 4-core CPU. I may be able to get 3 to 4 additional low-end Fedora workstations. But all of these -- including mine -- will always remain strictly behind our corporate firewall :-( Now, I know I could use VirtualBox-based virtual nodes, but don't know if there are any better alternatives disk- and memory- footprint-wise. Would you be able to give me some tips or suggestions on how to get started setting up this little budget- and space-constrained 'virtual lab' of mine? For example, how would I create virtual routers? Has someone attempted this sort of thing before: namely, creating a virtual network lab behind a corporate firewall for learning/development/testing purposes? I hope my question is not vague or too open-ended. Basically, right now, I don't know how to best leverage the Linux environment and the various 'goodies' it comes with, and buying physical devices only when it is absolutely necessary.

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• Symbolic directory link shared in domain

  - by Sabre

  We have a file server that is 2008R2 STD, it is a member server in a 2008 AD. I need to relocate some of the files and directories and would like to do it behind the scenes more or less without impacting the users. (Reason for this is that some of the files, due to recent software changes, HAVE to be located locally on one of the workstations, but they can be accessed by other applications remotely.) So symbolic links seem the panacea here, I moved a directory to another network share in the same domain (Windows 7 professional), created a symlink to it in the location it used to be in, named it the same thing, and to the local user it seems almost transparent. I.E. When logged into the desktop of the file server, I can go to the directory, open the link, it leaps to the other share as if it were local, exactly what would be expected. Then I tried it from another client computer (Windows 7 professional as well), went through the normal provisioning of R2R and L2R with fsutil... No joy. What I am getting is an access denied "Logon failure: Unknown username or bad password." using the same account that I log on locally to the file server with (Which happens to be the domain admin) So I cannot believe it is telling the truth, or... I assume it is not passing the credentials I am connecting to the first share all the way through the symlink. The end result is I want users on the domain to browser to share A, inside share A is a mixture of directories/files that reside there, and symlinks to directories/files on the second machine over the network in the same domain. Possible? Or am I misunderstanding how the symlink should work?

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• Hardening non-root standalone Linux Tomcat install

  - by NoozNooz42

  I want to know if you have any tips as to how to strengthen the security of a non-root install of Tomcat in standalone mode once Tomcat is already installed in a non-root account, in standalone mode. I precise this because, for example, I'm not at all interested by the answers given here (because both Java and Tomcat requires root priviledges there to be installed and I've got zero interest in running jsvc): http://serverfault.com/questions/43765 So far, here's what I've done for my non-root standalone Tomcat 6 install: download and install the JRE .bin provided by Oracle/Sun (no need to be root here) (no need for a full JDK anymore right seen that Jasper [Tomcat's JSP engine] has its own compiler now right?) download and tar -xzf tomcat 6 (no need to be root here) set up transparent port-forwarding (must be root here) Note that my distribution is a Debian one and I have exactly zero interest in downloading Debian package / backports / whatever... Because, once again, I DO NOT want to need to be root to install Java & Tomcat. The only moment I needed to be root was to configure the firewall to transparently do the port forwarding 80 <-- 8080 and 443 <-- 8443. I then deleted all the default webapps but one: cd ~/apache-tomcat-6.0.26/webapps rm -rf docs rm -rf examples/ rm -rf manager/ rm -rf ROOT/ What about the directory ~/apache-tomcat-6.0.26/webapps/host-manager, do I need it or can I delete it? So, once I've installed Tomcat standalone in a non-root account (and taken into account that I don't want to enter the root password anymore and that I don't plan to install the whole Apache shebang), what more can I do? Are there connectors I can disable? (how?)

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• Odd behavior of setting REMOTE_ADDR between Apache, Nginx, and AWS ELB

  - by Chris Drumgoole

  I have encountered a strange issue and am curious if others have encountered this as well. and if there is absolutely anything that can be done.. We have a set up where we have multiple AWS EC2 Linux machines sitting behind a ELB. The EC2 machines are running Nginx. Let's refer to these as my production machines (because they are!) I also have a Rackspace cloud machine running apache. Completely separate. Let's call this the test server. Now, there's a ISP here in Singapore that seems to be funneling traffic through a transparent proxy or something, and when you do a IP check, the IP often changes. In fact, I noticed that when I check on http://www.whatismyip.com, the ip seems to be stable (doesn't change) across refreshes. But, http://www.whatismyipaddress.com, on refreshing, the IP changes! (so my ISP is doing weird stuff). Now, back to my set up, I noticed a couple of things: Checking the REMOTE_ADDR variable from PHP when connecting to a single Nginx production machine (bypassing the load balancer), is set to the stable IP that does change. Checking the REMOTE_ADDR variable from PHP when connecting to the test Apache server, it is set to the IP that does change on refreshes. Checking the headers when connecting to the nginx production machines through the ELB, the ELB sets the HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR to the stable IP. Has anyone experienced this odd behavior? Is there nothing that I can do? And which IP should I "trust"? (the one Apache gives, or the one ELB and Nginx gives?) Thanks! Chris

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• Replacing local home server with VPS: Suggestions?

  - by CamronBute

  So right now, I'm running an old box with a 2TB HDD in it. I use this as a file server for the home network, as well as a box for downloading large files which are synced via Dropbox. Lots of other tinkering things, too. Basically, I'm sick of paying extra for the power and having to worry about drive failures and whatnot. I'd rather get a remote server, let someone else manage it and provide access from the Internet. So, I've been looking for a Windows VPS that would give me access to install things and tinker, and I'm having a problem finding a host that offers more than 100GB of hard drive space. If they do offer a package with 100GB of storage, everything else is waaayyyy more than what I actually need. The idea is to create a permanent VPN connection from the cloud server to my home network to provide a transparent solution so I'm not having to go to lengths to transfer files or whatnot. I think a VPS solution will allow me to do this. I would like 1TB of storage space, minimum 100Mbps Internet connection, minimum 250GB bandwidth, admin access. Anyone have anything? Or am I being unreasonable? If I am, why?

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• Menu command stuck on screen

  - by 280Z28

  For some reason, periodically when I select a menu command, the command label gets "stuck" on the screen and won't go away. I can close all open applications, including whichever one I was using when it got stuck, but it still won't go away. In the screenshot below, I opened an new instance of IE just to show how the label stays on top. The label was not created by this instance of IE. Edit with the source: The label that gets stuck is the first menu command I select in IE. If a label is already stuck, a new one does not get stuck (regardless of which instance(s) of IE are involved). Based on this knowledge, I now just open IE on my secondary monitor, carefully open the context menu so the Properties command is in the bottom corner, and click it. This is not a solution... The label never moves and is transparent to mouse input (if I click it, it's as if I clicked the item behind it). The label does not go away if I close all running applications. I haven't tried stopping services or closing system tray items like Live Mesh. The label does go away if I change the screen resolution and then change it back. Any ideas how I can stop this from happening? It's happened a half dozen times since yesterday and it's becoming quite disrupting to my work. Obviously I added the circle in MS Paint. That part isn't stuck. ;)

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• Unable to get squid working for remote users

  - by Sean

  I am trying to setup squid 3.2.4, but I have not been able to get it working for remote users. Works fine locally. Unable to figure out what I am doing wrong... http_port 3128 transparent ssl-bump generate-host-certificates=on dynamic_cert_mem_cache_size=4MB cert=/usr/share/ssl-cert/myCA.pem refresh_pattern ^ftp: 1440 20% 10080 refresh_pattern ^gopher: 1440 0% 1440 refresh_pattern -i (/cgi-bin/|\?) 0 0% 0 refresh_pattern . 0 20% 4320 acl localnet src 10.0.0.0/8 # RFC 1918 possible internal network acl localnet src 172.16.0.0/12 # RFC 1918 possible internal network acl localnet src 192.168.0.0/16 # RFC 1918 possible internal network acl localnet src fc00::/7 # RFC 4193 local private network range acl localnet src fe80::/10 # RFC 4291 link-local (directly plugged) machines acl SSL_ports port 443 acl Safe_ports port 80 # http acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp acl Safe_ports port 443 # https acl Safe_ports port 70 # gopher acl Safe_ports port 210 # wais acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http acl CONNECT method CONNECT http_access allow manager localhost http_access deny manager http_access deny !Safe_ports http_access allow localhost http_access allow localnet http_access allow all cache deny all via off forwarded_for off header_access From deny all header_access Server deny all header_access WWW-Authenticate deny all header_access Link deny all header_access Cache-Control deny all header_access Proxy-Connection deny all header_access X-Cache deny all header_access X-Cache-Lookup deny all header_access Via deny all header_access Forwarded-For deny all header_access X-Forwarded-For deny all header_access Pragma deny all header_access Keep-Alive deny all acl ip1 localip 1.1.1.90 acl ip2 localip 1.1.1.91 acl ip3 localip 1.1.1.92 acl ip4 localip 1.1.1.93 acl ip5 localip 1.1.1.94 tcp_outgoing_address 1.1.1.90 ip1 tcp_outgoing_address 1.1.1.91 ip2 tcp_outgoing_address 1.1.1.92 ip3 tcp_outgoing_address 1.1.1.93 ip4 tcp_outgoing_address 1.1.1.94 ip5 tcp_outgoing_address 1.1.1.90

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• LSI MegaRAID LINUX got Optimal after degradation but strange POST message

  - by kesrut

  Linux server box with LSI MegaRAID controller got degraded. But after some time RAID status changed to Optimal. Adapter 0 -- Virtual Drive Information: Virtual Drive: 0 (Target Id: 0) Name : RAID Level : Primary-1, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-0 Size : 2.727 TB Mirror Data : 2.727 TB State : Optimal Strip Size : 256 KB Number Of Drives per span:2 Span Depth : 3 Default Cache Policy: WriteBack, ReadAdaptive, Cached, No Write Cache if Bad BBU Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAdaptive, Cached, No Write Cache if Bad BBU Default Access Policy: Read/Write Current Access Policy: Read/Write Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default Encryption Type : None Is VD Cached: No But now I'm getting RAID BIOS POST message: Your battery is either charging, bad or missing, and you have VDs configured for write-back mode. Because the battery is not currently usable, these VDs willl actually run in write-through mode until the battery is fully charged or replaced if it is bad or missing. (Image: http://cl.ly/image/1h1O093b1i2d) So may it be battery issue caused problem ? I get information about battery: BatteryType: iBBU Voltage: 4001 mV Current: 0 mA Temperature: 22 C Battery State : Operational BBU Firmware Status: Charging Status : None Voltage : OK Temperature : OK Learn Cycle Requested : No Learn Cycle Active : No Learn Cycle Status : OK Learn Cycle Timeout : No I2c Errors Detected : No Battery Pack Missing : No Battery Replacement required : No Remaining Capacity Low : No Periodic Learn Required : No Transparent Learn : No No space to cache offload : No Pack is about to fail & should be replaced : No Cache Offload premium feature required : No Module microcode update required : No Where can be problem ? I'm disabled alarms, but get them if enabled. But don't know how find root of problem.

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• transparently proxying a firewalled web application from a non-standard port to port 80

  - by Terrence Brannon

  I have a web application that serves on port 8088 on $server. However, the only port accessible from remote on $server is port 80. Furthermore, only CGI programs can execute on port 80. I would like to write a CGI program accessible via port 80 that allows one to use the web app running on port 8088. From my view, an ideal solution would be some sort of Java web browser that simply opened up a window and allowed me to use the program running on that port. The CGI program would simply initiate a web browser applet or something. I wrote a Perl CGI program that does it, but I really would like a more transparent solution: my $q = new CGI; print $q->header; use LWP::Simple; use HTML::Tree; my $base = "http://localhost:8088"; my $request = $base; my $qurl = $q->param('url'); if (length($qurl) > 1) { warn "long $qurl"; $request = "$base$qurl"; } else { warn "short $qurl"; } my $content = get($request); my $tree = HTML::TreeBuilder->new_from_content($content); my @a = $tree->look_down('_tag' => 'a'); for my $a (@a) { my $url = $a->attr('href'); next if index($url, '#') > -1 ; $url = "?url=$url"; $a->attr(href => $url); } print $tree->as_HTML;

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• SSD cache to minimize HDD spin-up time?

  - by sirprize

  short version first: I'm looking for Linux compatible software which is able to transparently cache HDD writes using an SSD. However, I only want to spin up the HDD once or twice a day (to write the cached data to the HDD). The rest of the time, the HDD should not be spinning due to noise concerns. Now the longer version: I have built a completely silent computer running Xubuntu. It has a A10-6700T APU, huge fanless cooler, fanless PSU, SSD. The problem is: it also has (and needs) a noisy HDD and I want to forbid spinning it up during the night. All writes should be cached on the SSD, reads are not needed in the night. Throughout every day, this computer will automatically download about 5 GB of data which will be retained for about a year, giving a total needed disk capacity of slightly less than 2 TB. This data is currently stored on a 3 TB noisy hard disk drive which is spinning day and night. Sometimes, I'll need to access some data from several months ago. However, most times I'll only need data from the last 14 days, which would fit on the SSD. Ideally, I'd like a transparent solution (all data on one filesystem) which caches all writes to the SSD, writing to the HDD only once a day. Reads would be served by the cache if they were still on the SDD, else the HDD would have to spin up. I have tried bcache without much success (using cache_mode=writeback, writeback_running=0, writeback_delay=86400, sequential_cutoff=0, congested_write_threshold_us=0 - anything missing?) and I read about ZFS ZIL/L2ARC but I'm not sure I can achieve my goal with ZFS. Any pointers? If all else fails, I will simply use some scripts to automatically copy files over to the big drive while deleting the oldest files from the SSD.

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• How to set up that specific domains are tunneled to another server

  - by Peter Smit

  I am working at an university as research assistant. Often I would like to connect from home to university resources over http or ssh, but they are blocked from outside access. Therefore, they have a front-end ssh server where we can ssh into and from there to other hosts. For http access they advise to set up an ssh tunnel like this ssh -L 1234:proxyserver.university.fi:8080 publicsshserver.university.fi and put the proxy settings of your browser to point to port 1234 All nice and working, but I would not like to let all my other internet traffic go over this proxy server, and everytime I want to connect to the university I have to do this steps again. What would I like: - Set up a ssh tunnel everytime I log in my computer. I have a certificate, so no passwords are needed - Have a way to redirect some wildcard-domains always through the ssh-server first. So that when I type intra.university.fi in my browser, transparently the request is going through the tunnel. Same when I want to ssh into another resource within the university Is this possible? For the http part I think I maybe should set up my own local transparent proxy to have this easily done. How about the ssh part?

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• Migrateing to Windows Server 2008 R2 Domain Controllers - a few Questions/Issues

  - by Chris

  Ok so here's our setup: We have 2 Windows2k3 Domain Controllers. I am trying to replace them with Windows 2008 R2. The Win2k3 servers are DC01 and DC02. The Windows2k8 servers are DC1 and DC2. I prepared the Windows Server 2003 Forest Schema for a Domain Controller That Runs Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2008 R2. Then with both of the new servers up as member servers I dcpromo'd DC1 using the advanced option and added it successfully to my exisiting domain. Roles are GC, DNS and Active Directory Domain Services.I transferred The PDC, RID pool manager and Infrastructure master FSMO to the new DC.(DC1) The Schema master and Domain naming master are still on the old DC (DC01). The first issue I'm encountering is when i dcpromo the second DC (DC2) and select "Replicate data over the network from and existing domain controller" I select the new DC to replicate from (DC1) I get the following error: "Failed to identify the requested replica partner (dc1.xxx.org) as a valid domain controller with a machine account for (DC2$). This is likely due to either the machine account not being replicated to this domain controller because of replication latency or the domain controller not advertising the Active Directory Domain Services. Please consider retrying the operation with \dc01.xxx.org as the replica partner. "The server is unwilling to process the request." Is this because the Schema master and Domain naming master roles are still on the old DC (DC01)? And if so, if I transfer Schema master and Domain naming master roles to DC1 what is the risk or breaking my AD? I'm a little paranoid because this process HAS to be transparent. ANY down time or interruption will result in me getting a verbal ass kicking from my I.T. Director. Both of the new servers DNS point the the old DNS servers (DC01 and DC02) not themselves by the way. Thanks in Advance -Chris

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• Forwarding HTTP Request with Direct Server Return

  - by Daniel Crabtree

  I have servers spread across several data centers, each storing different files. I want users to be able to access the files on all servers through a single domain and have the individual servers return the files directly to the users. The following shows a simple example: 1) The user's browser requests http://www.example.com/files/file1.zip 2) Request goes to server A, based on the DNS A record for example.com. 3) Server A analyzes the request and works out that /files/file1.zip is stored on server B. 4) Server A forwards the request to server B. 5) Server B returns file1.zip directly to the user without going through server A. Note: steps 4 and 5 must be transparent to the user and cannot involve sending a redirect to the user as that would violate the requirement of a single domain. From my research, what I want to achieve is called "Direct Server Return" and it is a common setup for load balancing. It is also sometimes called a half reverse proxy. For step 4, it sounds like I need to do MAC Address Translation and then pass the request back onto the network and for servers outside the network of server A tunneling will be required. For step 5, I simply need to configure server B, as per the real servers in a load balancing setup. Namely, server B should have server A's IP address on the loopback interface and it should not answer any ARP requests for that IP address. My problem is how to actually achieve step 4? I have found plenty of hardware and software that can do this for simple load balancing at layer 4, but these solutions fall short and cannot handle the kind of custom routing I require. It seems like I will need to roll my own solution. Ideally, I would like to do the routing / forwarding at the web server level, i.e. in PHP or C# / ASP.net. However, I am open to doing it at a lower level such as Apache or IIS, or at an even lower level, i.e. a custom proxy service in front of everything. Thanks.

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• How can I make the XAnalogTV xscreensaver fill my screen?

  - by Breakthrough

  I recently installed xscreensaver, as well as the additional/extra screensavers. Many of the OpenGL ones function correctly, going fullscreen as expected. However, for some reason, the XAnalogTV screensaver leaves two "blank" spots on the edges of my screen. If I manually launch XAnalogTV, it displays a window, which it fills correctly. When I maximize the window, the same effect occurs: the window maximizes, but the two edges of the screen are literally "transparent". This effect also occurs when the screensaver is set to fullscreen. For these reasons, I believe the problem may be related to the aspect ratio of the screen. The edges of the screen are literally "ignored", with nothing being drawn there. Specifically, note the transition between the maximized and full-screen screenshots (with the un-drawn whitespace shrinking as the vertical height has been increased). For reference, I am running Xubuntu 12.04 on a Dell Vostro 1520 (Intel P8600, Nvidia 9300M) with a 1440 x 900 display (16:10). I have also set the GetViewPortIsFullOfLies preference to true. Is there any way to force XAnalogTV to fill my entire screen? Alternatively, as I believe the problem is aspect-ratio related, is there any way I can get the screensaver to render larger than my display, and simply discard the extra pixels? Relevant screenshots (windowed, maximized, and full-screen, respectively): You can see in the last two that the scrollbar from Firefox is clearly visible, even though this is a full-screen screensaver.

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• Which is more secure: Tomcat standalone or Tomcat behind Apache?

  - by NoozNooz42

  This question is not about performance, nor about load-balancing, etc. Which would be more secure: running Tomcat in standalone mode or running Tomcat behind apache? The thing is, Tomcat is written in Java and hence it is pretty much immune to buffer overrun/overflow (unless a buffer overrun in a C-written lib used by Tomcat can be triggered, but they're rare [the last I remember was in zlib, many many moons ago] and one heck of a hack to actually exploit), which gets rid of a lot of potential exploits. This page: http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ/Security has this to say: There have been no public cases of damage done to a company, organization, or individual due to a Tomcat security issue... there have been only theoretical vulnerabilities found. All of those were addressed even though there were no documented cases of actual exploitation of these vulnerabilities. This, combined with the fact that buffer overrun/overflow are pretty much non-existent in Java, makes me believe that Tomcat in standalone mode is pretty secure. In addition to that, I can install both Java and Tomcat on Linux without needing to be root. The only moment I need to be root is to set up a transparent port 8080 to port 80 forwarding (and 8443 to 443). Two iptables line as root, that's all root is needed for. (I don't know for Apache). Apache is much more used than Tomcat and definitely does not have a security track record as good as Tomcat. What would make Tomcat + Apache more secure? What would make Tomcat + Apache less secure? In short: which is more secure, Tomcat standalone or Tomcat with Apache? (remembering that performance aren't an issue here)

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• iptables secure squid proxy

  - by Lytithwyn

  I have a setup where my incoming internet connection feeds into a squid proxy/caching server, and from there into my local wireless router. On the wan side of the proxy server, I have eth0 with address 208.78.∗∗∗.∗∗∗ On the lan side of the proxy server, I have eth1 with address 192.168.2.1 Traffic from my lan gets forwarded through the proxy transparently to the internet via the following rules. Note that traffic from the squid server itself is also routed through the proxy/cache, and this is on purpose: # iptables forwarding iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A POSTROUTING -t nat -j MASQUERADE # iptables for squid transparent proxy iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.2.1:3128 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 3128 How can I set up iptables to block any connections made to my server from the outside, while not blocking anything initiated from the inside? I have tried doing: iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -j REJECT But this blocks everything. I have also tried reversing the order of those commands in case I got that part wrong, but that didn't help. I guess I don't fully understand everything about iptables. Any ideas?

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• How can I make XAnalogTV fill my screen?

  - by Breakthrough

  I recently installed xscreensaver, as well as the additional/extra screensavers. Many of the OpenGL ones function correctly, going fullscreen as expected. However, for some reason, the XAnalogTV screensaver leaves two "blank" spots on the edges of my screen. If I manually launch XAnalogTV, it displays a window, which it fills correctly. When I maximize the window, the same effect occurs: the window maximizes, but the two edges of the screen are literally "transparent". This effect also occurs when the screensaver is set to fullscreen. For these reasons, I believe the problem may be related to the aspect ratio of the screen. The edges of the screen are literally "ignored", with nothing being drawn there. Specifically, note the transition between the maximized and full-screen screenshots (with the un-drawn whitespace shrinking as the vertical height has been increased). For reference, I am running Xubuntu 12.04 on a Dell Vostro 1520 (Intel P8600, Nvidia 9300M) with a 1440 x 900 display (16:10). I have also set the GetViewPortIsFullOfLies preference to true. Is there any way to force XAnalogTV to fill my entire screen? Relevant screenshots (windowed, maximized, and full-screen, respectively):

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• Are my Linux symbolic links acting correctly?

  - by Andy Castles

  Hi all I've been using Linux on and off for the last 15 years and today I came across something in bash that surprised me. Setup the following directory structure: $ cd /tmp $ mkdir /tmp/symlinktest $ mkdir /tmp/symlinktest/dir $ mkdir /tmp/symlinktarget Now create two sym links in symlinktest pointing to symlinktarget: $ cd /tmp/symlinktest $ ln -s ../symlinktarget Asym $ ln -s ../symlinktarget Bsym Now, in bash, the following tab completion does strange things. Type the following: $ cd dir $ cd ../A[TAB] Pressing the tab key above completes the line to: $ cd ../Asym/ as I expected. Now press enter to change into Asym and type: $ cd ../B[TAB] This time pressing the tab key completes the link to: $ cd ../Bsym[space] Note that there is now a space after the Bsym and there is no trailing slash. My question is, why when changing from the physical directory "dir" to Asym it recognises that Asym is a link to a directory, but when changing from one sym link to another, it doesn't recognise that it's a link to a directory? In addition, if I try to create a new file within Asym, I get an error message: $ cd /tmp/symlinktest/Asym $ cat hello > ../Bsym/file.txt -bash: ../Bsym/file.txt: No such file or directory I always thought that symlinks were mostly transparent except to programs that need to manipulate them. Is this normal behaviour? Many thanks, Andy

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