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• How to kill all subprocesses of shell?

  - by depesz

  I'm writing bash script, which does several thing. In the beginning it starts several monitor scripts, each of them runs some other tools. At the end of my main script, I would like to kill all things that spawned from my shell. So, it might looks like this: #!/bin/bash some_monitor1.sh & some_monitor2.sh & some_monitor3.sh & do_some_work ... kill_subprocesses The thing is that most of these monitors spawn their own subprocesses, so doing (for example): killall some_monitor1.sh will not always help. Any other way to handle this situation?

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• Passing multiple aruments to a UNIX shell script

  - by Waffles

  Hello all, I have the following (bash) shell script, that I would ideally use to kill multiple processes by name. #!/bin/bash kill `ps -A | grep $* | awk '{ print $1 }'` However, while this script works is one argument is passed: end chrome (the name of the script is end) it does not work if more than one argument is passed: $end chrome firefox grep: firefox: No such file or directory What is going on here? I thought the $* passes multiple arguments to the shell script in sequence. I'm not mistyping anything in my input - and I the programs I wan to kill (chrome and firefox) are open. Any help is appreciated.

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• Embarrassingly parallel workflow creates too many output files

  - by Hooked

  On a Linux cluster I run many (N > 10^6) independent computations. Each computation takes only a few minutes and the output is a handful of lines. When N was small I was able to store each result in a separate file to be parsed later. With large N however, I find that I am wasting storage space (for the file creation) and simple commands like ls require extra care due to internal limits of bash: -bash: /bin/ls: Argument list too long. Each computation is required to run through a qsub scheduling algorithm so I am unable to create a master program which simply aggregates the output data to a single file. The simple solution of appending to a single fails when two programs finish at the same time and interleave their output. I have no admin access to the cluster, so installing a system-wide database is not an option. How can I collate the output data from embarrassingly parallel computation before it gets unmanageable?

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• Having trouble with post-commit hook

  - by John Isaacks

  I am following this tutorial that is like the hello world for post-commit I am using unbuntu 10.04. I installed svnnotify and ran $ which svnnotify which output: /usr/bin/svnnotify so I changed the path in the turorial from /usr/local/bin/svnnotify to /usr/bin/svnnotify I also tried changing the line: #!/bin/sh to #!/bin/bash since bash is the login shell in ubuntu 10.04. I tried to run it the way the tutorial originally had it, with my changes, and combinations of the two. Everytime the commit is successful but I get Warning: post-commit hook failed (exit code 1) with no output. The original way had output not found I am very new to linux and shell scripting and have exhausted everything I can think of. What am I doing wrong?

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• How to be notified when a script's background job completes?

  - by Keith Bentrup

  My question is very similar to this one except that my background process was started from a script. I could be doing something wrong but when I try this simple example: #!/bin/bash set -mb # enable job control and notification sleep 5 & I never receive notification when the sleep background command finishes. However, if I execute the same directly in the terminal, $ set -mb $ sleep 5 & [1]+ Done sleep 5 I see the output that I expect. I'm using bash on cygwin. I'm guessing that it might have something to do with where the output is directed, but trying various output redirection, I'm not getting any closer?

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• Monitoring an audio line.

  - by Stefan Liebenberg

  I need to monitor my audio line-in in linux, and in the event that audio is played, the sound must be recorded and saved to a file. Similiar to how motion monitors the video feed. Is it possible to do this with bash? something along the lines of: #!/bin/bash # audio device device=/dev/audio-line-in # below this threshold audio will not be recorded. noise_threshold=10 # folder where recordings are stored storage_folder=~/recordings # run indefenitly, until Ctrl-C is pressed while true; do # noise_level() represents a function to determine # the noise level from device if noise_level( $device ) > $noise_threshold; then # stream from device to file, can be encoded to mp3 later. cat $device > $storage_folder/`date`.raw fi; done;

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• What is the representation of the mac command key in the terminal?

  - by freethinker

  Like control key is represented by a '^' in the terminal, what is the equivalent for the command key (mac)? I am trying to remap my bash shortcuts using stty For eg stty eof ^D But instead of control, I want to use the command key. EDIT: Okay so the issue I was trying to solve was that I wanted to interchange command and control keys because I work on osx and linux and the different key combinations cause me a lot of pain. So I interchanged the modifier keys using osx preferences. But now all the bash shortcuts like Ctrl+C etc had become equivalent of using the key sequences 'cmd+c' - which is not acceptable. Thankfully iTerm2, supports remapping of modifier keys as well, so for iterm2 I reversed them again which means iTerm2 recognizes command as command and control as control. So problem solved for now.

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• how to get files as they are added to a remote server

  - by Jordan

  I am using a bash script (below) on a remote server (so far using ssh to connect) to execute a python script that downloads a lot of pdf files one at a time (getting the download locations from a text file with the URL's) in a loop. I would like to move the files from the remote server to my local computer as they are downloaded, and then delete the file from the remote server. Is there a way that I can expand my bash script to do this? Or are there alternatives for completing this task? while read line; do python python_script.py -l $line; done < pdfURLs.txt

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• How do I make a symlink to every directory in the current directory that has the same name but has u

  - by Jason Baker

  For instance, I suppose I have a directory that contains the following folders foo_bar baz What I would like to have is a bash command that will make a symlink foo-bar to foo_bar so it would look like this: foo-bar foo_bar baz I'm pretty sure I can write a Python script to do this, but I'm curious if there's a way to do this with bash. Here's where I'm stuck: ls -1 | grep _ | xargs -I {} ln -s {} `{} | sed 's/_/-/'` What I'm trying to do is run the command ln -s with the first argument being the directory name and the second argument being that name passed through sed s/_/-/. Is there another way to do this?

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• How do I change my current directory from a python script?

  - by misterloogs

  I'm trying to implement my own version of the 'cd' command that presents the user with a list of hard-coded directories to choose from, and the user has to enter a number corresponding to an entry in the list. The program, named my_cd.py for now, should then effectively 'cd' the user to the chosen directory. Example of how this should work: /some/directory $ my_cd.py 1) ~ 2) /bin/ 3) /usr Enter menu selection, or q to quit: 2 /bin $ Currently, I'm trying to 'cd' using os.chdir('dir'). However, this doesn't work, probably because my_cd.py is kicked off in its own child process. I tried wrapping the call to my_cd.py in a sourced bash script named my_cd.sh: #! /bin/bash function my_cd() { /path/to/my_cd.py } /some/directory $ . my_cd.sh $ my_cd ... shows list of dirs, but doesn't 'cd' in the interactive shell Any ideas on how I can get this to work? Is it possible to change my interactive shell's current directory from a python script?

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• How to properly match the following message id format in a case statement

  - by hsatterwhite

  I'm trying to get this regex pattern working in a case statement to match a particular type of ID, which could be passed to the script. I need to match the exact number of alphanumeric characters with the dashes to differentiate this message id from anything else, which may be passed to this bash script. An example of the message id format: c7c3e910-c9d2-71e1-0999-0aec446b0000 #!/bin/bash until [ -z "$1" ] do case "$1" in "") echo "No value passed" ;; [a-z0-9]\{8\}-[a-z0-9]\{4\}-[a-z0-9]\{4\}-[a-z0-9]\{4\}-[a-z0-9]\{12\}) echo "Found message ID: $1" ;; *) echo "Server $1" ;; esac shift done

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• tools for creating user-friendly command-line prompt?

  - by davka

  I notice that some programs (e.g. sqlite, mysql client) provide a command-line prompt that is very similar in capabilities to the bash's, including: line editing with left and right arrows, delete, insert, ^K, etc. history browsing with up and down arrows ^R for reverse i-search in command history which make me think that they are using the same toolset for this. I'd like to create a prompt with similar capabilities in my program, which tools can I use? I prefer it to have the same functionality as in bash, so that the users would be familiar with it.

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• Shell Scripting For loop Syntax Error

  - by NewShellScripter

  Hello, I am trying to make a simple shell script to ping a source but I am getting bash-2.03$ ./test.sh google.com 10 .5 /home/users/me 16 256 ./test.sh: line 35: syntax error near unexpected token `((' ./test.sh: line 35: `for (( i = 1 ; i <= $totalArguments ; i++ ))' This is the code: #!/bin/bash ip=$1 count=$2 interval=$3 outputDirectory=$4 shift; shift; shift; shift; totalArguments=$# for (( i = 1 ; i <= $totalArguments ; i++ )) do ping -c $count -i $interval -s ${!i} $ip >> $outputDirectory/${!i}results.txt done Can someone tell me what I am doing wrong with the for loop syntax? Thanks!

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• I need to pad IP addresses with Zeroes for each octet

  - by Felipe Alvarez

  Starting with a string of an unspecified length, I need to make it exactly 43 characters long (front-padded with zeroes). It is going to contain IP addresses and port numbers. Something like: ### BEFORE # Unfortunately includes ':' colon 66.35.205.123.80-137.30.123.78.52172: ### AFTER # Colon removed. # Digits padded to three (3) and five (5) # characters (for IP address and port numbers, respectively) 066.035.05.123.00080-137.030.123.078.52172 This is similar to the output produced by tcpflow. Programming in Bash. I can provide copy of script if required. If it's at all possible, it would be nice to use a bash built-in, for speed. Is printf suitable for this type of thing?

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• Changing the contents of a file with sed in Solaris 10

  - by ubersol

  Hello, I have a bash script that I want to change all occurrences of jdk1.5.0_14 with jdk1.6.0_20 in a file I have the following piece of code : #!/bin/bash myvar="jdk1.6.0_20" sed "s/jdk1.*/$myvar/g" answer_file.1 > answer_file.2 However I have the following information in answer_file.1 (pasting the relevant part): JDKSelection.directory.JDK_LIST=/usr/jdk/jdk1.5.0_14 (v. 1.5.0_14 by Sun Microsystems Inc.) JDKSelection.directory.HIDDEN_JDK=/usr/jdk/jdk1.5.0_14 The code above changes the occurence of jdk1.5.0_14 to jdk1.6.0_20 but also removes the information contained in paranthesis in the first line. So after the change, I need the answer_file.2 file look like this: JDKSelection.directory.JDK_LIST=/usr/jdk/jdk1.6.0_20 (v. 1.6.0_20 by Sun Microsystems Inc.) JDKSelection.directory.HIDDEN_JDK=/usr/jdk/jdk1.6.0_20 How can I achieve this? Thanks for your answers....

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• How do I find the millionth number in the series: 2 3 4 6 9 13 19 28 42 63 ... ?

  - by HH

  It takes about minute to achieve 3000 in my comp but I need to know the millionth number in the series. The definition is recursive so I cannot see any shortcuts except to calculate everything before the millionth number. How can you fast calculate millionth number in the series? Series Def n_{i+1} = \floor{ 3/2 * n_{i} } and n_{0}=2. Interestingly, only one site list the series according to Google: this one. Too slow Bash code #!/bin/bash function series { n=$( echo "3/2*$n" | bc -l | tr '\n' ' ' | sed -e 's@\\@@g' -e 's@ @@g' ); # bc gives \ at very large numbers, sed-tr for it n=$( echo $n/1 | bc ) #DUMMY FLOOR func } n=2 nth=1 while [ true ]; #$nth -lt 500 ]; do series $n # n gets new value in the function through global value echo $nth $n nth=$( echo $nth + 1 | bc ) #n++ done

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• Millionth number in the serie 2 3 4 6 9 13 19 28 42 63 ... ?

  - by HH

  It takes about minute to achieve 3000 in my comp but I need to know the millionth number in the serie. The definition is recursive so I cannot see any shortcuts except to calculate everything before the millionth number. How can you fast calculate millionth number in the serie? Serie Def n_{i+1} = \floor{ 3/2 * n_{i} } and n_{0}=2. Interestingly, only one site list the serie according to Goolge: this one. Too slow Bash code #!/bin/bash function serie { n=$( echo "3/2*$n" | bc -l | tr '\n' ' ' | sed -e 's@\\@@g' -e 's@ @@g' ); # bc gives \ at very large numbers, sed-tr for it n=$( echo $n/1 | bc ) #DUMMY FLOOR func } n=2 nth=1 while [ true ]; #$nth -lt 500 ]; do serie $n # n gets new value in the function throught global value echo $nth $n nth=$( echo $nth + 1 | bc ) #n++ done

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• How to get the number of files in a folder as a variable?

  - by Jason

  Using bash, how can one get the number of files in a folder, excluding directories from a shell script without the interpreter complaining? With the help of a friend, I've tried $files=$(find ../ -maxdepth 1 -type f | sort -n) $num=$("ls -l" | "grep ^-" | "wc -l") which returns from the command line: ../1-prefix_blended_fused.jpg: No such file or directory ls -l : command not found grep ^-: command not found wc -l: command not found respectively. These commands work on the command line, but NOT with a bash script. Given a file filled with image files formatted like 1-pano.jpg, I want to grab all the images in the directory to get the largest numbered file to tack onto the next image being processed. Why the discrepancy?

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• Does PHP have job control like bash does?

  - by Andrew

  Hello, does PHP support something like ampersand in bash (forking)? Let's say I wanted to use cURL on 2 web pages concurrently, so script doesn't have to wait before first cURL command finnishes, how could one achieve that in PHP? Something like this in bash: curl www.google.com & curl www.yahoo.com & wait

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• Start screen with bash command

  - by Jeje

  I need to start screen with some bash command to execute. Trying screen -S test -d -m bash -c./test.php` but have no result, screen didn't apear.

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• how to invoke java.exe in bash under windows in cygwin with space in path

  - by Boris

  Hi, I tried to invoke java inside bash script on windows (Win XP) using cygwin. However path to java.exe contain spaces. only literaly putting in bash sometghing like this worked: /cygdrive/c/Program\ Files/Java/jdk1.5.0_10/bin/java -cp "$TOOL_HOME" DateParse "$DATE" "$FORMAT" My attemts to put java path to a variable failed: export JAVA_EXE="/cygdrive/c/Program\ Files/Java/jdk1.5.0_10/bin/java" $JAVA_EXE -cp "$TOOL_HOME" DateParse "$DATE" "$FORMAT" also different combination with cygpath, quotes, brackets did not work. I am not finding the the right combination

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• Nagios plugin script not working as expected

  - by Linker3000

  I have modified an off-the-shelf Nagios plugin perl script to (in theory) return a one or zero according to the existence, or not, of a file on a remote linux server. The script runs a remote ssh session and logs in as the nagios user. The remote linux servers have private keys setup for that user, and on the bash command line the script works as expected, but when run as a plugin it always returns '1' (true) even if the file does not exist. Some help with the logic or a comment on why things are not working as expected within Nagios would be appreciated. I'd prefer to use this ssh login method rather than having to install nrpe on all the linux servers. To run from a command line (assuming remote server has a user called nagios with a valid private key): ./check_reboot_required -e ssh -H remote-servers-ip-addr -p 'filename-to-check' -v Ta. #! /usr/bin/perl -w # # # License Information: # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. # ############################################################################ use POSIX; use strict; use Getopt::Long; use lib "/usr/lib/nagios/plugins" ; use vars qw($host $opt_V $opt_h $opt_v $verbose $PROGNAME $pattern $opt_p $mmin $opt_e $opt_t $opt_H $status $state $msg $msg_q $MAILQ $SHELL $device $used $avail $percent $fs $blocks $CMD $RMTOS); use utils qw(%ERRORS &print_revision &support &usage ); sub print_help (); sub print_usage (); sub process_arguments (); $ENV{'PATH'}=''; $ENV{'BASH_ENV'}=''; $ENV{'ENV'}=''; $PROGNAME = "check_reboot_required"; Getopt::Long::Configure('bundling'); $status = process_arguments(); if ($status){ print "ERROR: processing arguments\n"; exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } $SIG{'ALRM'} = sub { print ("ERROR: timed out waiting for $CMD on $host\n"); exit $ERRORS{'WARNING'}; }; $host = $opt_H; $pattern = $opt_p; print "Pattern >" . $pattern . "< " if $verbose; alarm($opt_t); #$CMD = "/usr/bin/find " . $pattern . " -type f 2>/dev/null| /usr/bin/wc -l"; $CMD = "[ -f " . $pattern . " ] && echo 1 || echo 0"; alarm($opt_t); ## get cmd output from remote system if (! open (OUTPUT, "$SHELL $host $CMD|" ) ) { print "ERROR: could not open $CMD on $host\n"; exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } my $perfdata = ""; my $state = "3"; my $msg = "Indeterminate result"; # only first line is relevant in this iteration. while (<OUTPUT>) { my $result = chomp($_); $msg = $result; print "Shell returned >" . $result . "< length is " . length($result) . " " if $verbose; if ( $result == 1 ) { $msg = "Reboot required (NB: Result still not accurate)" . $result ; $state = $ERRORS{'WARNING'}; last; } elsif ( $result == 0 ) { $msg = "No reboot required (NB: Result still not accurate) " . $result ; $state = $ERRORS{'OK'}; last; } else { $msg = "Output received, but it was neither a 1 nor a 0" ; last; } } close (OUTPUT); print "$msg | $perfdata\n"; exit $state; ##################################### #### subs sub process_arguments(){ GetOptions ("V" => \$opt_V, "version" => \$opt_V, "v" => \$opt_v, "verbose" => \$opt_v, "h" => \$opt_h, "help" => \$opt_h, "e=s" => \$opt_e, "shell=s" => \$opt_e, "p=s" => \$opt_p, "pattern=s" => \$opt_p, "t=i" => \$opt_t, "timeout=i" => \$opt_t, "H=s" => \$opt_H, "hostname=s" => \$opt_H ); if ($opt_V) { print_revision($PROGNAME,'$Revision: 1.0 $ '); exit $ERRORS{'OK'}; } if ($opt_h) { print_help(); exit $ERRORS{'OK'}; } if (defined $opt_v ){ $verbose = $opt_v; } if (defined $opt_e ){ if ( $opt_e eq "ssh" ) { if (-x "/usr/local/bin/ssh") { $SHELL = "/usr/local/bin/ssh"; } elsif ( -x "/usr/bin/ssh" ) { $SHELL = "/usr/bin/ssh"; } else { print_usage(); exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } } elsif ( $opt_e eq "rsh" ) { $SHELL = "/usr/bin/rsh"; } else { print_usage(); exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } } else { print_usage(); exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } unless (defined $opt_t) { $opt_t = $utils::TIMEOUT ; # default timeout } unless (defined $opt_H) { print_usage(); exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } return $ERRORS{'OK'}; } sub print_usage () { print "Usage: $PROGNAME -e <shell> -H <hostname> -p <directory/file pattern> [-t <timeout>] [-v verbose]\n"; } sub print_help () { print_revision($PROGNAME,'$Revision: 0.1 $'); print "\n"; print_usage(); print "\n"; print " Checks for the presence of a 'reboot-required' file on a remote host via SSH or RSH\n"; print "-e (--shell) = ssh or rsh (required)\n"; print "-H (--hostname) = remote server name (required)"; print "-p (--pattern) = File pattern for find command (default = /var/run/reboot-required)\n"; print "-t (--timeout) = Plugin timeout in seconds (default = $utils::TIMEOUT)\n"; print "-h (--help)\n"; print "-V (--version)\n"; print "-v (--verbose) = debugging output\n"; print "\n\n"; support(); }

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• Command does not execute in crontab while command itself works just fine

  - by fuzzybee

  I have this script from Colin Johnson on Github - https://github.com/colinbjohnson/aws-missing-tools/tree/master/ec2-automate-backup It seems great. I have modified it to send email to myself every time an EBS snapshot is created or deleted. The following works like a charm ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-myvolumeid" -k 3 However, it does not execute at all as part of my crontab (I didn't receive any emails) #some command that got commented out */5 * * * * ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3; * * * * * date /root/logs/crontab.log; */5 * * * * date /root/logs/crontab2.log Please note that the 2nd and 3rd execute just fines as I can see the date and time in log files. What could I have missed here? The full ec2-automate-backup.sh is as follows: #!/bin/bash - # Author: Colin Johnson / [email protected] # Date: 2012-09-24 # Version 0.1 # License Type: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 3 # #confirms that executables required for succesful script execution are available prerequisite_check() { for prerequisite in basename ec2-create-snapshot ec2-create-tags ec2-describe-snapshots ec2-delete-snapshot date do #use of "hash" chosen as it is a shell builtin and will add programs to hash table, possibly speeding execution. Use of type also considered - open to suggestions. hash $prerequisite &> /dev/null if [[ $? == 1 ]] #has exits with exit status of 70, executable was not found then echo "In order to use `basename $0`, the executable \"$prerequisite\" must be installed." 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 0" [email protected] ; exit 70 fi done } #get_EBS_List gets a list of available EBS instances depending upon the selection_method of EBS selection that is provided by user input get_EBS_List() { case $selection_method in volumeid) if [[ -z $volumeid ]] then echo "The selection method \"volumeid\" (which is $app_name's default selection_method of operation or requested by using the -s volumeid parameter) requires a volumeid (-v volumeid) for operation. Correct usage is as follows: \"-v vol-6d6a0527\",\"-s volumeid -v vol-6d6a0527\" or \"-v \"vol-6d6a0527 vol-636a0112\"\" if multiple volumes are to be selected." 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 1" [email protected] ; exit 64 fi ebs_selection_string="$volumeid" ;; tag) if [[ -z $tag ]] then echo "The selected selection_method \"tag\" (-s tag) requires a valid tag (-t key=value) for operation. Correct usage is as follows: \"-s tag -t backup=true\" or \"-s tag -t Name=my_tag.\"" 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 2" [email protected] ; exit 64 fi ebs_selection_string="--filter tag:$tag" ;; *) echo "If you specify a selection_method (-s selection_method) for selecting EBS volumes you must select either \"volumeid\" (-s volumeid) or \"tag\" (-s tag)." 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 3" [email protected] ; exit 64 ;; esac #creates a list of all ebs volumes that match the selection string from above ebs_backup_list_complete=`ec2-describe-volumes --show-empty-fields --region $region $ebs_selection_string 2>&1` #takes the output of the previous command ebs_backup_list_result=`echo $?` if [[ $ebs_backup_list_result -gt 0 ]] then echo -e "An error occured when running ec2-describe-volumes. The error returned is below:\n$ebs_backup_list_complete" 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 4" [email protected] ; exit 70 fi ebs_backup_list=`echo "$ebs_backup_list_complete" | grep ^VOLUME | cut -f 2` #code to right will output list of EBS volumes to be backed up: echo -e "Now outputting ebs_backup_list:\n$ebs_backup_list" } create_EBS_Snapshot_Tags() { #snapshot tags holds all tags that need to be applied to a given snapshot - by aggregating tags we ensure that ec2-create-tags is called only onece snapshot_tags="" #if $name_tag_create is true then append ec2ab_${ebs_selected}_$date_current to the variable $snapshot_tags if $name_tag_create then ec2_snapshot_resource_id=`echo "$ec2_create_snapshot_result" | cut -f 2` snapshot_tags="$snapshot_tags --tag Name=ec2ab_${ebs_selected}_$date_current" fi #if $purge_after_days is true, then append $purge_after_date to the variable $snapshot_tags if [[ -n $purge_after_days ]] then snapshot_tags="$snapshot_tags --tag PurgeAfter=$purge_after_date --tag PurgeAllow=true" fi #if $snapshot_tags is not zero length then set the tag on the snapshot using ec2-create-tags if [[ -n $snapshot_tags ]] then echo "Tagging Snapshot $ec2_snapshot_resource_id with the following Tags:" ec2-create-tags $ec2_snapshot_resource_id --region $region $snapshot_tags #echo "Snapshot tags successfully created" | mailx -s "Snapshot tags successfully created" [email protected] fi } date_command_get() { #finds full path to date binary date_binary_full_path=`which date` #command below is used to determine if date binary is gnu, macosx or other date_binary_file_result=`file -b $date_binary_full_path` case $date_binary_file_result in "Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64") date_binary="macosx" ;; "ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV)"*) date_binary="gnu" ;; *) date_binary="unknown" ;; esac #based on the installed date binary the case statement below will determine the method to use to determine "purge_after_days" in the future case $date_binary in gnu) date_command="date -d +${purge_after_days}days -u +%Y-%m-%d" ;; macosx) date_command="date -v+${purge_after_days}d -u +%Y-%m-%d" ;; unknown) date_command="date -d +${purge_after_days}days -u +%Y-%m-%d" ;; *) date_command="date -d +${purge_after_days}days -u +%Y-%m-%d" ;; esac } purge_EBS_Snapshots() { #snapshot_tag_list is a string that contains all snapshots with either the key PurgeAllow or PurgeAfter set snapshot_tag_list=`ec2-describe-tags --show-empty-fields --region $region --filter resource-type=snapshot --filter key=PurgeAllow,PurgeAfter` #snapshot_purge_allowed is a list of all snapshot_ids with PurgeAllow=true snapshot_purge_allowed=`echo "$snapshot_tag_list" | grep .*PurgeAllow'\t'true | cut -f 3` for snapshot_id_evaluated in $snapshot_purge_allowed do #gets the "PurgeAfter" date which is in UTC with YYYY-MM-DD format (or %Y-%m-%d) purge_after_date=`echo "$snapshot_tag_list" | grep .*$snapshot_id_evaluated'\t'PurgeAfter.* | cut -f 5` #if purge_after_date is not set then we have a problem. Need to alter user. if [[ -z $purge_after_date ]] #Alerts user to the fact that a Snapshot was found with PurgeAllow=true but with no PurgeAfter date. then echo "A Snapshot with the Snapshot ID $snapshot_id_evaluated has the tag \"PurgeAllow=true\" but does not have a \"PurgeAfter=YYYY-MM-DD\" date. $app_name is unable to determine if $snapshot_id_evaluated should be purged." 1>&2 | mailx -s "Error happened 5" [email protected] else #convert both the date_current and purge_after_date into epoch time to allow for comparison date_current_epoch=`date -j -f "%Y-%m-%d" "$date_current" "+%s"` purge_after_date_epoch=`date -j -f "%Y-%m-%d" "$purge_after_date" "+%s"` #perform compparison - if $purge_after_date_epoch is a lower number than $date_current_epoch than the PurgeAfter date is earlier than the current date - and the snapshot can be safely removed if [[ $purge_after_date_epoch < $date_current_epoch ]] then echo "The snapshot \"$snapshot_id_evaluated\" with the Purge After date of $purge_after_date will be deleted." ec2-delete-snapshot --region $region $snapshot_id_evaluated echo "Old snapshots successfully deleted for $volumeid" | mailx -s "Old snapshots successfully deleted for $volumeid" [email protected] fi fi done } #calls prerequisitecheck function to ensure that all executables required for script execution are available prerequisite_check app_name=`basename $0` #sets defaults selection_method="volumeid" region="ap-southeast-1" #date_binary allows a user to set the "date" binary that is installed on their system and, therefore, the options that will be given to the date binary to perform date calculations date_binary="" #sets the "Name" tag set for a snapshot to false - using "Name" requires that ec2-create-tags be called in addition to ec2-create-snapshot name_tag_create=false #sets the Purge Snapshot feature to false - this feature will eventually allow the removal of snapshots that have a "PurgeAfter" tag that is earlier than current date purge_snapshots=false #handles options processing while getopts :s:r:v:t:k:pn opt do case $opt in s) selection_method="$OPTARG";; r) region="$OPTARG";; v) volumeid="$OPTARG";; t) tag="$OPTARG";; k) purge_after_days="$OPTARG";; n) name_tag_create=true;; p) purge_snapshots=true;; *) echo "Error with Options Input. Cause of failure is most likely that an unsupported parameter was passed or a parameter was passed without a corresponding option." 1>&2 ; exit 64;; esac done #sets date variable date_current=`date -u +%Y-%m-%d` #sets the PurgeAfter tag to the number of days that a snapshot should be retained if [[ -n $purge_after_days ]] then #if the date_binary is not set, call the date_command_get function if [[ -z $date_binary ]] then date_command_get fi purge_after_date=`$date_command` echo "Snapshots taken by $app_name will be eligible for purging after the following date: $purge_after_date." fi #get_EBS_List gets a list of EBS instances for which a snapshot is desired. The list of EBS instances depends upon the selection_method that is provided by user input get_EBS_List #the loop below is called once for each volume in $ebs_backup_list - the currently selected EBS volume is passed in as "ebs_selected" for ebs_selected in $ebs_backup_list do ec2_snapshot_description="ec2ab_${ebs_selected}_$date_current" ec2_create_snapshot_result=`ec2-create-snapshot --region $region -d $ec2_snapshot_description $ebs_selected 2>&1` if [[ $? != 0 ]] then echo -e "An error occured when running ec2-create-snapshot. The error returned is below:\n$ec2_create_snapshot_result" 1>&2 ; exit 70 else ec2_snapshot_resource_id=`echo "$ec2_create_snapshot_result" | cut -f 2` echo "Snapshots successfully created for volume $volumeid" | mailx -s "Snapshots successfully created for $volumeid" [email protected] fi create_EBS_Snapshot_Tags done #if purge_snapshots is true, then run purge_EBS_Snapshots function if $purge_snapshots then echo "Snapshot Purging is Starting Now." purge_EBS_Snapshots fi cron log Oct 23 10:24:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28214]: (root) CMD (root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3;)) Oct 23 10:24:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28215]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:25:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28228]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:25:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28229]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab2.log) Oct 23 10:26:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28239]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:27:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28247]: (root) CMD (root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3;)) Oct 23 10:27:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28248]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:28:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28263]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:29:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28275]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:30:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28292]: (root) CMD (root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3;)) Oct 23 10:30:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28293]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:30:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28294]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab2.log) Oct 23 10:31:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28312]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:32:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28319]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:33:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28325]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:33:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28324]: (root) CMD (root (ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3;)) Oct 23 10:34:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28345]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:35:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28362]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab.log;) Oct 23 10:35:01 ip-10-130-153-227 CROND[28363]: (root) CMD (date >> /root/logs/crontab2.log) Mails to root From [email protected] Tue Oct 23 06:00:01 2012 Return-Path: <[email protected]> Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2012 06:00:01 GMT From: [email protected] (Cron Daemon) To: [email protected] Subject: Cron <root@ip-10-130-153-227> root ec2-automate-backup.sh -v "vol-fb2fbcdf" -k 3 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Auto-Submitted: auto-generated X-Cron-Env: <SHELL=/bin/sh> X-Cron-Env: <HOME=/root> X-Cron-Env: <PATH=/usr/bin:/bin> X-Cron-Env: <LOGNAME=root> X-Cron-Env: <USER=root> Status: R /bin/sh: root: command not found

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• Fork bomb protection not working : Amount of processes not limited

  - by d_inevitable

  I just came to realize that my system is not limiting the amount of processes per user properly thus not preventing a user from dring a fork-bomb and crashing the entire system: user@thebe:~$ cat /etc/security/limits.conf | grep user user hard nproc 512 user@thebe:~$ ulimit -u 1024 user@thebe:~$ :(){ :|:& };: [1] 2559 user@thebe:~$ ht-bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory -bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory -bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory -bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory -bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory -bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory -bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory -bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory ... Connection to thebe closed by remote host. Is this a bug or why is it ignoring the limit in limits.conf and why is not applying the limit that ulimit -n claims it to be? PS: I really don't think the memory limit is hit before the process limit. This machine has 8GB ram and it was using only 4% of it at the time when I dropped the fork bomb.

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• How to install latest version of imagick on centos 5.8 64bit using bash

  - by user57221

  How can I download and install latest version of imagick on centos 5.8 64bit using bash for php 5.4. >yum info php Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.ellogroup.com * epel: mirror01.th.ifl.net * extras: mirror.ellogroup.com * updates: mirror.ellogroup.com Installed Packages Name : php Arch : x86_64 Version : 5.4.3 Release : 1.el5.remi Size : 8.8 M Repo : installed Summary : The PHP HTML-embedded scripting language. (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) URL : http://www.php.net/ License : PHP Description: PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. PHP attempts to make it : easy for developers to write dynamically generated webpages. PHP also : offers built-in database integration for several commercial and : non-commercial database management systems, so writing a : database-enabled webpage with PHP is fairly simple. The most common : use of PHP coding is probably as a replacement for CGI scripts. : : The php package contains the module which adds support for the PHP : language to Apache HTTP Server.

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