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• df-h command in ubuntu

  - by Esha Sharma

  I am a new user of Ubuntu. When I type df -h in terminal , it gives me list of all storage devices and space usage. In my system I get this. Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /cow 934M 173M 761M 19% / udev 925M 4.0K 925M 1% /dev tmpfs 374M 856K 373M 1% /run /dev/sdb1 7.5G 2.8G 4.8G 37% /cdrom /dev/loop0 1.5G 1.5G 0 100% /rofs tmpfs 934M 16K 934M 1% /tmp none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock none 934M 76K 934M 1% /run/shm /dev/sda 299G 74M 299G 1% /media/q I understand that /dev/sda is my hard drive which is 320 gb(in gib it is 299 and hopefully that is what is being displayed) and /dev/sdb1 is pendrive of 8gb from which I am running the live cd. My question is what are the other folders and what is the physical location of these folders if complete memory is taken by the device dev/sda?

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• Linux Raid: Can mdadm --grow a raid1 while mounted?

  - by Chris

  I have 2 500gb drives in a RAID1 setup that I needed to upgrade for more space. I mdadm --fail'ed each drive in turn and I used dd to copy each drive to it's respective larger drive (2tb each), removed the smaller drives and replaced them with the larger drives, and reassembled the array and forced a resync. So now I've got a 500gb RAID1 sitting on 2TB drives, and wish to grow them. The plan is to use mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --grow to grow them, then boot a rescue cd, assemble the array under that environment, and do the resize2fs on them. Can I use mdadm --grow on a mounted and live filesystem? Also, do I need more options to make sure the grow operation stays raid1?

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• How can I specify custom folders for file-browsing in Metro Apps?

  - by klyonrad

  Whenever you use an Metro app and you want to import some files there is a little file browser. Like this: A lot of folders possible; however there is a folder that is very important: The personal Dropbox. How can I add this folder as a "favorite" in this view? Always browsing through the whole filesystem is slow in the Metro Interface. I realize I could make symlinks for all the typical Dropbox folders but that's simply annoying and there has to be another way (just like it's possible to "hack" the "Send To..." options for the context menu.

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• Best alternatives to recover lost directories in FAT32 external hard drive?

  - by Sergio

  I have an 320 GB ADATA CH91 external hard drive. I guess it has some problems with the connector of the USB jack. The point is that in certain occasions it fails in write operations generating data losses. Right now I lost a directory with several GB's of very useful information. Since then I have not attempted to write to the disk any more. What tool would you recommend to recover the lost data? The disk is FAT32 formatted (only one partition) and I use both Linux and Windows. What filesystem format would you recommend to avoid future data losses? I currently only use this external hard drive in Linux so there are several available choices (FAT, NTFS, ext3, ext4, reiser, etc.).

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• My hard disk does't get recognized

  - by SteveL

  For a few days now I have a problem with my 500GB internal hard disk. I am on Linux Mint 13 but I have the same problem with my Windows installation. When running fdisk -l I can see my hard disk (same on BIOS) but I can't mount it even via the disk utility program. In Windows XP I can see it on the My Computer menu but when I click it, it say's: D:\ is not accessible The file or directory is corrupted and unreadable Is there a way to fix it? Or at least save some of my files and format it? Should I be thinking about the worst-case scenario e.g. my HDD is dead? Edit: The filesystem is NTFS.

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• Tell the linux kernel to put a file in the disk cache?

  - by Rory

  Is there any command to for a file to be read in and loaded into the linux disk cache? This is on an up-to-date debian system. I know in the general case, it's better to let the linux kernel figure this out. But I have an edge case. I have a laptop that has an NFS director mounted, and i want to play a long video file, but I don't want to have a network problem interrupt the playnig. I know that (largeish) file will be read in it's entirety later on. I know that nothing else (really) will be running while playing this video. There is enough free memory to store this file. (I know I could just copy the file into a new tmpfs filesystem, but I'm curious if there's an even shorter way to do it)

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• Replicate a big, dense Windows volume over a WAN -- too big for DFS-R

  - by Jesse

  I've got a server with a LOT of small files -- many millions files, and over 1.5 TB of data. I need a decent backup strategy. Any filesystem-based backup takes too long -- just enumerating which files need to be copied takes a day. Acronis can do a disk image in 24 hours, but fails when it tries to do a differential backup the next day. DFS-R won't replicate a volume with this many files. I'm starting to look at Double Take, which seems to be able to do continuous replication. Are there other solutions that can do continuous replication at a block or sector level -- not file-by-file over a WAN?

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• How to use ccache selectively?

  - by Anonymous

  I have to compile multiple versions of an app written in C++ and I think to use ccache for speeding up the process. ccache howtos have examples which suggest to create symlinks named gcc, g++ etc and make sure they appear in PATH before the original gcc binaries, so ccache is used instead. So far so good, but I'd like to use ccache only when compiling this particular app, not always. Of course, I can write a shell script that will try to create these symlinks every time I want to compile the app and will delete them when the app is compiled. But this looks like filesystem abuse to me. Are there better ways to use ccache selectively, not always? For compilation of a single source code file, I could just manually call ccache instead of gcc and be done, but I have to deal with a complex app that uses an automated build system for multiple source code files.

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• Enlarge partition on SD card

  - by chenwj

  I have followed Cloning an SD card onto a larger SD card to clone a 2G SD card to a 32G SD card, and the file system is ext4. However, on the 32G SD card I only can see 2G space available. Is there a way to maximize it out? Here is the output of fdisk: Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 32.0 GB, 32026656768 bytes 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 30543 cylinders, total 62552064 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000e015a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 32 147455 73712 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sdb2 147456 3994623 1923584 83 Linux I want to make /dev/sdb2 use up the remaining space. I try resize2fs /dev/sdb after dd, but get message below: $ sudo resize2fs /dev/sdb resize2fs 1.42 (29-Nov-2011) resize2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdb Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock. Any idea on what I am doing wrong? Thanks.

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• What is the secure way to isolate ftp server users on unix?

  - by djs

  I've read documentation for various ftp daemons and various long threads about the security implications of using a chroot environment for an ftp server when giving users write access. If you read the vsftpd documentation, in particular, it implies that using chroot_local_user is a security hazard, while not using it is not. There seems to be no coverage of the implications of allowing the user access to the entire filesystem (as permitted by their user and group membership), nor to the confusion this can create. So, I'd like to understand what is the correct method to use in practice. Should an ftp server with authenticated write-access users provide a non-chroot environment, a chroot environment, or some other option? Given that Windows ftp daemons don't have the option to use chroot, they need to implement isolation otherwise. Do any unix ftp daemons do something similar?

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• Is there Linux Live USB that works with Snow Leopard macbook pro from 2010 april

  - by rofrol

  Hello, I was searching for a long time a Linux Live USB that I can boot my macbook pro from. Is there such distro so I can install it on Snow Leopard or Windows 7? UPDATE I've found this: "isohybrid" CD images (..) are special in that as well as the normal CD-based ISO9660 filesystem they also contain a valid-looking DOS-style partition table. Thus, if you simply copy one of these images raw to a USB stick a normal PC BIOS will boot the image directly. (...) Finally: I'd like to add support into xorriso for creating the nasty HFS hybrid images that are needed for booting Macs. The code that does this in cdrkit is probably some of the worst that I've ever worked with, and I'd like to get away from it. If only Apple hadn't stupidly built their proprietary platform around this shit and had used open standards instead Source

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• Can't access to a iSCSI volume

  - by jmiguel.rodriguez

  I have a iSCSI target on a customer place I'm using from an old Fedora (Core6) server. I configured it and formatted as ext3 (mistake, now I know) and I've been working with it for some time. Now I need to access this volume from other machine. As far as I've read, I can't do it safely from two machines at the same time (yep, that's the first thing I tried). So I've umount it from original server and tried to mount it on the new server (I did it at first with Ubuntu 10 LTS but when I was unable to do it I installed another Fedora with the same configuration) with no success. The problem: I can see all target on NAS but when I do a "fdisk -l" to see all devices and know which mount I see all targets as SFS filesystem. From the original server I see all SFS (after all, they belong to my customer and don't know what he have in) except the one I manage which I see as 'Linux'. What can I do? Thank you in advanced, regards, jmiguel

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• In Linux, is it possible to get a listing of drives' disk space usage that also shows volume labels?

  - by DavidH

  I know about df, of course, but df does not output volume labels. I have 5 USB hard drives plugged into my NAS box, and would love to know which is which. Current df output: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 27G 2.2G 24G 9% / none 56M 476K 55M 1% /dev none 60M 0 60M 0% /dev/shm none 60M 332K 59M 1% /var/run none 60M 0 60M 0% /var/lock none 60M 0 60M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sde1 150G 102G 48G 68% /media/usb0 /dev/sdb1 299G 196G 103G 66% /media/usb1 /dev/sdc1 233G 183G 51G 79% /media/usb2 /dev/sdd1 233G 209G 25G 90% /media/usb3 /dev/sdf1 150G 101G 49G 68% /media/usb4

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• Win 2003 Junction Point to Remote Unix Share

  - by Pogrindis

  Env : Windows Server 2003 with already established shared folders over the local Domain via Windows DC and AD. - Linux box being used as a fileserver with the folder /files/share being R+W by all domain users, this is not a problem. I have already transfered the files from the Windows Box to the /files/share on the Linux Box however i now want to create a junction point in order to prevent users saving to the Windows box. I have tried the FileServer Administration on windows server 2003 however it will not allow me to junction remote servers. I have tried mounting the remote filesystem as a drive and proceeding that way however no joy. Anyone have any suggestions ?

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• Is there a tool for verifying the contents of a Zip archive against the source directory's contents?

  - by Basil

  Here's the scenario: I create a ZIP archive using some GUI package like WinZip, 7-Zip or whatever by right-clicking on a directory "somename" and selecting "Compress to archive 'somename.zip'" When the archive is completed, I open it and discover that some files don't exist in the archive (for reasons yet unknown). I want to find all files that are missing from the archive without having to extract the archive to another directory, then doing directory diff, etc. So.. Is there a tool (GUI or command-line, standalone or built into a compressor, for Windows or Linux, I don't care) that can walk through an archive and compare its contents against a directory on the filesystem?

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• why in /proc file system have this infomation

  - by liutaihua

  run: lsof|grep delete can find some process open fd, but system dis that it had to delete: mingetty 2031 root txt REG 8,2 15256 49021039 /sbin/mingetty (deleted) I look the /proce filesystem: ls -l /proc/[pid] lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 9? 17 16:12 exe -> /sbin/mingetty (deleted) but actually, the executable(/sbin/mingetty) is normal at /sbin/mingetty path. and some soket like this situation: ls -l /proc/[pid]/fd 82 -> socket:[23716953] but, use the commands: netstat -ae|grep [socket id] can find it. why the OS display this infomation??

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• Unable to mount cifs in redhat 6

  - by user3734522

  I am relatively new to Linux, and I am trying to mount a CIFS filesystem from an openfiler instance I have on my network in Red Hat. The openfiler instance is authenticating using AD. I am able to connect using samba: smbclient '\\10.25.214.26\cluster_storage.cluster.Cluster' -U [DOMAIN]+[USERNAME] Enter DOMAIN+USERNAME's password: Domain=[DOMAIN] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 3.5.6] smb: \> When I attempt to mount on boot via fstab, I am told that the line is bad during startup. mount -t cifs -o username=[DOMAIN]+[USERNAME], password=[my password], domain=[domain.edu] '\\10.25.214.26\cluster_storage.cluster.Cluster' /mnt/scratch Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• df -h overreports disk space on VPS

  - by Rincewind42

  When I run the command df -h on my new Ubuntu linux vServer I get the following: # df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/hdv1 466G 33G 434G 7% / none 16M 0 16M 0% /tmp Running du -sh gives # du -sh du: cannot access `./proc/13624/task/13624/fd/4': No such file or directory du: cannot access `./proc/13624/task/13624/fdinfo/4': No such file or directory du: cannot access `./proc/13624/fd/4': No such file or directory du: cannot access `./proc/13624/fdinfo/4': No such file or directory 952M . The VPS should only have 5Gb of disk space but df reports 466Gb. How can I view the correct amount of disk space?

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• How to automatically copy a file uploaded by a user by FTP in Linux (CentOS)?

  - by Buttle Butkus

  Outside contractor says they need read/write/execute permissions on part of the filesystem so they can run a script. I'm ok with that, but I want to know what they're running, in case it turns out there is some nefarious code. I assume they are going to upload the file, run it, and then delete it to prevent me from finding out what they've done. How can I find out exactly what they've done? My question specifically asks for a way of automatically copying the file, which would be one way. But if you have another solution, that's fine. For example, if the file could be automatically copied to /home/root/uploaded_files/ that would be awesome.

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• (Possibly) Corrupted DDCrypt self-decrypting file

  - by sca

  I recently discovered some files I had encrypted and archived on a CD using DDCrypt 2.0, which is a small encryption utility from back in the day. One of its functions is to create self-decrypting files, which are essentially EXE files that you can enter a password and then have the file extracted onto your filesystem. Unfortunately, I can't seem to get them to do this properly. They appear to be decrypting and then at the last moment I get the error: Error opening encrypted file C:\users\username\Temp\dde3cfa.tmp Reason: Success and then another dialog immediately says Error extracting ddc file. I'm not really sure what this means (certainly not success), but I've checked out the temporary file and it appears to be garbage data (although of the right file size). I don't know if anyone has an idea what might be done here to extract the files, or has dealt with a similar situation before. Any ideas are appreciated! Thank you in advance for your time and any help you can provide.

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• Turning a running Linux system into a KVM instance on another machine

  - by Charles

  I have two physical machines that I wish to virtualize. I can not (physically) plug the hard drives from either machine into the new machine that will act as their VM host, so I think that copying the entire structure of the system over using dd is out of the question. How can I best go about migrating these machines from their hardware to the KVM environment? I've set up empty, unformatted LVM logical volumes to host their filesystems, with the understanding that giving the VMs a real partition to work with achieves higher performance than sticking an image on the filesystem. Would I be better off creating new OS installs and rsyncing the differences over? FWIW, the two machines to be VM'd are running CentOS 5, and the host machine is running Ubuntu Server 10.04 for no particularly important reason. I doubt this matters too much, as it's still going to be KVM and libvert that matter.

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• Cannot to change my root password on Xenserver

  - by Michlaou

  I try to change my root password on my Xenserver 6.0. I follow these steps: enter boot: menu.c32 selecet xe-serial and press tab add "single" before the 2nd triple hyphens and i press enter. I have that: mboot.c32 /boot/xen.gz com1=115200,8n1 console=com1, vga mem=1024G dom0_max_vcpus4 dom0_mem=752M lowmem_emergency_pool=1M crashkernel=64M@32M single --- /boot/vmlinuz-2.6-xen root=LABEL=root-rodraxar ro console=tty0 xencons=hvc console=hvc0 --- /boot/initrd-2.6-xen.img I have commande on the screen and it's stop at: ext3-fs: monted filesystem with ordered data mode. Can you help me?

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• Apache .shared folder

  - by Kevin

  There are already a bunch of rules in my Apache configuration. What I want to add is the following. There are some shared folders (.shared): /var/www/.shared/ and /var/www/.include/.shared/ and /var/www/.include/(.*)/.shared/. Now when someone visits http://domain.com/test.png it first executes the existing apache rules and will (when the file/folder was not found) look in those .shared folders. So suppose I've got this filesystem: /var/www/.shared/dog.png /var/www/.shared/test.gif and /var/www/domain.com/dog.png. Now when someone visits http://domain.com/test.gif, it must load the test.gif from the .shared folder. Now when someone visits http://domain.com/dog.png it must load the dog.png from the domain.com folder (because the existing apache rules will be executed first).

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• Best server sync software/methods [closed]

  - by Meep3D

  I have a test server at home and a test server at the office. I'd like to somehow sync multiple folders in both directions automatically so I can work at home and to also provide an offsite backup. I've tried Live Sync (Microsofts own product) but it chokes on large amounts of files and seems a bit rudimentary. Dropbox is also a bit small and does not adapt to our filesystem setup. I have seen a few online backup services but none seemed geared to multiple computers using the same account. I don't mind paying a monthly fee provided the service is good. Suggestions would be greatfully appreciated!

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• Shrink NTFS Partition Windows 2003

  - by Coops

  We have an iSCSI target provided by a CentOS server attached to a Windows Server 2003 Standard box, formatted in NTFS. My question is this - I know we can resize the backend block device fine (LVM et al.), however how do you tell Windows the NTFS filesystem has shrunk afterwards? [note we want to shrink]. I'm imagining a world of pain if it's not done correctly! This is a production box, so ideally we'd like the process to keep the drive mounted and online during the process, but downtime can be scheduled if need be. 90% of what I've found on the subject so far basically involves using the 'ntfsresize' command in Linux to do the job -- but surely Windows can do this itself? Cheers!

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