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• Different block sizes for partition and underlying logical disk on HP Raid Controller (Linux)

  - by Wawrzek

  Following links collected in this thread I started to check blockdev and found the following output indicating different sizes for partition c0d9p1 and the underlying device (c0d9): [root@machine ~]# blockdev --report /dev/cciss/c0d9 RO RA SSZ BSZ StartSec Size Device rw 256 512 4096 0 3906963632 /dev/cciss/c0d9 [root@machine ~]# blockdev --report /dev/cciss/c0d9p1 RO RA SSZ BSZ StartSec Size Device rw 256 512 2048 1 3906959039 /dev/cciss/c0d9p1 We have a lot of small files, so yes the block size is smaller than normal. The device is a logical driver on an HP P410 raid controller, simple disk without any raid - RAID 0 on one disk to be precise. (Please note that above configuration is a feature not a bug). Therefore, I have the following questions. Can the above discrepancy in the block size affect disk performance? Can I control the block size using hpacucli?

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• Merge LVM Partition with unallocated Space

  - by David

  I have a linux hard drive with three areas: /dev/hda1 - ext3 boot partition (20 MB) /dev/hda2 - lvm2 main partition (6 GB) unpartitioned space - 12 GB I would like to merge the unpartitioned space into the lvm2 partition known as /dev/hda2. I tried using GParted, but it does not support lvm2. What commands or utilities could I use to add the unpartitioned space to hda2 without losing my existing data?

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• Free space on Dedi' in CentOS

  - by Trance84

  It will sound stupid but i need to figure out how much disk space i have in my dedicated server, it runs CentOS6...the last command i issued was this [root@ks34900 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on rootfs 9.7G 6.4G 2.9G 69% / /dev/root 9.7G 6.4G 2.9G 69% / none 1000M 288K 1000M 1% /dev /dev/sda2 914G 200M 868G 1% /home But again, stupid as it may sound... i cant figure out how much space i have in "/" folder (root) And is it possible that "/usr" have a different space (partition)?

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• Restoring a Ubuntu Linux LVM drive

  - by user848106

  Scenario: I have a hard disk with a bootable sda1 partition and an Linux LVM. I seem to have corrupted the MBR? or Grub? not sure. I know it no longer boots and even with boot-repair and a Ubuntu live usb I was able to restore it. Following a "fix" with boot-repair I get "missing operating system" Can't i just reinstall grub or a new menu.lst? Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0007b68f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux /dev/sda2 501758 625141759 312320001 5 Extended /dev/sda5 501760 625141759 312320000 8e Linux LVM

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• Is it possible to mount a disk image, created with dd, to a directory on a mounted external usb hdd?

  - by Keeper Hood

  I have an image of my home (/dev/sda3) partition, which I've created using the "dd" command. dd if=/dev/sda3 of=/path/to/disk.img I've deleted the home partition via gparted in order to enlarge my /dev/root partition. Then I've recreated the /dev/sda3 partition which is smaller in size then the one I've backed up to the image. I was wondering since I have a 2TB external HDD, could it be possible to mount my backed up image on the external HDD and then copy the files into the /home directory. Since the external HDD would be already in a "mounted state", I'm unsure whether this is a good idea, mounting on a mounted device. I'm running Slackware 13.37 (64bit). used ext4 on all the partitions. resized the root partition with gparted live cd. I've tried mount -t ext4 /path/to/disk.img /mng/image -o loop It gave me an fs error (wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on dev/loop/0) Then i did dmesg | tail which outputs: EXT4-fs (loop0) : bad geometry: block count 29009610 exceeds size of defice (1679229 blocks) I have no idea what to do, I want to restore my /home data from the image I've backed up.

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• PLesk Error: pmm-ras error (Error code = -6): during restore.. /tmp folder to increase?

  - by eric

  I had to re-install plesk on a centos 6 system after a crash. The full backup file is 11 gb. but at the beginning of the backup reinstall I get the error Error: pmm-ras error (Error code = -6): argh ! my disk organization is like this Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 3.7G 801M 2.9G 22% / /dev/mapper/vg00-usr 14G 1.5G 12G 12% /usr /dev/mapper/vg00-var 155G 14G 134G 10% /var /dev/mapper/vg00-home 3.9G 136M 3.6G 4% /home none 1000M 7.5M 993M 1% /tmp I suppose I have to increase my /tmp folder to accept the backup size,but I don't know how-to. I'm on 1&1 cloud server Thanks for your help. You can imagine the emergency of this situation...

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• EC2: How dangerous is it to turn off fsck for EBS volumes?

  - by Janine

  I have been tearing my hair out trying to figure out why my EC2 instances (made from my own custom AMIs) were taking many tries to come up properly. They would fail with the following error: fsck.ext3: No such file or directory while trying to open /dev/sdf For both of the EBS volumes I was attaching during startup. Finally, I figured out the problem. I had put this in /etc/fstab: /dev/sdf /export ext3 defaults 1 2 /dev/sdi /export2 ext3 defaults 1 2 The 2 tells the system to fsck the drives on the way up. Changing this to /dev/sdf /export ext3 defaults 1 0 /dev/sdi /export2 ext3 defaults 1 0 Avoids the problem completely, but now the volumes are never going to be fsck'd. How much does this matter? Once the instance goes into production it's going to be running pretty much 24/7, so not many fscks would be happening anyway, but still... this just feels like a bad idea. I have not been able to find anyone else even reporting this problem (there are people with the same error message, but different causes). It seems unbelievable that I could be the only person to ever make this mistake, but perhaps I'm just talented that way. :) If there is another solution to the problem I would love to hear it; I have not been able to find one.

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• Under kvm, Vista guest OS install halts on black screen

  - by Isaac Sutherland

  I am using kvm on my ubuntu-server-10.04 amd64 dual core PC. I am trying to install a Windows Vista guest OS. The installation proceeds properly until the system reboot halfway into the installation process, at which point it stops on a black screen and CPU usage goes to near zero. I created the vm with virt-install as follows: virt-install -n vista --connect qemu:///system -r 1024 -vcpus 2 \ --os-type windows --os-variant vista \ --virt-type kvm --accelerate \ -c /dev/sr0 \ --disk path=/dev/main/vista-hd \ --network bridge=br0 \ --vnc --noautoconsole Where /dev/sr0 is the physical drive with the vista installation DVD, and /dev/main/vista-hd is a 20-GB lvm logical volume I created. A number of people seem to have had success installing vista under KVM, but I haven't been able to determine what is causing my problem. Ideas anyone?

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• RAID 50 24Port Fast Writes Slow Reads - Ubuntu

  - by James

  What is going on here?! I am baffled. serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test/test.fs bs=4096k count=10000 10000+0 records in 10000+0 records out 41943040000 bytes (42 GB) copied, 57.0948 s, 735 MB/s serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo dd if=/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test/test.fs of=/dev/null bs=4096k count=10000 10000+0 records in 10000+0 records out 41943040000 bytes (42 GB) copied, 116.189 s, 361 MB/s OF NOTE: My RAID50 is 3 sets of 8 disks. - This might not be the best config for SPEED. OS: Ubuntu 12.04.1 x64 Hardware Raid: RocketRaid 2782 - 24 Port Controller HardDriveType: Seagate Barracuda ES.2 1TB Drivers: v1.1 Open Source Linux Drivers. So 24 x 1TB drives, partitioned using parted. Filesystem is ext4. I/O scheduler WAS noop but have changed it to deadline with no seemingly performance benefit/cost. serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal/test$ sudo gdisk -l /dev/sdb GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.1 Partition table scan: MBR: protective BSD: not present APM: not present GPT: present Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT. Disk /dev/sdb: 41020686336 sectors, 19.1 TiB Logical sector size: 512 bytes Disk identifier (GUID): 95045EC6-6EAF-4072-9969-AC46A32E38C8 Partition table holds up to 128 entries First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 41020686302 Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries Total free space is 5062589 sectors (2.4 GiB) Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name 1 2048 41015625727 19.1 TiB 0700 primary To me this should be working fine. I can't think of anything that would be causing this other then fundamental driver errors? I can't seem to get much/if any higher then the 361MB a second, is this hitting the "SATA2" link speed, which it shouldn't given it is a PCIe2.0 card. Or maybe some cacheing quirk - I do have Write Back enabled. Does anyone have any suggestions? Tests for me to perform? Or if you require more information, I am happy to provide it! This is a video fileserver for editing machines, so we have a preference for FAST reads over writes. I was just expected more from RAID 50 and 24 drives together... EDIT: (hdparm results) serveradmin@FILESERVER:/Volumes/MercuryInternal$ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing cached reads: 17458 MB in 2.00 seconds = 8735.50 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 884 MB in 3.00 seconds = 294.32 MB/sec EDIT2: (config details) Also, I am using a RAID block size of 256K. I was told a larger block size is better for larger (in my case large video) files. EDIT3: (Bonnie++ Results. Would love some guidance with this!)

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• Mounting an attached ebs volume in EC2

  - by David

  I've created an EC2 instance, created an EBS volume, attached it to the running instance, and successfully ssh'ed into my instance. The drive is attached as /dev/sdf Next, I tried mounting the drive by running: mkdir /testName mount -t ext3 /dev/sdf /testName But then I get the error message: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdf, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so What am I doing wrong? Thanks.

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• filesystem mounting problem

  - by user306988

  Hello, A DAS box is attached to my linux box using LSI SCSI HBA. Volume is properly detected on the linux box and filesystem is created using mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdc #No partition table I can not mount the volume using mount/dev/sdc /mnt/temp -t ext3 But I can mount it using mount /dev/sdc /mnt/temp -t ext3 -o loop Can anybody please tell me what "-o loop" option does internally? Has anybody faced this option before? Thanks in advance, prashant

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• Xen DomU on DRBD device: barrier errors

  - by Halfgaar

  I'm testing setting up a Xen DomU with a DRBD storage for easy failover. Most of the time, immediatly after booting the DomU, I get an IO error: [ 3.153370] EXT3-fs (xvda2): using internal journal [ 3.277115] ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team [ 3.336014] nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (3899 buckets, 15596 max) [ 3.515604] init: failsafe main process (397) killed by TERM signal [ 3.801589] blkfront: barrier: write xvda2 op failed [ 3.801597] blkfront: xvda2: barrier or flush: disabled [ 3.801611] end_request: I/O error, dev xvda2, sector 52171168 [ 3.801630] end_request: I/O error, dev xvda2, sector 52171168 [ 3.801642] Buffer I/O error on device xvda2, logical block 6521396 [ 3.801652] lost page write due to I/O error on xvda2 [ 3.801755] Aborting journal on device xvda2. [ 3.804415] EXT3-fs (xvda2): error: ext3_journal_start_sb: Detected aborted journal [ 3.804434] EXT3-fs (xvda2): error: remounting filesystem read-only [ 3.814754] journal commit I/O error [ 6.973831] init: udev-fallback-graphics main process (538) terminated with status 1 [ 6.992267] init: plymouth-splash main process (546) terminated with status 1 The manpage of drbdsetup says that LVM (which I use) doesn't support barriers (better known as tagged command queuing or native command queing), so I configured the drbd device not to use barriers. This can be seen in /proc/drbd (by "wo:f, meaning flush, the next method drbd chooses after barrier): 3: cs:Connected ro:Primary/Secondary ds:UpToDate/UpToDate C r---- ns:2160152 nr:520204 dw:2680344 dr:2678107 al:3549 bm:9183 lo:0 pe:0 ua:0 ap:0 ep:1 wo:f oos:0 And on the other host: 3: cs:Connected ro:Secondary/Primary ds:UpToDate/UpToDate C r---- ns:0 nr:2160152 dw:2160152 dr:0 al:0 bm:8052 lo:0 pe:0 ua:0 ap:0 ep:1 wo:f oos:0 I also enabled the option disable_sendpage, as per the drbd docs: cat /sys/module/drbd/parameters/disable_sendpage Y I also tried adding barriers=0 to fstab as mount option. Still it sometimes says: [ 58.603896] blkfront: barrier: write xvda2 op failed [ 58.603903] blkfront: xvda2: barrier or flush: disabled I don't even know if ext3 has a nobarrier option. And, because only one of my storage systems is battery backed, it would not be smart anyway. Why does it still compain about barriers when I disabled that? Both host are: Debian: 6.0.4 uname -a: Linux 2.6.32-5-xen-amd64 drbd: 8.3.7 Xen: 4.0.1 Guest: Ubuntu 12.04 LTS uname -a: Linux 3.2.0-24-generic pvops drbd resource: resource drbdvm { meta-disk internal; device /dev/drbd3; startup { # The timeout value when the last known state of the other side was available. 0 means infinite. wfc-timeout 0; # Timeout value when the last known state was disconnected. 0 means infinite. degr-wfc-timeout 180; } syncer { # This is recommended only for low-bandwidth lines, to only send those # blocks which really have changed. #csums-alg md5; # Set to about half your net speed rate 60M; # It seems that this option moved to the 'net' section in drbd 8.4. (later release than Debian has currently) verify-alg md5; } net { # The manpage says this is recommended only in pre-production (because of its performance), to determine # if your LAN card has a TCP checksum offloading bug. #data-integrity-alg md5; } disk { # Detach causes the device to work over-the-network-only after the # underlying disk fails. Detach is not default for historical reasons, but is # recommended by the docs. # However, the Debian defaults in drbd.conf suggest the machine will reboot in that event... on-io-error detach; # LVM doesn't support barriers, so disabling it. It will revert to flush. Check wo: in /proc/drbd. If you don't disable it, you get IO errors. no-disk-barrier; } on host1 { # universe is a VG disk /dev/universe/drbdvm-disk; address 10.0.0.1:7792; } on host2 { # universe is a VG disk /dev/universe/drbdvm-disk; address 10.0.0.2:7792; } } DomU cfg: bootloader = '/usr/lib/xen-default/bin/pygrub' vcpus = '2' memory = '512' # # Disk device(s). # root = '/dev/xvda2 ro' disk = [ 'phy:/dev/drbd3,xvda2,w', 'phy:/dev/universe/drbdvm-swap,xvda1,w', ] # # Hostname # name = 'drbdvm' # # Networking # # fake IP for posting vif = [ 'ip=1.2.3.4,mac=00:16:3E:22:A8:A7' ] # # Behaviour # on_poweroff = 'destroy' on_reboot = 'restart' on_crash = 'restart' In my test setup: the primary host's storage is 9650SE SATA-II RAID PCIe with battery. The secondary is software RAID1. Isn't DRBD+Xen widely used? With these problems, it's not going to work.

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• Nginx Not Passing URL Parameters

  - by jmccartie

  Messing around with Nginx ... for some reason, it looks like none of my URL parameters are being passed. My homepage loads fine, but a URL like "http://mysite.com/more.php?id=101" throws errors, saying that the ID is an undefined index. I'm assuming this is something basic I'm missing in a conf file. Some info: conf.d/virtual.conf server { listen 80; server_name dev.mysite.com; index index.php; root /var/www/dev.mysite.com_html; location / { root /var/www/dev.mysite.com_html; } location ~ \.php(.*)$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /var/www/wap/dev.mysite.com_html/$fastcgi_script_n ame; fastcgi_index index.php; include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params; } } Error log: 2009/06/22 11:44:21 [notice] 16319#0: start worker process 16322 2009/06/22 11:44:28 [error] 16320#0: *1 FastCGI sent in stderr: "PHP Notice: Undefined index: id in /var/www/dev.mysite.com_html/more.php on line 10 Thanks in advance.

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• My linux server takes more than an hour to boot. Suggestions?

  - by jamieb

  I am building a CentOS 5.4 system that boots off a compact flash card using a card reader that emulates an IDE drive. It literally takes about an hour to boot. The ultra-slow part occurs when Grub is loading the kernel. Once that's done, the rest of the boot process only takes about a minute to get to a login prompt. Does anyone have any suggestions? I suspect that it may have to do with UDMA. Everything IDE-related in my BIOS seems to checkout. The read performance hdparm is telling me 1.77 MB/s. Ouch! (But even at that rate, it still shouldn't take an hour to decompress and load the kernel) [root@server ~]# hdparm -tT /dev/hdc /dev/hdc: Timing cached reads: 2444 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1222.04 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 6 MB in 3.39 seconds = 1.77 MB/sec Trying to enable DMA is a no-go though: [root@server ~]# hdparm -d1 /dev/hdc /dev/hdc: setting using_dma to 1 (on) HDIO_SET_DMA failed: Operation not permitted using_dma = 0 (off) Here's some command outputs that might help: System [root@server ~]# uname -a Linux server.localdomain 2.6.18-164.el5xen #1 SMP Thu Sep 3 04:47:32 EDT 2009 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux PCI info: [root@server ~]# lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82945G/GZ/P/PL Memory Controller Hub (rev 02) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82945G/GZ/P/PL Memory Controller Hub Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82945G/GZ Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82945G/GZ Integrated Graphics Controller Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 10 Memory at fdf00000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512K] I/O ports at ff00 [size=8] Memory at d0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] Memory at fdf80000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256K] Capabilities: [90] Message Signalled Interrupts: 64bit- Queue=0/0 Enable- Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2 00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [UHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 I/O ports at fe00 [size=32] 00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [UHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 I/O ports at fd00 [size=32] 00:1d.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [UHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18 I/O ports at fc00 [size=32] 00:1d.3 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [UHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19 I/O ports at fb00 [size=32] 00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller (rev 01) (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fdfff000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [58] Debug port 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev e1) (prog-if 01 [Subtractive decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=32 I/O behind bridge: 0000d000-0000dfff Memory behind bridge: fde00000-fdefffff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000fdd00000-00000000fdd00000 Capabilities: [50] #0d [0000] 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR (ICH7 Family) LPC Interface Bridge (rev 01) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR (ICH7 Family) LPC Interface Bridge Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information 00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR/GH (ICH7 Family) SATA IDE Controller (rev 01) (prog-if 80 [Master]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR/GH (ICH7 Family) SATA IDE Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 I/O ports at <unassigned> I/O ports at <unassigned> I/O ports at <unassigned> I/O ports at <unassigned> I/O ports at f800 [size=16] Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 2 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) SMBus Controller (rev 01) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) SMBus Controller Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 17 I/O ports at 0500 [size=32] 01:04.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ (rev 10) Subsystem: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 18 I/O ports at de00 [size=256] Memory at fdeff000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 01:06.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ (rev 10) Subsystem: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 17 I/O ports at dc00 [size=256] Memory at fdefe000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 01:07.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ (rev 10) Subsystem: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 19 I/O ports at da00 [size=256] Memory at fdefd000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 hdparm ouput: [root@server ~]# hdparm /dev/hdc /dev/hdc: multcount = 0 (off) IO_support = 0 (default 16-bit) unmaskirq = 0 (off) using_dma = 0 (off) keepsettings = 0 (off) readonly = 0 (off) readahead = 256 (on) geometry = 8146/16/63, sectors = 8211168, start = 0 [root@server ~]# hdparm -I /dev/hdc /dev/hdc: ATA device, with non-removable media Model Number: InnoDisk Corp. - iCF4000 4GB Serial Number: 20091023AACA70000753 Firmware Revision: 081107 Standards: Supported: 5 Likely used: 6 Configuration: Logical max current cylinders 8146 8146 heads 16 16 sectors/track 63 63 -- CHS current addressable sectors: 8211168 LBA user addressable sectors: 8211168 device size with M = 1024*1024: 4009 MBytes device size with M = 1000*1000: 4204 MBytes (4 GB) Capabilities: LBA, IORDY(can be disabled) Standby timer values: spec'd by Vendor R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 2 Current = 2 DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 *udma2 udma3 udma4 Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns Commands/features: Enabled Supported: * Power Management feature set * WRITE_BUFFER command * READ_BUFFER command * NOP cmd * CFA feature set * Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE HW reset results: CBLID- above Vih Device num = 0 CFA power mode 1: enabled and required by some commands Maximum current = 100ma Checksum: correct

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• How to restrict user to a particular folder in CentOS 6?

  - by Chris Demetriad

  I will need to create users so developers can log in and clone/pull/push changes/repositories from a github like platform. I've managed to add a user (using the root) to this CentOS machine; I now have this line in /etc/passwd: chris:x:32008:32010::/home/chris/public_html:/bin/bash ..and this in /etc/shadow: chris:$1$ruUeLtTu$onAY2hdu1J.UmHajEIlmR.:15385:0:99999:7::: I am able to SSH the server, I have permission to create a folder and I guess that should be enough. But I am able to see other files and folders outside public_html. How can I actually restrict the user to a particular directory so he can't "cd out" of his folder? Update: root@echo [~]# ls -ld /home/moove drwx--x--x 21 moove moove 4096 Mar 22 16:16 /home/moove/ root@echo [~]# ls -ld /home/moove/public_html drwxr-x--- 11 moove nobody 4096 Mar 27 11:29 /home/moove/public_html/ root@echo [~]# ls -ld /home/moove/public_html/dev drwxr-x--- 12 moove nobody 4096 Mar 27 14:47 /home/moove/public_html/dev/ root@echo [~]# ls -ld /home/moove/public_html/dev/arsenal drwxr-xr-x 3 arsenal moove 4096 Mar 27 14:53 /home/moove/public_html/dev/arsenal/

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• Building NanoBSD inside a jail

  - by ptomli

  I'm trying to setup a jail to enable building a NanoBSD image. It's actually a jail on top of a NanoBSD install. The problem I have is that I'm unable to mount the md device in order to do the 'build image' part. Is it simply not possible to mount an md device inside a jail, or is there some other knob I need to twiddle? On the host /etc/rc.conf.local jail_enable="YES" jail_mount_enable="YES" jail_list="build" jail_set_hostname_allow="NO" jail_build_hostname="build.vm" jail_build_ip="192.168.0.100" jail_build_rootdir="/mnt/zpool0/jails/build/home" jail_build_devfs_enable="YES" jail_build_devfs_ruleset="devfsrules_jail_build" /etc/devfs.rules [devfsrules_jail_build=5] # nothing Inside the jail [root@build /usr/obj/nanobsd.PROLIANT_MICROSERVER]# sysctl security.jail security.jail.param.cpuset.id: 0 security.jail.param.host.hostid: 0 security.jail.param.host.hostuuid: 64 security.jail.param.host.domainname: 256 security.jail.param.host.hostname: 256 security.jail.param.children.max: 0 security.jail.param.children.cur: 0 security.jail.param.enforce_statfs: 0 security.jail.param.securelevel: 0 security.jail.param.path: 1024 security.jail.param.name: 256 security.jail.param.parent: 0 security.jail.param.jid: 0 security.jail.enforce_statfs: 1 security.jail.mount_allowed: 1 security.jail.chflags_allowed: 1 security.jail.allow_raw_sockets: 0 security.jail.sysvipc_allowed: 0 security.jail.socket_unixiproute_only: 1 security.jail.set_hostname_allowed: 0 security.jail.jail_max_af_ips: 255 security.jail.jailed: 1 [root@build /usr/obj/nanobsd.PROLIANT_MICROSERVER]# mdconfig -l md2 md0 md1 md0 and md1 are the ramdisks of the host. bsdlabel looks sensible [root@build /usr/obj/nanobsd.PROLIANT_MICROSERVER]# bsdlabel /dev/md2s1 # /dev/md2s1: 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] a: 1012016 16 4.2BSD 0 0 0 c: 1012032 0 unused 0 0 # "raw" part, don't edit newfs runs ok [root@build /usr/obj/nanobsd.PROLIANT_MICROSERVER]# newfs -U /dev/md2s1a /dev/md2s1a: 494.1MB (1012016 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048 using 4 cylinder groups of 123.55MB, 7907 blks, 15872 inodes. with soft updates super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at: 160, 253184, 506208, 759232 mount fails [root@build /usr/obj/nanobsd.PROLIANT_MICROSERVER]# mount /dev/md2s1a _.mnt/ mount: /dev/md2s1a : Operation not permitted UPDATE: One of my colleagues pointed out There are some file systems types that can't be securely mounted within a jail no matter what, like UFS, MSDOFS, EXTFS, XFS, REISERFS, NTFS, etc. because the user mounting it has access to raw storage and can corrupt it in a way that it will panic entire system. From http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg160389.html So it seems that the standard nanobsd.sh won't run inside a jail while it uses the md device to build the image. One potential solution I'll try is to chroot from the host into the build jail, rather than jexec a shell.

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• How do I usb tether my Cyanogen modded G1's internet connection to my Toshiba Tecra 8000 running Xub

  - by atticus

  I have usb-tethering enabled in my phone. It works fine with Vista. When I plug my phone into my Tecra 8000 laptop running Xubuntu, dmesg shows: "usb 1-1: new full speed USB device using uhci_hcd and address 8". I see that the OS has detected it as a storage device, but I can't get it to function correctly as a network device. /dev/us* shows no usb0, but it does show /dev/usbdev1.1_ep00 /dev/usbdev1.1_ep81 /dev/usbdev1.8_ep00 ... usbdev1.8_ep83.

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• OpenVPN - Windows 8 to Windows 2008 Server, not connecting

  - by niico

  I have followed this tutorial about setting up an OpenVPN Server on Windows Server - and a client on Windows (in this case Windows 8). The server appears to be running fine - but it is not connecting with this error: Mon Jul 22 19:09:04 2013 Warning: cannot open --log file: C:\Program Files\OpenVPN\log\my-laptop.log: Access is denied. (errno=5) Mon Jul 22 19:09:04 2013 OpenVPN 2.3.2 x86_64-w64-mingw32 [SSL (OpenSSL)] [LZO] [PKCS11] [eurephia] [IPv6] built on Jun 3 2013 Mon Jul 22 19:09:04 2013 MANAGEMENT: TCP Socket listening on [AF_INET]127.0.0.1:25340 Mon Jul 22 19:09:04 2013 Need hold release from management interface, waiting... Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: Client connected from [AF_INET]127.0.0.1:25340 Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: CMD 'state on' Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: CMD 'log all on' Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: CMD 'hold off' Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: CMD 'hold release' Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 Socket Buffers: R=[65536->65536] S=[65536->65536] Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 UDPv4 link remote: [AF_INET]66.666.66.666:9999 Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: >STATE:1374494945,WAIT,,, Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 TLS Error: TLS key negotiation failed to occur within 60 seconds (check your network connectivity) Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 TLS Error: TLS handshake failed Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 SIGUSR1[soft,tls-error] received, process restarting Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: >STATE:1374495005,RECONNECTING,tls-error,, Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 Restart pause, 2 second(s) Note I have changed the IP and port no (it uses a non-standard port for security reasons). That port is open on the hardware firewall. The server logs are showing a connection attempt from my client: TLS: Initial packet from [AF_INET]118.68.xx.xx:65011, sid=081af4ed xxxxxxxx Mon Jul 22 14:19:15 2013 118.68.xx.xx:65011 TLS Error: TLS key negotiation failed to occur within 60 seconds (check your network connectivity) How can I problem solve this & find the problem? Thx Update - Client config file: ############################################## # Sample client-side OpenVPN 2.0 config file # # for connecting to multi-client server. # # # # This configuration can be used by multiple # # clients, however each client should have # # its own cert and key files. # # # # On Windows, you might want to rename this # # file so it has a .ovpn extension # ############################################## # Specify that we are a client and that we # will be pulling certain config file directives # from the server. client # Use the same setting as you are using on # the server. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel # if you have more than one. On XP SP2, # you may need to disable the firewall # for the TAP adapter. ;dev-node MyTap # Are we connecting to a TCP or # UDP server? Use the same setting as # on the server. ;proto tcp proto udp # The hostname/IP and port of the server. # You can have multiple remote entries # to load balance between the servers. remote 00.00.00.00 1194 ;remote 00.00.00.00 9999 ;remote my-server-2 1194 # Choose a random host from the remote # list for load-balancing. Otherwise # try hosts in the order specified. ;remote-random # Keep trying indefinitely to resolve the # host name of the OpenVPN server. Very useful # on machines which are not permanently connected # to the internet such as laptops. resolv-retry infinite # Most clients don't need to bind to # a specific local port number. nobind # Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only) ;user nobody ;group nobody # Try to preserve some state across restarts. persist-key persist-tun # If you are connecting through an # HTTP proxy to reach the actual OpenVPN # server, put the proxy server/IP and # port number here. See the man page # if your proxy server requires # authentication. ;http-proxy-retry # retry on connection failures ;http-proxy [proxy server] [proxy port #] # Wireless networks often produce a lot # of duplicate packets. Set this flag # to silence duplicate packet warnings. ;mute-replay-warnings # SSL/TLS parms. # See the server config file for more # description. It's best to use # a separate .crt/.key file pair # for each client. A single ca # file can be used for all clients. ca "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\ca.crt" cert "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\my-laptop.crt" key "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\my-laptop.key" # Verify server certificate by checking # that the certicate has the nsCertType # field set to "server". This is an # important precaution to protect against # a potential attack discussed here: # http://openvpn.net/howto.html#mitm # # To use this feature, you will need to generate # your server certificates with the nsCertType # field set to "server". The build-key-server # script in the easy-rsa folder will do this. ns-cert-type server # If a tls-auth key is used on the server # then every client must also have the key. ;tls-auth ta.key 1 # Select a cryptographic cipher. # If the cipher option is used on the server # then you must also specify it here. ;cipher x # Enable compression on the VPN link. # Don't enable this unless it is also # enabled in the server config file. comp-lzo # Set log file verbosity. verb 3 # Silence repeating messages ;mute 20 Server config file: ################################################# # Sample OpenVPN 2.0 config file for # # multi-client server. # # # # This file is for the server side # # of a many-clients <-> one-server # # OpenVPN configuration. # # # # OpenVPN also supports # # single-machine <-> single-machine # # configurations (See the Examples page # # on the web site for more info). # # # # This config should work on Windows # # or Linux/BSD systems. Remember on # # Windows to quote pathnames and use # # double backslashes, e.g.: # # "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\foo.key" # # # # Comments are preceded with '#' or ';' # ################################################# # Which local IP address should OpenVPN # listen on? (optional) ;local 00.00.00.00 # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on? # If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances # on the same machine, use a different port # number for each one. You will need to # open up this port on your firewall. std 1194 port 1194 # TCP or UDP server? ;proto tcp proto udp # "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel, # "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel. # Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging # and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface # and bridged it with your ethernet interface. # If you want to control access policies # over the VPN, you must create firewall # rules for the the TUN/TAP interface. # On non-Windows systems, you can give # an explicit unit number, such as tun0. # On Windows, use "dev-node" for this. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel if you # have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher, # you may need to selectively disable the # Windows firewall for the TAP adapter. # Non-Windows systems usually don't need this. ;dev-node MyTap # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate # (cert), and private key (key). Each client # and the server must have their own cert and # key file. The server and all clients will # use the same ca file. # # See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series # of scripts for generating RSA certificates # and private keys. Remember to use # a unique Common Name for the server # and each of the client certificates. # # Any X509 key management system can be used. # OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file # (see "pkcs12" directive in man page). ca "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\ca.crt" cert "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\server.crt" key "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\server.key" # Diffie hellman parameters. # Generate your own with: # openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024 # Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using # 2048 bit keys. dh "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\dh2048.pem" # Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet # for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from. # The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself, # the rest will be made available to clients. # Each client will be able to reach the server # on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are # ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info. server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address # associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or # is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned # the same virtual IP address from the pool that was # previously assigned. ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging. # You must first use your OS's bridging capability # to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet # NIC interface. Then you must manually set the # IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we # assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we # must set aside an IP range in this subnet # (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate # to connecting clients. Leave this line commented # out unless you are ethernet bridging. ;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100 # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging # using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk # to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server # to receive their IP address allocation # and DNS server addresses. You must first use # your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP # interface with the ethernet NIC interface. # Note: this mode only works on clients (such as # Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is # bound to a DHCP client. ;server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. ;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0" ;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0" # To assign specific IP addresses to specific # clients or if a connecting client has a private # subnet behind it that should also have VPN access, # use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific # configuration files (see man page for more info). # EXAMPLE: Suppose the client # having the certificate common name "Thelonious" # also has a small subnet behind his connecting # machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248. # First, uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line: # iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to # access the VPN. This example will only work # if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are # using "dev tun" and "server" directives. # EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give # Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1. # First uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252 # Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious: # ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2 # Suppose that you want to enable different # firewall access policies for different groups # of clients. There are two methods: # (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each # group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface # for each group/daemon appropriately. # (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically # modify the firewall in response to access # from different clients. See man # page for more info on learn-address script. ;learn-address ./script # If enabled, this directive will configure # all clients to redirect their default # network gateway through the VPN, causing # all IP traffic such as web browsing and # and DNS lookups to go through the VPN # (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT # or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet # in order for this to work properly). ;push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" # Certain Windows-specific network settings # can be pushed to clients, such as DNS # or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT: # http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats # The addresses below refer to the public # DNS servers provided by opendns.com. ;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222" ;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220" # Uncomment this directive to allow differenta # clients to be able to "see" each other. # By default, clients will only see the server. # To force clients to only see the server, you # will also need to appropriately firewall the # server's TUN/TAP interface. ;client-to-client # Uncomment this directive if multiple clients # might connect with the same certificate/key # files or common names. This is recommended # only for testing purposes. For production use, # each client should have its own certificate/key # pair. # # IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL # CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT, # EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME", # UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT. ;duplicate-cn # The keepalive directive causes ping-like # messages to be sent back and forth over # the link so that each side knows when # the other side has gone down. # Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote # peer is down if no ping received during # a 120 second time period. keepalive 10 120 # For extra security beyond that provided # by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall" # to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding. # # Generate with: # openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key # # The server and each client must have # a copy of this key. # The second parameter should be '0' # on the server and '1' on the clients. ;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret # Select a cryptographic cipher. # This config item must be copied to # the client config file as well. ;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default) ;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES ;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES # Enable compression on the VPN link. # If you enable it here, you must also # enable it in the client config file. comp-lzo # The maximum number of concurrently connected # clients we want to allow. ;max-clients 100 # It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN # daemon's privileges after initialization. # # You can uncomment this out on # non-Windows systems. ;user nobody ;group nobody # The persist options will try to avoid # accessing certain resources on restart # that may no longer be accessible because # of the privilege downgrade. persist-key persist-tun # Output a short status file showing # current connections, truncated # and rewritten every minute. status openvpn-status.log # By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or # on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to # the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory). # Use log or log-append to override this default. # "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup, # while "log-append" will append to it. Use one # or the other (but not both). ;log openvpn.log ;log-append openvpn.log # Set the appropriate level of log # file verbosity. # # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors # 4 is reasonable for general usage # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems # 9 is extremely verbose verb 3 # Silence repeating messages. At most 20 # sequential messages of the same message # category will be output to the log. ;mute 20 I have changed IP's for security

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• How to change the sender of admin mails on a Linux server

  - by Cédric Girard

  Hi, I am sure it is a dumb question, but I want to change the sender of mails sended by my Linux server (centos 5). All mails sent to user "dev" are forwarded via a /home/dev/.forward file, with this sender : [email protected]. host.mydomain.fr is the hostname of this server, but it's an internal server and it does not even have a public IP. How to have a sender like [email protected]? I try to change the "official domain name" (line begining by "Dj" but it change nothing). Regards Cédric

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• /var/lib/ureadahead/debugfs using up disk space

  - by Keyo

  Running Ubuntu 10.04 and nearly all my drive space is gone. # df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root 7.3G 6.6G 327M 96% / none 245M 240K 244M 1% /dev none 249M 0 249M 0% /dev/shm none 249M 340K 249M 1% /var/run none 249M 0 249M 0% /var/lock none 249M 0 249M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sda1 228M 34M 183M 16% /boot Of course it's not mounted. I read that chmod 0 /sbin/debugfs could fix the problem, but now it just won't mount despite changing the permission to 777. This is a VM running on VirtualBox. I have done a file system check which ran fine. What is this directory and how can I remove it from the system?

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• Help creating image from LVM

  - by jackhab

  I need to duplicate CentOS hard drive image for multiple stations. The HD has the following layout: Disk /dev/sdb: 250GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 107MB 107MB primary ext3 boot 2 107MB 250GB 250GB primary lvm I saved /dev/sdb1 to file with fsarchiver but for sdb2 I get: /fsarchiver savefs an2.fsa /dev/sdb2 oper_save.c#1006,filesystem_mount_partition(): can't detect and mount filesystem of partition [/dev/sdb2], cannot continue. removed an2.fsa Although fsarchiver probe simple correctly detects sdb2 as LVM2_member. Is fsarchiver correct tool for this job? What's wrong? I'm on Ubuntu 9.1 with fsarchiver 0.6.8 and lvm tools installed. Thanks.

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• Help creating image from LVM

  - by jackhab

  I need to duplicate CentOS hard drive image for multiple stations. The HD has the following layout: Disk /dev/sdb: 250GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 107MB 107MB primary ext3 boot 2 107MB 250GB 250GB primary lvm I saved /dev/sdb1 to file with fsarchiver but for sdb2 I get: /fsarchiver savefs an2.fsa /dev/sdb2 oper_save.c#1006,filesystem_mount_partition(): can't detect and mount filesystem of partition [/dev/sdb2], cannot continue. removed an2.fsa Although fsarchiver probe simple correctly detects sdb2 as LVM2_member. Is fsarchiver correct tool for this job? What's wrong? I'm on Ubuntu 9.1 with fsarchiver 0.6.8 and lvm tools installed. Thanks.

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• How do I mount a raid disk

  - by Devator

  So I screwed up my grub.conf file on a CentOS system and I'm in recovery right now (it's only a test dedicated server). My disks are /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1 (RAID 1). Now I need to mount /dev/sda1 and make changes to the grub file, however those changed need to be reflected on the second disk aswell. How do I mount these RAID disks? I can mount one using mount -t ext3however it will damage the RAID array.

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• Creating a USB stick for installing centos 6.x using DVD1 and DVD2 iso files

  - by user250563

  First, we create 2 partitions on the USB stick that is let's say 16GB. first partition is let's say only 1GB and the second partition is the rest of what is available. after we "w" write the changes, the USB now has 2 partitions. 1 is 1GB 1 is more than 14GB so , we have... sdb1 and sdb2 now. now we need to turn these partitions into filesystems some say i should run these commands after those procedures. mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sdb1 mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb2 but some web pages recommend using: mkfs.vfat -n BOOT /dev/sdb1 mkfs.ext2 -m 0 -b 4096 -L DATA /dev/sdb2 which is it? so let's say the DVDs are called: CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso so we make a directory: mkdir -p /mnt/dvd1 and then mount it: mount -o loop CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso /mnt/dvd1 and i suppose we don't make a directory for dvd2 and we don't have to mount it ? at this point i do not know what should be done. but i think this step might be next: we make the USB bootable by finding the file named mbr.bin and then moving it to there via these commnad. dd conv=notrunc bs=440 count=1 if=/usr/lib/syslinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/sdb parted /dev/sdb set 1 boot on in other words we are "dd-ing it to 'sdb' not sdb1' or 'sdb2'. and then we use parted to set the boot to on for sdb so far everything looks good? here is the confusing parts.. how exactly do i move these iso files to the usb drive? EVERYTHING BELOW IS A GUESS. so at this point i should copy the folder /mnt/dvd1/isolinux to usb's sdb1 or sdb2 ? rename it to syslinux ? and then inside this syslinux folder there will be a file called... isolinux.cfg ? which should be renamed to syslinux.cfg ? and then copy the contents of /mnt/dvd1/images/* to USB's sdb2 ? but i think i am also suppose to copy and paste the both CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso somewhere into this USB's sdb2 partition, correct ? almost like a drag and drop kind of a thing? or do they go into any folders ? centos' own web site has some instructions but those instructions do not work. http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/InstallFromUSBkey i once got this working but things got ruined, i have to do it again and this time take notes.

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• Resizing Partitions on Live RHEL/cPanel Server

  - by Timothy R. Butler

  I've resized many partitions over the years on Linux, Windows and Mac OS X -- but always using a GUI. However, the time has come where the preset partition sizes my data center placed on my server aren't the right sizes and I need to resize a production server's disks. I could fiddle with it and probably do OK, but given that it is a production server, I wanted to get some advice about the right way to do this. I do have KVM over IP access, so if it is best to take the server offline and boot off a rescue partition, I can do that. root [/var/lib/mysql]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 9.9G 2.1G 7.3G 23% / tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 99M 77M 18M 82% /boot /dev/sda8 884G 463G 376G 56% /home /dev/sda3 9.9G 8.0G 1.5G 85% /usr /dev/sda5 9.9G 9.1G 308M 97% /var /usr/tmpDSK 2.0G 38M 1.8G 3% /tmp As you can see /var and /usr are quite close to being full and I've actually had to symlink some logs on /usr to directories in /home to balance things out. What I would like to do is to add 6-10 GB each to /usr and /var, presumably taking the space from /home. As I think about how the disk is arranged, the best thought I've come up with is to reduce /home by 16 GB, say, and move /var to the spot freed up, then allocating /var's space to /usr. However, that would put /var at the far end of the disk, which seems less than idea, given that MySQL has all of its data on that partition. I'd love to take the space out of the closer end of /usr, but I assume that would take a very arduous (and perhaps risky) process of moving all of the data in /usr around. I seem to recall having such a process fail for me on a computer in the past. The other option might be to merge / and /usr since / is underutilized, though I'm not sure if that's a good idea. Do you have any suggestions both on the best reallocation plan and the commands to use to accomplish it? UPDATE: I should add -- here's the partition table. There's one unused partition, which, if memory serves, was the original tmp location before I created a tmp image: Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Unusable 1.05* sda1 Boot Primary Linux ext2 106.96* sda2 Primary Linux ext3 10737.42* sda3 Primary Linux ext3 10737.42* sda5 NC Logical Linux ext3 10738.47* sda6 NC Logical Linux swap / Solaris 2148.54* sda7 NC Logical Linux ext3 1074.80* sda8 NC Logical Linux ext3 964098.53*

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