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• What is the ip range of EC2

  - by Nicolas Kassis

  I'd like to setup a rule to block ssh request from EC2 since I've been seeing a large amount of ssh based attack from there and was wondering if anyone knew what their IP ranges are. EDIT: Thank you for the answer, I went ahead and implemented the iptables rules as follow. I ignore all traffic for the moment. Logging it just to see if the rules are working and for stats on how much crap EC2 is sending out ;) #EC2 Blacklist $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 67.202.0.0/18 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 67.202.0.0/18 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 72.44.32.0/19 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 72.44.32.0/19 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 75.101.128.0/17 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 75.101.128.0/17 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 174.129.0.0/16 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 174.129.0.0/16 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 204.236.192.0/18 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 204.236.192.0/18 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 204.236.224.0/19 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 204.236.224.0/19 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 79.125.0.0/17 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 79.125.0.0/17 -j DROP

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• How to enlarge a PDF document on Kindle?

  - by Gus

  Kindle doesn't zoom in a PDF document, so I'd like to know if there is a way to enlarge the file myself before it being displayed on the kindle screen. I've tried to convert some PDF files to the .azw kindle format, but the images weren't converted. So I have to find another way.

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• Dynamically loading chef recipies from URLs

  - by andy

  I'm deploying a web app on AWS. I intend to use chef to build AMIs which I'll then put into production. I want to have Chef monitor a URL stored in simpleDB. The URL would point to a tarball in S3. There would be different URLs, one for a config tarball, one for a code tarball. When I update the URL in simpleDB, I want chef to spot this and pull in and apply the configs/deploy the code. Is this possible? Has anything like this been done before or would I need to roll my own code? I think Chef can monitor URLs, but how would be the best way of getting it to load that URL from simpleDB?

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• Renting an "EC2" server VS buying one (for a start up in initial stages)

  - by krish p

  We are a small start up in the early stages and are working on a SaaS-based Rails product. Currently, we use EC2 for a small instance and have a need for another large/extra-large instance as we are beginning to deploy to the Cloud and get ready to release our "alpha" version. While EC2 was my choice for numerous reasons (reliability, accessibility - small team is geographically dispersed, maintainability, and things of that nature), it appears to be rather expensive. While the product will ultimately be deployed in the Cloud (be it EC2 or otherwise) and that experience would help the development team, would it make sense to purchase a physical server and stick it in the basement or bite the bullet and pay the price for EC2 (or other Cloud Providers)? While such decisions are driven by numerous factors, it would certainly help to get the thoughts of other folks who may have been in similar situations. Hence, the post. Thanks much!

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• Options for PCI-DSS on AWS - file integrity monitoring and intrusion detection

  - by Brill Pappin

  I need to deploy some file integrity monitoring and intrusion detections software on AWS instances. I really wanted to use OSSEC, however it does not work well in an environment where servers can auto deploy and shut down based on load, because it requires server managed keys to be generated. Including the agent in the AMI will not allow monitoring as soon as it comes up because of that. There are many options out there, and several are listed in other posts on this site, however none that I've seen so far deal with the unique problems inherent in AWS or cloud based deployments in general. Can anyone point me at some products, preferably open source, that we might use to cover those portions of PCI DSS that require this software? Has anyone else achieved this on AWS?

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• Migrating an Active Directory domain controller to AWS

  - by Xavier Hutchinson

  I am required to migrate a Active Directory server into AWS with a couple other servers (SQL and IIS) to create a dev and test environment for our network / development. My plan at this time is to simply rebuild the Active Directory server in AWS from scratch - which is quite time consuming indeed! I was wondering if anyone had a recommendation as to a better and more efficient approach of migrating a copy of a physical Active Directory server to the cloud? The server is Windows Server 2012. Thank you!

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• How to install PHPMyAdmin on Linux EC2 instance?

  - by David

  I just finished setting up a default Linux EC2 instance and would like to install PHPMyAdmin. I already have Apache and MySQL installed but cannot seem to install PHPMyAdmin. I tried using sudo apt-get phpmyadmin but the command apt-get is not recognized. I also tried sudo yum install phpmyadmin but that I get the message No package phpmyadmin available. Any suggestions on what I am doing wrong?

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• Best configuration and deployment strategies for Rails on EC2

  - by Micah

  I'm getting ready to deploy an application, and I'd like to make sure I'm using the latest and greatest tools. The plan is to host on EC2, as Heroku will be cost prohibitive for this application. In the recent past, I used Chef and the Opscode platform for building and managing the server infrastructure, then Capistrano for deploying. Is this still considered a best (or at least "good") practice? The Chef setup is great once done, but pretty laborious to set up. Likewise, Capistrano has been good to me over the past several years, but I thought I'd take some time to look around and seeing if there's been any landscape shifts that I missed.

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• Not able to login to new AMI on EC2 - moveing from micro to small instance

  - by zengr

  I had a t1.micro instance (old_server) on Linux on EC2 and now I need to upgrade my server to m1.small Linux (new_server). So, here is what I did: Shutdown old_server and create an AMI. Launch the new AMI with m1.small configuration. (I kept the key and security group same as old_server) I tried to login by: ssh -i my_key.pem [email protected] But, it gives a connection timeout error. My login to old_server works fine. So, my question is: What is the correct way to scale up (vertically) an EC2 instance? Where am I going wrong in the above mentioned step? When I create an AMI in step 1, is the EBS (data) also copied.

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• Production deployment to EC2 with minimal downtime

  - by jensendarren

  I have a simple web application deployed on a large instance with EC2. I now want to deploy the latest code to this server but I want to do this in a way which minimizes downtime and is a smooth as possible for the end user. Here is my plan: Fire up another large instance Install all the software layers on that instance Restore and attach an EBS drive to the instance Deploy our latest production ready code on the new instance Run all tests (including manual testing of the application) (If tests pass) Put a "Site Under Maintenance" notice on the live site. Backup the EBS instance on the live site Detach the EBS instance from the new server and replace with the latest backup Use ec2-associate-address to move the IP address to the new instance Sit back and wait for traffic to start flowing though the new instance Terminate the old instance Does this seem like a good strategy? Are there any tutorials or books that might cover this topic? I have already read Cloud Application Architectures by George Reese, which is an excellent book, but does not cover deployment. Additionally, I know that there are tools that can help with this like RightScale or enStratus which I will use when I start using more than one instance.

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• No HTTP Response from Tomcat 7 EC2 instance

  - by David Kaczynski

  I am new to EC2 (and Tomcat, for that matter), and I am trying to deploy a vanilla Tomcat 7 server to an Ubuntu 12.04.1 EC2 instance and access the default test site over HTTP. My EC2 instance is running, and the Security Group includes port 80: My /etc/tomcat7/server.xml config has been edited to listen for HTTP requests on port 80: 0 I have restarted my Tomcat 7 server via sudo service tomcat7 restart. However, according to sudo netstat -lnp, Tomcat is not listed as listening over port 80: I am unable to get any response from going to the ...amazonaws.com public DNS in a web browser. What am I missing?

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• Schedule EC2 instances

  - by mattcodes

  I want to be able to schedule some simple EC2 EBS backed instances (already configured) to start at 8am and stop at 4pm. This is only time I'll be using my integration server. Is there a simple services (paid or not) that I can use to handle this. All I found so far is to buy a cheap VPS at linode or somewhere and install ec2 tools and schedule via crontab, but what a PITA that is to. On the other end is something enterprisey like Rightscale but not my idea of simple.

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• EC2 instances keep becoming inaccessible via SSH, can I use elastic loadbalancer to check SSH connectivity?

  - by Rick

  This is mainly an issue for my development ec2 server as it seems that my instance keeps becoming inaccessible via SSH. It happened yesterday so I killed that one and started a new one and happened again later today. The server still works, my web application is accessible in a web browser but whenever I try to connect via SSH I get a pemrission denied (public key) error message in my terminal. I am 100% sure I am doing nothing wrong as I can create a new instance of the exact same AMI (its a personal custom AMI), change absolutely nothing, including using the same .pem key, and then am able to SSH into that new instance using the exact same command as before (just changing the IP address). I understand that ec2 can have issues but having this happen every day seems a bit odd.. I am using an m2.xlarge instance so I don't know if these tend to be unstable, in the past I have used a small instance and had it running for months with no problems which is why I find this so odd. I am looking into using loadbalancing but it seems the only "health" checks they offer is for http or tcp so I'm not sure if I can make it monitor for SSH connectivity. This is important for development as I may make 1-2 new pushes of an application a day and use SSH to do this. I have a designer that needs to have the app always accessible as he works with the front-end files to test output with the live application. Anyways, any advice / info is appreciated

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• Determine Server specs for a Rails with MySQL database (on AWS)

  - by Rogier

  I developed a intranet applications with Rails (3.2) for one of my customers. There will be around 30-40 employees working with it. Backend is MySQL (5). What would be the best way to determine the servers specs needed? Given: max. load will be roughly 2400 (40*60) HTTP requests (mixed GET / POST) per hour. 15% of these calls are JSON calls (iOS) avg request will make between 5-10 database calls 500-800 SQL INSERTS per day webpages are fairly simple (no images, just text) avg webpage is 15 request (css/js/etc) and total size is 35-45 KB More specific, since they need access from multiple geographical locations, we are thinking of running a bitnami Ruby stack in the AWS cloud (uptime is important). Any thoughts on a AWS Instance (small/medium) and Utilization (light/medium/heavy) ? Thanks!

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• Scaling a video processing application on EC2?

  - by Stpn

  I am approaching the need to scale a video-processign application that runs on EC2. So far the setup is one machine: Backbonejs frontend Rails 3.2 Postgresql Resque + S3 for storage The flow of the app is as follows: 1) Request from frontend. Upload a video. 2) Storing video 3) Quering external APIs. 4) Processing / encoding videos. 5) Post to frontend. I can separate the backend and frontend without any problems, but when it comes to distributing the backend between several servers I am a bit puzzled. I can probably come up with a temporary solution (like just duplicating apps making several instances), but since I don't really have expertise in backend system administration, there can be some fundamental mistakes.. Also I would rather have something that is scalable. I wonder if anyone can give some feedback on the following plan: A) Frontend machine. Just frontend, talks to backend via REST Api of sorts. B) Backend server (BS), main database. Gets request from 1), posts to 2) saves uploads to 3) C) S3 storage. D) Server for quering APIs. Basically just a Resque workers, that post info back to 2) E) Server for video encoding. Processes videos uploaded on 3) and uploads them back. So I will have: A)frontend \ \ B)MAIN_APP/DB ----- C)S3 Storage (Files) / \ / / \ / D)ExternalAPI_queries E)Video_Processing (redundant DB) (redundant DB) All this will supposedly talk to each other via HTTP requests. My reason for this is that Video Processing part is really the most resource-intensive and I would just run barebones application that accepts requests and starts processing them. Questions: 1) In this setup I will have the main database at B) and all other servers will communicate with it via HTTP requests (and store duplicates of databases also I guess..for safety reasons). Is it the right approach or should I have 1 database that everyone connects to (how then?) 2) Is it a good idea to separate API queries from Video Processing part? Logically they are very close (processing is determined by the result of API queries), but resource-wise Video Processing is waaay more intensive. 3) what should I use to distribute calls between backend apps based on load?

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• Upgrade Ubuntu linux-virtual on EC2

  - by James Ward

  I have an Ubuntu 10.10 EBS boot server on EC2. There are new updates available for it: linux-image-virtual linux-virtual Is it even ok to upgrade those packages on an EC2 server? When I do try to upgrade them I get: The following packages have been kept back: linux-image-virtual linux-virtual Should I do a dist-upgrade or something to force it? Will my instance be able to be rebooted?

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• root locked out of EC2

  - by Paco

  I was in the process of disabling root logins on an AWS EC2 instance. Right after setting PermitRootLogin no and restarting sshd, I closed the terminal on accident -- before setting up users with sudo privileges. The result is that my key to get into the instance as root does not work (sshd forbids it) and when I log into the instance using my regular user I can't gain root privileges (the root password was never set). The instance is running ubuntu 8.10. Anyone have any idea how can I fix this?

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• Production Instance : CLOSE_WAIT Connection Issue

  - by rajnikant

  I am using 10EC2 Instances behind 1 ELB. And ELB configured 80 to 8080 and 443 to 8080 port. And all 10EC2 instances having installed with Apache Tomcat, total request on ELB around 8000 to 10000 in 1 minute. I am facing problem for CLOSE_WAIT connection on 10 EC2 Instance, having Apache Tomcat. EC2 Instance Type : m1.xlarge When we restart the Apache Tomcat, all CLOSE_WAIT connections are lost, but its not proper way to work on Production Instances. Please help me out.

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• MongoDB data directory transfer and upgrade

  - by KPL

  I just transferred my data directory (of Mongo 1.6.5) to a new server and installed Mongo 2.0 on it. I set the data directory path and did sudo server mongod restart. It failed, and the log file output says this - ***** SERVER RESTARTED ***** Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] MongoDB starting : pid=8224 port=27017 dbpath=/database/mongodb 64-bit host=domU-12-31-39-09-35-81 Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] db version v2.0.0, pdfile version 4.5 Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] git version: 695c67dff0ffc361b8568a13366f027caa406222 Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] build info: Linux bs-linux64.10gen.cc 2.6.21.7-2.ec2.v1.2.fc8xen #1 SMP Fri Nov 20 17:48:28 EST 2009 x86_64 BOOST_LIB_VERSION=1_41 Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] options: { auth: "true", config: "/etc/mongod.conf", dbpath: "/database/mongodb", fork: "true", logappend: "true", logpath: "/var/log/mongo/mongod.log", nojournal: "true" } Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] couldn't open /database/mongodb/local.ns errno:1 Operation not permitted Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] error couldn't open file /database/mongodb/local.ns terminating Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 dbexit: Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] shutdown: going to close listening sockets... Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] shutdown: going to flush diaglog... Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] shutdown: going to close sockets... Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] shutdown: waiting for fs preallocator... Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] shutdown: closing all files... Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] closeAllFiles() finished Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 [initandlisten] shutdown: removing fs lock... Sun Oct 9 07:51:47 dbexit: really exiting now I have already run it with --upgrade once.

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• Running an rsync sweep before initializing lsyncd for synchronizing instances on EC2

  - by chrisallenlane

  My company uses several EC2 servers that will scale up and down according to the load we're receiving on our sites at any given moment. For the sake of our discussion here, we're running four instances: master.ourdomain.com - the file syncing "hub" of the webservers www1/www2/www3.ourdomain.com - three webservers which turn on or off as dictated by load I'm using lsyncd to keep all of the webservers in sync, and for the most part, it's working quite well. We're using a two-way syncing scheme, such that each webserver syncs against master, and master syncs against each webserver. Thus, the webservers are kept in sync, even though they aren't syncing against each other directly. I'm having one problem that I'm having a hard time solving,though. It occurs under these circumstances: When changes are made on master (perhaps after we've pushed new code), while some of the redundant webservers are sleeping And then a sleeping webserver wakes-up to absorb load Under that circumstance, I would like the following to happen: First, the newly-awoken webserver should sync its file structure - one way - against master, to bring its web application code up-to-date. Then, and only then, should it begin pushing changes in its file structure back to master. Unfortunately, currently, when a sleeping server is started, when lsyncd starts up, it pushes changes back to master before updating its own codebase, thus overwriting new code with old. Thus, before lsyncd starts, I'd like to be able to synchronize the webservers code against master's, perhaps by running a simple one-way rsync against the two machines. We're running lsyncd v.2, and I've tried to make this happen by using the "bash" configuration options documented in the lsyncd manual. My configuration file looks like this: settings = { logfile = "/home/user/log/lsyncd/log.txt", statusFile = "/home/user/log/lsyncd/status.txt", maxProcesses = 2, nodaemon = false, } bash = { onStartup = "rsync [email protected]:/home/user/www /home/user/www" } sync{ default.rsyncssh, source="/home/user/www/", host="[email protected]", targetdir="/home/user/www/", rsyncOpts="-ltus", excludeFrom="/home/user/conf/lsyncd/exclude" } (I've obviously redacted that file somewhat to protect the identities of the guilty.) Simply put, though, this just isn't working. How else might I approach this problem? I was looking at the --delete-after option in man rsync, but I don't think that does what I'm looking for. Are there any suggestions about how I should approach this problem? Thanks for lending your time and expertise. Chris

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• How to reliably recieve message from AWS that my instance was rebooted / terminated / stopped?

  - by Andrew Smith

  I have Nagios, and I want it to stop monitoring instances when they are stopped from the console. The requirements are: The message passed from AWS is 100R% reliable, e.g. when Nagios is down, and the message cannot be delivered, it will be re-delivered promptly when Nagios is up The message will pass quickly There is no need to scan status of all instances via EC2 API all the time, but only once a while Many thanks!

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• Retrieve a domain name based on an IP Address?

  - by Neil Kodner

  I'm reviewing some apache logs, specifically with respect to downloaded files. I'm interested in knowing, if possible, which domain is responsible for the download, given an IP address. I've given nslookup a try and it seems to (mostly) get the job done but it returns all sorts of extraneous information. Ideally, I pass in an IP and receive a domain back. Before I write a shell script to parse the output of nslookup to capture the domain, I'd like to know if this is the best way of approaching this problem, or if there is a more tried-and-true method of doing this. Specifically, I'd like to know if an address resolves to an amazonaws.com domain. I understand that this might be difficult because EC2 machines are dynamically created and destroyed - I'd like to know if the IP addresses for AWS/EC2/EMR machines fit any sort of addressing pattern.

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• Ping Unknown Host on CentOS at EC2

  - by organicveggie

  Weird problem. We have a collection of servers running CentOS 5 on EC2. The setup includes two DNS servers and two LDAP servers. DNS has a CNAME pointing at the primary LDAP server. One machine (and only one machine) is giving me problems. I can ssh into the server using LDAP authentication. But once I'm on the machine, ping won't resolve the LDAP host even though DNS seems to work fine. Here's ping: $ ping ldap.mycompany.ec2 ping: unknown host ldap.mycompany.ec2 Here's the output of dig: $ dig ldap.mycompany.ec2 ; <<>> DiG 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_5.3 <<>> ldap.studyblue.ec2 ;; global options: printcmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 2893 ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;ldap.mycompany.ec2. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: ldap.mycompany.ec2. 3600 IN CNAME ec2-hostname.compute-1.amazonaws.com. ec2-hostname.compute-1.amazonaws.com. 55 IN A aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd ;; Query time: 12 msec ;; SERVER: 10.32.159.xxx#53(10.32.159.xxx) ;; WHEN: Tue May 31 11:16:30 2011 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 107 And here is resolv.conf: $ cat /etc/resolv.conf search mycompany.ec2 nameserver 10.32.159.xxx nameserver 10.244.19.yyy And here is my hosts file: $ cat /etc/hosts 10.122.15.zzz bamboo4 bamboo4.mycompany.ec2 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain And here's nsswitch.conf $ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf passwd: files ldap shadow: files ldap group: files ldap sudoers: ldap files hosts: files dns bootparams: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files ethers: files netmasks: files networks: files protocols: files rpc: files services: files netgroup: files ldap publickey: nisplus automount: files ldap aliases: files nisplus So DNS works the way I would expect. And I can ping the ldap server by ip address. And I can even access the box with SSH using LDAP authentication. Any suggestions?

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• best practices for setting up a new windows 2008 R2 server with ec2 AWS

  - by Alex

  Can someone comment what they would add to the following list of SOP in terms of best practices? This is being set up on AWS, and then after further testing, back in our datacenter. Standard Operation Procedure (SOP): Installation Part: 2 - Installation of Software Components in Windows 2008 R2 (Updated). Step: 1 Logon to the host through Remote Desktop. Strp: 2 Open Server Manager - Server Roles - Install Web Server IIS 7.5 with compatible of IIS 6 features and Management compatibility mode. Step: 3 Open IE/Mozilla to Download the below listed software's and save all installation files to folder called "AWS Server Install Files" for future reference.. Net Framework 2.0 (Download that from internet) Crystal reports for .Net Framework 2.0 (x64) (Download that from internet) SQL Server 2005 (AWS Image) Step: 4 Once all software's saved on local drive, then Install it one by one. Step: 5 Navigate to Desktop folder to install the below listed softwares. Microsoft Asp.net 2.0 AjaxExtention 1.0 (placed on Desktop \Softwares) WebEx recorder. (placed on Desktop \Softwares) Winrar(placed on Desktop \Softwares) Step: 6 Make sure all the software are working fine. Step: 7 Inspect the server once entirely. Step: 8 Logoff & Stop the Instance.

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• How to put 1000 lightweight server applications in the cloud

  - by Dan Bird

  The company I work for sells a commercial desktop/server app that runs on any non dedicated Windows PC or server and uses Tomcat for all interactions with the application. Customers are asking that we host their instance of the application so they don't have to run it locally on their own servers. The app is lightweight and an average server, in theory, could handle 25-50 instances before users would notice a slowdown. However only 1 instance can run per Windows instance (because the application writes to a common registry branch) so we'd need something like VMWare to create 25-50 Windows instances. We know we eventually need to reprogram to make it truly cloud-worthy but what would you recommend for a server farm or whatever for this? We don't have the setup to purchase our own servers so we must use a 3rd party. We have budgeted $500 - $1000 per year per customer for this service. Thanks in advance for your suggestions, experiences and guidance.

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