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• All possible combinations of length 8 in a 2d array

  - by CodeJunki

  Hi, I've been trying to solve a problem in combinations. I have a matrix 6X6 i'm trying to find all combinations of length 8 in the matrix. I have to move from neighbor to neighbor form each row,column position and i wrote a recursive program which generates the combination but the problem is it generates a lot of duplicates as well and hence is inefficient. I would like to know how could i eliminate calculating duplicates and save time. int a={{1,2,3,4,5,6}, {8,9,1,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8,9,1}, {2,3,4,5,6,7}, {8,9,1,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8,9,1}, } void genSeq(int row,int col,int length,int combi) { if(length==8) { printf("%d\n",combi); return; } combi = (combi * 10) + a[row][col]; if((row-1)>=0) genSeq(row-1,col,length+1,combi); if((col-1)>=0) genSeq(row,col-1,length+1,combi); if((row+1)<6) genSeq(row+1,col,length+1,combi); if((col+1)<6) genSeq(row,col+1,length+1,combi); if((row+1)<6&&(col+1)<6) genSeq(row+1,col+1,length+1,combi); if((row-1)>=0&&(col+1)<6) genSeq(row-1,col+1,length+1,combi); if((row+1)<6&&(row-1)>=0) genSeq(row+1,col-1,length+1,combi); if((row-1)>=0&&(col-1)>=0) genSeq(row-1,col-1,length+1,combi); } I was also thinking of writing a dynamic program basically recursion with memorization. Is it a better choice?? if yes than I'm not clear how to implement it in recursion. Have i really hit a dead end with approach??? Thankyou Edit Eg result 12121212,12121218,12121219,12121211,12121213. the restrictions are that you have to move to your neighbor from any point, you have to start for each position in the matrix i.e each row,col. you can move one step at a time, i.e right, left, up, down and the both diagonal positions. Check the if conditions. i.e if your in (0,0) you can move to either (1,0) or (1,1) or (0,1) i.e three neighbors. if your in (2,2) you can move to eight neighbors. so on...

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• Redirecting one file to another using dub2 and strtok

  - by Sergiy Zakharov

  OK, here goes. I have to write a program, in which I need to use strtok and dup2 to redirect one file to another, but I need to also have the user to actually put the command cat < file1 file2, but not from the shell, but instead by using my program. That's why I need strtok. And the reason my program doesn't work is probably because of that, because I don't really understand how strtok works. I found a similar program on the internet, but they just take the ls command and redirect it to the file. That's it. My program is much more complicated. I mean, it would've been easier just to say in shell cat < file1 file2, but for some reason they want us to do it this way. So, anyways, here is what I have so far (here I just combined what I have found on the internet with what I already had from before. We had to do something similar but then the user would just go ls or ls -l. Very simple stuff. This is much harder, for me, at least.) #include <fcntl.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <string.h> int main() { pid_t pid; char line[256]; char *args[129]; int i; int fd; int status; char *temp; while (1) { printf(">"); if (fgets(line, 256, stdin) == 0) { exit(0); } else { pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) { i = 0; temp = strtok("<",line); while (temp != NULL) { args[i++] = temp; temp = strtok(">",line); args[i] = '\0'; } fd = open("hello", O_RDONLY); dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO); fd = open("world", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, S_IRWXU); dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO ); close(fd); execvp(args[0], args); } else { close(fd); wait(&status); } } } } Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• UNIX pipes on C block on read

  - by Toni Cárdenas

  I'm struggling to implement a shell with pipelines for class. typedef struct { char** cmd; int in[2]; int out[2]; } cmdio; cmdio cmds[MAX_PIPE + 1]; Commands in the pipeline are read and stored in cmds. cmdio[i].in is the pair of file descriptors of the input pipe returned by pipe(). For the first command, which reads from terminal input, it is just {fileno(stdin), -1}. cmdin[i].outis similar for the output pipe/terminal output. cmdio[i].in is the same as cmd[i-1].out. For example: $ ls -l | sort | wc CMD: ls -l IN: 0 -1 OUT: 3 4 CMD: sort IN: 3 4 OUT: 5 6 CMD: wc IN: 5 6 OUT: -1 1 We pass each command to process_command, which does a number of things: for (cmdi = 0; cmds[cmdi].cmd != NULL; cmdi++) { process_command(&cmds[cmdi]); } Now, inside process_command: if (!(pid_fork = fork())) { dup2(cmd->in[0], fileno(stdin)); dup2(cmd->out[1], fileno(stdout)); if (cmd->in[1] >= 0) { if (close(cmd->in[1])) { perror(NULL); } } if (cmd->out[0] >= 0) { if (close(cmd->out[0])) { perror(NULL); } } execvp(cmd->cmd[0], cmd->cmd); exit(-1); } The problem is that reading from the pipe blocks forever: COMMAND $ ls | wc Created pipe, in: 5 out: 6 Foreground pid: 9042, command: ls, Exited, info: 0 [blocked running read() within wc] If, instead of exchanging the process with execvp, I just do this: if (!(pid_fork = fork())) { dup2(cmd->in[0], fileno(stdin)); dup2(cmd->out[1], fileno(stdout)); if (cmd->in[1] >= 0) { if (close(cmd->in[1])) { perror(NULL); } } if (cmd->out[0] >= 0) { if (close(cmd->out[0])) { perror(NULL); } } char buf[6]; read(fileno(stdin), buf, 5); buf[5] = '\0'; printf("%s\n", buf); exit(0); } It happens to work: COMMAND $ cmd1 | cmd2 | cmd3 | cmd4 | cmd5 Pipe creada, in: 11 out: 12 Pipe creada, in: 13 out: 14 Pipe creada, in: 15 out: 16 Pipe creada, in: 17 out: 18 hola! Foreground pid: 9251, command: cmd1, Exited, info: 0 Foreground pid: 9252, command: cmd2, Exited, info: 0 Foreground pid: 9253, command: cmd3, Exited, info: 0 Foreground pid: 9254, command: cmd4, Exited, info: 0 hola! Foreground pid: 9255, command: cmd5, Exited, info: 0 What could be the problem?

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• are C functions declared in <c____> headers guaranteed to be in the global namespace as well as std?

  - by Evan Teran

  So this is something that I've always wondered but was never quite sure about. So it is strictly a matter of curiosity, not a real problem. As far as I understand, what you do something like #include <cstdlib> everything (except macros of course) are declared in the std:: namespace. Every implementation that I've ever seen does this by doing something like the following: #include <stdlib.h> namespace std { using ::abort; // etc.... } Which of course has the effect of things being in both the global namespace and std. Is this behavior guaranteed? Or is it possible that an implementation could put these things in std but not in the global namespace? The only way I can think of to do that would be to have your libstdc++ implement every c function itself placing them in std directly instead of just including the existing libc headers (because there is no mechanism to remove something from a namespace). Which is of course a lot of effort with little to no benefit. The essence of my question is, is the following program strictly conforming and guaranteed to work? #include <cstdio> int main() { ::printf("hello world\n"); } EDIT: The closest I've found is this (17.4.1.2p4): Except as noted in clauses 18 through 27, the contents of each header cname shall be the same as that of the corresponding header name.h, as specified in ISO/IEC 9899:1990 Programming Languages C (Clause 7), or ISO/IEC:1990 Programming Languages—C AMENDMENT 1: C Integrity, (Clause 7), as appropriate, as if by inclusion. In the C + + Standard Library, however, the declarations and definitions (except for names which are defined as macros in C) are within namespace scope (3.3.5) of the namespace std. which to be honest I could interpret either way. "the contents of each header cname shall be the same as that of the corresponding header name.h, as specified in ISO/IEC 9899:1990 Programming Languages C" tells me that they may be required in the global namespace, but "In the C + + Standard Library, however, the declarations and definitions (except for names which are defined as macros in C) are within namespace scope (3.3.5) of the namespace std." says they are in std (but doesn't specify any other scoped they are in).

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• python object to native c++ pointer

  - by Lodle

  Im toying around with the idea to use python as an embedded scripting language for a project im working on and have got most things working. However i cant seem to be able to convert a python extended object back into a native c++ pointer. So this is my class: class CGEGameModeBase { public: virtual void FunctionCall()=0; virtual const char* StringReturn()=0; }; class CGEPYGameMode : public CGEGameModeBase, public boost::python::wrapper<CGEPYGameMode> { public: virtual void FunctionCall() { if (override f = this->get_override("FunctionCall")) f(); } virtual const char* StringReturn() { if (override f = this->get_override("StringReturn")) return f(); return "FAILED TO CALL"; } }; Boost wrapping: BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(GEGameMode) { class_<CGEGameModeBase, boost::noncopyable>("CGEGameModeBase", no_init); class_<CGEPYGameMode, bases<CGEGameModeBase> >("CGEPYGameMode", no_init) .def("FunctionCall", &CGEPYGameMode::FunctionCall) .def("StringReturn", &CGEPYGameMode::StringReturn); } and the python code: import GEGameMode def Ident(): return "Alpha" def NewGamePlay(): return "NewAlpha" def NewAlpha(): import GEGameMode import GEUtil class Alpha(GEGameMode.CGEPYGameMode): def __init__(self): print "Made new Alpha!" def FunctionCall(self): GEUtil.Msg("This is function test Alpha!") def StringReturn(self): return "This is return test Alpha!" return Alpha() Now i can call the first to functions fine by doing this: const char* ident = extract< const char* >( GetLocalDict()["Ident"]() ); const char* newgameplay = extract< const char* >( GetLocalDict()["NewGamePlay"]() ); printf("Loading Script: %s\n", ident); CGEPYGameMode* m_pGameMode = extract< CGEPYGameMode* >( GetLocalDict()[newgameplay]() ); However when i try and convert the Alpha class back to its base class (last line above) i get an boost error: TypeError: No registered converter was able to extract a C++ pointer to type class CGEPYGameMode from this Python object of type Alpha I have done alot of searching on the net but cant work out how to convert the Alpha object into its base class pointer. I could leave it as an object but rather have it as a pointer so some non python aware code can use it. Any ideas?

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• Multi-threaded random_r is slower than single threaded version.

  - by Nixuz

  The following program is essentially the same the one described here. When I run and compile the program using two threads (NTHREADS == 2), I get the following run times: real 0m14.120s user 0m25.570s sys 0m0.050s When it is run with just one thread (NTHREADS == 1), I get run times significantly better even though it is only using one core. real 0m4.705s user 0m4.660s sys 0m0.010s My system is dual core, and I know random_r is thread safe and I am pretty sure it is non-blocking. When the same program is run without random_r and a calculation of cosines and sines is used as a replacement, the dual-threaded version runs in about 1/2 the time as expected. #include <pthread.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #define NTHREADS 2 #define PRNG_BUFSZ 8 #define ITERATIONS 1000000000 void* thread_run(void* arg) { int r1, i, totalIterations = ITERATIONS / NTHREADS; for (i = 0; i < totalIterations; i++){ random_r((struct random_data*)arg, &r1); } printf("%i\n", r1); } int main(int argc, char** argv) { struct random_data* rand_states = (struct random_data*)calloc(NTHREADS, sizeof(struct random_data)); char* rand_statebufs = (char*)calloc(NTHREADS, PRNG_BUFSZ); pthread_t* thread_ids; int t = 0; thread_ids = (pthread_t*)calloc(NTHREADS, sizeof(pthread_t)); /* create threads */ for (t = 0; t < NTHREADS; t++) { initstate_r(random(), &rand_statebufs[t], PRNG_BUFSZ, &rand_states[t]); pthread_create(&thread_ids[t], NULL, &thread_run, &rand_states[t]); } for (t = 0; t < NTHREADS; t++) { pthread_join(thread_ids[t], NULL); } free(thread_ids); free(rand_states); free(rand_statebufs); } I am confused why when generating random numbers the two threaded version performs much worse than the single threaded version, considering random_r is meant to be used in multi-threaded applications.

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• How to convert m4a file to aac adts file in Xcode?

  - by Bird Hsuie

  I have a mp4 file copied from iPod lib and saved to my Document for my next step, I need it to convert to .mp3 or .aac(ADTS type) I use this code and failed... -(IBAction)compressFile:(id)sender{ NSLog (@"handleConvertToPCMTapped"); // open an ExtAudioFile NSLog (@"opening %@", exportURL); ExtAudioFileRef inputFile; CheckResult (ExtAudioFileOpenURL((__bridge CFURLRef)exportURL, &inputFile), "ExtAudioFileOpenURL failed"); // prepare to convert to a plain ol' PCM format AudioStreamBasicDescription myPCMFormat; myPCMFormat.mSampleRate = 44100; // todo: or use source rate? myPCMFormat.mFormatID = kAudioFormatMPEGLayer3 ; myPCMFormat.mFormatFlags = kAudioFormatFlagsCanonical; myPCMFormat.mChannelsPerFrame = 2; myPCMFormat.mFramesPerPacket = 1; myPCMFormat.mBitsPerChannel = 16; myPCMFormat.mBytesPerPacket = 4; myPCMFormat.mBytesPerFrame = 4; CheckResult (ExtAudioFileSetProperty(inputFile, kExtAudioFileProperty_ClientDataFormat, sizeof (myPCMFormat), &myPCMFormat), "ExtAudioFileSetProperty failed"); // allocate a big buffer. size can be arbitrary for ExtAudioFile. // you have 64 KB to spare, right? UInt32 outputBufferSize = 0x10000; void* ioBuf = malloc (outputBufferSize); UInt32 sizePerPacket = myPCMFormat.mBytesPerPacket; UInt32 packetsPerBuffer = outputBufferSize / sizePerPacket; // set up output file NSString *outputPath = [myDocumentsDirectory() stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"m_export.mp3"]; NSURL *outputURL = [NSURL fileURLWithPath:outputPath]; NSLog (@"creating output file %@", outputURL); AudioFileID outputFile; CheckResult(AudioFileCreateWithURL((__bridge CFURLRef)outputURL, kAudioFileCAFType, &myPCMFormat, kAudioFileFlags_EraseFile, &outputFile), "AudioFileCreateWithURL failed"); // start convertin' UInt32 outputFilePacketPosition = 0; //in bytes while (true) { // wrap the destination buffer in an AudioBufferList AudioBufferList convertedData; convertedData.mNumberBuffers = 1; convertedData.mBuffers[0].mNumberChannels = myPCMFormat.mChannelsPerFrame; convertedData.mBuffers[0].mDataByteSize = outputBufferSize; convertedData.mBuffers[0].mData = ioBuf; UInt32 frameCount = packetsPerBuffer; // read from the extaudiofile CheckResult (ExtAudioFileRead(inputFile, &frameCount, &convertedData), "Couldn't read from input file"); if (frameCount == 0) { printf ("done reading from file"); break; } // write the converted data to the output file CheckResult (AudioFileWritePackets(outputFile, false, frameCount, NULL, outputFilePacketPosition / myPCMFormat.mBytesPerPacket, &frameCount, convertedData.mBuffers[0].mData), "Couldn't write packets to file"); NSLog (@"Converted %ld bytes", outputFilePacketPosition); // advance the output file write location outputFilePacketPosition += (frameCount * myPCMFormat.mBytesPerPacket); } // clean up ExtAudioFileDispose(inputFile); AudioFileClose(outputFile); // show size in label NSLog (@"checking file at %@", outputPath); [self transMitFile:outputPath]; if ([[NSFileManager defaultManager] fileExistsAtPath:outputPath]) { NSError *fileManagerError = nil; unsigned long long fileSize = [[[NSFileManager defaultManager] attributesOfItemAtPath:outputPath error:&fileManagerError] fileSize]; } any suggestion?.......thanks for your great help!

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• please help me to find Bug in my Code (segmentation fault)

  - by Vikramaditya Battina

  i am tring to solve this http://www.spoj.com/problems/LEXISORT/ question it working fine in visual studio compiler and IDEone also but when i running in SPOJ compiler it is getting SEGSIGV error Here my code goes #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<string.h> char *getString(); void lexisort(char **str,int num); void countsort(char **str,int i,int num); int main() { int num_test; int num_strings; char **str; int i,j; scanf("%d",&num_test); for(i=0;i<num_test;i++) { scanf("%d",&num_strings); str=(char **)malloc(sizeof(char *)*num_strings); for(j=0;j<num_strings;j++) { str[j]=(char *)malloc(sizeof(char)*11); scanf("%s",str[j]); } lexisort(str,num_strings); for(j=0;j<num_strings;j++) { printf("%s\n",str[j]); free(str[j]); } free(str); } return 0; } void lexisort(char **str,int num) { int i; for(i=9;i>=0;i--) { countsort(str,i,num); } } void countsort(char **str,int i,int num) { int buff[52]={0,0},k,x; char **temp=(char **)malloc(sizeof(char *)*num); for(k=0;k<52;k++) { buff[k]=0; } for(k=0;k<num;k++) { if(str[k][i]>='A' && str[k][i]<='Z') { buff[(str[k][i]-'A')]++; } else { buff[26+(str[k][i]-'a')]++; } } for(k=1;k<52;k++) { buff[k]=buff[k]+buff[k-1]; } for(k=num-1;k>=0;k--) { if(str[k][i]>='A' && str[k][i]<='Z') { x=buff[(str[k][i]-'A')]; temp[x-1]=str[k]; buff[(str[k][i]-'A')]--; } else { x=buff[26+(str[k][i]-'a')]; temp[x-1]=str[k]; buff[26+(str[k][i]-'a')]--; } } for(k=0;k<num;k++) { str[k]=temp[k]; } free(temp); }

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• Illegal Instruction When Programming C++ on Linux

  - by remagen

  Heyo, My program, which does exactly the same thing every time it runs (moves a point sprite into the distance) will randomly fail with the text on the terminal 'Illegal Instruction'. My googling has found people encountering this when writing assembly which makes sense because assembly throws those kinds of errors. But why would g++ be generating an illegal instruction like this? It's not like I'm compiling for Windows then running on Linux (which even then, as long as both are on x86 shouldn't AFAIK cause an Illegal Instruction). I'll post the main file below. I can't reliably reproduce the error. Although, if I make random changes (add a space here, change a constant there) that force a recompile I can get a binary which will fail with Illegal Instruction every time it is run, until I try setting a break point, which makes the illegal instruction 'dissapear'. :( #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <GL/gl.h> #include <GL/glu.h> #include <SDL/SDL.h> #include "Screen.h" //Simple SDL wrapper #include "Textures.h" //Simple OpenGL texture wrapper #include "PointSprites.h" //Simple point sprites wrapper double counter = 0; /* Here goes our drawing code */ int drawGLScene() { /* These are to calculate our fps */ static GLint T0 = 0; static GLint Frames = 0; /* Move Left 1.5 Units And Into The Screen 6.0 */ glLoadIdentity(); glTranslatef(0.0f, 0.0f, -6); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT); glEnable(GL_POINT_SPRITE_ARB); glTexEnvi(GL_POINT_SPRITE, GL_COORD_REPLACE, GL_TRUE); glBegin( GL_POINTS ); /* Drawing Using Triangles */ glVertex3d(0.0,0.0, 0); glVertex3d(1.0,0.0, 0); glVertex3d(1.0,1.0, counter); glVertex3d(0.0,1.0, 0); glEnd( ); /* Finished Drawing The Triangle */ /* Move Right 3 Units */ /* Draw it to the screen */ SDL_GL_SwapBuffers( ); /* Gather our frames per second */ Frames++; { GLint t = SDL_GetTicks(); if (t - T0 >= 50) { GLfloat seconds = (t - T0) / 1000.0; GLfloat fps = Frames / seconds; printf("%d frames in %g seconds = %g FPS\n", Frames, seconds, fps); T0 = t; Frames = 0; counter -= .1; } } return 1; } GLuint objectID; int main( int argc, char **argv ) { Screen screen; screen.init(); screen.resize(800,600); LoadBMP("./dist/Debug/GNU-Linux-x86/particle.bmp"); InitPointSprites(); while(true){drawGLScene();} }

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• c++ multithread array

  - by user1731972

  i'm doing something for fun, trying to learn multithreading Problems passing array by reference to threads but Arno pointed out that my threading via process.h wasn't going to be multi-threaded. What I'm hoping to do is something where I have an array of 100 (or 10,000, doesn't really matter I don't think), and split up the assignment of values to each thread. Example, 4 threads = 250 values per thread to be assigned. Then I can use this filled array for further calculations. Here's some code I was working on (which doesn't work) #include <process.h> #include <windows.h> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <time.h> //#include <thread> using namespace std; void myThread (void *dummy ); CRITICAL_SECTION cs1,cs2; // global int main() { ofstream myfile; myfile.open ("coinToss.csv"); int rNum; long numRuns; long count = 0; int divisor = 1; float holder = 0; int counter = 0; float percent = 0.0; HANDLE hThread[1000]; int array[10000]; srand ( time(NULL) ); printf ("Runs (use multiple of 10)? "); cin >> numRuns; for (int i = 0; i < numRuns; i++) { //_beginthread( myThread, 0, (void *) (array1) ); //??? //hThread[i * 2] = _beginthread( myThread, 0, (void *) (array1) ); hThread[i*2] = _beginthread( myThread, 0, (void *) (array) ); } //WaitForMultipleObjects(numRuns * 2, hThread, TRUE, INFINITE); WaitForMultipleObjects(numRuns, hThread, TRUE, INFINITE); } void myThread (void *param ) { //thanks goes to stockoverflow //http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12801862/problems-passing-array-by-reference-to-threads int *i = (int *)param; for (int x = 0; x < 1000000; x++) { //param[x] = rand() % 2 + 1; i[x] = rand() % 2 + 1; } } Can anyone explain why it isn't working?

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• Learning C, would appreciate input on why this solution works.

  - by Keifer

  This is literally the first thing I've ever written in C, so please feel free to point out all it's flaws. :) My issue, however is this: if I write the program the way I feel is cleanest, I get a broken program: #include <sys/queue.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> /* Removed prototypes and non related code for brevity */ int main() { char *cmd = NULL; unsigned int acct = 0; int amount = 0; int done = 0; while (done==0) { scanf ("%s %u %i", cmd, &acct, &amount); if (strcmp (cmd, "exit") == 0) done = 1; else if ((strcmp (cmd, "dep") == 0) || (strcmp (cmd, "deb") == 0)) debit (acct, amount); else if ((strcmp (cmd, "wd") == 0) || (strcmp (cmd, "cred") == 0)) credit (acct, amount); else if (strcmp (cmd, "fee") == 0) service_fee(acct, amount); else printf("Invalid input!\n"); } return(0); } void credit(unsigned int acct, int amount) { } void debit(unsigned int acct, int amount) { } void service_fee(unsigned int acct, int amount) { } As it stands, the above generates no errors at compile, but gives me a segfault when ran. I can fix this by changing the program to pass cmd by reference when calling scanf and strcmp. The segfault goes away and is replaced by warnings for each use of strcmp at compile time. Despite the warnings, the affected code works. warning: passing arg 1 of 'strcmp' from incompatible pointer type As an added bonus, modifying the scanf and strcmp calls allows the program to progress far enough to execute return(0), at which point the thing crashes with an Abort trap. If I swap out return(0) for exit(0) then everything works as expected. This leaves me with two questions: why was the original program wrong? How can I fix it better than I have? The bit about needing to use exit instead of return has me especially baffled.

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• Messing with the stack in assembly and c++

  - by user246100

  I want to do the following: I have a function that is not mine (it really doesn't matter here but just to say that I don't have control over it) and that I want to patch so that it calls a function of mine, preserving the arguments list (jumping is not an option). What I'm trying to do is, to put the stack pointer as it was before that function is called and then call mine (like going back and do again the same thing but with a different function). This doesn't work straight because the stack becomes messed up. I believe that when I do the call it replaces the return address. So, I did a step to preserve the return address saving it in a globally variable and it works but this is not ok because I want it to resist to recursitivy and you know what I mean. Anyway, i'm a newbie in assembly so that's why I'm here. Please, don't tell me about already made software to do this because I want to make things my way. Of course, this code has to be compiler and optimization independent. My code (If it is bigger than what is acceptable please tell me how to post it): // A function that is not mine but to which I have access and want to patch so that it calls a function of mine with its original arguments void real(int a,int b,int c,int d) { } // A function that I want to be called, receiving the original arguments void receiver(int a,int b,int c,int d) { printf("Arguments %d %d %d %d\n",a,b,c,d); } long helper; // A patch to apply in the "real" function and on which I will call "receiver" with the same arguments that "real" received. __declspec( naked ) void patch() { _asm { // This first two instructions save the return address in a global variable // If I don't save and restore, the program won't work correctly. // I want to do this without having to use a global variable mov eax, [ebp+4] mov helper,eax push ebp mov ebp, esp // Make that the stack becomes as it were before the real function was called add esp, 8 // Calls our receiver call receiver mov esp, ebp pop ebp // Restores the return address previously saved mov eax, helper mov [ebp+4],eax ret } } int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { FlushInstructionCache(GetCurrentProcess(),&real,5); DWORD oldProtection; VirtualProtect(&real,5,PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE,&oldProtection); // Patching the real function to go to my patch ((unsigned char*)real)[0] = 0xE9; *((long*)((long)(real) + sizeof(unsigned char))) = (char*)patch - (char*)real - 5; // calling real function (I'm just calling it with inline assembly because otherwise it seems to works as if it were un patched // that is strange but irrelevant for this _asm { push 666 push 1337 push 69 push 100 call real add esp, 16 } return 0; }

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• I need to modify a program to use arrays and a method call. Should I modify the running file, the data collection file, or both?

  - by g3n3rallyl0st

  I have to have multiple classes for this program. The problem is, I don't fully understand arrays and how they work, so I'm a little lost. I will post my program I have written thus far so you can see what I'm working with, but I don't expect anyone to DO my assignment for me. I just need to know where to start and I'll try to go from there. I think I need to use a double array since I will be working with decimals since it deals with money, and my method call needs to calculate total price for all items entered by the user. Please help: RUNNING FILE package inventory2; import java.util.Scanner; public class RunApp { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in ); DataCollection theProduct = new DataCollection(); String Name = ""; double pNumber = 0.0; double Units = 0.0; double Price = 0.0; while(true) { System.out.print("Enter Product Name: "); Name = input.next(); theProduct.setName(Name); if (Name.equalsIgnoreCase("stop")) { return; } System.out.print("Enter Product Number: "); pNumber = input.nextDouble(); theProduct.setpNumber(pNumber); System.out.print("Enter How Many Units in Stock: "); Units = input.nextDouble(); theProduct.setUnits(Units); System.out.print("Enter Price Per Unit: "); Price = input.nextDouble(); theProduct.setPrice(Price); System.out.print("\n Product Name: " + theProduct.getName()); System.out.print("\n Product Number: " + theProduct.getpNumber()); System.out.print("\n Amount of Units in Stock: " + theProduct.getUnits()); System.out.print("\n Price per Unit: " + theProduct.getPrice() + "\n\n"); System.out.printf("\n Total cost for %s in stock: $%.2f\n\n\n", theProduct.getName(), theProduct.calculatePrice()); } } } DATA COLLECTION FILE package inventory2; public class DataCollection { String productName; double productNumber, unitsInStock, unitPrice, totalPrice; public DataCollection() { productName = ""; productNumber = 0.0; unitsInStock = 0.0; unitPrice = 0.0; } //setter methods public void setName(String name) { productName = name; } public void setpNumber(double pNumber) { productNumber = pNumber; } public void setUnits(double units) { unitsInStock = units; } public void setPrice(double price) { unitPrice = price; } //getter methods public String getName() { return productName; } public double getpNumber() { return productNumber; } public double getUnits() { return unitsInStock; } public double getPrice() { return unitPrice; } public double calculatePrice() { return (unitsInStock * unitPrice); } }

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• How do you return a string from a function correctly in Dynamic C?

  - by aquanar

  I have a program I am trying to debug, but Dynamic C apparently treats strings differently than normal C does (well, character arrays, anyway). I have a function that I made to make an 8 character long (well, 10 to include the \0 ) string of 0s and 1s to show me the contents of an 8-bit char variable. (IE, I give it the number 13, it returns the string "0001101\0" ) When I use the code below, it prints out !{happy face] 6 times (well, the second one is the happy face alone for some reason), each return comes back as 0xDEAE or "!\x02. I thought it would dereference it and return the appropriate string, but it appears to just be sending the pointer and attempting to parse it. This may seem silly, but my experience was actually in C++ and Java, so going back to C brings up a few issues that were dealt with in later programming languages that I'm not entirely sure how to deal with (like the lack of string variables). How could I fix this code, or how would be a better way to do what I am trying to do (I thought maybe sending in a pointer to a character array and working on it from the function might work, but I thought I should ask to see if maybe I'm just trying to reinvent the wheel). Currently I have it set up like this: this is an excerpt from the main() display[0] = '\0'; for(i=0;i<6;i++) { sprintf(s, "%s ", *char_to_bits(buffer[i])); strcat(display, s); } DispStr(8,5, display); and this is the offending function: char *char_to_bits(char x) { char bits[16]; strcpy(bits,"00000000\0"); if (x & 0x01) bits[7]='1'; if (x & 0x02) bits[6]='1'; if (x & 0x04) bits[5]='1'; if (x & 0x08) bits[4]='1'; if (x & 0x10) bits[3]='1'; if (x & 0x20) bits[2]='1'; if (x & 0x40) bits[1]='1'; if (x & 0x80) bits[0]='1'; return bits; } and just for the sake of completion, the other function is used to output to the stdio window at a specific location: void DispStr(int x, int y, char *s) { x += 0x20; y += 0x20; printf ("\x1B=%c%c%s", x, y, s); }

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• How to fix a warning message associated with strlen() used in Yacc?

  - by user547894

  Hello! Please i need your help. Basically, I am facing this warning message upon compiling with gcc, and am not able to deduce the error: Here are the details: The warning message i am receiving is literrally as follows: y.tab.c: In function ‘yyparse’: y.tab.c:1317 warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function ‘strlen’ My Lex File looks like: %{ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <ctype.h> #include "y.tab.h" void yyerror(const char*); char *ptrStr; %} %START nameState %% "Name:" { BEGIN nameState; } <nameState>.+ { ptrStr = (char *)calloc(strlen(yytext)+1, sizeof(char)); strcpy(ptrStr, yytext); yylval.sValue = ptrStr; return sText; } %% int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { if ( argc < 3 ) { printf("Two args are needed: input and output"); } else { yyin = fopen(argv[1], "r"); yyout = fopen(argv[2], "w"); yyparse(); fclose(yyin); fclose(yyout); } return 0; } My Yacc file is as follows: %{ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <ctype.h> #include "y.tab.h" void yyerror(const char*); int yywrap(); extern FILE *yyout; %} %union { int iValue; char* sValue; }; %token <sValue> sText %token nameToken %% StartName: /* for empty */ | sName ; sName: sText { fprintf(yyout, "The Name is: %s", $1); fprintf(yyout, "The Length of the Name is: %d", strlen($1)); } ; %% void yyerror(const char *str) { fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n",str); } int yywrap() { return 1; } *I was wondering how to remove this warning message. Please any suggestions are highly appreciated! Thanks in advance.

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• How can I obtain the IP address of my server program?

  - by Dr Dork

  Hello! This question is related to another question I just posted. I'm prepping for a simple work project and am trying to familiarize myself with the basics of socket programming in a Unix dev environment. At this point, I have some basic server side code and client side code setup to communicate. Currently, my client code successfully connects to the server code and the server code sends it a test message, then both quit out. Perfect! That's exactly what I wanted to accomplish. Now I'm playing around with the functions used to obtain info about the two environments (server and client). I'd like to obtain my server program's IP address. Here's the code I currently have to do this, but it's not working... int sockfd; unsigned int len; socklen_t sin_size; char msg[]="test message"; char buf[MAXLEN]; int st, rv; struct addrinfo hints, *serverinfo, *p; struct sockaddr_storage client; char s[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; char ip[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; //zero struct memset(&hints,0,sizeof(hints)); hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM; hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE; //get the server info if((rv = getaddrinfo(NULL, SERVERPORT, &hints, &serverinfo ) != 0)){ perror("getaddrinfo"); exit(-1); } // loop through all the results and bind to the first we can for( p = serverinfo; p != NULL; p = p->ai_next) { //Setup the socket if( (sockfd = socket( p->ai_family, p->ai_socktype, p->ai_protocol )) == -1 ) { perror("socket"); continue; } //Associate a socket id with an address to which other processes can connect if(bind(sockfd, p->ai_addr, p->ai_addrlen) == -1){ close(sockfd); perror("bind"); continue; } break; } if( p == NULL ){ perror("Fail to bind"); } inet_ntop(p->ai_family, get_in_addr((struct sockaddr *)p->ai_addr), s, sizeof(s)); printf("Server has TCP Port %s and IP Address %s\n", SERVERPORT, s); and the output for the IP is always empty... server has TCP Port 21412 and IP Address :: any ideas for what I'm missing? thanks in advance for your help! this stuff is really complicated at first.

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• Code to generate random numbers in C++

  - by user1678927

  Basically I have to write a program to generate random numbers to simulate the rolling of a pair of dice. This program should be constructed in multiple files. The main function should be in one file, the other functions should be in a second source file, and their prototypes should be in a header file. First I write a short function that returns a random value between 1 and 6 to simulate the rolling of a single 6-sided die.Second, i write a function that pretends to roll a pair of dice by calling this function twice. My program starts by asking the user how many rolls should be made. Then I write a function to simulate rolling the dice this many times, keeping a count of exactly how many times the values 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12(each number is the sum of a pair of dice) occur in an array. Later I write a function to display a small bar chart using these counts that ideally would look something like below for a sample of 144 rolls, where the number of asterisks printed corresponds to the count: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Next, to see how well the random number generator is doing, I write a function to compute the average value rolled. Compare this to the ideal average of 7. Also, print out a small table showing the counts of each roll made by the program, the ideal count based on the frequencies above given the total number of rolls, and the difference between these values in separate columns. This is my incomplete code so far: "Compiler visual studio 2010" int rolling(){ //Function that returns a random value between 1 and 6 rand(unsigned(time(NULL))); int dice = 1 + (rand() %6); return dice; } int roll_dice(int num1,int num2){ //it calls 'rolling function' twice int result1,result2; num1 = rolling(); num2 = rolling(); result1 = num1; result2 = num2; return result1,result2; } int main(void){ int times,i,sum,n1,n2; int c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6,c7,c8,c9,c10,c11;//counters for each sum printf("Please enter how many times you want to roll the dice.\n") scanf_s("%i",&times); I pretend to use counters to count each sum and store the number(the count) in an array. I know i need a loop (for) and some conditional statements (if) but m main problem is to get the values from roll_dice and store them in n1 and n2 so then i can sum them up and store the sum in 'sum'.

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• can't read from stream until child exits?

  - by BobTurbo

  OK I have a program that creates two pipes - forks - the child's stdin and stdout are redirected to one end of each pipe - the parent is connected to the other ends of the pipes and tries to read the stream associated with the child's output and print it to the screen (and I will also make it write to the input of the child eventually). The problem is, when the parent tries to fgets the child's output stream, it just stalls and waits until the child dies to fgets and then print the output. If the child doesn't exit, it just waits forever. What is going on? I thought that maybe fgets would block until SOMETHING was in the stream, but not block all the way until the child gives up its file descriptors. Here is the code: #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { FILE* fpin; FILE* fpout; int input_fd[2]; int output_fd[2]; pid_t pid; int status; char input[100]; char output[100]; char *args[] = {"/somepath/someprogram", NULL}; fgets(input, 100, stdin); // the user inputs the program name to exec pipe(input_fd); pipe(output_fd); pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) { close(input_fd[1]); close(output_fd[0]); dup2(input_fd[0], 0); dup2(output_fd[1], 1); input[strlen(input)-1] = '\0'; execvp(input, args); } else { close(input_fd[0]); close(output_fd[1]); fpin = fdopen(input_fd[1], "w"); fpout = fdopen(output_fd[0], "r"); while(!feof(fpout)) { fgets(output, 100, fpout); printf("output: %s\n", output); } } return 0; }

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• C++ STL make_heap and pop_heap not working.

  - by Henrique

  I need to use a Heap, so i've searched about the STL one, but it doesn't seem to work, i wrote some code to explain what i mean: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> struct data { int indice; int tamanho; }; bool comparator2(const data* a, const data* b) { return (a->tamanho < b->tamanho); } int main() { std::vector<data*> mesas; data x1, x2, x3, x4, x5; x1.indice = 1; x1.tamanho = 3; x2.indice = 2; x2.tamanho = 5; x3.indice = 3; x3.tamanho = 2; x4.indice = 4; x4.tamanho = 6; x5.indice = 5; x5.tamanho = 4; mesas.push_back(&x1); mesas.push_back(&x2); mesas.push_back(&x3); mesas.push_back(&x4); mesas.push_back(&x5); make_heap(mesas.begin(), mesas.end(), comparator2); for(int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) { data* mesa = mesas.front(); pop_heap(mesas.begin(),mesas.end()); mesas.pop_back(); printf("%d, %d\n", mesa->indice, mesa->tamanho); } return 0; }; and this is what i get: 4, 6 2, 5 1, 3 3, 2 5, 4 So it's not working as a heap, as the maximum element on the vector is not being returned right. Or am i doing something wrong?

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• What's the purpose of arrays starting with nonzero index?

  - by helios35

  I tried to find answers, but all I got was answers on how to realize arrays starting with nonzero indexes. Some languages, such as pascal, provide this by default, e.g., you can create an array such as var foobar: array[1..10] of string; I've always been wondering: Why would you want to have the array index not to start with 0? I guess it may be more familiar for beginners to have arrays starting with 1 and the last index being the size of the array, but on a long-term basis, programmers should get used to values starting with 0. Another purpose I could think of: In some cases, the index could actually represent something thats contained in the respective array-entry. e.g., you want to get all capital letters in an array, it may be handy to have an index being the ASCII-Code of the respective letter. But its pretty easy just to subtract a constant value. In this example, you could (in C) simply do something like this do get all capital letters and access the letter with ascii-code 67: #define ASCII_SHIFT 65 main() { int capital_letters[26]; int i; for (i=0; i<26; i++){ capital_letters[i] = i+ASCII_SHIFT; } printf("%c\n", capital_letters[67-ASCII_SHIFT]); } Also, I think you should use hash tables if you want to access entries by some sort of key. Someone might retort: Why should the index always start with 0? Well, it's a hell of a lot simpler this way. You'll be faster when you just have to type one index when declaring an array. Also, you can always be sure that the first entry is array[0] and the last one is array[length_of_array-1]. It is also common that other data structures start with 0. e.g., if you read a binary file, you start with the 0th byte, not the first. Now, why do some programming languages have this "feature" and why do some people ask how to achieve this in languages such as C/C++?, is there any situation where an array starting with a nonzero index is way more useful, or even, something simply cannot be done with an array starting at 0?

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• makecontext segfault?

  - by cdietschrun

  I am working on a homework assignment that will be due in the next semester. It requires us to implement our own context switching/thread library using the ucontext API. The professor provides code that does it, but before a thread returns, he manually does some work and calls an ISR that finds another thread to use and swapcontexts to it or if none are left, exits. The point of the assignment is to use the uc_link field of the context so that when it hits a return it takes care of the work. I've created a function (type void/void args) that just does the work the functions did before (clean up and then calls ISR). The professor said he wanted this. So all that's left is to do a makecontext somewhere along the way on the context in the uc_link field so that it runs my thread, right? Well, when I do makecontext on seemingly any combination of ucontext_t's and function, I get a segfault and gdb provides no help.. I can skip the makecontext and my program exist 'normally' when it hits a return in the threads I created because (presumably) the uc_link field is not properly setup (which is what I'm trying to do). I also can't find anything on why makecontext would segfault. Can anyone help? stack2.ss_sp = (void *)(malloc(STACKSIZE)); if(stack2.ss_sp == NULL){ printf("thread failed to get stack space\n"); exit(8); } stack2.ss_size = STACKSIZE; stack2.ss_flags = 0; if(getcontext(&main_context) == -1){ perror("getcontext in t_init, rtn_env"); exit(5); } //main_context.uc_stack = t_state[i].mystk; main_context.uc_stack = stack2; main_context.uc_link = 0; makecontext(&main_context, (void (*)(void))thread_rtn, 0); I've also tried just thread_rtn, &thread_rtn and other things. thread_rtn is declared as void thread_rtn(void). later, in each thread. run_env is of type ucontext_t: ... t_state[i].run_env.uc_link = &main_context;

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• Command prompt in debug mode for Eclipse? (OpenCV + Eclipse + Win7)

  - by Tony

  I am a beginner for Eclipse. I now have Eclipse C/C++ IDE with OpenCV library running on Windows 7. So far it works after spending hours trying to get it running. But then I realize that Eclipse does not pop up a command prompt as VS2010 does while debugging. And moreover Eclipse's debug mode is just stuck in there and refuse to output anything. But if the code doesn't involve the OpenCV things it works again. Below is the code I use for testing. It captures images from webcam and output it to the screen. The infinite loop (until you press 'q') makes sure it constantly grabs new inputs from the camera. I browsed through the workspace and run the exe just compiled and it worked flawlessly. So I don't think there's anything wrong in the code (it's an example code anyway In brief, can I just pop up a command prompt window in debug mode? And why is Eclipse console stuck when the code involves some OpenCV functions? #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <tchar.h> #include <cv.h> #include <cxcore.h> #include <highgui.h> #include <iostream> int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { CvCapture *capture = 0; IplImage *frame = 0; int key = 0; /* initialize camera */ capture = cvCaptureFromCAM( 0 ); /* always check */ if ( !capture ) { printf("Cannot open initialize webcam!\n"); return 1; } /* create a window for the video */ cvNamedWindow( "result", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE ); while( key != 'q' ) { /* get a frame */ frame = cvQueryFrame( capture ); /* always check */ if( !frame ) break; /* display current frame */ cvShowImage( "result", frame ); /* exit if user press 'q' */ key = cvWaitKey( 1 ); } /* free memory */ cvDestroyWindow( "result" ); cvReleaseCapture( &capture ); return 0; }

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• PHP - trying to automate/loop a save function

  - by Homer_J

  EDIT: the difference between the pages are the simply $q1, $q2, $q3 becomes, for example, $q13, $q14, $q15 - they are questions in the form. Hi all, I have the following code: $rguid = $_POST["r"]; $ip=substr($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'], 0, 50); $browser=substr($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 0, 255); $q1 = $_POST["q1"]; $q2 = $_POST["q2"]; $q3 = $_POST["q3"]; $q4 = $_POST["q4"]; $q5 = $_POST["q5"]; $q6 = $_POST["q6"]; $q7 = $_POST["q7"]; $q8 = $_POST["q8"]; $respondent_id = decode_respondent_guid($rguid); $rcount=respondent_status($respondent_id); if ($rcount==0) { $proc = mysqli_prepare($link, "INSERT INTO tresults (respondent_id, ip, browser, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6, q7, q8) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?);"); mysqli_stmt_bind_param($proc, "issiiiiiiii", $respondent_id, $ip, $browser, $q1, $q2, $q3, $q4, $q5, $q6, $q7, $q8); mysqli_stmt_execute($proc); $mysql_error = mysqli_error($link); if ($mysql_error!="") { printf("Unexpected database error: %s\n", $mysql_error); mysqli_stmt_close($proc); mysqli_clean_connection($link); exit(); } else { mysqli_stmt_close($proc); mysqli_clean_connection($link); update_completion_status($respondent_id, 'Started'); header("Location: page2.php?r=".$rguid); } } This code works a treat - no problem. At the moment, that code appears on a 'save' page that relates to a 'form' page (i.e. if I have 5 .php pages with a form on each, I need 5 save.php pages to save each pages data to the database) to save data to my SQL database. What I would like is to have a single save.php page that will work with as many 'form' pages as I have. So instead of manually having to setup and change each save page, it automates it. I've no idea of the coding to do this, though I suspect something like a foreacg or loop etc. Any suggestions? Thanks, Homer.

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• making a queue program

  - by seventhief

  Hi can someone help me making a queue program. i want to set the array[0] to be array[1] just in display but in real i am adding value at array[0]. i got how to run the add function to it. but i can't do the view and delete command that will view from ex. array[0] to array[4], when displayed array[1] to array[5] with the value inserted. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define p printf #define s scanf int rear = 0; int front = 0; int *q_array = NULL; int size = 0; main() { int num, opt; char cont[] = { 'y' }; clrscr(); p("Queue Program\n\n"); p("Queue size: "); s("%d", &size); p("\n"); if(size > 0) { q_array = malloc(size * sizeof(int)); if(q_array == NULL) { p("ERROR: malloc() failed\n"); exit(2); } } else { p("ERROR: size should be positive integer\n"); exit(1); } while((cont[0] == 'y') || (cont[0] == 'Y')) { clrscr(); p("Queue Program"); p("\n\nQueue size: %d\n\n", size); p("MAIN MENU\n1. Add\n2. Delete\n3. View"); p("\n\nYour choice: "); s("%d", &opt); p("\n"); switch(opt) { case 1: if(rear==size) { p("You can't add more data"); } else { p("Enter data for Queue[%d]: ", rear+1); s("%d", &num); add(num); } break; case 2: delt(); break; case 3: view(); break; } p("\n\nDo you want to continue? (Y\/N)"); s("%s", &cont[0]); } } add(int a) { q_array[rear]=a; rear++; } delt() { if(front==rear) { p("Queue Empty"); } else { p("Queue[%d] = %d removed.", front, q_array[front]); front++; } } view() { int i; for(i=front;i<=rear;i++) p("\nQueue[%d] = %d", i, q_array[i]); }

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• Java Error When correct code is put together

  - by Eric

  I have a few string problems that I need to put together for a complete homework assignment. They all work correctly by themselves, but when I put them together in the main function, the last one that finds the smallest word in a string gives an error. Anyone know why? public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); //Length of Word String word1 = sc.next(); System.out.println(word1.length()); //Evens in one string odds in the other String word2 = sc.next(); StringBuilder even = new StringBuilder(); StringBuilder odd = new StringBuilder(); for(int i = 0; i < word2.length(); i++){ if(i % 2 == 0){ even.append(word2.charAt(i)); } else{ odd.append(word2.charAt(i)); } } System.out.println(even + " " + odd); //Diminishing Suffix String word3 = sc.next(); for(int j = 0; j < word3.length(); j++){ System.out.print(word3.substring(j, word3.length()) + " "); } System.out.printf("\n"); //Letter Replacement String word4 = sc.next(); String word5 = sc.next(); String word6 = sc.next(); String word7 = word4.replace(word5, word6); System.out.println(word7); //How many times x appears in xstring String word8 = sc.next(); String word9 = sc.next(); int index = word8.indexOf(word9); int count = 0; while (index != -1) { count++; word8 = word8.substring(index + 1); index = word8.indexOf(word9); } System.out.println(count); System.out.println(); //Lexicographically smallest word String Sentence = sc.nextLine(); String[] myWords = Sentence.split(" "); int shortestLengths, shortestLocation; shortestLengths=(myWords[1]).length(); shortestLocation=1; for (int i = 1; i <myWords.length; i++) { if ((myWords[i]).length() < shortestLengths) { shortestLengths=(myWords[i]).length(); shortestLocation=i; } } System.out.println(myWords[shortestLocation]); } } Talking about the lexicographically smallest one

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