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  • In Perl, how can I wait for threads to end in parallel?

    - by Pmarcoen
    I have a Perl script that launches 2 threads,one for each processor. I need it to wait for a thread to end, if one thread ends a new one is spawned. It seems that the join method blocks the rest of the program, therefore the second thread can't end until everything the first thread does is done which sort of defeats its purpose. I tried the is_joinable method but that doesn't seem to do it either. Here is some of my code : use threads; use threads::shared; @file_list = @ARGV; #Our file list $nofiles = $#file_list + 1; #Real number of files $currfile = 1; #Current number of file to process my %MSG : shared; #shared hash $thr0 = threads->new(\&process, shift(@file_list)); $currfile++; $thr1 = threads->new(\&process, shift(@file_list)); $currfile++; while(1){ if ($thr0->is_joinable()) { $thr0->join; #check if there are files left to process if($currfile <= $nofiles){ $thr0 = threads->new(\&process, shift(@file_list)); $currfile++; } } if ($thr1->is_joinable()) { $thr1->join; #check if there are files left to process if($currfile <= $nofiles){ $thr1 = threads->new(\&process, shift(@file_list)); $currfile++; } } } sub process{ print "Opening $currfile of $nofiles\n"; #do some stuff if(some condition){ lock(%MSG); #write stuff to hash } print "Closing $currfile of $nofiles\n"; } The output of this is : Opening 1 of 4 Opening 2 of 4 Closing 1 of 4 Opening 3 of 4 Closing 3 of 4 Opening 4 of 4 Closing 2 of 4 Closing 4 of 4

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  • How do I wait for all other threads to finish their tasks?

    - by Mike
    I have several threads consuming tasks from a queue using something similar to the code below. The problem is that there is one type of task which cannot run while any other tasks are being processed. Here is what I have: while (true) // Threaded code { while (true) { lock(locker) { if (close_thread) return; task = GetNextTask(); // Get the next task from the queue } if (task != null) break; wh.WaitOne(); // Wait until a task is added to the queue } task.Run(); } And this is kind of what I need: while (true) { while (true) { lock(locker) { if (close_thread) return; if (disable_new_tasks) { task = null; } else { task = GetNextTask(); } } if (task != null) break; wh.WaitOne(); } if(!task.IsThreadSafe()) { // I would set this to false inside task.Run() at // the end of the non-thread safe task disable_new_tasks = true; Wait_for_all_threads_to_finish_their_current_tasks(); } task.Run(); } The problem is I don't know how to achive this without creating a mess.

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  • .net remoting - Better solution to wait for a service to initialize ?

    - by CitizenInsane
    Context I have a client application (which i cannot modify, i.e. i only have the binary) that needs to run from time to time external commands that depends on a resource which is very long to initialize (about 20s). I thus decided to initialize this resource once for all in a "CommandServer.exe" application (single instance in the system tray) and let my client application call an intermediate "ExecuteCommand.exe" program that uses .net remoting to perform the operation on the server. The "ExecuteCommand.exe" is in charge for starting the server on first call and then leave it alive to speed up further commands. The service: public interface IMyService { void ExecuteCommand(string[] args); } The "CommandServer.exe" (using WindowsFormsApplicationBase for single instance management + user friendly splash screen during resource initializations): private void onStartupFirstInstance(object sender, StartupEventArgs e) { // Register communication channel channel = new TcpServerChannel("CommandServerChannel", 8234); ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(channel, false); // Register service var resource = veryLongToInitialize(); service = new MyServiceImpl(resource); RemotingServices.Marshal(service, "CommandServer"); // Create icon in system tray notifyIcon = new NotifyIcon(); ... } The intermediate "ExecuteCommand.exe": static void Main(string[] args) { startCommandServerIfRequired(); var channel = new TcpClientChannel(); ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(channel, false); var service = (IMyService)Activator.GetObject(typeof(IMyService), "tcp://localhost:8234/CommandServer"); service.RunCommand(args); } Problem As the server is very long to start (about 20s to initialize the required resources), the "ExecuteCommand.exe" fails on service.RunCommand(args) line because the server is yet not available. Question Is there a elegant way I can tune the delay before to receive "service not available" when calling service.RunCommand ? NB1: Currently I'm working around the issue by adding a mutex in server to indicate for complete initiliazation and have "ExecuteCommand.exe" to wait for this mutex before to call service.RunCommand. NB2: I have no background with .net remoting, nor WCF which is recommended replacer. (I chose .net remoting because this looked easier to set-up for this single shot issue in running external commands).

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  • How can you make an emacs macro wait for cscope query results?

    - by Sudhanshu
    I am trying to write a macro which calls cscope-find-functions-calling-this-function on each and every tag in a file displayed in the *Tags List* buffer (created by list-tags command). This should create a buffer which contains list of all functions calling a set of functions defined in a certain file. This is the sequence of keystrokes: 1. <f11> ;; cscope-find-functions-calling-this-function 2. RET ;; newline [shows results of cscope in a split window] 3. C-x C-p ;; mark-page 4. C-x C-x ;; icicle-exchange-point-and-mark 5. <up> ;; previous-line 6. <end> ;; end-of-line [region to copy has been marked] 7. <f7> ;; append-results-to-buffer 8. C-x ESC O ;; [move back to split window on the right] 9. C-x b ;; icicle-buffer [Switch back to *Tags List* buffer] 10. *Tags ;; self-insert-command * 5 11. SPC ;; self-insert-command 12. List* ;; self-insert-command * 5 13. RET ;; newline 14 . <down> ;; next-line [Position point on next tag in the list] Problem: I get no results in the buffer, and I found out that's because Step 3-7 execute even before cscope prints the results of query made on Steps 1-2. I can insert a pause in the macro by using C-x q, but I'd rather like the macro to wait after Step 2, until cscope has returned with the results and only then continue further. I suspect this is not possible through a macro, maybe a LISP function... I'm not a lisp expert myself. Can someone please help? Thanks! Details: I have Icicles installed so by default I get word at point in current buffer as input in minibuffer. F11 is bound to cscope-find-functions-calling-this-function windmove is installed and C-x (C-x ESC o - as shown below) takes you to the right window. F7 is bound to append-results-to-buffer which is defined as: (defun append-results-to-buffer () (interactive) (append-to-buffer (get-buffer-create "c1") (point) (mark))) This function just appends the currently marked region to a buffer named "c1".

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  • Have main thread wait for a boost thread complete a task (but not finish).

    - by JAKE6459
    I have found plenty on making one thread wait for another to finish executing before continuing, but that is not what I wanted to do. I am not very familiar with using any multi-threading apis but right now I'm trying to learn boost. My situation is that I am using my main thread (the starting one from int main()) to create an instance of a class that is in charge of interacting with the main GUI. A class function is then called that creates a boost thread which in turn creates the GUI and runs the message pump. The thing I want to do is when my main thread calls the classes member function to create the GUI, I don't want that function to return until I tell it to from the newly created thread. This way my main thread can't continue and call more functions from the GUI class that interact with the GUI thread until that thread has completed GUI creation and entered the message loop. I think I may be able to figure it out if it was multiple boost thread objects interacting with each other, but when it is the main thread (non-boost object) interacting with a boost thread object, I get lost. Eventually I want a loop in my main thread to call a class function (among other tasks) to check if the user as entered any new input into the GUI (buy any changes detected by the message loop being updated into a struct and changing a bool to tell the main thread in the class function a change has occurred). Any suggestions for any of this would be greatly appreciated. This is the member function called by the main thread. int ANNGUI::CreateGUI() { GUIMain = new Main(); GUIThread = new boost::thread(boost::bind(&Main::MainThreadFunc, GUIMain)); return 0; }; This is the boost thread starting function. void Main::MainThreadFunc() { ANNVariables = new GUIVariables; WndProc = new WindowProcedure; ANNWindowsClass = new WindowsClass(ANNVariables, WndProc); ANNWindow = new MainWindow(ANNVariables); GUIMessagePump = new MessagePump; ANNWindow-ShowWindows(); while(true) { GUIMessagePump-ProcessMessage(); } }; BTW, everything compiles fine and when I run it, it works I just put a sleep() in the main thread so I can play with the GUI a little.

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  • DomainService method not compiling; claims "Return types must be an entity ..."

    - by Duncan Bayne
    I have a WCF RIA Domain Service that contains a method I'd like to invoke when the user clicks a button: [Invoke] public MyEntity PerformAnalysis(int someId) { return new MyEntity(); } However, when I try to compile I'm given the following error: Operation named 'PerformAnalysis' does not conform to the required signature. Return types must be an entity, collection of entities, or one of the predefined serializable types. The thing is, as far as I can tell, MyEntity is an entity: [Serializable] public class MyEntity: EntityObject, IMyEntity { [Key] [DataMember] [Editable(false)] public int DummyKey { get; set; } [DataMember] [Editable(false)] public IEnumerable<SomeOtherEntity> Children { get; set; } } I figure I'm missing something simple here. Could someone please tell me how I can create an invokable method that returns a single MyEntity object?

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  • Why is my spawned process still causing IntelliJ to wait?

    - by itsadok
    I'm trying to start a server as part of an Ant artifact. Here are the relevant lines: <exec dir="." executable="cmd.exe" spawn="true"> <arg line="/c c:\Java\james-2.3.2\bin\debug.bat" /> </exec> If I start it with ant from the command line, a process is spawned and I get a command prompt and everything seems fine. However, if I start it from IntelliJ 6, my IDE, the build stays alive until I kill the server. Here's the line IntelliJ uses to start ant: C:\Java\jdk1.6.0_02\bin\java -Xmx128m -Dant.home=C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1 -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath "C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-antlr.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-apache-bcel.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-apache-bsf.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-apache-log4j.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-apache-oro.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-apache-regexp.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-apache-resolver.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-commons-logging.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-commons-net.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-jai.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-javamail.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-jdepend.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-jmf.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-jsch.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-junit.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-launcher.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-netrexx.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-nodeps.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-starteam.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-stylebook.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-swing.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-testutil.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-trax.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant-weblogic.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\ant.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\xercesImpl.jar;C:\Java\apache-ant-1.7.1\lib\xml-apis.jar;C:\Java\jdk1.6.0_02\lib\tools.jar;C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 6.0\lib\idea_rt.jar" com.intellij.rt.ant.execution.AntMain2 -logger com.intellij.rt.ant.execution.IdeaAntLogger2 -inputhandler com.intellij.rt.ant.execution.IdeaInputHandler -buildfile C:\Java\Projects\CcMailer\ccmailer.xml jar I suspect the inputhandler parameter has something to do with the problem, but if I run it myself the problem is not reproduced. Either way, I have only limited control over what IntelliJ does. My question is: how does IntelliJ even know the process is running? The Ant process is long gone. Is there a way to start a subprocess in a more sneaky way, so that IntelliJ won't even know there's anything to wait around for? Here's what I've tried so far: I tried using the start command, like this: <exec dir="." executable="cmd.exe" spawn="true"> <arg line="/c start cmd /c c:\Java\james-2.3.2\bin\debug.bat" /> </exec> I also tried using python, with code like this: import os.path import subprocess subprocess.Popen(["cmd.exe", "/c", "debug.bat"], stdin=open(os.path.devnull), stdout=open(os.path.devnull, "w"), stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) To no avail. The build window always stays up until I kill the server. Any ideas?

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  • Need help understanding Generics, How To Abstract Types Question.

    - by kmacmahon
    I could use some really good links that explain Generics and how to use them. But I also have a very specific question, relater to working on a current project. Given this class constructor: public class SecuredDomainViewModel<TDomainContext, TEntity> : DomainViewModel<TDomainContext, TEntity> where TDomainContext : DomainContext, new() where TEntity : Entity, new() And its creation this way: DomainViewModel d; d = new SecuredDomainViewModel<MyContext, MyEntityType>(this.context, selectedProtectedItem); Assuming I have 20 EntityTypes within MyContext, is there any easier way to call the constructor without a large switch statement? Also, since d is DomainViewModel and I want to access methods for SecuredDomainViewModel, it seems I need to do this: if (((SecuredDomainViewModel<MyContext, MyEntityType>)d).IsBusy) But again "MyEntityType" could actually be one of 20 types. Is there anyway to write these types of statements where MyEntityType is returned from some sort of Reflection?

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  • Need help understanding Generics, How To Abstract Types Question.

    - by kmacmahon
    I could use some really good links that explain Generics and how to use them. But I also have a very specific question, relater to working on a current project. Given this class constructor: public class SecuredDomainViewModel<TDomainContext, TEntity> : DomainViewModel<TDomainContext, TEntity> where TDomainContext : DomainContext, new() where TEntity : Entity, new() public SecuredDomainViewModel(TDomainContext domainContext, ProtectedItem protectedItem) : base(domainContext) { this.protectedItem = protectedItem; } And its creation this way: DomainViewModel d; d = new SecuredDomainViewModel<MyContext, MyEntityType>(this.context, selectedProtectedItem); Assuming I have 20 different EntityTypes within MyContext, is there any easier way to call the constructor without a large switch statement? Also, since d is DomainViewModel and I later need to access methods from SecuredDomainViewModel, it seems I need to do this: if (((SecuredDomainViewModel<MyContext, MyEntityType>)d).CanEditEntity) But again "MyEntityType" could actually be one of 20 diffent types. Is there anyway to write these types of statements where MyEntityType is returned from some sort of Reflection?

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  • IDataServiceMetadataProvider / ResourceType.... what for dynamic types with no CLR type?

    - by TomTom
    Hello, I try to expose a database via ADO RIA for which we have only an ODBC based interface. The "database" is a server and new elements are developped all the time, so I would like the server to check metadata at start (using the odbc schema methods) and then expose what he finds via RIA services.... clients can the nregenerate when they need access to new elements. As such, I dont ahve any CLR types for all the tabled developped. ResourceType tableType = new ResourceType( typeof(object), ResourceTypeKind.EntityType, null, "Martini", table_name, false ); tableType.CanReflectOnInstanceType = false; I can somehow not put in NULl as CLR element type, and entering typeof(object) seems to result in reflection errors when trying to access the properties. Any documentation on how to do that? I dont really want to get into having types... though if I have to, I probably will dynamically generate some via bytecode emit.

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  • Can I make Axis2 generate a WSDL with 'unwrapped' types?

    - by Bedwyr Humphreys
    I'm trying to consume a hello world AXIS2 SOAP web service using a PHP client. The Java class is written in Netbeans and the AXIS2 aar file is generated using the Netbeans AXIS2 plugin. You've all seen it before but here's the java class: public class SOAPHello { public String sayHello(String username) { return "Hello, "+username; } } The wsdl genereated by AXIS2 seems to wrap all the parameters so that when I consume the service i have to use a crazy PHP script like this: $client = new SoapClient("http://myhost:8080/axis2/services/SOAPHello?wsdl"); $parameters["username"] = "Dave"; $response = $client->sayHello($parameters)->return; echo $response."!"; When all I really want to do is echo $client->sayHello("Dave")."!"; My question is two-fold: why is this happening? and what can I do to stop it? :) Here's are the types, message and porttype sections of the generated wsdl: <wsdl:types> <xs:schema attributeFormDefault="qualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://soap.axis2.myhost.co.uk"> <xs:element name="sayHello"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element minOccurs="0" name="username" nillable="true" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> <xs:element name="sayHelloResponse"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element minOccurs="0" name="return" nillable="true" type="xs:string"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xs:schema> </wsdl:types> <wsdl:message name="sayHelloRequest"> <wsdl:part name="parameters" element="ns:sayHello"/> </wsdl:message> <wsdl:message name="sayHelloResponse"> <wsdl:part name="parameters" element="ns:sayHelloResponse"/> </wsdl:message> <wsdl:portType name="SOAPHelloPortType"> <wsdl:operation name="sayHello"> <wsdl:input message="ns:sayHelloRequest" wsaw:Action="urn:sayHello"/> <wsdl:output message="ns:sayHelloResponse" wsaw:Action="urn:sayHelloResponse"/> </wsdl:operation> </wsdl:portType>

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  • Which video types are considered secure/trusted by Windows Vista Media Center?

    - by Page Brooks
    I've been working to set up a Windows Vista Media Center and I noticed that when I play certain DVDs, the video is scrambled. After watching this video, I think it is because Windows Vista considers Component Cables to be untrusted and therefore scrambles the video. The video says that VGA is a trusted video type, but I was curious of which other types are trusted? If I were to use a DVI to HDMI cable, would that be trusted? Edit: Scrambled as in: The video looks like a rainbow checkerboard. The audio plays as expected. I'm using component cables for the connection to my TV.

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  • How do I use a variable argument number in a bash script?

    - by Corbin Tarrant
    #!/bin/bash # Script to output the total size of requested filetype recursively # Error out if no file types were provided if [ $# -lt 1 ] then echo "Syntax Error, Please provide at least one type, ex: sizeofTypes {filetype1} {filetype2}" exit 0 fi #set first filetype types="-name *."$1 #loop through additional filetypes and append num=1 while [ $num -lt $# ] do (( num++ )) types=$types' -o -name *.'$$num done echo "TYPES="$types find . -name '*.'$1 | xargs du -ch *.$1 | grep total The problem I'm having is right here: #loop through additional filetypes and append num=1 while [ $num -lt $# ] do (( num++ )) types=$types' -o -name *.'>>$$num<< done I simply want to iterate over all the arguments not including the first one, should be easy enough, but I'm having a difficult time figuring out how to make this work

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  • Vimrc: how to reuse code and definitions for differnt file types?

    - by sixtyfootersdude
    I have defined my own file types using vim. For example I have: .classNotes .reportJotNotes .homework These file types are defined in .vim files: ~/.vim/syntax/homework.vim ~/.vim/syntax/reportJotNotes.vim ~/.vim/syntax/homework.vim Many of these things have several of the same code in them. Ie they all have this for titles: syn region JakeTitle start=+=== + end=+===+ oneline highlight JakeTitle ctermbg=black ctermfg=Yellow syn region JakeMasterTitle start=+==== + end=+====+ oneline highlight JakeMasterTitle cterm=bold term=bold ctermbg=black ctermfg=LightBlue Instead of having this in all three .vim files I would rather have it in one file and then in each file could source it. How can I do this?

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  • How to develop an app for Mac OS X that keeps reading everything the user types in?

    - by Elomar Nascimento dos Santos
    Hello, everybody. I'm here to ask if any of you know how to develop an app for Mac OS X that keeps reading everything the user types in. An example of app that implements this behavior is Text Expander. Text Expander reads everything the user types in, searching for abbreviations previously added on it. When one of this abbreviations is found, Text Expander replace the abbreviation form for the entire content related to that abbreviation. So, I would like to know what resource of Objective-C or Cocoa let you do this kind of stuff. P.S.: Just to mention, I'm not thinking about developing something like a key logger. I'm just curious and thinking about at developing a snippet platform.

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  • Does there exist video chat software which works over a LAN between different types of devices?

    - by Graphics Noob
    What I'm trying to do is set up a local area network, without internet access, which allows the users to video chat with each other. The connected devices will include Linux and Android devices, so software which will run with just those two types of systems will work, although running through a browser would be optimal. The most promising lead I've found so far is camfrog, which has a video-chat app for android and a video chat server for linux. The problem is that the documentation for the server is non-existant, and I don't know if the android app can directly connect to the video chat server over a LAN or if it can only connect to camfrog's video chat server over the internet.

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  • How can I use multiple PHP header content types on the same page? is this possible?

    - by Jon
    Is it possible to use multiple header types in one document? For example: header("Content-type: image/jpeg"); header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8'); returns the whole page as text/html... while header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8'); header("Content-type: image/jpeg"); Returns the whole page as an image.... How can I use both types of content on the same page? I'm using ob_start() at the top and ob_end_flush() at the beginning.

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  • Content Types in browsers, can we use the Mime??

    - by SoLoGHoST
    Ok, I am wondering which mime types are dangerous in browsers? That is to say setting the Content Type to that mime type?? Which mime types, if any would pose a security risk?? I am noticing that many forum software, when uploading files, use the application/octet-stream for any files other than images and place that into the Content Type of the header. I am wondering why don't they place the actual mime-type instead into the Content Type? Are there security risks involved with this? So far I have used text/css, text/plain, audio/mpeg, and many others and haven't noticed any difference between application/octet-stream and these others. Does anyone out there know the exact difference, and what makes application/octet-stream any better, or any worse...to use for the Content Type?? Thank You :)

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  • Why delegate types are derived from MulticastDelegate class why not it directly derive from Delegate class?

    - by Vijay
    I have a very basic question regarding delegate types. I compared the memebers of Delegate and MulticastDelegate classes in object browser and I couldn't find any new additional member present in MulticastDelegate. I also noticed that the Delegate class has GetInvocationList virtual method. So I assume that the Delegate class should have the capability to hold references to multiple methods. If my assumption is correct I wonder why not custom delegate types directly derive from the Delegate class instead of MulticastDelegate class. Not sure what I am missing here. Please help me understand the difference.

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  • Better way to generate enemies of different sub-classes

    - by KDiTraglia
    So lets pretend I have an enemy class that has some generic implementation and inheriting from it I have all the specific enemies of my game. There are points in my code that I need to check whether an enemy is a specific type, but in Java I have found no easier way than this monstrosity... //Must be a better way to do this if ( enemy.class.isAssignableFrom(Ninja.class) ) { ... } My partner on the project saw these and changed them to use an enum system instead public class Ninja extends Enemy { //EnemyType is an enum containing all our enemy types public EnemyType = EnemyTypes.NINJA; } if (enemy.EnemyType = EnemyTypes.NINJA) { ... } I also have found no way to generate enemies on varying probabilities besides this for (EnemyTypes types : enemyTypes) { if ( (randomNext = (randomNext - types.getFrequency())) < 0 ) { enemy = createEnemy(types.getEnemyType()); break; } } private static Enemy createEnemy(EnemyType type) { switch (type) { case NINJA: return new Ninja(new Vector2D(rand.nextInt(getScreenWidth()), 0), determineSpeed()); case GORILLA: return new Gorilla(new Vector2D(rand.nextInt(getScreenWidth()), 0), determineSpeed()); case TREX: return new TRex(new Vector2D(rand.nextInt(getScreenWidth()), 0), determineSpeed()); //etc } return null } I know java is a little weak at dynamic object creation, but is there a better way to implement this in a way such like this for (EnemyTypes types : enemyTypes) { if ( (randomNext = (randomNext - types.getFrequency())) < 0 ) { //Change enemyTypes to hold the classes of the enemies I can spawn enemy = types.getEnemyType().class.newInstance() break; } } Is the above possible? How would I declare enemyTypes to hold the classes if so? Everything I have tried so far as generated compile errors and general frustration, but I figured I might ask here before I completely give up to the huge mass that is the createEveryEnemy() method. All the enemies do inherit from the Enemy class (which is what the enemy variable is declared as). Also is there a better way to check which type a particular enemy that is shorter than enemy.class.isAssignableFrom(Ninja.class)? I'd like to ditch the enums entirely if possible, since they seem repetitive when the class name itself holds that information.

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  • TXPAUSE : polite waiting for hardware transactional memory

    - by Dave
    Classic locks are an appropriate tool to prevent potentially conflicting operations A and B, invoked by different threads, from running at the same time. In a sense the locks cause either A to run before B or vice-versa. Similarly, we can replace the locks with hardware transactional memory, or use transactional lock elision to leverage potential disjoint access parallelism between A and B. But often we want A to wait until B has run. In a Pthreads environment we'd usually use locks in conjunction with condition variables to implement our "wait until" constraint. MONITOR-MWAIT is another way to wait for a memory location to change, but it only allows us to track one cache line and it's only available on x86. There's no similar "wait until" construct for hardware transactions. At the instruction-set level a simple way to express "wait until" in transactions would be to add a new TXPAUSE instruction that could be used within an active hardware transaction. TXPAUSE would politely stall the invoking thread, possibly surrendering or yielding compute resources, while at the same time continuing to track the transaction's address-set. Once a transaction has executed TXPAUSE it can only abort. Ideally that'd happen when some other thread modifies a variable that's in the transaction's read-set or write-set. And since we're aborting all writes would be discarded. In a sense this gives us multi-location MWAIT but with much more flexibility. We could also augment the TXPAUSE with a cycle-count bound to cap the time spent stalled. I should note that we can already enter a tight spin loop in a transaction to wait for updates to address-set to cause an abort. Assuming that the implementation monitors the address-set via cache-coherence probes, by waiting in this fashion we actually communicate via the probes, and not via memory values. That is the updating thread signals the waiter via probes instead of by traditional memory values. But TXPAUSE gives us a polite way to spin.

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  • Subterranean IL: Constructor constraints

    - by Simon Cooper
    The constructor generic constraint is a slightly wierd one. The ECMA specification simply states that it: constrains [the type] to being a concrete reference type (i.e., not abstract) that has a public constructor taking no arguments (the default constructor), or to being a value type. There seems to be no reference within the spec to how you actually create an instance of a generic type with such a constraint. In non-generic methods, the normal way of creating an instance of a class is quite different to initializing an instance of a value type. For a reference type, you use newobj: newobj instance void IncrementableClass::.ctor() and for value types, you need to use initobj: .locals init ( valuetype IncrementableStruct s1 ) ldloca 0 initobj IncrementableStruct But, for a generic method, we need a consistent method that would work equally well for reference or value types. Activator.CreateInstance<T> To solve this problem the CLR designers could have chosen to create something similar to the constrained. prefix; if T is a value type, call initobj, and if it is a reference type, call newobj instance void !!0::.ctor(). However, this solution is much more heavyweight than constrained callvirt. The newobj call is encoded in the assembly using a simple reference to a row in a metadata table. This encoding is no longer valid for a call to !!0::.ctor(), as different constructor methods occupy different rows in the metadata tables. Furthermore, constructors aren't virtual, so we would have to somehow do a dynamic lookup to the correct method at runtime without using a MethodTable, something which is completely new to the CLR. Trying to do this in IL results in the following verification error: newobj instance void !!0::.ctor() [IL]: Error: Unable to resolve token. This is where Activator.CreateInstance<T> comes in. We can call this method to return us a new T, and make the whole issue Somebody Else's Problem. CreateInstance does all the dynamic method lookup for us, and returns us a new instance of the correct reference or value type (strangely enough, Activator.CreateInstance<T> does not itself have a .ctor constraint on its generic parameter): .method private static !!0 CreateInstance<.ctor T>() { call !!0 [mscorlib]System.Activator::CreateInstance<!!0>() ret } Going further: compiler enhancements Although this method works perfectly well for solving the problem, the C# compiler goes one step further. If you decompile the C# version of the CreateInstance method above: private static T CreateInstance() where T : new() { return new T(); } what you actually get is this (edited slightly for space & clarity): .method private static !!T CreateInstance<.ctor T>() { .locals init ( [0] !!T CS$0$0000, [1] !!T CS$0$0001 ) DetectValueType: ldloca.s 0 initobj !!T ldloc.0 box !!T brfalse.s CreateInstance CreateValueType: ldloca.s 1 initobj !!T ldloc.1 ret CreateInstance: call !!0 [mscorlib]System.Activator::CreateInstance<T>() ret } What on earth is going on here? Looking closer, it's actually quite a clever performance optimization around value types. So, lets dissect this code to see what it does. The CreateValueType and CreateInstance sections should be fairly self-explanatory; using initobj for value types, and Activator.CreateInstance for reference types. How does the DetectValueType section work? First, the stack transition for value types: ldloca.s 0 // &[!!T(uninitialized)] initobj !!T // ldloc.0 // !!T box !!T // O[!!T] brfalse.s // branch not taken When the brfalse.s is hit, the top stack entry is a non-null reference to a boxed !!T, so execution continues to to the CreateValueType section. What about when !!T is a reference type? Remember, the 'default' value of an object reference (type O) is zero, or null. ldloca.s 0 // &[!!T(null)] initobj !!T // ldloc.0 // null box !!T // null brfalse.s // branch taken Because box on a reference type is a no-op, the top of the stack at the brfalse.s is null, and so the branch to CreateInstance is taken. For reference types, Activator.CreateInstance is called which does the full dynamic lookup using reflection. For value types, a simple initobj is called, which is far faster, and also eliminates the unboxing that Activator.CreateInstance has to perform for value types. However, this is strictly a performance optimization; Activator.CreateInstance<T> works for value types as well as reference types. Next... That concludes the initial premise of the Subterranean IL series; to cover the details of generic methods and generic code in IL. I've got a few other ideas about where to go next; however, if anyone has any itching questions, suggestions, or things you've always wondered about IL, do let me know.

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