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• Trying to send email from nagios

  - by batman

  I'm very new to Nagios. I'm trying to send email alerts. But that doesn't seem to be working. But in my log of nagios I can see this : SERVICE ALERT: Appserver;Tmp directory;CRITICAL;HARD;1; Where host notifications are generated via email, only service alerts are not working. And when I look at sendEmail log I can see this : Sep 14 12:38:39 x.x.x.x. sendEmail[23005]: ERROR => You must specify a 'from' field! Try --help. Sep 14 12:39:39 x.x.x.x.x. sendEmail[23129]: ERROR => You must specify a 'from' field! Try --help. Sep 14 12:40:39 x-x-x-x-x sendEmail[23233]: ERROR => You must specify a 'from' field! Try --help. Where I'm making the mistake? Thanks in advance.

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• How to know if my nginx is in good health?

  - by Howard

  I am running a nginx on EC2 (m1.small) for SSL termination. I am using 2 workers on Ubuntu, with latest nginx (stable), the network throughput is around 2Mbps and system load average is around 2 to 3. I am wondering if this system is in good health for now, e.g. what is the queue length (I know nginx can handle a lot of concurrent request, but I mean before the request is being served, how many of them need to wait before being served) what is the average queue time for a given request to be served. I want to know because if my nginx is cpu bounded (e.g. due to SSL), I will need to upgrade to a faster instance. My current nginx status Active connections: 4076 server accepts handled requests 90664283 90664283 104117012 Reading: 525 Writing: 81 Waiting: 3470

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• HAProxy and 2 webservers

  - by enrico

  I have a website that is split into two different servers: chat server in node.js normal website (lighttpd + php + whatever) now, I have set HAProxy in the same machine as node.js chat, so that when my website is accessed, it will redirect to the chat login. (Eg: mysite.com/messenger) What I want to do now is to put a link on the chat page to send to the other part of the website which has a normal files tree, like home.php, photos.php, settings.php, etc. but I really have no clue how this whole redirection works. Also, what about URL rewriting? If I have like info.php?item=phone and want to change it to mysite.com/phone ... is this something I should do with HAProxy or with lighttpd? Thanks in advance.

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• Mount EC2 instance via SSH on Mac OS X

  - by darkporter

  OK I just can't figure this out. I have an EC2 instance, which I'm able to SSH into just fine with: ssh -i XXXX.pem [email protected] I can even make it slick from the command line by creating a ~/.ssh/config with this in it: Host XXXX HostName XXXX User ubuntu IdentityFile ~/.ec2/XXXX.pem Which allows me to simple do a ssh XXXX with no -i option. Now, I want to mount this via SSH. I've tried MacFuse/SSHFS, MacFusion and ExpandDrive, but no luck. It's supposed to "just work" but the SSH-related command line utilities and the Keychain Access program in OS X is confusing and opaque to me. From what I've read, these GUI programs don't care about .ssh/config, they care about the Keychain. Somehow I can associate my domain name I'm connecting to with a particular "identity" private key file (.pem file) but I have no idea how. I tried this: ssh-add -K XXXX.pem Which does add to the Keychain but it's not associated to a particular domain. These GUI mounting programs I mentioned all just spin and do nothing when I try to connect passwordless. No keychain prompt, no nothing. I've pretty much given up and I'm thinking about just setting up an SMB server, but I'd rather just go over SSH since I believe it's possible.

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• Cloud based backup solutions based on open standards?

  - by Rick

  I am looking for a solution to backup and consolidate important media from a couple Windows laptops and Mac laptop. I would like a solutions that based on open standards, so my data isn't trapped by proprietary formats and proprietary protocols. I would like the ability to switch clients or change providers in the future. For example, something like Jungle Disk plus S3 sounds like a great option. However, I am having trouble confirming how or if this can be setup meeting this criteria. Are there any real or de-facto standards for treating S3 as a filesystem? If so, what Windows and Mac clients support these standards?

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• ec2 LAMP REDhat distro change mysql password error

  - by t q

  i am on ec2 plain linux and wish to change my mySQL password ive tried: sudo mysqladmin -u root -p '***old***' password '***new****' then it prompts me to enter password then i enter ***old*** but i keep getting an error message mysqladmin: connect to server at 'localhost' failed error: 'Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)' question: how do i change my current password?

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• Is it secure to store the cert/key on a private AMI?

  - by Phillip Oldham

  Are there any major security implications to bundling a private AMI which contains the private key/certificate & environment variables? For resiliency I'm creating an EC2 image which should be able to boot and configure itself without any intervention. After boot it will attempt to: Attach & mount specific EBS volume(s) Associate a specific Elastic IP Start issuing backups of the EBS volume(s) to S3 However, to do this it will need the private key/pem files and will need certain environment variables to be available on start-up. Since this is a private AMI I'm wondering if it will be "safe" to store these variables/files directly in the image so that I don't need to specify any user-data information and can therefore start a new instance remotely (from my iPhone, if needed) should the instance be terminated for any reason.

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• sysbench memory test on ec2 small instance

  - by caribio

  I'm seeing a problem with sysbench memory test (the default version that's compiled in). This is on Ubuntu Maverick, sysbench installed via apt-get install sysbench. Running the same thing on Ubuntu @ Rackspace worked just as expected. While the CPU and I/O tests worked fine on EC2 servers, the memory test just runs without doing anything (notice the 0M in the test results). The instance used was the publicly available 'stock' Ubuntu image with no changes to it: ./ec2-run-instances ami-ccf405a5 --instance-type m1.small --region us-east-1 --key mykey Supplying more arguments (such as: --memory-block-size=1K --memory-total-size=102400M) didn't help. What am I doing wrong? Thanks. sysbench --num-threads=4 --test=memory run sysbench 0.4.12: multi-threaded system evaluation benchmark Running the test with following options: Number of threads: 4 Doing memory operations speed test Memory block size: 1K Memory transfer size: 0M Memory operations type: write Memory scope type: global Threads started! Done. Operations performed: 0 ( 0.00 ops/sec) 0.00 MB transferred (0.00 MB/sec) Test execution summary: total time: 0.0003s total number of events: 0 total time taken by event execution: 0.0000 per-request statistics: min: 18446744073709.55ms avg: 0.00ms max: 0.00ms Threads fairness: events (avg/stddev): 0.0000/0.00 execution time (avg/stddev): 0.0000/0.00

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• Session persistence between multiple Rails / Unicorn servers with Redis as session_store on AWS

  - by d_ethier

  I've got 2 nginx EC2 instances pointing to 2 Unicorn EC2 instances in a round robin load balanced configuration. The two nginx instances are being the Elastic Load Balancer. Both Unicorn instances have a Redis session_store configured which is in a master/slave configuration with an Elastic IP attached to the master. I've tried configuring the session stickiness on the load balancer, but sessions are lost on each page refresh. I'm using the redis-store gem for the session_store configuration and redis support. Anyone have any ideas as to why this is not working?

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• How do you get AWS VPC EC2 instances to be able to see the AWS APIs?

  - by Peter Mounce

  We're spinning up infrastructure inside of an AWS VPC via CloudFormation. We're using auto-scaling groups to bring up VPC-EC2 instances (so, we don't bring up instances directly; ASGs manage that). Inside of a PVC, EC2 instances only have a private IP; they cannot see the outside world without further work. When these instances spin up, we have some bootstrap tasks that require talking to the various AWS APIs. We also have some ongoing tasks that require AWS API traffic. How are you tackling this apparent chicken-egg problem? We've read about: NAT instances - but don't like this so much because it's another layer to our stack. assigning elastic-IPs to each VPC instance that needs to talk - but a) they all do, and b) since we're using ASGs, we don't know which instances to assign EIPs to at provision-time, and c) we'd need to set up something to monitor those ASGs and assign EIPs when instances are terminated and replaced spinning up an instance (actually, a load-balanced pair, probably spanning AZs) to act as an AWS-API proxy for all API traffic I guess I'm wondering whether there's some kind of back-door we can open that allows our VPC EC2 instances access to the AWS API endpoints, but nothing else, for cheap-complexity setup, that doesn't add another network-hop layer to our infrastructure for serving requests.

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• How can I make outbound requests from two servers that appear to come from the same IP address

  - by Brad

  I am making calls from an ec2 instance to a third party web service (over which I have no control). I would like to be able to scale horizontally, so that I can make these calls from multiple ec2 instances, but the web service I'm calling whitelists my IP, and for the sake of discussion let's assume I can't get another IP address whitelisted. How can I send requests from 2+ machines that appear to the web service to be from the same IP address? Thanks!

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• Merely installing PHP5 causes my AWS Ubuntu server to die minutes later from a massive CPU spike

  - by Mark Amery

  I have an AWS server with Ubuntu 11.04 as the OS that is running an Apache2 webserver (incidentally Python-based and using Django). We recently needed to add support for php5 to let us use a third party PHP library (incidentally for serving minified versions of js and css files). However, for no reason any of us can discern, if we simply run sudo apt-get install php5 on the server, then the install appears to finish successfully but, without us taking any further action (including not yet running sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5, which I think would be the next step for us if everything worked), or actually running any PHP scripts on the server, a few minutes later the server becomes impossible to connect to, and looking at the 'Monitoring' tab for the server in the EC2 Management Console reveals that a while after the installation, CPU usage spikes to 100% and stays there permanently (until we reboot the server from the AWS Console). After rebooting, the server also reliably dies within a few (between 0 and 10) minutes. We restored the server to a pre-PHP state from an AMI Image, observed that it was stable, and then tried installing PHP5 again and observed the server die in exactly the same way, so we're pretty much certain that installing PHP5 is what causes the symptoms. What on earth could be causing this behaviour, and how can we get PHP installed on the server without it dying?

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• Issues Deploying Functional WAR to Elastic Beanstalk with Tomcat7

  - by BFar

  I am currently deploying OpenTripPlanner (http://github.com/OpenPlans/OpenTripPlanner.git) to Elastic Beanstalk. I'm able to successfully build and deploy opentripplanner with my own customized settings on an ec2. I have set it up so that the appropriate WAR file can be placed in the Tomcat/Webapps folder, and when Tomcat is started up, it will auto-deploy, and even download open trip planner's graph.obj from an S3. All of that works just fine, except when I try to deploy to Elastic Beanstalk. When I upload to Elastic Beanstalk, the log shows that my WAR file is successfully unpacked & successfully downloads the graph.obj from my S3. The only difference is that then nothing happens and I can't load the site in my browser. The health is RED, and I can't figure out what is going on. I've tried looking into ports and dns issues, but I can't determine what's wrong. Anyone have any ideas? Why would a WAR that works on tomcat7 outside of Beanstalk fail to be accessible?

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• How can I setup nginx to serve virtualhosts with rails(unicorn/passenger) and php-fpm

  - by NewAlexandria

  I would like to serve multiple sites on one instance. I install nginx, php-fpm, and a rails app. I use sites like this to guide me. I configure php-fpm to listen to a local socket listen = /var/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock I configure ngnix with multiple hosts: include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf I have several site php conf files like /etc/nginx/conf.d/site1.conf server { listen 80; server_name site1.com www.site1.com; root /var/www/site1; location / { index index.html index.php; } location ~ \.php$ { fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root/$fastcgi_script_name; } } and rails site conf files like upstream rails { server 127.0.0.1:3000; } server { listen 80; server_name site2.com www.site2.com; root /var/www/site2; location / { proxy_pass http://rails; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Url-Scheme $scheme; } } I have a unicorn rails server running via rails s -p 3000 Yet, no sites come up for either site1.com or site2.com. I can get to the rails site at www.site2.com:3000 What is wrong? I've spent 2 days (nearly 30hr) trying many different blogs, SO / SF questions, etc. Please share your insight or answer. edit 1: No log entries are created when I try to visit either site. It's like the requests never come in.

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• EC2 AMI won't boot after edit

  - by Eric Lars0n

  I did something stupid, I got a new laptop and copied everything over to the new one, then wiped the old one clean. Then I realized that I forgot to copy the private key out of .ssh that I use to connect to my AWS EBS backed instance. So I can't log in to my custom AMI. So I created a new Volume from the Snapshot of the AMI, then started up a public instance and attached the Volume to it, edit the sshd_config to allow for password log in. Unmounted the volume, detached it, made a snapshot of it, then made a new AMI from the snapshot. The new AMI launches, but never passes the Status Checks and is not reachable. What am I doing wrong? Or alternatively how can I fix my problem? Edit: Adding some of the console output Linux version 2.6.16-xenU ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.0.1 20050727 (Red Hat 4.0.1-5)) #1 SMP Mon May 28 03:41:49 SAST 2007 BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Xen: 0000000000000000 - 000000006a400000 (usable) 980MB HIGHMEM available. 727MB LOWMEM available. NX (Execute Disable) protection: active IRQ lockup detection disabled RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize NET: Registered protocol family 2 Registering block device major 8 XENBUS: Timeout connecting to devices! Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(8,0)

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• Optimal Instance Size for EC2 Sharepoint Server

  - by Rob Wilkerson

  I'm surprised that I can't find any info about this, but I'm not a Windows admin and just a novice EC2 user. I have a client who wants to stand up a Sharepoint server on EC2 for internal use. The team is small (10-20) folks and traffic will be light. Mostly, the client is looking for one place to store documents (and revisions of documents) while making access easy for authenticated users anywhere in the world. They've settled on Sharepoint and have other EC2 instances so that seems like the natural fit, but I'm trying to figure out what to recommend for them. I'm currently thinking about a Medium instance. I'm afraid to go smaller because I think Windows would need a fair amount of memory just to run, but I'm very open to suggestions. Any advice would be much appreciated. I expect that the storage itself would happen in an EBS mount, but again, suggestions welcome. Thanks for your input.

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• HAProxy and Intermediate SSL Certificate Issue

  - by Sam K

  We are currently experiencing an issue with verifying a Comodo SSL certificate on an Ubuntu AWS cluster. Browsers are displaying the site/content fine and showing all the relevant certificate information (at least, all the ones we've checked), but certain network proxies and the online SSL checkers are showing we have an incomplete chain. We have tried the following to try to resolve this: Upgraded haproxy to the latest 1.5.3 Created a concatenated ".pem" file containing all the certificate (site, intermediate, w/ and w/out root) Added an explicit "ca-file" attribute to the "bind" line in our haproxy.cfg file. The ".pem" file verifies OK using openssl. The various intermediate and root certificates are installed and showing in /etc/ssl/certs. But the checks still come back with an incomplete chain. Can anyone advise about anything else we can check or any other changes we can make to try to fix this? Many thanks in advance... UPDATE: The only relevant line from the haproxy.cfg (I believe), is this one: bind *:443 ssl crt /etc/ssl/domainaname.com.pem

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• OpenVPN (HideMyAss) client on Ubuntu: Route only HTTP traffic

  - by Andersmith

  I want to use HideMyAss VPN (hidemyass.com) on Ubuntu Linux to route only HTTP (ports 80 & 443) traffic to the HideMyAss VPN server, and leave all the other traffic (MySQL, SSH, etc.) alone. I'm running Ubuntu on AWS EC2 instances. The problem is that when I try and run the default HMA script, I suddenly can't SSH into the Ubuntu instance anymore and have to reboot it from the AWS console. I suspect the Ubuntu instance will also have trouble connecting to the RDS MySQL database, but haven't confirmed it. HMA uses OpenVPN like this: sudo openvpn client.cfg The client configuration file (client.cfg) looks like this: ############################################## # Sample client-side OpenVPN 2.0 config file # # for connecting to multi-client server. # # # # This configuration can be used by multiple # # clients, however each client should have # # its own cert and key files. # # # # On Windows, you might want to rename this # # file so it has a .ovpn extension # ############################################## # Specify that we are a client and that we # will be pulling certain config file directives # from the server. client auth-user-pass #management-query-passwords #management-hold # Disable management port for debugging port issues #management 127.0.0.1 13010 ping 5 ping-exit 30 # Use the same setting as you are using on # the server. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. #;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel # if you have more than one. On XP SP2, # you may need to disable the firewall # for the TAP adapter. ;dev-node MyTap # Are we connecting to a TCP or # UDP server? Use the same setting as # on the server. proto tcp ;proto udp # The hostname/IP and port of the server. # You can have multiple remote entries # to load balance between the servers. # All VPN Servers are added at the very end ;remote my-server-2 1194 # Choose a random host from the remote # list for load-balancing. Otherwise # try hosts in the order specified. # We order the hosts according to number of connections. # So no need to randomize the list # remote-random # Keep trying indefinitely to resolve the # host name of the OpenVPN server. Very useful # on machines which are not permanently connected # to the internet such as laptops. resolv-retry infinite # Most clients don't need to bind to # a specific local port number. nobind # Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only) ;user nobody ;group nobody # Try to preserve some state across restarts. persist-key persist-tun # If you are connecting through an # HTTP proxy to reach the actual OpenVPN # server, put the proxy server/IP and # port number here. See the man page # if your proxy server requires # authentication. ;http-proxy-retry # retry on connection failures ;http-proxy [proxy server] [proxy port #] # Wireless networks often produce a lot # of duplicate packets. Set this flag # to silence duplicate packet warnings. ;mute-replay-warnings # SSL/TLS parms. # See the server config file for more # description. It's best to use # a separate .crt/.key file pair # for each client. A single ca # file can be used for all clients. ca ./keys/ca.crt cert ./keys/hmauser.crt key ./keys/hmauser.key # Verify server certificate by checking # that the certicate has the nsCertType # field set to "server". This is an # important precaution to protect against # a potential attack discussed here: # http://openvpn.net/howto.html#mitm # # To use this feature, you will need to generate # your server certificates with the nsCertType # field set to "server". The build-key-server # script in the easy-rsa folder will do this. ;ns-cert-type server # If a tls-auth key is used on the server # then every client must also have the key. ;tls-auth ta.key 1 # Select a cryptographic cipher. # If the cipher option is used on the server # then you must also specify it here. ;cipher x # Enable compression on the VPN link. # Don't enable this unless it is also # enabled in the server config file. #comp-lzo # Set log file verbosity. verb 3 # Silence repeating messages ;mute 20 # Detect proxy auto matically #auto-proxy # Need this for Vista connection issue route-metric 1 # Get rid of the cached password warning #auth-nocache #show-net-up #dhcp-renew #dhcp-release #route-delay 0 120 # added to prevent MITM attack ns-cert-type server # # Remote servers added dynamically by the master server # DO NOT CHANGE below this line # remote-random remote 173.242.116.200 443 # 0 remote 38.121.77.74 443 # 0 # etc... remote 67.23.177.5 443 # 0 remote 46.19.136.130 443 # 0 remote 173.254.207.2 443 # 0 # END

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• ec2 ami device mapping

  - by hortitude

  I have large ec2 Ubuntu image and I'm just looking through the devices. I noticed from the metadata that % curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/block-device-mapping/ami sda1 % curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/block-device-mapping/ephemeral0 sdb However when I look what is actually mounted there is /dev/xvda1 and /dev/xvdb (and there is no /dev/sd* ) I know that both names look somewhat valid from the AWS documentation, but it looks to me from this like there is a mismatch in the instance metadata and what is actually on the machine. Why don't they match?

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• Has ec2 made self-hosting possible for 'amateur' sysadmins possible?

  - by Blankman

  I'm a developer, and it seems ec2 has made it possible for a amateur sysadmin like me to setup and maintain a fairly large set of servers. Now I don't mean to undermine real sys admins, as I know the value of them but what I am trying to get at is that someone like me can setup and maintain a cluster of servers (front end web servers, with some db servers) using tools like ec2 and capistrano with the help of google. Now this isn't something I would do as a long term thing, but as a startup, one-man operation, I think I can pull this off until business takes off and I can hire this important role out. With ec2, I get my firewall, so I basically open up port 80 on my public facing server, which will run haproxy and route requests to my cluster of servers. Ofcourse I am simplifying the setup, but just want a feel for what you guys think about my perception. My application is a web application, that will be runing Ruby on rails (passenger) and talking to mysql or postgresql.

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• "Cannot allocate memory" while no process seems to be using up memory

  - by omat

  I am not competent on server issues, any help is much appreciated. When try to start a python/django shell on a linux box, I am getting OSError: [Errno 12] Cannot allocate memory. free -m seems to confirm I am out of memory: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 590 560 29 0 3 37 -/+ buffers/cache: 518 71 Swap: 0 0 0 But I cannot see what is eating up the memory with top or ps aux: PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1 root 20 0 24336 908 0 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.68 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:04.85 ksoftirqd/0 How can I identify the leak? Thanks. BTW, I am not sure if it is relevant, but the machine I am talking about is an AWS EC2 instance with Ubuntu 12 running.

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• I setup vsftpd on ubuntu server on my ec2 instance, how to connect using SSH?

  - by Blankman

  I connect to my ec2 instance using ssh so I don't have to login each time. I just installed vsftpd on the ubuntu server, but when I connect it obviously asks for my username and password. Since I connect using the ubuntu user that my AMI comes with, I don't even know the root password. Is there a way I can login via ftp using SSH? Or do I just create a user on the system for ftp purposes? I've locked ftp to my IP address, and I will shutdown the ftp service once I'm done as I dont need it running 99.99999% of the time.

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• Windows 2003 server RRAS on VPC

  - by Saif

  I'm trying to setup a L2TP VPN server(to give user access on to all my VPN instance) on a Windows 2003 instance running on my VPC. While trying to enable RRAS I'm getting error, "less than two network interfaces were detected on this machine". Eventually it's because there's only one network interface available, the which has private IP. I have elastic IP assigned to this instance as well. But RRAS can't see this. What should I do to RRAS to be able to see the interface with elastic IP?

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• aws s3 works with script but not on cron

  - by user3800017

  guys.. My first post ! hope not the last .. I have few bunch of servers on aws ec2 platforms. I made a simple script to backup my custom logs on their s3 storage bucket. The problem is the script works fine .. but I tried to add it to the crontab. And the script executes but not the s3 sync/mv part ! Here is my code: NOW=$(date "+%b_%d_%Y") MY_HOSTNAME=`uname -n` mv /opt/req/req* /opt/req/bkup/ mv /opt/response/res* /opt/req/bkup/ cd /opt/req/bkup/ tar -cvf ${MY_HOSTNAME}_req_bkup_${NOW}.tar re* rm *.txt aws s3 mv /opt/req/bkup/* s3://req `

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• Intermittent apt-get 'no installation candidate' error on fabric deploy

  - by jberryman

  I'm experiencing a strange issue with a fabric script I'm using to bootstrap a server on EC2. I launch a stock Ubuntu 12.04 AMI, wait for it to start, then proceed with: with settings(host_string="ubuntu@%s" % i.dns_name, connection_attempts=30): sudo('apt-get -qy update') sudo('apt-get -qy install --no-install-recommends mdadm') # don't install postfix #etc... The apt-get update appears to run fine and gives no errors, however (2/3 of the time or so) installing mdadm throws a "no installation candidate" error. When I ssh into the server and run apt-get install mdadm I get the same error. Running apt-get update by hand, then the package installs fine. Any ideas on what might be happening, or ideas for debugging?

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