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• How split a column in two colunms in pandas

  - by user1345283

  I have el next dataframe data=read_csv('enero.csv') data Fecha DirViento MagViento 0 2011/07/01 00:00 318 6.6 1 2011/07/01 00:15 342 5.5 2 2011/07/01 00:30 329 6.6 3 2011/07/01 00:45 279 7.5 4 2011/07/01 01:00 318 6.0 5 2011/07/01 01:15 329 7.1 6 2011/07/01 01:30 300 4.7 7 2011/07/01 01:45 291 3.1 How to split the column Fecha in two columns,for example, get a dataframe as follows: Fecha Hora DirViento MagViento 0 2011/07/01 00:00 318 6.6 1 2011/07/01 00:15 342 5.5 2 2011/07/01 00:30 329 6.6 3 2011/07/01 00:45 279 7.5 4 2011/07/01 01:00 318 6.0 5 2011/07/01 01:15 329 7.1 6 2011/07/01 01:30 300 4.7 7 2011/07/01 01:45 291 3.1 I am using pandas for to read data I try to calculate daily averages from a monthly database has daily data recorded every 15 minutes. To do this, use pandas and grouped the columns: Date and Time for get a dataframe as follow: Fecha Hora 2011/07/01 00:00 -4.4 00:15 -1.7 00:30 -3.4 2011/07/02 00:00 -4.5 00:15 -4.2 00:30 -7.6 2011/07/03 00:00 -6.3 00:15 -13.7 00:30 -0.3 with this look, I get the following grouped.mean() Fecha DirRes 2011/07/01 -3 2011/07/02 -5 2011/07/03 -6

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• Why does presentModalViewController not always work?

  - by E-Madd

  My application requires data from a server in order to run. The first thing it does is displays a view controller (LoadingViewController) that is responsible for checking if the data is saved to my PersistentStoreCoordinator. If the data isn't cached locally, it gets it from my server and caches it, and posts a notification that the LoadingViewController is listening for. When that notification comes through, LoadingViewController presents the application's MainViewController using the presentModalViewController with a flip animation. So far, so good... no errors. However, if the application loads and determines the data IS cached - the presentModalViewController does not work and the main application view never appears. No errors. I've even gone as far as adding a button to the Loading view that executes the same code when pressed and the damn thing works. I'm suspicious it has something to do with the timing of it all but I'm clueless as to what I can do to ensure the view is displayed with that flipping animation if the data is already cached locally. Any suggestions?

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• load a pickle file from a zipfile

  - by eric.frederich

  For some reason I cannot get cPickle.load to work on the file-type object returned by ZipFile.open(). If I call read() on the file-type object returned by ZipFile.open() I can use cPickle.loads though. Example .... import zipfile import cPickle # the data we want to store some_data = {1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'} # # create a zipped pickle file # zf = zipfile.ZipFile('zipped_pickle.zip', 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) zf.writestr('data.pkl', cPickle.dumps(some_data)) zf.close() # # cPickle.loads works # zf = zipfile.ZipFile('zipped_pickle.zip', 'r') sd1 = cPickle.loads(zf.open('data.pkl').read()) zf.close() # # cPickle.load doesn't work # zf = zipfile.ZipFile('zipped_pickle.zip', 'r') sd2 = cPickle.load(zf.open('data.pkl')) zf.close() Note: I don't want to zip just the pickle file but many files of other types. This is just an example.

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• Binding Dropdownlist using jquery

  - by Geetha

  Hi All, I am try to bind the dropdowmlist using jquery. But is showing some error. Code: $.ajax({ type: "POST", contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8", data: "{product: '" + product + "'}", url: "Search.aspx/FetchCategory", dataType: "json", success: function(data) { $.each(data.d, function() { $("#ddlCategory").append($("<option></option>").val(this['ID']).html(this['Category'])); }); } }); values in the data: [{"Category":"All","ID":"%"},"Category":"Action,"ID":"4"},"Category":"Race,"ID":"5"},"Category":"Sports,"ID":"6"}] Error: $("#ddlCategory").append($("").val(this['ID']).html(this['Category'])); Microsoft JScript runtime error: Object doesn't support this property or method Geetha

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• What are some good design patterns for CRUD?

  - by Extrakun

  I am working with a number of data entities which can be created, read, updated and deleted, and I find myself writing more or less the same code for them. For example, I need to sometimes output data as JSON, and sometimes in a table format. I am finding myself writing 2 different types of view to export the data to. Also, the creation of those entities within DB usually differs just by the SQL statements and the input parameters. I am thinking of creating a strategy pattern to represent different 'contexts'. For example, the read() method of an AJAX context will be to return the data as JSON. However, I wonder if others have deal with this problem beforehand and will like to know what design patterns are usually use for CRUD operations.

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• serving js libraries: better performance from google code or using asset packager?

  - by brahn

  I am working on a rails application that uses big javascript libraries (e.g. jquery UI), and I also have a handful of my own javascript files. I'm using asset packager to package up my own javascript. I'm considering two ways of serving these files: Link to the jQuery libraries from Google Code as described at http://code.google.com/apis/ajaxlibs/documentation/#jquery , and separately package up and serve my javascript files using asset packager. Host the jquery libraries myself, and package them together with my own javascript as one big merged javascript file. My hosting solution is of course not going to beat out Google's content delivery network, so at first I assumed that end users would experience faster page loads via option #1. However, it also occured to me that if I serve them myself, users would only need to issue one request to get the merged javascript (as opposed to one for my merged javascript and another for the libraries served by google). Which approach will provide the best end-user experience (presumably in the form of faster load times?)

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• Multiple WCF calls for a single ASP.NET page load

  - by Rodney Burton

  I have an existing asp.net web application I am redesigning to use a service architecture. I have the beginnings of an WCF service which I am able to call and perform functions with no problems. As far as updating data, it all makes sense. For example, I have a button that says Submit Order, it sends the data to the service, which does the processing. Here's my concern: If I have an ASP.NET page that shows me a list of orders (View Orders page), and at the top I have a bunch of drop down lists for order types, and other search criteria which is populated by querying different tables from the database (lookup tables, etc). I am hoping to eventually completely decouple the web application from the DB, and use data contracts to pass information between the BLL, the SOA, and the web app. With that said, how can I reduce the # of WCF calls needed to load my "View Orders" page? I would need to make 1 call get the list of orders, and 1 call for each drop down list, etc because those are populated by individual functions in my BLL. Is it good architecture to create a web service method that returns back a specialized data contract that consists of everything you would need to display a View Orders page, in 1 shot? Something like this pseudocode: public class ViewOrderPageDTO { public OrderDTO[] Orders { get; set; } public OrderTypesDTO[] OrderTypes { get; set; } public OrderStatusesDTO[] OrderStatuses { get; set; } public CustomerListDTO[] CustomerList { get; set; } } Or is it better practice in the page_load event to make 5 or 6 or even 15 individual calls to the SOA to get the data needed to load the page? Therefore, bypassing the need for specialized wcf methods or DTO's that conglomerate other DTO? Thanks for your input and suggestions.

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• How do I mix functions in complex SSRS expressions?

  - by Boydski

  I'm writing a report against a data repository that has null values within some of the columns. The problem is building expressions is as temperamental as a hormonal old lady and doesn't like my mixing of functions. Here's an expression I've written that does not work if the data in the field is null/nothing: =IIF( IsNumeric(Fields!ADataField.Value), RunningValue( IIF( DatePart("q", Fields!CreatedOn.Value) = "2", Fields!ADataField.Value, 0 ), Sum, Nothing ), Sum(0) ) (Pseudocode) "If the data is valid and if the data was created in the second quarter of the year, add it to the overall Sum, otherwise, add zero to the sum." Looks pretty straight forward. And the individual pieces of the expression work by themselves. IE: IsNumeric(), DatePart(), etc. But when I put them all together, the expression throws an error. I've attempted about every permutation of what's shown above, all to no avail. Null values in Fields!ADataField.Value cause errors. Thoughts?

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• Rails: Skinny Controller vs. Fat Model, or should I make my Controller Anorexic?

  - by Nick Gorbikoff

  I know similar questions have been answered before - such as: Where should logic go, where to do certain tasks, etc. But I have a more specific question - How far should I take this axiom: "keep your controller skinny, make your model fat!" Here is an example: For instance let's say I have multiple source of verification data. A good example would be a VIN number - I can verify it against, manufacturers data source, DMV's data source, also my local databases - to see what I have on record. So I have a model called Vin and vins_controller. Inside the model I have 5 methods: check_against_local_db, check_against_dmv, check_against_car_maker_1, check_against_car_maker_2, etc. In my controller keeping with the REST, in action show - I have a simple case statement which looks at the params[:source], and based on source specified - will call specific check method. Now here is the question: Should I leave the logic that governs which data source to call in controller or should I move it to model and then in controller just do something like check_vin(source, vin)? Should I make my controller anorexic?

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• How do I load an XML document, add and remove nodes, then apply it to a ASP DataGrid control?

  - by JFOX

  I have a pretty simple operation but am struggling with how to implement it. I am loading XML from an external data source using a DataSet.ReadXml(), the creating a new XMLDataDocument from that data set, then syncing the Dataset back to the XMLDataDocument like so: doc = new XmlDataDocument(dsDataSet); dsDataSet.EnforceConstraints = false; dsDataSet= doc.DataSet; Once loaded I do two things to the XmlDataDocument: Loop through and check if a purely meta node, count, exists right beneath the root node and if so remove it. a thumb node exists in a second level nodelist and if not, create and append it. This is all going a expected because the result of doc.save() looks correct. Where I'm having an issue is updating the Dataset, which is being applied as the data source for an ASP DataGrid. Once all the above XMLDoc manipaulation is done I do this: dsDataSet.Merge(doc.DataSet); dsDataSet.AcceptChanges(); I then apply the data set to the grid control: dgList.DataSource = dsDataSet; dgList.DataBind(); But, when I do this I get this error on the site: System.Web.HttpException: DataBinding: 'System.Data.DataRowView' does not contain a property with the name 'thumb'. What did I miss?

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• Writing csv files with python with exact formatting parameters

  - by Ben Harrison

  I'm having trouble with processing some csv data files for a project. The project's programmer has moved onto greener pastures, and now I'm trying to finish the data analysis up (I did/do the statistical analysis.) The programmer suggested using python/csv reader to help break down the files, which I've had some success with, but not in a way I can use. This code is a little different from what I was trying before. I am essentially attempting to create an array. In the raw data format, the first 7 rows contain no data, and then each column contains 50 experiments, each with 4000 rows, for 200000 some rows total. What I want to do is take each column, and make it an individual csv file, with each experiment in its own column. So it would be an array of 50 columns and 4000 rows for each data type. The code here does break down the correct values, I think the logic is okay, but it is breaking down the opposite of how I want it. I want the separators without quotes (the commas and spaces) and I want the element values in quotes. Right now it is doing just the opposite for both, element values with no quotes, and the separators in quotes. I've spent several hours trying to figure out how to do this to no avail, import csv ifile = open('00_follow_maverick.csv') epistemicfile = open('00_follower_maverick_EP.csv', 'w') reader = csv.reader(ifile) colnum = 0 rownum = 0 y = 0 z = 8 for column in reader: rownum = 4000 * y + z for element in column: writer = csv.writer(epistemicfile) if y <= 50: y = y + 1 writer.writerow([element]) writer.writerow(',') rownum = x * y + z if y > 50: y = 0 z = z + 1 writer.writerow(' ') rownum = x * y + z if z >= 4008: break What is going on: I am taking each row in the raw data file in iterations of 4000, so that I can separate them with commas for the 50 experiments. When y, the experiment indicator here, reaches 50, it resets back to experiment 0, and adds 1 to z, which tells it which row to look at, by the formula of 4000 * y + z. When it completes the rows for all 50 experiments, it is finished. The problem here is that I don't know how to get python to write the actual values in quotes, and my separators outside of quotes. Any help will be most appreciated. Apologies if this seems a stupid question, I have no programming experience, this is my first attempt ever. Thank you.

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• Controller getting NULL value?

  - by RSolberg

  I'm trying to make a call to a controller via jQuery $.post, but the parameter for my controller method keeps getting a NULL value despite it appearing to be setup similar to other controller methods. CONTROLLER [AcceptVerbs(HttpVerbs.Post)] public ActionResult SearchWeatherLocations(string searchFor) { //Do Some Magic } GLOBAL.ASAX routes.MapRoute("SearchWeatherLocations", "Home/SearchWeatherLocations/{searchFor}", new { controller = "Home", action = "SearchWeatherLocations" }); jQuery Call From View <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { GetWeatherLocations("seat"); }); function GetWeatherLocations(sSearchFor) { var divToBeWorkedOn = '#locations'; var webMethod = '<%= Url.Action("SearchWeatherLocations", "Home") %>/'; var url = webMethod + sSearchFor; $.post(url, function (data) { $('#locations').children().remove(); for (var count in data) { $('#locations').append("<li>" + data[count].LocationName + "&nbsp;(" + data[count].LocationCode + ")</li>"); } }); } </script>

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• when i try to save this file it creates and folder for the entire path

  - by girish

  ZipFileToCreate = "c:\user\desktop\webservice\file.zip"; so, when i try to save this file it creates the folder for the path like user\desktop\webservice\file\ why is it so, FileStream fs = new FileStream(ZipFileToCreate, FileMode.Open); byte[] data = new Byte[fs.Length]; BinaryReader br = new BinaryReader(fs); br.Read(data, 0, data.Length); br.Close(); Response.Clear(); Response.ContentType = "application/x-zip-compressed"; Response.AppendHeader("Content-Disposition", "filename=" + Parameter + ".zip"); DeleteOldFiles(); Response.BinaryWrite(data);

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• subtotals in columns usind reshape2 in R

  - by user1043144

  I have spent some time now learning RESHAPE2 and plyr but I still do not get it. This time I have a problem with (a) subtotals and (b) passing different aggregate functions . Here an example using data from the excellent tutorial on the blog of mrdwab http://news.mrdwab.com/ # libraries library(plyr) library(reshape2) # get data and add few more variables book.sales = read.csv("http://news.mrdwab.com/data-booksales") book.sales$Stock = book.sales$Quantity + 10 book.sales$SubjCat[(book.sales$Subject == 'Economics') | (book.sales$Subject == 'Management') ] <- '1_EconSciences' book.sales$SubjCat[book.sales$Subject %in% c('Anthropology', 'Politics', 'Sociology') ] <- '2_SocSciences' book.sales$SubjCat[book.sales$Subject %in% c('Communication', 'Fiction', 'History', 'Research', 'Statistics') ] <- '3_other' # to get to my starting dataframe (close to the project I am working on) book.sales1 <- ddply(book.sales, c('Region', 'Representative', 'SubjCat', 'Subject', 'Publisher'), summarize, Stock = sum(Stock), Sold = sum(Quantity), Ratio = round((100 * sum(Quantity)/ sum(Stock)), digits = 1)) #melt it m.book.sales = melt(data = book.sales1, id.vars = c('Region', 'Representative', 'SubjCat', 'Subject', 'Publisher'), measured.vars = c('Stock', 'Sold', 'Ratio')) # cast it Tab1 <- dcast(data = m.book.sales, formula = Region + Representative ~ Publisher + variable, fun.aggregate = sum, margins = c('Region', 'Representative')) Now my questions : I have been able to add the subtotals in rows. But is it possible also to add margins in the columns. Say for example, Totals of Stock for one Publisher ? Sorry I meant to say example total sold for all publishers There is a problem with the columns with “ratio”. How can I get “mean” instead of “sum” for this variable ? P.S: I have seen some examples using reshape. Will you recommend to use it instead of reshape2 (which seems not to include the functionalities of two functions).

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• Twitter client with JQuery not working in Firefox

  - by lpdahito

  Hey guys, I've got a little script that fetches my latest tweets... I use JQuery's getJSON method to fetch my tweets. The script works well with Chrome and Safari but when it comes to Firefox, nothing appears! here's the code: $.getJSON('http://api.twitter.com/1/statuses/user_timeline.json?screen_name=lpdahito&count=3&callback=?', function(data) { $('#tweets').html('<p>' + data[0].text + '</p><p>' + data[1].text + '</p><p>' + data[2].text + '</p>'); }); Thanks for helping! LP

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• Integration of Photoshop and MySQL

  - by NewToProgrammingWorld

  I’m working to integrate Photoshop (CS4, local) with MySQL (Linux, remote), such that: a) image file information, data and meta data can be exported from PS into MySQL where same can be manipulated both manually and calculated, and then b) the MySQL fields can be referenced in Photoshop scripting for further automated image file manipulation, and c) the MySQL fields can be referenced for other purposes such as dynamic propagation of files and associated file data to a website, for example. I’ve spent many hours running searches for these concepts on StackOverflow, Google, and Adobe Support. I’m coming up empty, which leads me to believe that it’s not natively possible, and that I’ll need some middle language like PHP. Does anyone know if it’s possible for Photoshop and MySQL to bi-directionally share data? If so, how? If that’s not possible, what solution(s) might you recommend, in terms of specific tools/technologies that I can research further. Thank you.

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• Strange problem with NSMutableArray - Possibly some memory corruption

  - by user210504

  Hi! I am trying to update data in a table view using a NSMutableArray. Quite simple :( What is happening is that I get my data from a NSURLConnection Callback, which I parse and store it in an array and call reload data on the table view. The problem is that when cellForRowAtIndexPath is called back by the framework. The array still shows the correct count of the elements but all string objects I had stored earlier are shown as invalid. Any pointers

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• Question about creating device-compatible bitmaps in C#

  - by MusiGenesis

  I am storing bitmap-like data in a two-dimensional int array. To convert this array into a GDI-compatible bitmap (for use with BitBlt), I am using this function: public IntPtr GetGDIBitmap(int[,] data) { int w = data.GetLength(0); int h = data.GetLength(1); IntPtr ret = IntPtr.Zero; using (Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(w, h)) { for (int x = 0; x < w; x++) { for (int y = 0; y < h; y++) { Color color = Color.FromArgb(data[x, y]); bmp.SetPixel(x, y, color); } } ret = bmp.GetHbitmap(); } return ret; } This works as expected, but the call to bmp.GetHbitmap() has to allocate memory for the returned bitmap. I'd like to modify this method in two (probably related) ways: I'd like to remove the intermediate Bitmap from the above code entirely, and go directly from my int[,] array to the device-compatible bitmap (i.e. the IntPtr). I presume this would involve calling CreateCompatibleBitmap, but I don't know how to go from that call to actually manipulating the pixel values. This should logically follow from the answer to the first, but I'd also like my method to re-use existing GDI bitmap handles (instead of creating a new bitmap each time). How can I do this? NOTE: I don't really use Bitmap.SetPixel(), as its performance could best be described as "glacial". The code is just for illustration.

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• Multiplying field value with retreived value jQuery

  - by Efe

  I pull product price from another page. Then I multiply it with quantity entered in the quantity input field. The problem is, if I forget to enter quantity value before I pull product price data or if I change the quantity field later, the final total price is not updated. I hope I clearly explained it. javascript: $('#AddProduct').click(function() { var i = 0; var adding = $(+(i++)+'<div class="row'+(i)+'"><div class="column width50"><input type="text" id="PRODUCTNAME" name="PRODUCTNAME'+(i)+'" value="" class="width98" /><input type="hidden" class="PRODUCTID" name="PRODUCTID" /><input type="hidden" class="UNITPRICE" name="UNITPRICE'+(i)+'" /><small>Search Products</small></div><div class="column width20"><input type="text" class="UNITQUANTITY" name="UNITQUANTITY'+(i)+'" value="" class="width98" /><small>Quantity</small></div><div class="column width30"><span class="prices">Unit Price:<span class="UNITPRICE"></span><br />Total Price:<span class="TOTALPRICE"></span><br /><a href="#" id="RemoveProduct(".row'+(i)+'");">Remove</a></span></div>'); $('#OrderProducts').append(adding); adding.find("#PRODUCTNAME").autocomplete("orders.cs.asp?Process=ListProducts", { selectFirst: false }).result(function(event, data, formatted) { if (data) { adding.find(".UNITPRICE").html(data[1]); adding.find(".PRODUCTID").val(data[2]); adding.find(".TOTALPRICE").html(data[1] * $('.UNITQUANTITY').val()); } }); return false; }); $('#RemoveProduct').click(function() { $().remove(); return false; }); my html: <fieldset> <h2>Order Items</h2> <div id="OrderProducts"> <a href="#" id="AddProduct"><img src="icons/add.png" alt="Add" /></a> </div> </fieldset> edit Now I totaly messed it up. Removing a row is not working anymore as well... Test link: http://refinethetaste.com/html/cp/?Section=orders&Process=AddOrder#

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• How can I fix this clang warning: "Object with +0 retain counts returned to caller where +1 (owning)

  - by mipadi

  I have a piece of Objective-C code that looks like the following: - (NSString *)copyData:(NSData *)data { NSString *path = [[[self outputDirectory] stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"archive"] stringByAppendingPathExtension:@"zip"]; NSLog(@"Copying data to %@", path); [data writeToFile:path atomically:NO]; return path; } The code is called from an initializer that looks like this: - (id)initWithData:(NSData *)data { if ((self = [super init]) != nil) { NSString *path = [self copyData:data]; // Line 41 (referenced in warning, shown below) return [self initWithContentsOfFile:path]; } return self; } When running the clang static analyzer, I get the following warnings for the path variable: Potential leak of an object allocated on line 41 and stored into 'path' Object with +0 retain counts returned to caller where +1 (owning) retain count is expected I'm confused. My understanding is that stringByAppendingPathComponent should not return an autoreleased string, so it should have a net retain count of 0. (Obviously I don't want to retain it.) I've tried altering copyData: to return the following, but it didn't get rid of the warning: return [[path retain] autorelease]; So what's the deal with this warning?

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• Multipart question: Mapping between xml and Json using xpath

  - by scope-creep

  This is a JSON mapping question from a json newbie. Currently i'm reading xml using xpath in C#, and the xpath are returning either the element or attribute node values, as is the schema's want. I want to write out some of the returned values into a json formatted file. I know i can faneigle the xpath expression to return the element or attribute names, so I can built the appropriate name/value json structure before serialization, but I was I'm wondering if their was some way of doing a mapping between the xml and json. The xml schema is fairly big, so potentially the mapping will be big, meaning a ton of cumbersom coding to make it work. Is their any way to automap somehow? I was planning to use json.net, which seems flexible enough, although their may be a better approach. Any help would be appreciated. Bob.

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• Matplotlib PDF export uses wrong font

  - by Konrad Rudolph

  I want to generate high-quality diagrams for a presentation. I’m using Python’s matplotlib to generate the graphics. Unfortunately, the PDF export seems to ignore my font settings. I tried setting the font both by passing a FontProperties object to the text drawing functions and by setting the option globally. For the record, here is a MWE to reproduce the problem: import scipy import matplotlib matplotlib.use('cairo') import matplotlib.pylab as pylab import matplotlib.font_manager as fm data = scipy.arange(5) for font in ['Helvetica', 'Gill Sans']: fig = pylab.figure() ax = fig.add_subplot(111) ax.bar(data, data) ax.set_xticks(data) ax.set_xticklabels(data, fontproperties = fm.FontProperties(family = font)) pylab.savefig('foo-%s.pdf' % font) In both cases, the produced output is identical and uses Helvetica (and yes, I do have both fonts installed). Just to be sure, the following doesn’t help either: matplotlib.rc('font', family = 'Gill Sans') Finally, if I replace the backend, instead using the native viewer: matplotlib.use('MacOSX') I do get the correct font displayed – but only in the viewer GUI. The PDF output is once again wrong. To be sure – I can set other fonts – but only other classes of font families: I can set serif fonts or fantasy or monospace. But all sans-serif fonts seem to default to Helvetica.

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• How to share memory buffer across sessions in Django?

  - by afriza

  I want to have one party (or more) sends a stream of data via HTTP request(s). Other parties will be able to receive the same stream of data in almost real-time. The data stream should be accessible across sessions (according to access control list). How can I do this in Django? If possible I would like to avoid database access and use in memory buffer (along with some synchronization mechanism)

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• Properties vs. Fields: Need help grasping the uses of Properties over Fields.

  - by pghtech

  First off, I have read through a list of postings on this topic and I don't feel I have grasped properties because of what I had come to understand about encapsulation and field modifiers (private, public..ect). One of the main aspects of C# that I have come to learn is the importance of data protection within your code by the use of encapsulation. I 'thought' I understood that to be because of the ability of the use of the modifiers (private, public, internal, protected). However, after learning about properties I am sort of torn in understanding not only properties uses, but the overall importance/ability of data protection (what I understood as encapsulation) within C#. To be more specific, everything I have read when I got to properties in C# is that you should try to use them in place of fields when you can because of: 1) they allow you to change the data type when you can't when directly accessing the field directly. 2) they add a level of protection to data access However, from what I 'thought' I had come to know about the use of field modifiers did #2, it seemed to me that properties just generated additional code unless you had some reason to change the type (#1) - because you are (more or less) creating hidden methods to access fields as opposed to directly. Then there is the whole modifiers being able to be added to Properties which further complicates my understanding for the need of properties to access data. I have read a number of chapters from different writers on "properties" and none have really explained a good understanding of properties vs. fields vs. encapsulation (and good programming methods). Can someone explain: 1) why I would want to use properties instead of fields (especially when it appears I am just adding additional code 2) any tips on recognizing the use of properties and not seeing them as simply methods (with the exception of the get;set being apparent) when tracing other peoples code? 3) Any general rules of thumb when it comes to good programming methods in relation to when to use what? Thanks and sorry for the long post - I didn't want to just ask a question that has been asked 100x without explaining why I am asking it again.

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• Rails 3.1. Cocoon link_to_add_association example needed

  - by BazZy

  pls show any example of using Cocoon's 'link_to_add_association' with html_options. https://github.com/nathanvda/cocoon Documentation says: html_options: extra html-options (see link_to) There are two extra options that allow to conrol the placement of the new link-data: data-association-insertion-node : the jquery selector of the node data-association-insertion-position : insert the new data before or after the given node. But i can not understand what to do, if i want insert partial just before my "add element" link. Not just after parent's div begin. This not gonna work: <%= link_to_add_association "add element", f, :production_years, :position = "after_all" %

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