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• Resizing a LUKS encrypted volume

  - by mgorven

  I have a 500GiB ext4 filesystem on top of LUKS on top of an LVM LV. I want to resize the LV to 100GiB. I know how to resize ext4 on top of an LVM LV, but how do I deal with the LUKS volume? mgorven@moab:~% sudo lvdisplay /dev/moab/backup --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/moab/backup VG Name moab LV UUID nQ3z1J-Pemd-uTEB-fazN-yEux-nOxP-QQair5 LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 500.00 GiB Current LE 128000 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 2048 Block device 252:3 mgorven@moab:~% sudo cryptsetup status backup /dev/mapper/backup is active and is in use. type: LUKS1 cipher: aes-cbc-essiv:sha256 keysize: 256 bits device: /dev/mapper/moab-backup offset: 3072 sectors size: 1048572928 sectors mode: read/write mgorven@moab:~% sudo tune2fs -l /dev/mapper/backup tune2fs 1.42 (29-Nov-2011) Filesystem volume name: backup Last mounted on: /srv/backup Filesystem UUID: 63877e0e-0549-4c73-8535-b7a81eb363ed Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: clean with errors Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 32768000 Block count: 131071616 Reserved block count: 0 Free blocks: 112894078 Free inodes: 32044830 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 992 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 RAID stride: 128 RAID stripe width: 128 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sun Mar 11 19:24:53 2012 Last mount time: Sat May 19 13:29:27 2012 Last write time: Fri Jun 1 11:07:22 2012 Mount count: 0 Maximum mount count: 100 Last checked: Fri Jun 1 11:03:50 2012 Check interval: 31104000 (12 months) Next check after: Mon May 27 11:03:50 2013 Lifetime writes: 118 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 383bcbc5-fde9-4720-b98e-2d6224713ecf Journal backup: inode blocks

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• Configuration for a two machine ESXi cluster using VSA to present local storage to VMs

  - by MDMarra

  I'm designing a little vSphere 5 cluster for one of our remote sites. We have some IBM x3650s that have 6x 300GB 10K RPM drives in them, along with dual quad core CPUs and 24GB RAM. Because we use HP P4500 G2s at our primary site, we have licenses available for HP P4000 VSAs. I thought that this would be the perfect opportunity to use them. Below is a basic drawing of what I want to accomplish: I want to run a P4000 VSA on each server and run them in a Network RAID-10 (Lefthand speak for network mirroring, think of it as RAID 1 across nodes or as an active/active storage cluster). I will then present this storage to guests that will run on this mini-cluster. It will be managed by a vCenter Server on our main site. All connections will be GbE with two dedicated to storage. Management and Data will share a pair of connections, since I don't expect there to be high load. These servers are just there to provide directory services, dhcp, printing, etc. Does anyone see anything potentially wrong with this approach? Is this the best way to do this without adding additional dedicated storage heads? Are there any pitfalls in this design, besides the lack of dedicated Data/Mgmt interfaces?

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• Installing SATA dvd burner on machine with no spare SATA ports/connectors

  - by Faheem Mitha

  Greetings. I have the following motherboard Tyan Thunder K8WE S2895A2NRF Motherboard - extended ATX - nForce Pro 2200/2050 - Socket 940 - UDMA133, Serial ATA-300 (RAID) - 2 x Gigabit Ethernet - FireWire - 6-1 channel audio This is part of a computer that was assembled in the winter of 2006/2007. The user manual says the following with regard to SATA Integrated SATAII Generation 1 Controllers (from NForce Professional 2200) Two integrated dual port SATA II controllers Four SATA connectors support up to four drives 3 Gb/s per direction per channel NvRAID v2.0 support Supports RAID 0, 1, 0+1 and JBOD. I just purchased a SATA DVD burner. Here is the page for the product http://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/B002QGDWLK/ The problem I am facing is that I already have 4 SATA drives installed. I don't want to remove any of them. However, I want the DVD burner above installed as well. The person I am consulting with here (Bombay, India) tells me that my four available SATA ports are filled, and that my only option is to install a SATA card into the one free PCI slot on the motherboard. However, he says that with this setup I will not be able to boot from the DVD drive. Are these statements correct, and what are my other options if any? Even it the statements in the last para are true, I suppose I could use one of the motherboard connectors/ports there are currently being used with the hard drives with the DVD drive, and use the "add-on" connector with one of the hard drives. Not all the 4 hard drives need to be bootable. BTW, despite having read through http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA#Cables.2C_connectors.2C_and_ports I am fuzzy on the differences between connectors, cables and ports. Thanks in advance.

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• mysqld causes high CPU load

  - by Radu

  My mysqld goes to use 99.9% of CPU for variable time (between 2 - 20 minutes), and then goes back to normal 0.1% - 5%. Checked processlist: all is normal, 1 to 20 inserts or updates that last 2 to 5 sec, and about 20 process that are in Sleep Mode (maybe because the scripts don't close the mysql connection, but are they are closed in about 5 - 10 secs, I didn't make the scripts :P but the server was running fine the last 2 years, since is was made): | 15375 | root | localhost | stoc | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist | | 79480 | pppoe | localhost | pppoe | Sleep | 4 | NULL | NULL | | 79481 | pppoe | localhost | pppoe | Sleep | 4 | NULL | NULL | | 79482 | pppoe | localhost | pppoe | Sleep | 4 | NULL | NULL | | 79483 | pppoe | localhost | pppoe | Query | 0 | init | UPDATE acc SET InputOctets="0", OutputOctets="0", InputPackets="unknown", OutputPackets="User | | 79484 | pppoe | localhost | pppoe | Sleep | 5 | NULL | NULL | | 79485 | pppoe | localhost | pppoe | Sleep | 5 | NULL | NULL | | 79486 | pppoe | localhost | pppoe | Sleep | 5 | NULL | NULL Checked raid, seemns OK: [root@db2]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid5] [raid4] [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[0] sda1[1] 136448 blocks [4/4] [UUUU] md1 : active raid5 sdd2[3] sdc2[2] sdb2[0] sda2[1] 12023808 blocks level 5, 256k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU] md3 : active raid5 sda4[1] sdd4[3] sdc4[2] sdb4[0] 203647488 blocks level 5, 256k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU] md2 : active raid5 sda3[1] sdd3[3] sdc3[2] sdb3[0] 24024576 blocks level 5, 256k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU] unused devices: <none> [root@db2]# top sees my mysqld cpu load, but nothing else seems to be wrong: [root@db2]# top top - 17:56:05 up 7 days, 3:55, 3 users, load average: 32.93, 24.72, 22.70 Tasks: 75 total, 4 running, 71 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 63.4% us, 36.6% sy, 0.0% ni, 0.0% id, 0.0% wa, 0.0% hi, 0.0% si, 0.0% st Mem: 1988824k total, 1304776k used, 684048k free, 99588k buffers Swap: 12023800k total, 0k used, 12023800k free, 951028k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 5754 mysql 19 0 236m 57m 5108 R 99.9 2.9 21:58.76 mysqld 1 root 16 0 7216 700 580 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.39 init 2 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0 Repaired all mysql databases, reindexed raid ... I'm running out of ideeas ... Anyone has an ideea what can go wrong with this server ? Thank you

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• How do I keep folders synced and backed up between two macs using a Linux NAS (rsync?)

  - by Hultner

  I've got two primary computers, one Mac Pro and one MacBook Pro for when I'm on the go. I've also got a Linux sever which also acts as NAS. Currently I backup the entire computers to an external drive with Time Machine which is rather useless and doesn't sync anything. What I really want to do is to keep my important files synced between both computers and my NAS (which is running RAID 5), that way I'm not backing up easily replaceable systemfiles and I've got all my important files in 3 places where two of them are running raid so at least 5 drives would have to crash at the same time before actual data loss occur. Folders I want to keep synced is basically my photo, documents, development, mamp and work folders and then I want to keep the user library folder backed up but not synced. I'm thinking that I'd have to use rsync but don't know how. Before suggesting Dropbox and similar suggestions I don't want to use them because of several reasons some of them being security (Dropbox obviously proved this), Speed (sometimes I'll sync gigabytes of data and that will be significantly faster locally and probably even through VPN as I have a Gigabit pipe), Space (space on my NAS is cheap and only practically limited by my needs), reliability (even if my internet were to go down I still need to be able to keep my files synced incase I'd need to go somewhere on the fly), price (I already have all the hardware and for the amount of gigabytes and bandwidth I'd need I doubt that there's any free or cheap service). Those are my main reason for wanting to keep it locally. I'm sorry for any spelling or grammatical mistakes that I've might have done. I'm writing this on my smartphone from a shaky train and English isn't my mother tongue. I gratefully appreciate any answers even if only partly solving my problem.

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• SQL Server 2005 standard filegroups / files for performance on SAN

  - by Blootac

  I submitted this to stack overflow (here) but realised it should really be on serverfault. so apologies for the incorrect and duplicate posting: Ok so I've just been on a SQL Server course and we discussed the usage scenarios of multiple filegroups and files when in use over local RAID and local disks but we didn't touch SAN scenarios so my question is as follows; I currently have a 250 gig database running on SQL Server 2005 where some tables have a huge number of writes and others are fairly static. The database and all objects reside in a single file group with a single data file. The log file is also on the same volume. My interpretation is that separate data files should be used across different disks to lessen disk contention and that file groups should be used for partitioning of data. However, with a SAN you obviously don't really have the same issue of disk contention that you do with a small RAID setup (or at least we don't at the moment), and standard edition doesn't support partitioning. So in order to improve parallelism what should I do? My understanding of various Microsoft publications is that if I increase the number of data files, separate threads can act across each file separately. Which leads me to the question how many files should I have. One per core? Should I be putting tables and indexes with high levels of activity in separate file groups, each with the same number of data files as we have cores? Thank you

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• Setup of high-end web server and DB server cluster on Amazon EC2: Is this how it's done?

  - by user1086584

  Amazon is so technical, I want to confirm that my understanding is correct. We have a large 500 GB database. (OrientDB.) We will have it mirrored to one another in the same Availability Zone. We believe the database size will grow rapidly. The plan is: Get 4 large instances that are compatible types with Placement Groups (as well as ideally, Enhanced Networking) (2 for web, 2 for DB.) We use an EBS-backed instances to store our operating system. Discussion here: http://alestic.com/2012/01/ec2-ebs-boot-recommended We can set up ephemeral SSD instance storage as swap space. (But it is lost after even a reboot. I hear its hard to add ephemeral storage if booting from EBS, but possible.) For offsite backup, we will take periodic snapshots and store them on S3. Obviously we need to ensure the database is in a safe state when that snapshot happens to avoid corruption. (Any hints here, aside from shutting down the DB?) If the database gets too big, we need to create a EBS volume that's larger. We can use RAID to break the 1 TB limit: http://alestic.com/2009/06/ec2-ebs-raid Static assets on web servers will be stored on S3. Is that correct? Or am I missing something?

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• Virtual (ESXi4) Win 2k8 R2 server hangs when adding role(s)

  - by Holocryptic

  I'm trying to provision a 2k8r2 Enterprise server in ESXi4. The OS installation goes fine, VMware tools, adding to domain, updates. All the basic stuff before you start adding Roles and Features. I've had this happen on two attempts already, and I'm not sure where the problem might be. I don't think it's hardware, because I have another 2k8r2 Standard server that's running fine. The only real difference is the install media. The server that's working was installed using a trial ISO and license. The one I'm having problems with is a full MAK installation. When I go to add a Role (the last case was Application Server) it gets all the way to "collecting installation results" before it hangs. CPU utilization in the vSphere client shows little spikes of activity with flatlines inbetween, but the whole console is locked up. The only way to release it is to power off and bring it back up. When you go to look at the added roles after bringing it back up, it shows that it is installed, but I don't trust that something didn't get wedged in all of that. The first install I did was with Thin Disk provisioning. The second attempt was with regular disk provisioning. In both cases 4GB of RAM, 2 vCPUs. VMware host is a HP Proliant DL380 G6, RAID-1 OS, RAID-5 data volume. 12 GB RAM. Has anyone else had this problem, or know where I should start poking around?

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• Picking a linux compatible motherboard

  - by Chris

  Last time I bought a new computer (I build them myself) I got a motherboard that had really poor linux support for a long time. Specifically the audio. I had to wait months before the kernel supported the on board audio chipset. That is exactly the situation I'm trying to avoid this time around. I have some specific questions about "server motherboards" actually. I looked at a few models of server motherboards by intel, and some random models on newegg. I wasn't able to see much of a difference from regular desktop motherboard other than most had two sockets, and support for much more ram. These boards seem more popular with Linux users. Why? AMD and Intel both have server CPUs as well. Some question, what's the difference? To make this question more concrete, I was looking at this this motherboard. The main questions about it that I can't answer are: Can I get a motherboard without on board raid and audio? I wanted to get a hardware raid controller and a PCI audio card. I thought a server motherboard would be cheaper and not have these "extras", since who wants an audio card on a server? Where can I found out about Linux support for the components on this board? "Intel ICH10R", "Realtek ALC889", "Marvell 88E8056" I'm buying this computer to work as a Linux desktop for a lot of compiling, coding and audio/video work, but I don't want to rule out the possibility of installing windows and playing some games at one point. (even if the last game I got has been sitting in its box unopened for almost a year). Is it a good idea to buy a "server motherboard" and play games on it, or are desktop boards better value for this? The ultimate solution for me would be a motherboard that had GPL divers for onboard LAN, a single CPU socket, lots of PCI express and PCI. USB 3.0, and no fancy hard disk controllers since I'll be getting a separate one.

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• Is basing storage requirements based on IOPS sufficient?

  - by Boden

  The current system in question is running SBS 2003, and is going to be migrated on new hardware to SBS 2008. Currently I'm seeing on average 200-300 disk transfers per second total across all the arrays in the system. The array seeing the bulk of activity is a 6 disk 7200RPM RAID 6 and it struggles to keep up during high traffic times (idle time often only 10-20%; response times peaking 20-50+ ms). Based on some rough calculations this makes sense (avg ~245 IOPS on this array at 70/30 read to write ratio). I'm considering using a much simpler disk configuration using a single RAID 10 array of 10K disks. Using the same parameters for my calculations above, I'm getting 583 average random IOPS / sec. Granted SBS 2008 is not the same beast as 2003, but I'd like to make the assumption that it'll be similar in terms of disk performance, if not better (Exchange 2007 is easier on the disk and there's no ISA server). Am I correct in believing that the proposed system will be sufficient in terms of performance, or am I missing something? I've read so much about recommended disk configurations for various products like Exchange, and they often mention things like dedicating spindles to logs, etc. I understand the reasoning behind this, but if I've got more than enough random I/O overhead, does it really matter? I've always at the very least had separate spindles for the OS, but I could really reduce cost and complexity if I just had a single, good performing array. So as not to make you guys do my job for me, the generic version of this question is: if I have a projected IOPS figure for a new system, is it sufficient to use this value alone to spec the storage, ignoring "best practice" configurations? (given similar technology, not going from DAS to SAN or anything)

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• Improving IO with FlashCache

  - by Devator

  I have a server with 2 HDD's (2x 1 TB), running in RAID 1 (SW-RAID). I want to improve IO performance by using flashcache. There are running KVM virtual machines on it, using LVM. Regarding this, I have the following questions: Will this even work? flashcache works for block devices, however these are all virtual machines with their own setup. How much would I expect to increase performance? Most virtual machines run websites and some host games. How big does the SSD needs to be? Would having a bigger SSD increase performance since it's able to cache more files? What happens if the SSD dies? Would flashcache retrieve files from the traditional HDD and I could simply replace the SSD? How much faster would writeback be in comparison with writethrough and writearound? I have no access to a test system unfortunately, so could I install flashcache on a live server without unmounting the the disks? I found a great tutorial here which I would be using.

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• What GPT partition type to use for protecting DRBD metadata?

  - by Carsten Scholtes

  I'm planning to install a DRBD device on a (replicated) disk with two GPT partitions. DRBD requires some space for (preferentially "internal") metadata at the end of the underlying device. I'm hesitant to leave this space unpartitionend (or unformatted in a normal partition). I'd like to reserve an extra partition at the end of the underlying disk device for the metadata. (If I understand correctly, DRBD would not care about the partition or its type and could then use that space exclusively.) My question is: Which would be a suitable GPT partition type for such a metadata partition? It should not be a type interpreted while booting (such as EF00 EFI System). It should not be a type prone to be modified accidentialy by the booted OS (such as 8200 Linux swap, 8e00 Linux LVM, fd00 Linux raid). (The booted OS will be Ubuntu Linux 12.04.3.) It should not be a type indicating a normal filesystem (such as 0c01 or 8301), prone to be formatted correspondingly. It should not be a type requiring any special content in the partition (since the content is to be handled exclusively by DRBD). It should express the purpose of being reserved for something special (namely DRBD). (The types I listed are as provided by gdisk. I'm thinking about using some type unlikely to be used by the OS (maybe bf0a Solaris Reserved 4) or an invented(?) type such as fd01 (close to fd00 Linux raid…). Would something like this be suitable, too dangerous or even possible?)

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• SQL Server 2005 standard filegroups / files for performance on SAN

  - by Blootac

  Ok so I've just been on a SQL Server course and we discussed the usage scenarios of multiple filegroups and files when in use over local RAID and local disks but we didn't touch SAN scenarios so my question is as follows; I currently have a 250 gig database running on SQL Server 2005 where some tables have a huge number of writes and others are fairly static. The database and all objects reside in a single file group with a single data file. The log file is also on the same volume. My interpretation is that separate data files should be used across different disks to lessen disk contention and that file groups should be used for partitioning of data. However, with a SAN you obviously don't really have the same issue of disk contention that you do with a small RAID setup (or at least we don't at the moment), and standard edition doesn't support partitioning. So in order to improve parallelism what should I do? My understanding of various Microsoft publications is that if I increase the number of data files, separate threads can act across each file separately. Which leads me to the question how many files should I have. One per core? Should I be putting tables and indexes with high levels of activity in separate file groups, each with the same number of data files as we have cores? Thank you

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• Ubuntu Server mdadm drbd ocfs2 kvm hangs under heavy file reading

  - by Stefano Annese

  I have deployed four ubuntu 10.04 server. They are coupled two by two in a cluster scenario. on both sides we have software raid1 disks, drbd8 and OCFS2 and on top of it some kvm machines run with qcow2 disks. I followed this: Link corosync is just used for DRBD and OCFS, the kvm machines are run "manually" When it works is fine: good performances, good I/O, but at a given time one of the two cluster started hanging. Then we tried with just one server turned on and it hangs the same. It seems to happen when an heavy READ in one of the virtual machines occurs, that is during rsyn backup. When the fact occurs the virtual machines are not reachable any more and the real server responds with good delay to the ping but no screen and no ssh is available. All we can do is force shutdown (hold the button) and restart and when it turns on again the raid on which relay drbd is resyncing. All the time it hangs we see such fact. After a couple of week of pain on one side this morning also the other cluster hung, but it has different moteherboard, ram, kvm instances. What is similar is reading for rsync scenario and Western Digital RAID Edistion disks on both side. Can anybody give me some input to solve such issue?

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• Ubuntu Device-mapper seems to be invincible!

  - by Andrew Bolster

  I'm working on a hopefully unrelated question question and I've got to a strange situation. First: I know very little about the very low level hardware kernal storage driver magix, so I'm hoping a) someone can help and b) someone can explain it to me better. I've been trying a dozen different configurations of my 2x500GB SATA drives over the past few hours involving switching between ACHI/IDE/RAID in my bios; After each attempt I've reset the bios option, booted into a live CD, deleting partitions and rewriting partition tables left on the drives. Now, however, I've been sitting with a /dev/mapper/nvidia_XXXXXXX1 that seems to be impossible to kill! its the only 'partition' that i see in the Ubuntu install (but I can see the others in parted) but it is only the size of one of the drives, and I know I did not set any RAID levels other than RAID0. Anyone have any ideas how I can kill this and get back to just two independent IDE drives? Or can anyone convince me of a reason to go the AHCI route? Many thanks in advance.

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• Home server hard drive: 186k start-stop cycles in 325 days?

  - by j-g-faustus

  I set up a home server about a year ago, using Ubuntu server (10.04 LTS at the moment), four disks in RAID 5 for storage (WD Green 1.5 TB) and a laptop drive for the OS. Today the output of smartctl, a command line utility for checking the SMART attributes of a hard drive, tells me that the primary OS drive has had no less than 186,000 start-stop cycles in 325 days and may be nearing the end of its lifespan. The smartctl output is in "normalized values", in this case a number between 200 and 000, where 200 is "brand new" and 000 means "worn out". My disk gets 001. So I wonder what happened: 186k start/stop cycles in 7820 hours is about one start/stop per 2.5 minutes around the clock. This seems somewhat excessive for a computer that sees actual use once or twice per day. (The RAID disks are normal, averaging to one start/stop per day, as expected.) Does anyone have similar experiences, or pointers to what might be the issue here? Specifically I'd like to know Why the massive start/stop count? Do I have some sort of configuration issue? Could there be a background service that is causing trouble? Could having a laptop disk as the OS drive be part of the problem? Can anyone confirm or deny this? Here is the /etc/hdparm.conf configuration /dev/sda { apm = 127 spindown_time = 120 } and the most relevant parts of smartctl --attributes /dev/sda: smartctl version 5.38 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 001 001 000 Old_age Always - 185875 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 090 090 000 Old_age Always - 7820 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 109 193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 118 118 000 Old_age Always - 246833 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 107 098 000 Old_age Always - 36 As I generally prefer my drives to last more than a year, any advice is appreciated.

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• Surprising corruption and never-ending fsck after resizing a filesystem.

  - by Steve Kemp

  System in question has Debian Lenny installed, running a 2.65.27.38 kernel. System has 16Gb memory, and 8x1Tb drives running behind a 3Ware RAID card. The storage is managed via LVM. Short version: Running a KVM guest which had 1.7Tb storage allocated to it. The guest was reaching a full-disk. So we decided to resize the disk that it was running upon We're pretty familiar with LVM, and KVM, so we figured this would be a painless operation: Stop the KVM guest. Extend the size of the LVM partition: "lvextend -L+500Gb ..." Check the filesystem : "e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/..." Resize the filesystem: "resize2fs /dev/mapper/" Start the guest. The guest booted successfully, and running "df" showed the extra space, however a short time later the system decided to remount the filesystem read-only, without any explicit indication of error. Being paranoid we shut the guest down and ran the filesystem check again, given the new size of the filesystem we expected this to take a while, however it has now been running for 24 hours and there is no indication of how long it will take. Using strace I can see the fsck is "doing stuff", similarly running "vmstat 1" I can see that there are a lot of block input/output operations occurring. So now my question is threefold: Has anybody come across a similar situation? Generally we've done this kind of resize in the past with zero issues. What is the most likely cause? (3Ware card shows the RAID arrays of the backing stores as being A-OK, the host system hasn't rebooted and nothing in dmesg looks important/unusual) Ignoring brtfs + ext3 (not mature enough to trust) should we make our larger partitions in a different filesystem in the future to avoid either this corruption (whatever the cause) or reduce the fsck time? xfs seems like the obvious candidate?

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• GRUB reporting wrong partition type

  - by plok

  It all started when I had to replace one of the disks that the software RAID 1 on this machine currently uses. From that moment on I have not been able to boot to the Windows XP that is installed on the fourth hard drive, /dev/sdd. I am almost positive that the problem is related not to Windows but to GRUB, as if I unplug all the other hard drives so that the Windows XP disk is now /dev/sda it boots with no problem. The problem seems to be that GRUB detects a wrong partition type, which I understand suggest that something is really messed up. This is what I get when I try to follow the steps that until now had worked like a charm: grub> map (hd0) (hd3) grub> map (hd3) (hd0) grub> root (hd3,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0xfd 0xfd? That doesn't make sense. /dev/sdb and sdc are 0xfd (Linux raid), but not /dev/sdd: edel:~# fdisk -l [...] Disk /dev/sdd: 250.0 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00048d89 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 * 1 30400 244187968+ 7 HPFS/NTFS edel:/boot/grub# cat device.map (hd0) /dev/sda (hd1) /dev/sdb (hd2) /dev/sdc (hd3) /dev/sdd I have been trying to work this out for hours, to no avail. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

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• hard drive recognized by bios but not by windows

  - by tehgeekmeister

  I'm adding a new hard drive (A seagate ST31000340NS; I had links in here but I don't have enough reputation to post them. Interestingly, the bios recognizes it as a ST31000340AS, but it was bought as the other number...) to a friend's hp pavilion d4650e (mobo specs; google the model if you want the rest of the info, can't do more than one link.). Have had a hell of a time with it. Finally figured out that the hard drive needed a jumper set to limit the speed to 1.5gbps so the mobo would recognize it, and the bios DOES recognize it now. But not windows (using windows 7), using add new hardware or diskmgmt.msc. According to my friend, who was at the computer when it first booted after adding the jumper, a new hardware found dealio popped up saying something about raid, but I can't provide more info then that since I didn't see it. Ubuntu livecd recognized the drive before we changed the jumper. Haven't checked since then. XP didn't recognize it, that's the OS we started with. Upgraded to 7 hoping it might fix the problem. The only other info I can think of that might be immediately relevant is that the drive is plugged into the fifth sata channel, and the first channel is empty. Is this a problem? I assume not, because the two other drives (in a raid 0) and the cd and dvd drives are also on channels past the first one, and are recognized. Ask questions and I'll update with info!

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• Find out when a system went down?

  - by Clinton Blackmore

  I have a Mac OS X 10.5 server, with a RAID set in it, that went down due to a power outage on Thursday, and the machine is not happily booting right now*. It is possible to find out when the machine went down, while not booted off the internal drive? (I'm booted off an external drive, waiting for the RAID sets to initialize.) Normally, I'd run last. The man page doesn't indicate that I can run it against a different startup volume. It looks possible to parse /var/log/utmpx, but I don't think it'd be worthwhile to try to do that from scratch for this one-off problem. * I'm still trying to figure out why it isn't happy, and may ask a follow-up question. Right now I can see that UserNotificationCenter crashed repeatedly early Thursday morning, and that securityd, mdworker, and ARDAgent crash shortly after startup [I think -- I want to verify when the box went up and down]. The login window does not come up right (I think it is crashing or not able to cope with a dead securityd). The box is supposed to be set to go down when the UPS tells it power is out; at the moment, I'm wondering if it went down, and turned back on multiple times! I sure hope not.

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• picking a linux compatable motherboard

  - by Chris

  Last time I bought a new computer (I build them myself) I got a motherboard that had really poor linux support for a long time. Specifically the audio. I had to wait months before the kernel supported the on board audio chipset. That is exactly the situation I'm trying to avoid this time around. I have some specific questions about "server motherboards" actually. I looked at a few models of server motherboards by intel, and some random models on newegg. I wasn't able to see much of a difference from regular desktop motherboard other than most had two sockets, and support for much more ram. These boards seem more popular with Linux users. Why? AMD and Intel both have server CPUs as well. Some question, what's the difference? To make this question more concrete, I was looking at this this motherboard. The main questions about it that I can't answer are: Can I get a motherboard without on board raid and audio? I wanted to get a hardware raid controller and a PCI audio card. I thought a server motherboard would be cheaper and not have these "extras", since who wants an audio card on a server? Where can I found out about Linux support for the components on this board? "Intel ICH10R", "Realtek ALC889", "Marvell 88E8056" I'm buying this computer to work as a Linux desktop for a lot of compiling, coding and audio/video work, but I don't want to rule out the possibility of installing windows and playing some games at one point. (even if the last game I got has been sitting in its box unopened for almost a year). Is it a good idea to buy a "server motherboard" and play games on it, or are desktop boards better value for this? The ultimate solution for me would be a motherboard that had GPL divers for onboard LAN, a single CPU socket, lots of PCI express and PCI. USB 3.0, and no fancy hard disk controllers since I'll be getting a separate one.

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• Does btrfs balance also defragment files?

  - by pauldoo

  When I run btrfs filesystem balance, does this implicitly defragment files? I could imagine that balance simply reallocates each file extent separately, preserving the existing fragmentation. There is an FAQ entry, 'What does "balance" do?', which is unclear on this point: btrfs filesystem balance is an operation which simply takes all of the data and metadata on the filesystem, and re-writes it in a different place on the disks, passing it through the allocator algorithm on the way. It was originally designed for multi-device filesystems, to spread data more evenly across the devices (i.e. to "balance" their usage). This is particularly useful when adding new devices to a nearly-full filesystem. Due to the way that balance works, it also has some useful side-effects: If there is a lot of allocated but unused data or metadata chunks, a balance may reclaim some of that allocated space. This is the main reason for running a balance on a single-device filesystem. On a filesystem with damaged replication (e.g. a RAID-1 FS with a dead and removed disk), it will force the FS to rebuild the missing copy of the data on one of the currently active devices, restoring the RAID-1 capability of the filesystem.

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• My client's solution of a Windows SBS 2011 VM on an Ubuntu host and VirtualBox is pinning the host CPU

  - by Scott Stamp

  Here's my situation, I've got a client hosting two servers (one VM), with the host providing VMware Zimbra, the other Windows Small Business Server 2011. Unfortunately, the person before me had configured this setup as follows. Host: Ubuntu Desktop Edition 10.04 (I know, again, not my choice) running VMware Zimbra 8GB of RAM On-board RAID1 of two 320GB Seagate Barracuda drives for the OS Software RAID5 of four 500GB WD Caviar Black drives on MDADM for bulk storage (sorry, I don't know the model #) A relatively competent quad-core Intel Core i7 CPU from the Nehalem architecture (not suspicious of this as the bottleneck) Guest: Windows Small Business Server 2011 4GB of RAM Host-equivalent CPU allocation VDI file for OS hosted on the on-board RAID, VDI file for storage hosted on the on-board RAID For some reason when running, the VM locks up when sitting nearly idle, and the VirtualBox process reports values of 240%+ in top (how is that even possible?!). Anyone have any ideas or suggestions? I'm totally stumped on this one. Happy to provide whatever logs you'd like to take a look at. Ideally I'd drop VirtualBox and provision this with VMware Workstation, but the client has objected to the (very nominal) costs involved. If hardware needs to be purchased to help, it will be, but we're considering upgrades a last-resort at this time. Thanks in advance! *fingers crossed*

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• RAID6 mdraid -> LVM -> EXT4 root with GRUB2?

  - by Rotonen

  2012-03-31 Debian Wheezy daily build in VirtualBox 4.1.2, 6 disk devices. My steps to reproduce so far: Setup one partition, using the entire disk, as a physical volume for RAID, per disk Setup a single RAID6 mdraid array out of all of those Use the resulting md0 as the only physical volume for the volume group Setup your logical volumes, filesystems and mount points as you wish Install your system Both / and /boot will be in this stack. I've chosen EXT4 as my filesystem for this setup. I can get as far as GRUB2 rescue console, which can see the mdraid, the volume group and the LVM logical volumes (all named appropriately on all levels) on it, but I cannot ls the filesystem contents of any of those and I cannot boot from them. As far as I can see from the documentation the version of GRUB2 shipped there should handle all of this gracefully. http://packages.debian.org/wheezy/grub-pc (1.99-17 at the time of writing.) It is loading the ext2, raid, raid6rec, dosmbr (this one is in the list of modules once per disk) and lvm modules according to the generated grub.cfg file. Also it is defining the list of modules to be loaded twice in the generated grub.cfg file and according to quick Googling around this seems to be the norm and OK for GRUB2. How to get further by getting GRUB2 to actually be able to read the content of the filesystems and boot the system? What am I wrong about in my assumptions of functionality here? EDIT (2012-04-01) My generated grub.cfg: http://pastie.org/3708436 It seems it first makes my /usr logical volume the root and that might be source of the failure? A grub-mkconfig bug? Or is it supposed to get access to stuff from /usr before / and /boot? /boot is on / for me - no separate boot logical volume.

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• Cloning a NAS drive which hosts a SQL Server DB

  - by Adrian Hand

  We have a system in the field running a server application which is suffering with major performance issues. The system in question has 2 onboard 300gb sas drives in RAID 5 from which it boots Windows Server 2003, and a 6tb buffalo terastation NAS unit (also RAID 5) to which the server app does all of its reading and writing. I believe the terastation is the source of all our woes. Whilst under load, reads and writes tick by at something of the order of 1meg/sec, though the network in question is hardly utilised. The terastation contains various data, but crucially hosts a full instance worth of SQL Server .mdf and .ldf files (master etc - the whole shooting match) I wish to stop all the services on the server, then take everything on the terastation and essentially clone it to some alternative onboard storage, so as to eliminate the terastation from the equation as far as poor performance is concerned. ie the terastation is currently drive D: - I want to copy everything off and then have the duplicate assume the drive letter so that as far as the software is aware, nothing is different. This is tricky because of the mdf and ldf files - everything else will work with a straight up file copy. Can anyone suggest a means to achieve what I am describing? Many thanks!

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