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• How do you get Windows 7 to show time remaining in the battery meter?

  - by MrDaniel

  Running Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium on a HP Laptop. The system tray power meter never shows the time remaining in the system tray. Only really ever show a percentage remaining number as pictured. The windows help documentation on the "battery meter" seems to indicate that it should display a time remaining indicator, is this accurate? How accurate is the battery meter? The accuracy of what the battery meter reports—what percentage of a full charge remains and how long you can use your laptop before you must plug it in—depends on several factors. Most of these factors fall into the following two categories: What you use the laptop for. Because some activities drain the battery faster than others (for example, watching a DVD consumes more power than reading and writing e-mail), alternating between activities that have significantly different power requirements changes the rate at which your laptop uses battery power. This can vary the estimate of how much battery charge remains. Battery hardware and sensor circuitry. Newer, "smart" batteries are equipped with circuitry that calculates the measurements of charge remaining and reports the information to the battery meter. Older batteries use less sophisticated circuitry and might be less accurate.

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• Dual Xeon Server voltages are low

  - by Mindflux

  I've got a whitebox server running CentOS 5.7. It's a Dual Xeon 5620, 24GB of RAM. The mainboard is a SuperMicro X8DT6-F and the chassis is a SC825TQ-R720LPB. Dual 720W Power supplies. We had a big power outage a couple weeks back that took down everything, I don't have any pre-power outage figures for this server, and the only reason I noticed these is because when I was bringing up the servers I was checking them out with more scrutiny than usual. http://i.imgur.com/rSjiw.png (Image of voltage readings) As you can see, CPU1 DIMM is low, +3.3V is high, 3.3VSB is high, +5v is high, +12v is REAL LOW (out of normal 5% (plus/minus))... and VBAT is off the charts. With my whitebox VAR we've tried the following: Swap out PSU with another server I have with the same PSUs. Try different power cord Update BMC/IPMI firmware in case readings were wrong (They aren't) Update BIOS Try different PDU Try a different outlet and/or circuit Replaced Voltage Regulator Unit At this point, the only thing we haven't done, seemingly is replace the mainboard.. which is what the next step will be unless something else shines some light on the situation. I should mention the system is rock solid otherwise which is a surprise given the 12v voltage is that far off.

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• cisco 2900xl - SNMP - Get mac address of device connected to an interface

  - by ankit

  Hello all, Basically what i want to do is to find out what is the mac address of a device plugged in to an interface on the switch (FastEthernet0/1 for example) reading through the switch documentaion i found out that i can configure snmp trap on it to make it notify of any new mac address the switch detects by using the command snmp-server enable traps mac-notifiction but for some reason my switch does not support this feature. the only options i see are CORE_SWITCH(config)#snmp-server enable traps ? c2900 Enable SNMP c2900 traps cluster Enable Cluster traps config Enable SNMP config traps entity Enable SNMP entity traps hsrp Enable SNMP HSRP traps snmp Enable SNMP traps vlan-membership Enable VLAN Membership traps vtp Enable SNMP VTP traps <cr> so the other way would be for me to run a cronjon on my gateway to poll the switch periodically using snmp to get new mac addresses i have looked everywhere but cant seem to find the OID that would provide me this information. any help i can get would me very much appreciated ! here's the output from "show version" on my switch Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2900XL Software (C2900XL-C3H2S-M), Version 12.0(5.4)WC(1), MAINTENANCE INTERIM SOFTWARE Copyright (c) 1986-2001 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Tue 10-Jul-01 11:52 by devgoyal Image text-base: 0x00003000, data-base: 0x00333CD8 ROM: Bootstrap program is C2900XL boot loader CORE_SWITCH uptime is 1 hour, 24 minutes System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is "flash:c2900XL-c3h2s-mz.120-5.4.WC.1.bin" cisco WS-C2912-XL (PowerPC403GA) processor (revision 0x11) with 8192K/1024K bytes of memory. Processor board ID FAB0409X1WS, with hardware revision 0x01 Last reset from power-on Processor is running Enterprise Edition Software Cluster command switch capable Cluster member switch capable 12 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 32K bytes of flash-simulated non-volatile configuration memory. Base ethernet MAC Address: 00:01:42:D0:67:00 Motherboard assembly number: 73-3397-08 Power supply part number: 34-0834-01 Motherboard serial number: FAB040843G4 Power supply serial number: DAB05030HR8 Model revision number: A0 Motherboard revision number: C0 Model number: WS-C2912-XL-EN System serial number: FAB0409X1WS Configuration register is 0xF thanks, -ankit

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• iBook G4 has black screen on boot

  - by Jonathan Patt

  I have an old iBook G4 (A1054, 1.2 GHz) which has issues when it loses power or is shut off. If the battery drains—which happens quickly, as its remaining capacity is very low—it enters some sort of weird mode where it's not really awake (the screen is black, can't do anything) but it has no pulsing light indicating it's asleep either. The only way to exit this mode is to hold down the power button for ten seconds until it shuts off, and attempt rebooting it. Almost always, however, it makes the sound of the optical drive starting up, and then doesn't continue past that point. The screen doesn't come on, and things like resetting PRAM don't work. Occasionally a fan comes on loudly for a second or two. This sometimes seems to correspond with my pressing down on the rear-right casing, above the power jack. In the past, shutting it off, disconnecting it from power, removing the battery and waiting for 30 minutes would do the trick, but this time I have done that several times, letting it sit for up to several hours before retrying, to no avail. Any ideas?

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• Graphics and USB devices freezing soon after OS loads

  - by Andrew

  I run Ubuntu/Windows dual boot. Last night I started the upgrade to Ubuntu 12.04, and my computer has not worked since in either Windows or Ubuntu. Here's what I got when I rebooted after the upgrade, and continue to get every time I boot: Gets to GRUB screen OK. Choose Ubuntu - black screen or crazy purple lines. At first I assumed something went wrong with the upgrade (often happens). Choose Windows - works fine, I log in, but soon after that the graphics freeze (sometimes with purple artifacts). The keyboard and mouse (both USB) also lose power at the same instant, and none of the USB ports have power to them. This happens sooner or later every time I boot. Update: the HDD also appears to lose power at the same point. I have tried a live CD, but my computer refuses to boot any CD even after disabling all other boot options in the BIOS. I have disconnected everything except keyboard, mouse, graphics card with one monitor, one RAM sick and HDD; no change. I also took the little battery out to reset CMOS. I am pretty sure no matter how wrong the Ubuntu upgrade went, it wouldn't cause the above symptoms in Windows. So the only explanation I can think of is that a hardware failure occurred at the same time. Some possible causes of this I can think of are: A couple of days before this, I added a third screen (which worked fine). About a week before, my house lost power in a storm (no ill effects over the past few days though). What can I do, other than buy a new motherboard/CPU and hope it works? Unfortunately I don't have another box to swap parts into to test at the moment.

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• Macbook Battery Charging Troubles

  - by bobber205

  Problem: Occasionally, my macbook's battery will say it's charging and actually won't be. It stays at 0% for a long time. Other info: I thought it was my battery (laptop was 3 years old). Got a new battery. Issue did not go away. Got a new power supply. Did not go away. Ended up getting a unibody macbook pro. :) (We even ended up moving to a new house). Now still having the issue. The only thing I can think of is my power strip, which is the only thing that has stayed constant. Is it possible for the strip to be affecting the amount of watts my macbook(s) are getting and preventing it from properly charing the battery. I think it goes in and out, the battery picks up the slack and once it's empty the computer shuts down b/c there's no power at all for a second or two. Funny thing is I have a desktop PC on this same strip and it has never had issues with power. Thanks! :)

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• Disabling Keyboard Wakeup for Ubuntu 10.04 on Acer 1810TZ

  - by sybreon

  My Acer Aspire 1810TZ laptop suspends fine but wakes up on any slight key-press. I would like to disable this behaviour. I read that it involves disabling something in the /proc/acpi/wakeup but SLPB does not seem to be listed at all. root@1810TZ:/etc# cat /proc/acpi/wakeup Device S-state Status Sysfs node UHC0 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1d.0 UHC1 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1d.1 UHC2 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1d.2 UHCR S3 disabled EHC1 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1d.7 UHC3 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1a.0 UHC4 S3 disabled UHC5 S3 disabled EHC2 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1a.7 EXP1 S4 disabled pci:0000:00:1c.0 PXSX S4 disabled pci:0000:01:00.0 EXP2 S4 disabled PXSX S4 disabled EXP3 S4 disabled PXSX S4 disabled EXP4 S4 disabled pci:0000:00:1c.3 PXSX S4 disabled pci:0000:02:00.0 EXP5 S4 disabled PXSX S4 disabled EXP6 S4 disabled PXSX S4 disabled However, the relevant bits seem to be detected from dmesg. [ 0.357628] ACPI: AC Adapter [ACAD] (on-line) [ 0.357749] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0C:00/input/input0 [ 0.357754] ACPI: Power Button [PWRB] [ 0.357817] input: Lid Switch as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0D:00/input/input1 [ 0.359319] ACPI: Lid Switch [LID0] [ 0.359390] input: Sleep Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0E:00/input/input2 [ 0.359394] ACPI: Sleep Button [SLPB] [ 0.359475] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00/input/input3 [ 0.359479] ACPI: Power Button [PWRF] Not quite sure what to do next.

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• Disabling Keyboard Wakeup for Ubuntu 10.04 on Acer 1810TZ

  - by sybreon

  My Acer Aspire 1810TZ laptop suspends fine but wakes up on any slight key-press. I would like to disable this behaviour. I read that it involves disabling something in the /proc/acpi/wakeup but SLPB does not seem to be listed at all. root@1810TZ:/etc# cat /proc/acpi/wakeup Device S-state Status Sysfs node UHC0 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1d.0 UHC1 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1d.1 UHC2 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1d.2 UHCR S3 disabled EHC1 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1d.7 UHC3 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1a.0 UHC4 S3 disabled UHC5 S3 disabled EHC2 S3 disabled pci:0000:00:1a.7 EXP1 S4 disabled pci:0000:00:1c.0 PXSX S4 disabled pci:0000:01:00.0 EXP2 S4 disabled PXSX S4 disabled EXP3 S4 disabled PXSX S4 disabled EXP4 S4 disabled pci:0000:00:1c.3 PXSX S4 disabled pci:0000:02:00.0 EXP5 S4 disabled PXSX S4 disabled EXP6 S4 disabled PXSX S4 disabled However, the relevant bits seem to be detected from dmesg. [ 0.357628] ACPI: AC Adapter [ACAD] (on-line) [ 0.357749] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0C:00/input/input0 [ 0.357754] ACPI: Power Button [PWRB] [ 0.357817] input: Lid Switch as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0D:00/input/input1 [ 0.359319] ACPI: Lid Switch [LID0] [ 0.359390] input: Sleep Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0E:00/input/input2 [ 0.359394] ACPI: Sleep Button [SLPB] [ 0.359475] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00/input/input3 [ 0.359479] ACPI: Power Button [PWRF] Not quite sure what to do next.

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• What are the frequencies of current in computers' external peripheral cables and internal buses?

  - by Tim

  From Wikipedia, three different cases of current frequency are discussed along with the types of cables that are suitable for them: An Extra Ordinary electrical cables suffice to carry low frequency AC, such as mains power, which reverses direction 100 to 120 times per second (cycling 50 to 60 times per second). However, they cannot be used to carry currents in the radio frequency range or higher, which reverse direction millions to billions of times per second, because the energy tends to radiate off the cable as radio waves, causing power losses. Radio frequency currents also tend to reflect from discontinuities in the cable such as connectors, and travel back down the cable toward the source. These reflections act as bottlenecks, preventing the power from reaching the destination. Transmission lines use specialized construction such as precise conductor dimensions and spacing, and impedance matching, to carry electromagnetic signals with minimal reflections and power losses. Types of transmission line include ladder line, coaxial cable, dielectric slabs, stripline, optical fiber, and waveguides. The higher the frequency, the shorter are the waves in a transmission medium. Transmission lines must be used when the frequency is high enough that the wavelength of the waves begins to approach the length of the cable used. To conduct energy at frequencies above the radio range, such as millimeter waves, infrared, and light, the waves become much smaller than the dimensions of the structures used to guide them, so transmission line techniques become inadequate and the methods of optics are used. I wonder what the frequencies are for the currents in computers' external peripheral cables, such as Ethernet cable, USB cable, and in computers' internal buses? Are the cables also made specially for the frequencies? Thanks!

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• Software to monitor bill payment to mission critical IT service providers (ISP, DNS etc.)

  - by Sholom

  Hi All, The Problem: Our very likable but absent minded bookkeeper keeps neglecting to pay our IT vendors on time. Just this past week our internet service was disconnected. Same could happen to many other mission critical accounts (domain registrar, backup MX, anti-virus license, HackerSafe (McAfee secure) service and even an 800 number to name a few). As the sysadmin, i monitor my severs to make sure they are plugged into the power-outlet. I believe i should also monitor my services to make sure they are plugged in to their money-outlet. To compound the problem, when the power goes out someone else will likely notice and notify me. But if a bill is not payed, no one will ever notice until service is lost. Lost as in losing our domain name which would cause a lot more damage then the power failing on our server. [Solution] = [Doesn't work because]: Retrain the bookkeeper = Wishful thinking. Notify my manager = Already have (via email). Protects me, does not solve problem. Fire bookkeeper = What makes you so sure the next one will never forget? Bottom line: Humans are humans and sooner or later something critical will be royally messed up. We need to partner with a machine to help us out here. Anybody have the same problem? What software/solution do you use? I would like software that emails me when a bill is passed due just like i get an email when the power outlet fails. Anyone hear of anything like that? Thanks

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• SSD not detected on boot up running windows 7, with installed blank hdd

  - by Matt. G

  I have recently built a PC for a friend, after the original system build, which included a 60GB primary SSD and a secondary 1TB HDD. I kept getting blue screens of death and kernel power errors, after investigation it was revealed that a faulty power cable and insufficient thermal paste provided with the included heat sink was the cause. This resolved the problem but after 3 months I received a phone call saying that the PC was not starting at the point of loading the operating system, with an NTLDR error. I had an idea of the cause, and after the user removed the HDD the computer started up with no issues, then I asked him to power off and reattach the HDD, and this completely resolved the issue; beforehand even restarting would not fix it. He does not have a surge protector and I thought that maybe some registry corruption had occurred due to a power surge, this might be a stupid answer though. Any ideas to what occurred with the machine would be most appreciated. No other issues have been found since the initial fault. The PC uses Windows 7 Home Premium installed on the SSD.

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• CPU not working on a specific motherboard

  - by Shaman

  I'm making a computer for someone and I met a weird problem. The CPU that I have doesn't work on this motherboard. The CPU is an Intel Pentium D 925 and the motherboard is an ECS G41T-M6, which in theory should work together. The only thing reused is the power source(400W). When I start the computer, the fans start, and that's it. The BIOS doesn't boot. I tried my own power source (600W Corsair) and nothing. Removed the RAM, no warning. In desperation I tried the last thing, swaped my own CPU with this one (Core2Duo E7200). Lo and behold, it worked. Both. The Core2Duo worked on the ECS with the old power source and the RAM that I used in the first place, and the Pentium D worked on my Gigabyte G31M-ES2L. What I discovered was that the Pentium D didn't receive power on the ECS, because I tried running it without the cooler and it remained at room temperature. On a side note, I also removed the HDDs just in case. So, in conclusion, any ideas? I can't return it, and I can still use it to upgrade another PC, but I would really prefer not to buy another CPU if possible.

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• Computer won't start after installing new video card

  - by Vercas

  So, 1 year and 340 days ago I bought a desktop computer. Since then, it has served me well. But lately, I wanted an upgrade, so I bought a new video card. I documented myself about the compatibility, and it is okay. So I opened the case, cleaned up that... dust elemental living inside of it. Unscrewed the plastic thingie on the outside to unscrew the old video card. Because of the stupid arrangement of the ports, I had to unscrew the motherboard to unplug it. So I unscrewed it, removed the old card, put in the new one, moved the motherboard back, screwed it back in, screwed the video card on the holder... thingie, and screwed the plastic thingie back in. Everything went smoothly, nothing had to be forced in/out. I connected the external power supply, closed the computer case, put the tower back in it's place and all the cables back in. When I pressed the power button, the LED turned... some color I can't distinguish. It stayed that way for a second, and then it went off. I tried a bunch of things, including permuting the external power supply arrangement (1 connection, 2 connections and no connections), with no success. And here are some of the specifications: Motherboard manufacturer: Asrock Processor: AMD Athlon II X2 3.0 GHz RAM: 2 x 2GB (had only 1 initially, bought the second plate a bit later) OLD video card: AMD Radeon HD 5450 NEW video card: Gigabyte nVidia GeForce GTX 650 GPU, 1GB GDDR5 128bit PCI-E, Dual-link DVI-Dx2 / HDMI / D-Sub Power supply: 450W + all the requirements I managed to find on the internet are met (+12V 18A or something) More specific information is stored... On that computer. If required, I may open the case again and read the stickers to find more specific information. I can also provide photos if necessary. Any ideas? Suggestions? Something? :|

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• Trying to retrieve data with a thermaltake blacX enclosure: Windows 7 believes the drive to be "uninitialized"

  - by Peeter Joot

  I have a laptop that won't boot. It appears to be a power problem ... laptop auto-turns-off within about 10 seconds of pressing the power button (with power buttons lighted temporarily and no display with or without external monitor). I've followed the dell troubleshooting guide which suggested reseating the memory modules and the hard drives, but that didn't help. Before trying to have the laptop serviced, I wanted to get some data off off the hard drive. I bought a thermaltake blacX enclosure, intending to use this to both use to retrieve the drive data with, and then later use as external storage. Following the instructions (insert cables, insert drive power on) goes fine, and Windows 7 on another laptop installs the device driver software. However, no drive letter shows up in 'Computer'. Under Computer-manage-storage I see the drive is there, and there's an option to "initialize" the drive. The Windows "initialize" dialog gives me the option to pick between "MBR" and "GPT" partitioning, which sounds like a good way to destroy the data on the drive. I'm thinking that I've purchased the wrong device for the job (or that my old drive is damaged). The old drive to recover info from is a Western Digital 500G/7200rpm SATA drive if that is relavent. Both the original laptop and the one I'm using for recovery are running Windows 7. Does anybody have experience with using a blacX enclosure to recover data off an already formatted drive?

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• Fans still running after shutdown after upgrade to Windows 8

  - by docaholic

  I'm running into a really annoying issue after upgrading from Windows 7 to Windows 8. I first noticed it during the initial (clean) install; when the installer tried to reboot, my machine (an acer aspire 4755G) just hung after the initial shutdown. That is, after the screen turns off, the power lights and fans are still running, and the machine itself doesn't restart. (I let it sit for a good 15 minutes, and it still didn't change) I managed to do a hard reset (power button for 5 seconds) and the install finished, but every shutdown/restart has been like that. Interestingly enough, hibernate works just fine. I've looked at other solutions where it said to use the bcdedit /set disabledynamictick yes and that didn't work. I also turned off the "Fast Boot" option in the power settings menu. That didn't work either. So far, the only option is to do the hard shut down by holding down the power button, but that proves to be horribly inconvenient. Any ideas on what's going on here?

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• Windows 7 misses keystrokes from internal keyboard after hibernation (on Acer Aspire 5820)

  - by ron

  I face a very strange symptom on my Acer Aspire laptop (with the factory default Win7 install and divers. Windows update running). After waking the computer from hibernation, it is a pain to type, since on average 5-10 keypresses are missing per 100 presses, using the laptop's keyboard. Steps to reproduce: 1) Power off 2) Power on, wait for system to become usable 3) Open notepad, for 5 times do hit 10x the same character. This gives a similar pattern of 50 chars total: xxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyyaaaaaaaaaassssssssssdddddddddd 4) Optionally repeat. Everything is fine this far. 5) Hibernate. 6) Power on and resume. 7) Repeat steps 3)-4). This time approximately 3-5 character will be missing from each 50 characters. What I ruled out: putting to Sleep or just Locking and resuming from there does not cause problem battery / AC usage does not matter net connection does not matter running processes seem to be the same before and after hibernation key press speed doesn't really matter. For the test I use a nominal 3-5 strokes/second beat. plugging in an external USB keyboard works fine, but the built-in one still misbehaves What could be the problem? How could I diagnose if the keypresses arrive in, but get swallowed at some point? (maybe some nasty keyboard handler hook misbehaves?). Update: It seems that pushing the PowerSmart button and toggling to power saving state fixes the problem. Also, toggling it again back to the original state keeps it fixed. So this may be a fine workaround, but is not a conforming solution.

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• Windows 7 misses keystrokes from internal keyboard after hibernation (on Acer Aspire 5820)

  - by ron

  I face a very strange symptom on my Acer Aspire laptop (with the factory default Win7 install and divers. Windows update running). After waking the computer from hibernation, it is a pain to type, since on average 5-10 keypresses are missing per 100 presses, using the laptop's keyboard. Steps to reproduce: 1) Power off 2) Power on, wait for system to become usable 3) Open notepad, for 5 times do hit 10x the same character. This gives a similar pattern of 50 chars total: xxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyyaaaaaaaaaassssssssssdddddddddd 4) Optionally repeat. Everything is fine this far. 5) Hibernate. 6) Power on and resume. 7) Repeat steps 3)-4). This time approximately 3-5 character will be missing from each 50 characters. What I ruled out: putting to Sleep or just Locking and resuming from there does not cause problem battery / AC usage does not matter net connection does not matter running processes seem to be the same before and after hibernation key press speed doesn't really matter. For the test I use a nominal 3-5 strokes/second beat. plugging in an external USB keyboard works fine, but the built-in one still misbehaves What could be the problem? How could I diagnose if the keypresses arrive in, but get swallowed at some point? (maybe some nasty keyboard handler hook misbehaves?). Update: It seems that pushing the PowerSmart button and toggling to power saving state fixes the problem. Also, toggling it again back to the original state keeps it fixed. So this may be a fine workaround, but is not a conforming solution.

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• Toshiba Satellite C665 Rebooting from Standby

  - by Coodu

  I currently am working on a C665 with a strange issue. When the panel is closed the notebook will put itself to sleep in the usual way, and the power LED changes to the pulse to indicate that the device is asleep. However, when the panel is opened to resume using the notebook, the system will restart itself, instead beginning from the Toshiba logo and proceed to boot back in to W7. I should also note that each time this occurs, the "Windows Startup Recovery" option occurs, indicating that the system was not shut down correctly. Some things I have tried: Updated to latest Toshiba BIOS. Returned BIOS settings to their defaults. Swapped Memory to known good module, tested KGM in both memory slots within system. Confirmed that power settings are set to sleep/wake when power button is pressed. Ran a quick HDD fitness test using a parted magic USB stick. Checked for BSOD logs using BlueScreenView, none found. Ran src, no violations found. Any ideas? I have a good feeling the system is restarting itself, but in the event viewer there is a "Kernel Power" error, but it simply says "The system was not shut down correctly." Perhaps a bad driver? I'm not sure. Any advice would be great.

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• How do i mount my SD Card? I am using ubuntu 10.04

  - by shobhit

  root@shobhit:/media# lsusb Bus 002 Device 017: ID 14cd:125c Super Top Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0c45:6421 Microdia Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0020 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 001 Device 011: ID 413c:8160 Dell Computer Corp. Bus 001 Device 006: ID 413c:8162 Dell Computer Corp. Bus 001 Device 005: ID 413c:8161 Dell Computer Corp. Bus 001 Device 004: ID 138a:0008 DigitalPersona, Inc Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0a5c:4500 Broadcom Corp. BCM2046B1 USB 2.0 Hub (part of BCM2046 Bluetooth) Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0020 Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub root@shobhit:/home/shobhit/scripts/internalUtilities# sudo lspci -v -nn 00:1a.0 USB Controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller [8086:3b3c] (rev 06) (prog-if 20) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fbc08000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0 Capabilities: [98] PCIe advanced features <?> Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd 00:1d.0 USB Controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller [8086:3b34] (rev 06) (prog-if 20) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 23 Memory at fbc07000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0 Capabilities: [98] PCIe advanced features <?> Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd 00:1e.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge [8086:2448] (rev a6) (prog-if 01) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=20, subordinate=20, sec-latency=32 Capabilities: [50] Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] 00:1f.0 ISA bridge [0601]: Intel Corporation Mobile 5 Series Chipset LPC Interface Controller [8086:3b0b] (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information <?> Kernel modules: iTCO_wdt 00:1f.2 SATA controller [0106]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset 6 port SATA AHCI Controller [8086:3b2f] (rev 06) (prog-if 01) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 29 I/O ports at f070 [size=8] I/O ports at f060 [size=4] I/O ports at f050 [size=8] I/O ports at f040 [size=4] I/O ports at f020 [size=32] Memory at fbc06000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=2K] Capabilities: [80] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit- Queue=0/0 Enable+ Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA <?> Capabilities: [b0] PCIe advanced features <?> Kernel driver in use: ahci Kernel modules: ahci 00:1f.3 SMBus [0c05]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset SMBus Controller [8086:3b30] (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 3 Memory at fbc05000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] I/O ports at f000 [size=32] Kernel modules: i2c-i801 00:1f.6 Signal processing controller [1180]: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset Thermal Subsystem [8086:3b32] (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 3 Memory at fbc04000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [80] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit- Queue=0/0 Enable- 12:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Broadcom Corporation Device [14e4:4727] (rev 01) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0010] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 Memory at fbb00000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [58] Vendor Specific Information <?> Capabilities: [48] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit+ Queue=0/0 Enable- Capabilities: [d0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting <?> Capabilities: [13c] Virtual Channel <?> Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number cb-c0-8b-ff-ff-38-00-00 Capabilities: [16c] Power Budgeting <?> Kernel driver in use: wl Kernel modules: wl 13:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller [10ec:8168] (rev 03) Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0441] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 28 I/O ports at e000 [size=256] Memory at d0b04000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=4K] Memory at d0b00000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K] Expansion ROM at fba00000 [disabled] [size=128K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [50] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit+ Queue=0/0 Enable+ Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01 Capabilities: [ac] MSI-X: Enable- Mask- TabSize=4 Capabilities: [cc] Vital Product Data <?> Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting <?> Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel <?> Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number 00-e0-4c-68-00-00-00-03 Kernel driver in use: r8169 Kernel modules: r8169 root@shobhit:/home/shobhit/scripts/internalUtilities# sudo lshw shobhit description: Portable Computer product: Vostro 3500 vendor: Dell Inc. version: A10 serial: FV1L3N1 width: 32 bits capabilities: smbios-2.6 dmi-2.6 smp-1.4 smp configuration: boot=normal chassis=portable cpus=2 uuid=44454C4C-5600-1031-804C-C6C04F334E31 *-core description: Motherboard product: 0G2R51 vendor: Dell Inc. physical id: 0 version: A10 serial: .FV1L3N1.CN7016612H00PW. slot: To Be Filled By O.E.M. *-cpu:0 description: CPU product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 480 @ 2.67GHz vendor: Intel Corp. physical id: 4 bus info: cpu@0 version: 6.5.5 serial: 0002-0655-0000-0000-0000-0000 slot: CPU 1 size: 1197MHz capacity: 2926MHz width: 64 bits clock: 533MHz capabilities: boot fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx rdtscp x86-64 constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt lahf_lm ida arat tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid cpufreq configuration: id=4 *-cache:0 description: L1 cache physical id: 5 slot: L1-Cache size: 64KiB capacity: 64KiB capabilities: internal write-back unified *-cache:1 description: L2 cache physical id: 6 slot: L2-Cache size: 512KiB capacity: 512KiB capabilities: internal varies unified *-cache:2 description: L3 cache physical id: 7 slot: L3-Cache size: 3MiB capacity: 3MiB capabilities: internal varies unified *-logicalcpu:0 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.1 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:1 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.2 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:2 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.3 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:3 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.4 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:4 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.5 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:5 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.6 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:6 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.7 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:7 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.8 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:8 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.9 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:9 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.a width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:10 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.b width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:11 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.c width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:12 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.d width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:13 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.e width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:14 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.f width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:15 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.10 width: 64 bits capabilities: logical *-memory description: System Memory physical id: 1d slot: System board or motherboard size: 3GiB *-bank:0 description: DIMM Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: HMT112S6TFR8C-H9 vendor: AD80 physical id: 0 serial: 5525C935 slot: DIMM_A size: 1GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-bank:1 description: DIMM Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns) product: HMT125S6TFR8C-H9 vendor: AD80 physical id: 1 serial: 3441D6CA slot: DIMM_B size: 2GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns) *-firmware description: BIOS vendor: Dell Inc. physical id: 0 version: A10 (10/25/2010) size: 64KiB capacity: 1984KiB capabilities: mca pci upgrade shadowing escd cdboot bootselect socketedrom edd int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int5printscreen int9keyboard int14serial int17printer int10video acpi usb zipboot biosbootspecification *-cpu:1 physical id: 1 bus info: cpu@1 version: 6.5.5 serial: 0002-0655-0000-0000-0000-0000 size: 1197MHz capacity: 1197MHz capabilities: vmx ht cpufreq configuration: id=4 *-logicalcpu:0 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.1 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:1 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.2 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:2 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.3 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:3 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.4 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:4 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.5 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:5 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.6 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:6 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.7 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:7 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.8 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:8 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.9 capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:9 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.a capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:10 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.b capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:11 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.c capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:12 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.d capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:13 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.e capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:14 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.f capabilities: logical *-logicalcpu:15 description: Logical CPU physical id: 4.10 capabilities: logical *-pci description: Host bridge product: Core Processor DRAM Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 100 bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0 version: 18 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz configuration: driver=agpgart-intel resources: irq:0 *-display description: VGA compatible controller product: Core Processor Integrated Graphics Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 2 bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0 version: 18 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: msi pm bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=i915 latency=0 resources: irq:30 memory:fac00000-faffffff memory:c0000000-cfffffff(prefetchable) ioport:f080(size=8) *-communication UNCLAIMED description: Communication controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset HECI Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 16 bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0 version: 06 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:fbc09000-fbc0900f *-usb:0 description: USB Controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1a bus info: pci@0000:00:1a.0 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm debug bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ehci_hcd latency=0 resources: irq:16 memory:fbc08000-fbc083ff *-multimedia description: Audio device product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset High Definition Audio vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1b bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0 version: 06 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=HDA Intel latency=0 resources: irq:22 memory:fbc00000-fbc03fff *-pci:0 description: PCI bridge product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 1 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:24 ioport:2000(size=4096) memory:bc000000-bc1fffff memory:bc200000-bc3fffff(prefetchable) *-pci:1 description: PCI bridge product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 2 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c.1 bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.1 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:25 ioport:3000(size=4096) memory:fbb00000-fbbfffff memory:bc400000-bc5fffff(prefetchable) *-network description: Wireless interface product: Broadcom Corporation vendor: Broadcom Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:12:00.0 logical name: eth1 version: 01 serial: c0:cb:38:8b:aa:d8 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=wl0 driverversion=5.60.48.36 ip=10.0.1.50 latency=0 multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11 resources: irq:17 memory:fbb00000-fbb03fff *-pci:2 description: PCI bridge product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 3 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c.2 bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.2 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:26 ioport:e000(size=4096) memory:fba00000-fbafffff ioport:d0b00000(size=1048576) *-network description: Ethernet interface product: RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:13:00.0 logical name: eth0 version: 03 serial: 78:2b:cb:cc:0e:2a size: 10MB/s capacity: 1GB/s width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=half latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=MII speed=10MB/s resources: irq:28 ioport:e000(size=256) memory:d0b04000-d0b04fff(prefetchable) memory:d0b00000-d0b03fff(prefetchable) memory:fba00000-fba1ffff(prefetchable) *-pci:3 description: PCI bridge product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 5 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1c.4 bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.4 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=pcieport resources: irq:27 ioport:d000(size=4096) memory:fb000000-fb9fffff ioport:d0000000(size=10485760) *-usb:1 description: USB Controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1d bus info: pci@0000:00:1d.0 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm debug bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=ehci_hcd latency=0 resources: irq:23 memory:fbc07000-fbc073ff *-pci:4 description: PCI bridge product: 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1e bus info: pci@0000:00:1e.0 version: a6 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pci bus_master cap_list *-isa description: ISA bridge product: Mobile 5 Series Chipset LPC Interface Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 *-storage description: SATA controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset 6 port SATA AHCI Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.2 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2 logical name: scsi0 logical name: scsi1 version: 06 width: 32 bits clock: 66MHz capabilities: storage msi pm bus_master cap_list emulated configuration: driver=ahci latency=0 resources: irq:29 ioport:f070(size=8) ioport:f060(size=4) ioport:f050(size=8) ioport:f040(size=4) ioport:f020(size=32) memory:fbc06000-fbc067ff *-disk description: ATA Disk product: WDC WD3200BEKT-7 vendor: Western Digital physical id: 0 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sda version: 01.0 serial: WD-WX21AC0W1945 size: 298GiB (320GB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=77e3ed41 *-volume:0 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 1 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1 logical name: /dev/sda1 version: 3.1 serial: aa69-51c0 size: 98MiB capacity: 100MiB capabilities: primary bootable ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2012-04-03 02:00:15 filesystem=ntfs label=System Reserved state=clean *-volume:1 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 2 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,2 logical name: /dev/sda2 version: 3.1 serial: 9854ff5c-1dea-a147-84a6-624e758f44b8 size: 48GiB capacity: 48GiB capabilities: primary ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2012-04-10 13:55:31 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true *-volume:2 description: Extended partition physical id: 3 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,3 logical name: /dev/sda3 size: 48GiB capacity: 48GiB capabilities: primary extended partitioned partitioned:extended *-logicalvolume:0 description: Linux swap / Solaris partition physical id: 5 logical name: /dev/sda5 capacity: 1952MiB capabilities: nofs *-logicalvolume:1 description: Linux filesystem partition physical id: 6 logical name: /dev/sda6 logical name: / capacity: 46GiB configuration: mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered state=mounted *-volume:3 description: Windows NTFS volume physical id: 4 bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,4 logical name: /dev/sda4 logical name: /media/56AA8094AA807273 version: 3.1 serial: 22a29e8d-56c7-9a4a-adea-528103948f6d size: 200GiB capacity: 200GiB capabilities: primary ntfs initialized configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2012-04-02 20:17:15 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mount.fstype=fuseblk mount.options=rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 mounted_on_nt4=true resize_log_file=true state=mounted upgrade_on_mount=true *-cdrom description: DVD-RAM writer product: DVD+-RW TS-L633J vendor: TSSTcorp physical id: 1 bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/cdrom logical name: /dev/cdrw logical name: /dev/dvd logical name: /dev/dvdrw logical name: /dev/scd0 logical name: /dev/sr0 version: D200 capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc *-serial UNCLAIMED description: SMBus product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset SMBus Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.3 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.3 version: 06 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:fbc05000-fbc050ff ioport:f000(size=32) *-generic UNCLAIMED description: Signal processing controller product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset Thermal Subsystem vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1f.6 bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.6 version: 06 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:fbc04000-fbc04fff *-scsi physical id: 2 bus info: usb@2:1.1 logical name: scsi15 capabilities: emulated scsi-host configuration: driver=usb-storage *-disk description: SCSI Disk physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@15:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sdb I have tried all options like fdisk /dev/sdb , pmount /dev/sdb but nothing is working .Pls guide me

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• C# HashSet<T>

  - by Ben Griswold

  I hadn’t done much (read: anything) with the C# generic HashSet until I recently needed to produce a distinct collection.  As it turns out, HashSet<T> was the perfect tool. As the following snippet demonstrates, this collection type offers a lot: // Using HashSet<T>: // http://www.albahari.com/nutshell/ch07.aspx var letters = new HashSet<char>("the quick brown fox");   Console.WriteLine(letters.Contains('t')); // true Console.WriteLine(letters.Contains('j')); // false   foreach (char c in letters) Console.Write(c); // the quickbrownfx Console.WriteLine();   letters = new HashSet<char>("the quick brown fox"); letters.IntersectWith("aeiou"); foreach (char c in letters) Console.Write(c); // euio Console.WriteLine();   letters = new HashSet<char>("the quick brown fox"); letters.ExceptWith("aeiou"); foreach (char c in letters) Console.Write(c); // th qckbrwnfx Console.WriteLine();   letters = new HashSet<char>("the quick brown fox"); letters.SymmetricExceptWith("the lazy brown fox"); foreach (char c in letters) Console.Write(c); // quicklazy Console.WriteLine(); The MSDN documentation is a bit light on HashSet<T> documentation but if you search hard enough you can find some interesting information and benchmarks. But back to that distinct list I needed… // MSDN Add // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb353005.aspx var employeeA = new Employee {Id = 1, Name = "Employee A"}; var employeeB = new Employee {Id = 2, Name = "Employee B"}; var employeeC = new Employee {Id = 3, Name = "Employee C"}; var employeeD = new Employee {Id = 4, Name = "Employee D"};   var naughty = new List<Employee> {employeeA}; var nice = new List<Employee> {employeeB, employeeC};   var employees = new HashSet<Employee>(); naughty.ForEach(x => employees.Add(x)); nice.ForEach(x => employees.Add(x));   foreach (Employee e in employees) Console.WriteLine(e); // Returns Employee A Employee B Employee C The Add Method returns true on success and, you guessed it, false if the item couldn’t be added to the collection.  I’m using the Linq ForEach syntax to add all valid items to the employees HashSet.  It works really great.  This is just a rough sample, but you may have noticed I’m using Employee, a reference type.  Most samples demonstrate the power of the HashSet with a collection of integers which is kind of cheating.  With value types you don’t have to worry about defining your own equality members.  With reference types, you do. internal class Employee {     public int Id { get; set; }     public string Name { get; set; }       public override string ToString()     {         return Name;     }          public bool Equals(Employee other)     {         if (ReferenceEquals(null, other)) return false;         if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;         return other.Id == Id;     }       public override bool Equals(object obj)     {         if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj)) return false;         if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj)) return true;         if (obj.GetType() != typeof (Employee)) return false;         return Equals((Employee) obj);     }       public override int GetHashCode()     {         return Id;     }       public static bool operator ==(Employee left, Employee right)     {         return Equals(left, right);     }       public static bool operator !=(Employee left, Employee right)     {         return !Equals(left, right);     } } Fortunately, with Resharper, it’s a snap. Click on the class name, ALT+INS and then follow with the handy dialogues. That’s it. Try out the HashSet<T>. It’s good stuff.

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• Visual Studio LightSwitch: Yes, these are the droids you&rsquo;re looking for

  - by Jim Duffy

  With all the news and focus on the new features coming in Silverlight 5 I thought I’d take a few minutes to remind folks about the work that Microsoft has done on LightSwitch since the applications created by LightSwitch are Silverlight applications. LightSwitch makes it easier for non-coders to build business applications and easier for coders to maintain them. For those not familiar with LightSwitch, it is a new tool that provides a easier and quicker way for coder and non-coder types alike to create line-of-business applications for the desktop, the web, and the cloud. The target audience for this tool are those power-user types who create Access applications for their organization. While those Access applications fill an immediate need, they typically aren’t very scalable, extendable and/or maintainable by the development staff of the organization. LightSwitch creates applications based on technologies built into Visual Studio thus making it easier for corporate developers to extend and maintain them. LightSwitch is currently in beta but it will ultimately become a new addition to the Visual Studio line of products. Go ahead and download the beta to get a better idea of what the product can do for your organization. The LightSwitch Developer Center contains links to download the beta links to instructional videos links to tutorials links to the LightSwitch Training Kit Another quality resource for LightSwitch information is the Visual Studio LightSwitch Team Blog. My good friend Beth Massi is on the LightSwitch team and has additional valuable content on her blog. Have a day.

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• Conditional Operator Example

  - by mbcrump

  If you haven’t taken the time to learn conditional operators, then now is the time. I’ve added a quick and dirty example for those on the forums.   Code Snippet using System; using System.Net.Mail; using System.Net; using System.Globalization; using System.Windows.Forms;   class Demo {     //Please use conditional statements in your code. See example below.       public static void Main()     {         int dollars = 10;           //Bad Coder Bad !!! Don't do this         if (dollars == 1)         {             Console.WriteLine("Please deposit {0} dollar.", dollars);         }         else         {             Console.WriteLine("Please deposit {0} dollars.", dollars);         }             //Good Coder Good !!! Do this         Console.WriteLine("Please deposit {0} dollar{1}.", dollars, dollars == 1 ? ' ' : 's');         //                                                          expression   ? true : false           Console.ReadLine();          } }

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• How can a non-technical person learn to write a spec for small projects?

  - by Joseph Turian

  How can a non-technical person learn to write specs for small projects? A friend of mine is trying to outsource some development on a statistics project. In particular, he does a lot of work in excel, and wants to outsource the creation of scripts to do what he now does by hand. However, my friend is extremely non-technical. He is poor at writing technical specs. When he does write a spec, it is written the way you would describe doing something in excel (go to this cell and then copy the value to that cell). It is also overly verbose, and does examples several times. I'm not sure if he properly describes corner cases. The first project he outsourced was a failure. I think he overdescribed some details, but underdescribed corner cases. That and/or the coder he hired didn't think through the corner cases and ask appropriate questions. I'm not sure. I got on IM with him and it took me half an hour to dig out a description that should have taken five minutes or less to describe. I wrote the scripts for him at the end, but didn't examine why his process with the coder failed. He has asked me for help. However, I refuse to get involved, because taking his spec and translating it into clear requirements is 10x more work than executing on a clearly written spec. What is the right way for him to learn? Are there resources he could use? Are there ways he can learn from small, low-pressure practice projects with coders? Most of his scripts are statistical and data processing oriented. e.g. take this column and run an average over it. Remove these rows under these conditions. So the challenge is different than spec'ing a web app.

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• Extreme Optimization – Numerical Algorithm Support

  - by JoshReuben

  Function Delegates Many calculations involve the repeated evaluation of one or more user-supplied functions eg Numerical integration. The EO MathLib provides delegate types for common function signatures and the FunctionFactory class can generate new delegates from existing ones. RealFunction delegate - takes one Double parameter – can encapsulate most of the static methods of the System.Math class, as well as the classes in the Extreme.Mathematics.SpecialFunctions namespace: var sin = new RealFunction(Math.Sin); var result = sin(1); BivariateRealFunction delegate - takes two Double parameters: var atan2 = new BivariateRealFunction (Math.Atan2); var result = atan2(1, 2); TrivariateRealFunction delegate – represents a function takes three Double arguments ParameterizedRealFunction delegate - represents a function taking one Integer and one Double argument that returns a real number. The Pow method implements such a function, but the arguments need order re-arrangement: static double Power(int exponent, double x) { return ElementaryFunctions.Pow(x, exponent); } ... var power = new ParameterizedRealFunction(Power); var result = power(6, 3.2); A ComplexFunction delegate - represents a function that takes an Extreme.Mathematics.DoubleComplex argument and also returns a complex number. MultivariateRealFunction delegate - represents a function that takes an Extreme.Mathematics.LinearAlgebra.Vector argument and returns a real number. MultivariateVectorFunction delegate - represents a function that takes a Vector argument and returns a Vector. FastMultivariateVectorFunction delegate - represents a function that takes an input Vector argument and an output Matrix argument – avoiding object construction  The FunctionFactory class RealFromBivariateRealFunction and RealFromParameterizedRealFunction helper methods - transform BivariateRealFunction or a ParameterizedRealFunction into a RealFunction delegate by fixing one of the arguments, and treating this as a new function of a single argument. var tenthPower = FunctionFactory.RealFromParameterizedRealFunction(power, 10); var result = tenthPower(x); Note: There is no direct way to do this programmatically in C# - in F# you have partial value functions where you supply a subset of the arguments (as a travelling closure) that the function expects. When you omit arguments, F# generates a new function that holds onto/remembers the arguments you passed in and "waits" for the other parameters to be supplied. let sumVals x y = x + y     let sumX = sumVals 10     // Note: no 2nd param supplied.     // sumX is a new function generated from partially applied sumVals.     // ie "sumX is a partial application of sumVals." let sum = sumX 20     // Invokes sumX, passing in expected int (parameter y from original)  val sumVals : int -> int -> int val sumX : (int -> int) val sum : int = 30 RealFunctionsToVectorFunction and RealFunctionsToFastVectorFunction helper methods - combines an array of delegates returning a real number or a vector into vector or matrix functions. The resulting vector function returns a vector whose components are the function values of the delegates in the array. var funcVector = FunctionFactory.RealFunctionsToVectorFunction(     new MultivariateRealFunction(myFunc1),     new MultivariateRealFunction(myFunc2));  The IterativeAlgorithm<T> abstract base class Iterative algorithms are common in numerical computing - a method is executed repeatedly until a certain condition is reached, approximating the result of a calculation with increasing accuracy until a certain threshold is reached. If the desired accuracy is achieved, the algorithm is said to converge. This base class is derived by many classes in the Extreme.Mathematics.EquationSolvers and Extreme.Mathematics.Optimization namespaces, as well as the ManagedIterativeAlgorithm class which contains a driver method that manages the iteration process.  The ConvergenceTest abstract base class This class is used to specify algorithm Termination , convergence and results - calculates an estimate for the error, and signals termination of the algorithm when the error is below a specified tolerance. Termination Criteria - specify the success condition as the difference between some quantity and its actual value is within a certain tolerance – 2 ways: absolute error - difference between the result and the actual value. relative error is the difference between the result and the actual value relative to the size of the result. Tolerance property - specify trade-off between accuracy and execution time. The lower the tolerance, the longer it will take for the algorithm to obtain a result within that tolerance. Most algorithms in the EO NumLib have a default value of MachineConstants.SqrtEpsilon - gives slightly less than 8 digits of accuracy. ConvergenceCriterion property - specify under what condition the algorithm is assumed to converge. Using the ConvergenceCriterion enum: WithinAbsoluteTolerance / WithinRelativeTolerance / WithinAnyTolerance / NumberOfIterations Active property - selectively ignore certain convergence tests Error property - returns the estimated error after a run MaxIterations / MaxEvaluations properties - Other Termination Criteria - If the algorithm cannot achieve the desired accuracy, the algorithm still has to end – according to an absolute boundary. Status property - indicates how the algorithm terminated - the AlgorithmStatus enum values:NoResult / Busy / Converged (ended normally - The desired accuracy has been achieved) / IterationLimitExceeded / EvaluationLimitExceeded / RoundOffError / BadFunction / Divergent / ConvergedToFalseSolution. After the iteration terminates, the Status should be inspected to verify that the algorithm terminated normally. Alternatively, you can set the ThrowExceptionOnFailure to true. Result property - returns the result of the algorithm. This property contains the best available estimate, even if the desired accuracy was not obtained. IterationsNeeded / EvaluationsNeeded properties - returns the number of iterations required to obtain the result, number of function evaluations.  Concrete Types of Convergence Test classes SimpleConvergenceTest class - test if a value is close to zero or very small compared to another value. VectorConvergenceTest class - test convergence of vectors. This class has two additional properties. The Norm property specifies which norm is to be used when calculating the size of the vector - the VectorConvergenceNorm enum values: EuclidianNorm / Maximum / SumOfAbsoluteValues. The ErrorMeasure property specifies how the error is to be measured – VectorConvergenceErrorMeasure enum values: Norm / Componentwise ConvergenceTestCollection class - represent a combination of tests. The Quantifier property is a ConvergenceTestQuantifier enum that specifies how the tests in the collection are to be combined: Any / All  The AlgorithmHelper Class inherits from IterativeAlgorithm<T> and exposes two methods for convergence testing. IsValueWithinTolerance<T> method - determines whether a value is close to another value to within an algorithm's requested tolerance. IsIntervalWithinTolerance<T> method - determines whether an interval is within an algorithm's requested tolerance.

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• How can a non-technical person can learn to write a spec for small projects?

  - by Joseph Turian

  How can a non-technical person learn to write specs for small projects? A friend of mine is trying to outsource some development on a statistics project. In particular, he does a lot of work in excel, and wants to outsource the creation of scripts to do what he now does by hand. However, my friend is extremely non-technical. He is poor at writing technical specs. When he does write a spec, it is written the way you would describe doing something in excel (go to this cell and then copy the value to that cell). It is also overly verbose, and does examples several times. I'm not sure if he properly describes corner cases. The first project he outsourced was a failure. I think he overdescribed some details, but underdescribed corner cases. That and/or the coder he hired didn't think through the corner cases and ask appropriate questions. I'm not sure. I got on IM with him and it took me half an hour to dig out a description that should have taken five minutes or less to describe. I wrote the scripts for him at the end, but didn't examine why his process with the coder failed. He has asked me for help. However, I refuse to get involved, because taking his spec and translating it into clear requirements is 10x more work than executing on a clearly written spec. What is the right way for him to learn? Are there resources he could use? Are there ways he can learn from small, low-pressure practice projects with coders? [edit: Most of his scripts are statistical and data processing oriented. e.g. take this column and run an average over it. Remove these rows under these conditions. So the challenge is different than spec'ing a web app.]

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