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  • Using Dijkstra's algorithm with negative edges?

    - by Riddler
    Most books explain the reason the algorithm doesn't work with negative edges as nodes are deleted from the priority queue after the node is arrived at since the algorithm assumes the shortest distance has been found. However since negative edges can reduce the distance, a future shorter distance might be found; but since the node is deleted it cannot be updated. Wouldn't an obvious solution to this be to not delete the node? Why not keep the node in the queue, so if a future shorter distance is found, it can be updated? If I am misunderstanding the problem, what is preventing the algorithm from being used with negative edges?

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  • Why is it useful to count the number of bits?

    - by Scorchin
    I've seen the numerous questions about counting the number of set bits in a insert type of input, but why is it useful? For those looking for algorithms about bit counting, look here: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1517848/counting-common-bits-in-a-sequence-of-unsigned-longs http://stackoverflow.com/questions/472325/fastest-way-to-count-number-of-bit-transitions-in-an-unsigned-int http://stackoverflow.com/questions/109023/best-algorithm-to-count-the-number-of-set-bits-in-a-32-bit-integer

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  • Annoying Captcha >> How to programm a form that can SMELL difference between human and robot?

    - by Sam
    Hi folks. On the comment of my old form needing a CAPTHA, I felt I share my problem, perhaps you recognize it and find its time we had better solutions: FACTUAL PROBLEM I know most of my clients (typical age= 40~60) hate CAPTCHA things. Now, I myself always feel like a robot, when I have to sueeze my eyes and fill in the strange letters from the Capcha... Sometimes I fail! Go back etc. Turnoff. I mean comon its 2011, shouldnt the forms have better A.I. by now? MY NEW IDEA (please dont laugh) Ive thought about it and this is my idea's to tell difference between human and robot: My idea is to give credibility points. 100 points = human 0% = robot. require real human mouse movements require mousemovements that dont follow any mathematical pattern require non-instantaneous reading delays, between load and first input in form when typing in form, delays are measured between letters and words approve as human when typical human behaviour measured (deleting, rephrasing etc) dont allow instant pasting or all fields give points for real keyboard pressures retract points for credibility when hyperlinks in form Test wether fake email field (invisible by human) is populated (suggested by Tomalak) when more than 75% human cretibility, allow to be sent without captcha when less than 25% human crecibility, force captcha puzzle to be sure Could we write a A.I. PHP that replaces the human-annoying capthas, meanwhile stopping most spamservers filing in the data? Not only for the fun of it, but also actually to provide a 99% better alternative than CAPTHCA's. Imagine the userfriendlyness of your forms! Your site distinguishing itself from others, showing your audience your sites KNOWS the difference between a robot and a human. Imagine the advangage. I am trying to capture the essense of that distinguishing edge. PROGRAMMING QUESTION: 1) Are such things possible to programm? 2) If so how would you start such programm? 3) Are there already very good working solutions available elsewhere? 4) If it isn't so hard, your are welcome to share your answer/solutions below. 5) upon completion of hints and new ideas, could this page be the start of a new AI captcha, OR should I forget about it and just go with the flow, forget about the whole AI dream, and use captcha like everyone else.

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  • Real world example of Unification in First Order Logic?

    - by Sebi
    I know this is only part of a programming question, but at the moment, I'm doing a little bit of logic programming. One thing I still don't understand correctly is Unification in First Order Logic. I read the Wikipedia article and it is more or less clear that the purpose is searching a term that unifies two sentences... There are also examples in this article but I just don't get the point why this should be useful. Can anyone give an example with real world objects instead of A, B, C,, etc.? I hope this will help me to understand. Thanks

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  • Who in the software world do you admire the most?

    - by David McGraw
    In an effort to spark some discussion and to find interesting people that I didn't know about, is there anybody around the software industry that you really admire? Perhaps admire is the wrong choice of word, but I'm sure there is somebody out there that has impacted you in a minor way. What did you learn from this individual that defines what you try to achieve today?

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  • Cpu schedule, removing thread from queue

    - by Kamil
    I'm implementing now CPU schedule algorithms FCFS, SJF and Round Robin. Could somebody tell when process is removed from queue (FCFS,SJF,RR)? I mean, first CPU execute thread and after executing remove from queue or the other way around?

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  • Solving the water jug problem

    - by Amit
    While reading through some lecture notes on preliminary number theory, I came across the solution to water jug problem (with two jugs) which is summed as thus: Using the property of the G.C.D of two numbers that GCD(a,b) is the smallest possible linear combination of a and b, and hence a certain quantity Q is only measurable by the 2 jugs, iff Q is a n*GCD(a,b), since Q=sA + tB, where: n = a positive integer A = capacity of jug A B= capacity of jug B And, then the method to the solution is discussed Another model of the solution is to model the various states as a state-space search problem as often resorted to in Artificial Intelligence. My question is: What other known methods exist which models the solution, and how? Google didn't throw up much.

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  • Rules Engine vs Expert System

    - by User1
    What is the difference between a rules engine and an expert system? Example1: Let's say that I have a program that determines the expiration date of a new driver's license. It takes inputs like visa expiration date, passport number, birthday, etc. It determines the expiration date of the driver's license from this input. It can even give an error if the input did not have enough valid identifications to allow a new driver's license. Example2: Let's say I am making an online version of the game Monopoly. I want the ability to change the rules of the game (say $400 for passing go or no one can buy properties until they land on the same property twice, etc). I have a module in the code to handle these rules. Are these both rules engines or are they expert systems? They both seem so similar. Is it just a synonym?

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  • Why is x86 ugly? aka Why is x86 considered inferior when compared to others?

    - by claws
    Hello, recently I've been reading some SO archives and encountered statements against x86 architecture. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2667256/why-do-we-need-different-cpu-architecture-for-server-mini-mainframe-mixed-cor says "PC architecture is a mess, any OS developer would tell you that." http://stackoverflow.com/questions/82432/is-learning-assembly-language-worth-the-effort says "Realize that the x86 architecture is horrible at best" http://forums.anandtech.com/showthread.php?t=976577 says "Most colleges teach assembly on something like MIPS because it's much simpler to understand, x86 assembly is really ugly" and many more comments like Compared to most architectures, X86 sucks pretty badly. It's definitely the conventional wisdom that X86 is inferior to MIPS, SPARC, and PowerPC x86 is ugly I tried searching but didn't find any reasons. I don't find x86 bad probably because this is the only architecture I'm familiar with. Can someone kindly give me reasons for considering x86 ugly/bad/inferior compared to others.

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  • Algorithm for optimally choosing actions to perform a task

    - by Jules
    There are two data types: tasks and actions. An action costs a certain time to complete, and a set of tasks this actions consists of. A task has a set of actions, and our job is to choose one of them. So: class Task { Set<Action> choices; } class Action { float time; Set<Task> dependencies; } For example the primary task could be "Get a house". The possible actions for this task: "Buy a house" or "Build a house". The action "Build a house" costs 10 hours and has the dependencies "Get bricks" and "Get cement", etcetera. The total time is the sum of all the times of the actions required to perform. We want to choose actions such that the total time is minimal. Note that the dependencies can be diamond shaped. For example "Get bricks" could require "Get a car" (to transport the bricks) and "Get cement" would also require a car. Even if you do "Get bricks" and "Get cement" you only have to count the time it takes to get a car once. Note also that the dependencies can be circular. For example "Money" - "Job" - "Car" - "Money". This is no problem for us, we simply select all of "Money", "Job" and "Car". The total time is simply the sum of the time of these 3 things. Mathematical description: Let actions be the chosen actions. valid(task) = ?action ? task.choices. (action ? actions ? ?tasks ? action.dependencies. valid(task)) time = sum {action.time | action ? actions} minimize time subject to valid(primaryTask)

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  • Is there a simple, safe way to trigger a GPU lockup on a susceptible computer?

    - by Abe
    Answers to my previous question, Ubuntu 12.04 froze, requiring powercycle. What should I look / grep for in the logs?, have led me to suspect that my computer is experiencing an intermittent GPU lockup. It has been happening about once a week, usually when I am using Chrome. Today it happened when I was creating a diagram on lucidchart I have a Dell Optiplex 755 with an ATI Radeon HD 2400 XT and dual monitors running in Xinerama mode. I am using 12.04 with the proprietary ATI driver installed. When the computer locks-up, I can still ssh in. And I would like to follow the instructions on reporting this provided at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/Troubleshooting/Freeze Is there a (safe) way to cause a GPU lockup so that I can go ahead and file a bug, rather than waiting until it happens again?

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  • Divide and conquer method to compute roots [SOLVED]

    - by hellsoul153
    Hello, Knowing that we can use Divide-and-Conquer algorithm to compute large exponents, for exemple 2 exp 100 = 2 exp(50) * 2 exp(50), which is quite more efficient, is this method efficient using roots ? For exemple 2 exp (1/100) = (2 exp(1/50)) exp(1/50) ? In other words, I'm wondering if (n exp(1/x)) is more efficient to (n exp(1/y)) for x < y and where x and y are integers.

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  • Recognizing terminals in a CFG production previously not defined as tokens.

    - by kmels
    I'm making a generator of LL(1) parsers, my input is a CoCo/R language specification. I've already got a Scanner generator for that input. Suppose I've got the following specification: COMPILER 1. CHARACTERS digit="0123456789". TOKENS number = digit{digit}. decnumber = digit{digit}"."digit{digit}. PRODUCTIONS Expression = Term{"+"Term|"-"Term}. Term = Factor{"*"Factor|"/"Factor}. Factor = ["-"](Number|"("Expression")"). Number = (number|decnumber). END 1. So, if the parser generated by this grammar receives a word "1+1", it'd be accepted i.e. a parse tree would be found. My question is, the character "+" was never defined in a token, but it appears in the non-terminal "Expression". How should my generated Scanner recognize it? It would not recognize it as a token. Is this a valid input then? Should I add this terminal in TOKENS and then consider an error routine for a Scanner for it to skip it? How does usual language specifications handle this?

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  • recursion tree and binary tree cost calculation

    - by Tony
    Hi all, I've got the following recursion: T(n) = T(n/3) + T(2n/3) + O(n) The height of the tree would be log3/2 of 2. Now the recursion tree for this recurrence is not a complete binary tree. It has missing nodes lower down. This makes sense to me, however I don't understand how the following small omega notation relates to the cost of all leaves in the tree. "... the total cost of all leaves would then be Theta (n^log3/2 of 2) which, since log3/2 of 2 is a constant strictly greater then 1, is small omega(n lg n)." Can someone please help me understand how the Theta(n^log3/2 of 2) becomes small omega(n lg n)?

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  • The Definition of Regular Languages

    - by AraK
    Good Day, I have tried, and burned my brain to understand the definition of Regular Languages in Discrete Mathematics and its Applications(Rosen) without reaching the goal of understanding why the definition is like that in this book. On page(789), I am rephrasing the definition: Type 3 grammars are defined as: w1 --> w2 Where w1 is a non-terminal, and w2 is of the form: w2 = aB w2 = a Where B is a non-terminal, and a is a terminal. A special case is when w1 is the starting symbol and w2 is lambda(the empty string): w1 = S S --> lambda Two questions I couldn't find an answer for. First, Why can't w2 be of the form Ba. Second, Why lambda is only allowed for the starting symbol only. The book states that, regular languages are equivalent to Finite State Automaton, and we can easily see that a we can build FSA for both cases. I took a look at other resources, and these restrictions don't exist in these resources. Thanks,

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  • When does an ARM7 processor increase its PC register?

    - by Summer_More_More_Tea
    Hi everyone: I'm thinking about this question for a time: when does an ARM7(with 3 pipelines) processor increase its PC register. I originally thought that after an instruction has been executed, the processor first check is there any exception in the last execution, then increase PC by 2 or 4 depending on current state. If an exception occur, ARM7 will change its running mode, store PC in the LR of current mode and begin to process current exception without modifying the PC register. But it make no sense when analyzing returning instructions. I can not work out why PC will be assigned LR when returning from an undefined-instruction-exception while LR-4 from prefetch-abort-exception, don't both of these exceptions happened at the decoding state? What's more, according to my textbook, PC will always be assigned LR-4 when returning from prefetch-abort-exception no matter what state the processor is(ARM or Thumb) before exception occurs. However, I think PC should be assigned LR-2 if the original state is Thumb, since a Thumb-instruction is 2 bytes long instead of 4 bytes which an ARM-instruction holds, and we just wanna roll-back an instruction in current state. Is there any flaws in my reasoning or something wrong with the textbook. Seems a long question. I really hope anyone can help me get the right answer. Thanks in advance.

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  • Core principles, rules, and habits for CS students

    - by Asad Butt
    No doubt there is a lot to read on blogs, in books, and on Stack Overflow, but can we identify some guidelines for CS students to use while studying? For me these are: Finish your course books early and read 4-5 times more material relative to your course work. Programming is the one of the fastest evolving professions. Follow the blogs on a daily basis for the latest updates, news, and technologies. Instead of relying on assignments and exams, do at least one extra, non-graded, small to medium-sized project for every programming course. Fight hard for internships or work placements even if they are unpaid, since 3 months of work 1 year at college. Practice everything, every possible and impossible way. Try doing every bit of your assignments project yourself; i.e. fight for every inch. Rely on documentation as the first source for help and samples, Google, and online forums as the last source. Participate often in online communities and forums to learn the best possible approach for every solution to your problem. (After doing your bit.) Make testing one of your habits as it is getting more important everyday in programming. Make writing one of your habits. Write something productive once or twice a week and publish it.

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  • How is a new programming language actually formed/created ?

    - by hory.incpp
    Fortran-Algol-Cpl-Bcpl-C-C++-Java ..... Seems like every language is built upon an ancestor language. My question : New languages extend parent ones or there is some kind of a trick? e.g. System.out.print() in Java ; is it actually printf() in C, and so on (printf is actually .. in Cpl)? If so, doesn't this make every further language be slower and need more memory? What separates a new language from a framework?

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  • Python: writing a program to compute the area of a circle and square

    - by user1672504
    I have a question with an assignment. I'm not sure how to write this program and I really need help! Could someone help me with this? This is the assignment: Write a program that asks the user to enter two values: an integer choice and a real number x. If choice is 1, compute and display the area of a circle of radius x. If choice is 2, compute and display the are of a square with sides of length x. If choice is neither 1, nor 2, will display the text Invalid choice. Sample run: Enter choice: 2 Enter x: 8 The area is: 64.0 Sample run: Enter choice: 1 Enter x: 8 The area is: 201.06176 My attempt: choice = input ('Enter Choice:') choice_1 = int (choice) if (choice_1==1): radius = (int) print('Enter x:',radius) pi = 3.14159 area = ( radius ** 2 ) * pi print ( 'The Area is=' , area )

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  • What are the lesser known but cool data structures ?

    - by f3lix
    There a some data structures around that are really cool but are unknown to most programmers. Which are they? Everybody knows linked lists, binary trees, and hashes, but what about Skip lists, Bloom filters for example. I would like to know more data structures that are not so common, but are worth knowing because they rely on great ideas and enrich a programmer's tool box. PS: I am also interested on techniques like Dancing links which make interesting use of the properties of a common data structure. EDIT: Please try to include links to pages describing the data structures in more detail. Also, try to add a couple of words on why a data structures is cool (as Jonas Kölker already pointed out). Also, try to provide one data-structure per answer. This will allow the better data structures to float to the top based on their votes alone.

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