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  • Lambda Expression to be used in Select() query

    - by jameschinnock
    Hi, I am trying to build a lambda expression, containing two assignments (as shown further down), that I can then pass to a Queryable.Select() method. I am trying to pass a string variable into a method and then use that variable to build up the lambda expression so that I can use it in a LINQ Select query. My reasoning behind it is that I have a SQL Server datasource with many column names, I am creating a charting application that will allow the user to select, say by typing in the column name, the actual column of data they want to view in the y-axis of my chart, with the x-axis always being the DateTime. Therefore, they can essentially choose what data they chart against the DateTime value (it’s a data warehouse type app). I have, for example, a class to store the retrieved data in, and hence use as the chart source of: public class AnalysisChartSource { public DateTime Invoicedate { get; set; } public Decimal yValue { get; set; } } I have (purely experimentaly) built an expression tree for the Where clause using the String value and that works fine: public void GetData(String yAxis) { using (DataClasses1DataContext db = new DataClasses1DataContext()) { var data = this.FunctionOne().AsQueryable<AnalysisChartSource>(); //just to get some temp data in.... ParameterExpression pe = Expression.Parameter(typeof(AnalysisChartSource), "p"); Expression left = Expression.MakeMemberAccess(pe, typeof(AnalysisChartSource).GetProperty(yAxis)); Expression right = Expression.Constant((Decimal)16); Expression e2 = Expression.LessThan(left, right); Expression expNew = Expression.New(typeof(AnalysisChartSource)); LambdaExpression le = Expression.Lambda(left, pe); MethodCallExpression whereCall = Expression.Call( typeof(Queryable), "Where", new Type[] { data.ElementType }, data.Expression, Expression.Lambda<Func<AnalysisChartSource, bool>>(e2, new ParameterExpression[] { pe })); } } However……I have tried a similar approach for the Select statement, but just can’t get it to work as I need the Select() to populate both X and Y values of the AnalysisChartSource class, like this: .Select(c => new AnalysisChartSource { Invoicedate = c.Invoicedate, yValue = c.yValue}).AsEnumerable(); How on earth can I build such an expression tree….or….possibly more to the point…..is there an easier way that I have missed entirely?

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  • Jruby Gems-in-a-jar issue

    - by antonio
    Hi all, I am trying to write some code in ruby (using jruby) to be compiled to java bytecode with jrubyc and deployed to a remote machine where it will be run on the JVM (no ruby available there). Everything works fine as long as I am happy to stick with the standard jruby library. As explained on the jruby website, I simply copy the jruby-complete.jar library to the remote machine and include it in the classpath at runtime. I fire my compiled script and it works: cool! The problems start when I need some other libraries (typically rubygems) to run my script. I am aware of cool stuff like rawr, -which I successfully tested- to put together all you need in a single package. However that is not the solution I am looking for: I will have many small scripts to run independently and I don't want each of them to grow to at least 10 MB just because I insanely include the jruby-complete.jar in each of them. What I would like is to compile a .jar for each of the libraries that I will need to use, put all of them in a common folder on the remote machine and include them at runtime in the classpath when I run my compiled jruby scripts on the JVM. This said, I tried to follow the instructions here: http://blog.nicksieger.com/articles/2009/01/10/jruby-1-1-6-gems-in-a-jar I tried exactly the example shown there, with the "chronic" gem. Going step by step: Install the gem locally: java -jar jruby-complete-1.1.6.jar -S gem install -i ./chronic chronic --no-rdoc --no-ri Package it into a jar: jar cf chronic.jar -C chronic . Write a two lines test script, saving it as testt.rb: require 'chronic' Chronic.parse('tomorrow') Compile with: jrubyc testt.rb Run the resulting java class testt.class with the following (having both jruby-complete.jar and chronic.jar in the same folder as the java class): java -cp .:/jruby-complete.jar:./chronic.jar testt I get the following error: Exception in thread "main" file:/Users/ave2/NetBeansProjects/jrubywatir/lib/jruby-complete.jar!/METAINF/jruby.home/lib/ruby/site_ruby/shared/builtin/core_ext/symbol.rb:1:in `const_missing': uninitialized constant Chronic (NameError) from testt.rb:2 ...internal jruby stack elided... from Module.const_missing(testt.rb:2) from (unknown).(unknown)(:1) I really don't understand what I am doing wrong, and I am totally stuck on this. I am a noob in Ruby, much more used to Python: don't miss a chance to convert an infidel! :-) Thanks.

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  • Nested attributes in the index view?

    - by user283179
    I seem to be getting error: uninitialized constant Style::Pic when I'm trying to render a nested object in to the index view the show view is fine. class Style < ActiveRecord::Base #belongs_to :users has_many :style_images, :dependent => :destroy accepts_nested_attributes_for :style_images, :reject_if => proc { |a| a.all? { |k, v| v.blank?} } #found this here http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2009/2/1/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-nested-attributes has_one :cover, :class_name => "Pic", :order => "updated_at DESC" accepts_nested_attributes_for :cover end class StyleImage < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :style #belongs_to :style_as_cover, :class_name => "Style", :foreign_key => "style_id" has_attached_file :pic, :styles => { :small => "200x0>", :normal => "600x> " } validates_attachment_presence :pic #validates_attachment_size :pic, :less_than => 5.megabytes end <% for style_image in @style.style_images %> <li><%= style_image.caption %></li> <div id="show_photo"> <%= image_tag style_image.pic.url(:normal) %></div> <% end %> As you can see from the above The main model style has many style_images, all these style_images are displayed in the show view but, in the the index view I wish to show one image which has been name and will act as a cover that is displayed for each style. in the index controller I have tried the following: class StylesController < ApplicationController layout "mini" def index @styles = Style.find(:all, :inculde => [:cover,]).reverse respond_to do |format| format.html # index.html.erb format.xml { render :xml => @styles } end end and the index <% @styles.each do |style| %> <%=image_tag style.cover.pic.url(:small) %> <% end %> class StyleImage < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :style #belongs_to :style_as_cover, :class_name => "Style", :foreign_key => "style_id" has_attached_file :pic, :styles => { :small => "200x0>", :normal => "600x> " } validates_attachment_presence :pic #validates_attachment_size :pic, :less_than => 5.megabytes end In the style_images table there is an cover_id also. From the about you can see that I have included the cover in the controller and the model. I have know idea where I'm going wrong here! If any one can help please do!

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  • Are there any working implementations of the rolling hash function used in the Rabin-Karp string sea

    - by c14ppy
    I'm looking to use a rolling hash function so I can take hashes of n-grams of a very large string. For example: "stackoverflow", broken up into 5 grams would be: "stack", "tacko", "ackov", "ckove", "kover", "overf", "verfl", "erflo", "rflow" This is ideal for a rolling hash function because after I calculate the first n-gram hash, the following ones are relatively cheap to calculate because I simply have to drop the first letter of the first hash and add the new last letter of the second hash. I know that in general this hash function is generated as: H = c1ak - 1 + c2ak - 2 + c3ak - 3 + ... + cka0 where a is a constant and c1,...,ck are the input characters. If you follow this link on the Rabin-Karp string search algorithm , it states that "a" is usually some large prime. I want my hashes to be stored in 32 bit integers, so how large of a prime should "a" be, such that I don't overflow my integer? Does there exist an existing implementation of this hash function somewhere that I could already use? Here is an implementation I created: public class hash2 { public int prime = 101; public int hash(String text) { int hash = 0; for(int i = 0; i < text.length(); i++) { char c = text.charAt(i); hash += c * (int) (Math.pow(prime, text.length() - 1 - i)); } return hash; } public int rollHash(int previousHash, String previousText, String currentText) { char firstChar = previousText.charAt(0); char lastChar = currentText.charAt(currentText.length() - 1); int firstCharHash = firstChar * (int) (Math.pow(prime, previousText.length() - 1)); int hash = (previousHash - firstCharHash) * prime + lastChar; return hash; } public static void main(String[] args) { hash2 hashify = new hash2(); int firstHash = hashify.hash("mydog"); System.out.println(firstHash); System.out.println(hashify.hash("ydogr")); System.out.println(hashify.rollHash(firstHash, "mydog", "ydogr")); } } I'm using 101 as my prime. Does it matter if my hashes will overflow? I think this is desirable but I'm not sure. Does this seem like the right way to go about this?

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  • Reconstructing Position in the Original Array from the Position in a Stripped Down Array

    - by aronchick
    I have a text file that contains a number of the following: <ID> <Time 1> --> <Time 2> <Quote (potentially multiple line> <New Line Separator> <ID> <Time 1> --> <Time 2> <Quote (potentially multiple line> <New Line Separator> <ID> <Time 1> --> <Time 2> <Quote (potentially multiple line> <New Line Separator> I have a very simple regex for stripping these out into a constant block so it's just: <Quote> <Quote> <Quote> What I'd like to do is present the quotes as a block to the user, and have them select it (using jQuery.fieldSelection) and then use the selected content to back out to the original array, so I can get timing and IDs. Because this has to go out to HTML, and the user has to be able to select the text on the screen, I can't do anything like hidden divs or hidden input fields. The only data I will have is the character range selected on screen. To be specific, this is what it looks like: 1 0:00 --> 0:05 He was bored. So bored. His great intellect, seemingly inexhaustible, was hungry for new challenges but he was the last of the great innovators 2 0:05 --> 0:10 - society's problems had all been solved. 3 0:11 --> 0:20 All seemingly unconnected disciplines had long since been found to be related in horrifically elusive and contrived ways and he had mastered them all. And this is what I'd like to present to the user for selection: He was bored. So bored. His great intellect, seemingly inexhaustible, was hungry for new challenges but he was the last of the great innovators - society's problems had all been solved. All seemingly unconnected disciplines had long since been found to be related in horrifically elusive and contrived ways and he had mastered them all. Has anyone com across something like this before? Any ideas how to take the selected text, or selection position, and go backwards to the original meta-data?

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  • C# or C++ game: many 16 color images loaded into RAM. Efficient solution?

    - by user560639
    I am in the planning stages of creating a fighting game and am unsure how to handle one issue relating to memory. Background info: - Still debating whether to use C# (XNA) or C++. We do not want to commit to either until we have explored how to solve this problem in both languages. - Using a max of 256MB RAM would be great if possible. - Two characters will be present at a time, and these characters can only change between battles. There is time to load/free memory between battles, but the game needs to run at a constant 60 drawn frames per second during combat. Each frame is 16.67ms - The total number of images per character is in the low hundreds. Each image is roughly 200x400 pixels. Only one image from each character will be displayed at any given moment. Uncompressed, each image takes roughly 300kb from my calculations; upwards of 100MB for a whole character. This is pushing too close to the 256MB limit given that memory will be needed for some other resources as well. Since each image can be made with a total of 16 colors. Theoretically I should be able to use 1/8th the space if I can take advantage of this. I've looked around but haven't found any word of native support for paletted images. (Storing each pixel using fewer bits that each map to a 32-bit RGBa color) I was considering making my own file format with 4 bits per pixel (and some extra palette info), loading all the images of this new format into RAM before battle, and then when drawing any specific image, decompress only that image into a raw image so it can be rendered properly. I don't know if it's realistic to perform so many assignment operations (appx 200x400 for each character = 160k) each frame. It sounds very hacky to me. Does anyone have advice on whether my solution sounds reasonable, and if there is perhaps a better one available? Thanks so much! (I also attempted to use an image with only 1 channel, then use a shader to perform a series of if statements to translate various values into other colors. Unfortunately, there were too many lines of code for the shader. It is also rather hacky and does not scale well.)

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  • How can arguments to variadic functions be passed by reference in PHP?

    - by outis
    Assuming it's possible, how would one pass arguments by reference to a variadic function without generating a warning in PHP? We can no longer use the '&' operator in a function call, otherwise I'd accept that (even though it would be error prone, should a coder forget it). What inspired this is are old MySQLi wrapper classes that I unearthed (these days, I'd just use PDO). The only difference between the wrappers and the MySQLi classes is the wrappers throw exceptions rather than returning FALSE. class DBException extends RuntimeException {} ... class MySQLi_throwing extends mysqli { ... function prepare($query) { $stmt = parent::prepare($query); if (!$stmt) { throw new DBException($this->error, $this->errno); } return new MySQLi_stmt_throwing($this, $query, $stmt); } } // I don't remember why I switched from extension to composition, but // it shouldn't matter for this question. class MySQLi_stmt_throwing /* extends MySQLi_stmt */ { protected $_link, $_query, $_delegate; public function __construct($link, $query, $prepared) { //parent::__construct($link, $query); $this->_link = $link; $this->_query = $query; $this->_delegate = $prepared; } function bind_param($name, &$var) { return $this->_delegate->bind_param($name, $var); } function __call($name, $args) { //$rslt = call_user_func_array(array($this, 'parent::' . $name), $args); $rslt = call_user_func_array(array($this->_delegate, $name), $args); if (False === $rslt) { throw new DBException($this->_link->error, $this->errno); } return $rslt; } } The difficulty lies in calling methods such as bind_result on the wrapper. Constant-arity functions (e.g. bind_param) can be explicitly defined, allowing for pass-by-reference. bind_result, however, needs all arguments to be pass-by-reference. If you call bind_result on an instance of MySQLi_stmt_throwing as-is, the arguments are passed by value and the binding won't take. try { $id = Null; $stmt = $db->prepare('SELECT id FROM tbl WHERE ...'); $stmt->execute() $stmt->bind_result($id); // $id is still null at this point ... } catch (DBException $exc) { ... } Since the above classes are no longer in use, this question is merely a matter of curiosity. Alternate approaches to the wrapper classes are not relevant. Defining a method with a bunch of arguments taking Null default values is not correct (what if you define 20 arguments, but the function is called with 21?). Answers don't even need to be written in terms of MySQL_stmt_throwing; it exists simply to provide a concrete example.

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  • Howto install acts_as_xapian on Ubuntu

    - by normalocity
    I've run into some great resources for installing "acts_as_xapian", and the supporting native libraries that are necessary to make it work. I've even got it to work well on my dev machine (OS X). However, I've followed the instructions on this site, and it doesn't work on my Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic) production box. After successfully installing the "core" and "bindings" for xapian, the start of the mongrel server fails with the following: => Booting Mongrel => Rails 2.3.5 application starting on http://0.0.0.0:3000 acts_as_xapian: No Ruby bindings for Xapian installed /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:105:in `const_missing': uninitialized constant ActsAsXapian::Search::Xapian (NameError) from /var/lib/gems/1.8/gems/acts_as_xapian-0.1.3/lib/acts_as_xapian/search.rb:8 from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `gem_original_require' from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `require' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:156:in `require' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:521:in `new_constants_in' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:156:in `require' from /var/lib/gems/1.8/gems/acts_as_xapian-0.1.3/lib/acts_as_xapian.rb:2 from /var/lib/gems/1.8/gems/acts_as_xapian-0.1.3/lib/acts_as_xapian.rb:1:in `each' from /var/lib/gems/1.8/gems/acts_as_xapian-0.1.3/lib/acts_as_xapian.rb:1 from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `gem_original_require' from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `require' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:156:in `require' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:521:in `new_constants_in' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:156:in `require' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.5/lib/rails/gem_dependency.rb:208:in `load' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.5/lib/initializer.rb:307:in `load_gems' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.5/lib/initializer.rb:307:in `each' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.5/lib/initializer.rb:307:in `load_gems' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.5/lib/initializer.rb:164:in `process' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.5/lib/initializer.rb:113:in `send' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.5/lib/initializer.rb:113:in `run' from /home/feelgoodtrader/feelgoodtrader/config/environment.rb:13 from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `gem_original_require' from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `require' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:156:in `require' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:521:in `new_constants_in' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:156:in `require' from /home/feelgoodtrader/.gem/ruby/1.8/gems/rails-2.3.5/lib/commands/server.rb:84 from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `gem_original_require' from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `require' from script/server:3

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  • Problem with format a single excel column with OLE automation using Delphi

    - by Snackmoore
    Dear All, I have piece of code which I use to format a range of cells in Excel. It works fine in Excel 2007 but when the range is only 1 column wide and it is Excel 2003 instead of 2007, I'll get an error saying the I am assigning invalid value for a border's line style. ** valuables such as "xlInsideHorizontal", I have declared them as CONSTANT with the proper values. Please help. procedure formatCells(FRCELLROW, FRCELLCOL, TOCELLROW, TOCELLCOL: Integer; TOPSTYLE, TOPCOLOUR, TOPWEIGHT, BOTTOMSTYLE, BOTTOMCOLOUR, BOTTOMWEIGHT, LEFTSTYLE, LEFTCOLOUR, LEFTWEIGHT, RIGHTSTYLE, RIGHTCOLOUR, RIGHTWEIGHT: Integer; INNERVSTYLE, INNERVCOLOUR, INNERVWEIGHT: Integer; INNERHSTYLE, INNERHCOLOUR, INNERHWEIGHT: Integer; HORIZONTALCELLALIGNMENT: Integer; FontBold: Boolean; NumberFormat: String ); var tmpRange: Variant; begin tmpRange := eclApp.range[eclApp.Cells[FRCELLROW, FRCELLCOL], eclApp.Cells[TOCELLROW, TOCELLCOL]]; tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeTop].LineStyle := TOPSTYLE; if TOPSTYLE <> xlNone then begin tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeTop].ColorIndex := TOPCOLOUR; tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeTop].Weight := TOPWEIGHT; end; //if tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeBottom].LineStyle := BOTTOMSTYLE; if BOTTOMSTYLE <> xlNone then begin tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeBottom].ColorIndex := BOTTOMCOLOUR; tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeBottom].Weight := BOTTOMWEIGHT; end; //if tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeLeft].LineStyle := LEFTSTYLE; if LEFTSTYLE <> xlNone then begin tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeLeft].ColorIndex := LEFTCOLOUR; tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeLeft].Weight := LEFTWEIGHT; end; //if tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeRight].LineStyle := RIGHTSTYLE; if RIGHTSTYLE <> xlNone then begin tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeRight].ColorIndex := RIGHTCOLOUR; tmpRange.Borders[xlEdgeRight].Weight := RIGHTWEIGHT; end; //if tmpRange.Borders[xlInsideVertical].LineStyle := INNERVSTYLE; if INNERVSTYLE <> xlNone then begin tmpRange.Borders[xlInsideVertical].ColorIndex := INNERVCOLOUR; tmpRange.Borders[xlInsideVertical].Weight := INNERVWEIGHT; end; //if tmpRange.Borders[xlInsideHorizontal].LineStyle := INNERHSTYLE; if INNERHSTYLE <> xlNone then begin tmpRange.Borders[xlInsideHorizontal].ColorIndex := INNERHCOLOUR; tmpRange.Borders[xlInsideHorizontal].Weight := INNERHWEIGHT; end; //if tmpRange.HorizontalAlignment := HORIZONTALCELLALIGNMENT; tmpRange.Font.Bold := FontBold; tmpRange.NumberFormat := NumberFormat; end; //

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  • Adding unique objects to Core Data

    - by absolut
    I'm working on an iPhone app that gets a number of objects from a database. I'd like to store these using Core Data, but I'm having problems with my relationships. A Detail contains any number of POIs (points of interest). When I fetch a set of POI's from the server, they contain a detail ID. In order to associate the POI with the Detail (by ID), my process is as follows: Query the ManagedObjectContext for the detailID. If that detail exists, add the poi to it. If it doesn't, create the detail (it has other properties that will be populated lazily). The problem with this is performance. Performing constant queries to Core Data is slow, to the point where adding a list of 150 POI's takes a minute thanks to the multiple relationships involved. In my old model, before Core Data (various NSDictionary cache objects) this process was super fast (look up a key in a dictionary, then create it if it doesn't exist) I have more relationships than just this one, but pretty much every one has to do this check (some are many to many, and they have a real problem). Does anyone have any suggestions for how I can help this? I could perform fewer queries (by searching for a number of different ID's), but I'm not sure how much this will help. Some code: POI *poi = [NSEntityDescription insertNewObjectForEntityForName:@"POI" inManagedObjectContext:[(AppDelegate*)[UIApplication sharedApplication].delegate managedObjectContext]]; poi.POIid = [attributeDict objectForKey:kAttributeID]; poi.detailId = [attributeDict objectForKey:kAttributeDetailID]; Detail *detail = [self findDetailForID:poi.POIid]; if(detail == nil) { detail = [NSEntityDescription insertNewObjectForEntityForName:@"Detail" inManagedObjectContext:[(AppDelegate*)[UIApplication sharedApplication].delegate managedObjectContext]]; detail.title = poi.POIid; detail.subtitle = @""; detail.detailType = [attributeDict objectForKey:kAttributeType]; } -(Detail*)findDetailForID:(NSString*)detailID { NSManagedObjectContext *moc = [[UIApplication sharedApplication].delegate managedObjectContext]; NSEntityDescription *entityDescription = [NSEntityDescription entityForName:@"Detail" inManagedObjectContext:moc]; NSFetchRequest *request = [[[NSFetchRequest alloc] init] autorelease]; [request setEntity:entityDescription]; NSPredicate *predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat: @"detailid == %@", detailID]; [request setPredicate:predicate]; NSLog(@"%@", [predicate description]); NSError *error; NSArray *array = [moc executeFetchRequest:request error:&error]; if (array == nil || [array count] != 1) { // Deal with error... return nil; } return [array objectAtIndex:0]; }

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  • Most efficient method to query a Young Tableau

    - by Matthieu M.
    A Young Tableau is a 2D matrix A of dimensions M*N such that: i,j in [0,M)x[0,N): for each p in (i,M), A[i,j] <= A[p,j] for each q in (j,N), A[i,j] <= A[i,q] That is, it's sorted row-wise and column-wise. Since it may contain less than M*N numbers, the bottom-right values might be represented either as missing or using (in algorithm theory) infinity to denote their absence. Now the (elementary) question: how to check if a given number is contained in the Young Tableau ? Well, it's trivial to produce an algorithm in O(M*N) time of course, but what's interesting is that it is very easy to provide an algorithm in O(M+N) time: Bottom-Left search: Let x be the number we look for, initialize i,j as M-1, 0 (bottom left corner) If x == A[i,j], return true If x < A[i,j], then if i is 0, return false else decrement i and go to 2. Else, if j is N-1, return false else increment j This algorithm does not make more than M+N moves. The correctness is left as an exercise. It is possible though to obtain a better asymptotic runtime. Pivot Search: Let x be the number we look for, initialize i,j as floor(M/2), floor(N/2) If x == A[i,j], return true If x < A[i,j], search (recursively) in A[0:i-1, 0:j-1], A[i:M-1, 0:j-1] and A[0:i-1, j:N-1] Else search (recursively) in A[i+1:M-1, 0:j], A[i+1:M-1, j+1:N-1] and A[0:i, j+1:N-1] This algorithm proceed by discarding one of the 4 quadrants at each iteration and running recursively on the 3 left (divide and conquer), the master theorem yields a complexity of O((N+M)**(log 3 / log 4)) which is better asymptotically. However, this is only a big-O estimation... So, here are the questions: Do you know (or can think of) an algorithm with a better asymptotical runtime ? Like introsort prove, sometimes it's worth switching algorithms depending on the input size or input topology... do you think it would be possible here ? For 2., I am notably thinking that for small size inputs, the bottom-left search should be faster because of its O(1) space requirement / lower constant term.

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  • C Programming - My program is good enough for my assignment but I know its not good

    - by Joe
    Hi there I'm just starting an assignment for uni and it's raised a question for me. I don't understand how to return a string from a function without having a memory leak. char* trim(char* line) { int start = 0; int end = strlen(line) - 1; /* find the start position of the string */ while(isspace(line[start]) != 0) { start++; } //printf("start is %d\n", start); /* find the position end of the string */ while(isspace(line[end]) != 0) { end--; } //printf("end is %d\n", end); /* calculate string length and add 1 for the sentinel */ int len = end - start + 2; /* initialise char array to len and read in characters */ int i; char* trimmed = calloc(sizeof(char), len); for(i = 0; i < (len - 1); i++) { trimmed[i] = line[start + i]; } trimmed[len - 1] = '\0'; return trimmed; } as you can see I am returning a pointer to char which is an array. I found that if I tried to make the 'trimmed' array by something like: char trimmed[len]; then the compiler would throw up a message saying that a constant was expected on this line. I assume this meant that for some reason you can't use variables as the array length when initialising an array, although something tells me that can't be right. So instead I made my array by allocating some memory to a char pointer. I understand that this function is probably waaaaay sub-optimal for what it is trying to do, but what I really want to know is: 1. Can you normally initialise an array using a variable to declare the length like: char trimmed[len]; ? 2. If I had an array that was of that type (char trimmed[]) would it have the same return type as a pointer to char (ie char*). 3. If I make my array by callocing some memory and allocating it to a char pointer, how do I free this memory. It seems to me that once I have returned this array, I can't access it to free it as it is a local variable. Many thanks in advance Joe

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  • Can't create file in Ada 95

    - by duder
    Hello, I'm trying to follow a standard reference for opening files but running into a constraint_error at the line when I call Ada.Text_IO.Create(). It says "range check failed". Any help appreciated, here's the code: WITH Ada.Text_IO; WITH Ada.Integer_Text_IO; USE Ada.Text_IO; USE Ada.Integer_Text_IO; PROCEDURE FileManip IS --Variables Start_Int : Integer; Stop_Int : Integer; Max_Length : Integer; --Output File MaxName : CONSTANT Positive := 80; SUBTYPE NameRange IS Positive RANGE 1..MaxName; OutFileName : String(NameRange) := (OTHERS => '#'); OutNameLength : NameRange; OutData : File_Type; --Array TYPE Chain_Array IS ARRAY(1..500) OF Integer; Sum : Integer := 1; BEGIN --Inputs Ada.Text_IO.Put(Item => "Enter a starting Integer: "); Ada.Integer_Text_IO.Get(Item => Start_Int); Ada.Text_IO.New_Line; Ada.Text_IO.Put(Item => "Enter a stopping Integer: "); Ada.Integer_Text_IO.Get(Item => Stop_Int); Ada.Text_IO.New_Line; Ada.Text_IO.Put(Item => "Enter a Maximum Length to search: "); Ada.Integer_Text_IO.Get(Item => Max_Length); Ada.Text_IO.New_Line; Ada.Text_IO.Put(Item => "Enter a output file name > "); Ada.Text_IO.Get_Line( Item => OutFileName, Last => OutNameLength); Ada.Text_IO.Create( File => OutData, Mode => Ada.Text_IO.Out_File, Name => OutFileName(1..OutNameLength)); Ada.Text_IO.New_Line;

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  • Parse int to string with stringstream

    - by SoulBeaver
    Well! I feel really stupid for this question, and I wholly don't mind if I get downvoted for this, but I guess I wouldn't be posting this if I had not at least made an earnest attempt at looking for the solution. I'm currently working on Euler Problem 4, finding the largest palindromic number of two three-digit numbers [100..999]. As you might guess, I'm at the part where I have to work with the integer I made. I looked up a few sites and saw a few standards for converting an Int to a String, one of which included stringstream. So my code looked like this: // tempTotal is my int value I want converted. void toString( int tempTotal, string &str ) { ostringstream ss; // C++ Standard compliant method. ss << tempTotal; str = ss.str(); // Overwrite referenced value of given string. } and the function calling it was: else { toString( tempTotal, store ); cout << loop1 << " x " << loop2 << "= " << store << endl; } So far, so good. I can't really see an error in what I've written, but the output gives me the address to something. It stays constant, so I don't really know what the program is doing there. Secondly, I tried .ToString(), string.valueOf( tempTotal ), (string)tempTotal, or simply store = temptotal. All refused to work. When I simply tried doing an implicit cast with store = tempTotal, it didn't give me a value at all. When I tried checking output it literally printed nothing. I don't know if anything was copied into my string that simply isn't a printable character, or if the compiler just ignored it. I really don't know. So even though I feel this is a really, really lame question, I just have to ask: How do I convert that stupid integer to a string with the stringstream? The other tries are more or less irrelevant for me, I just really want to know why my stringstream solution isn't working.

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  • Optimizing mathematics on arrays of floats in Ada 95 with GNAT

    - by mat_geek
    Consider the bellow code. This code is supposed to be processing data at a fixed rate, in one second batches, It is part of an overal system and can't take up too much time. When running over 100 lots of 1 seconds worth of data the program takes 35 seconds (or 35%), executing this function in a loop. The test loop is timed specifically with Ada.RealTime. The data is pregenerated so the majority of the execution time is definatetly in this loop. How do I improce the code to get the processing time down to a minimum? The code will be running on an Intel Pentium-M which is a P3 with SSE2. package FF is new Ada.Numerics.Generic_Elementary_Functions(Float); N : constant Integer := 820; type A is array(1 .. N) of Float; type A3 is array(1 .. 3) of A; procedure F(state : in out A3; result : out A3; l : in A; r : in A) is s : Float; t : Float; begin for i in 1 .. N loop t := l(i) + r(i); t := t / 2.0; state(1)(i) := t; state(2)(i) := t * 0.25 + state(2)(i) * 0.75; state(3)(i) := t * 1.0 /64.0 + state(2)(i) * 63.0 /64.0; for r in 1 .. 3 loop s := state(r)(i); t := FF."**"(s, 6.0) + 14.0; if t > MAX then t := MAX; elsif t < MIN then t := MIN; end if; result(r)(i) := FF.Log(t, 2.0); end loop; end loop; end; psuedocode for testing create two arrays of 80 random A3 arrays, called ls and rs; init the state and result A3 array record the realtime time now, called last for i in 1 .. 100 loop for j in 1 .. 80 loop F(state, result, ls(j), rs(j)); end loop; end loop; record the realtime time now, called curr output the duration between curr and last

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  • paypal ipn working but stopping at 'thank you' page.

    - by Tarique Imam
    I am using the code for controller(CODEIGNITER): function paypal_tran(){ if (empty($_GET['action'])){ $_GET['action'] = 'process';} if($this-uri-segment ( 3 )){ $action=$this-uri-segment ( 3 ); } else{ $action='process'; } $ammount=39.99; $this-lenders_model-paypal_process($action,$this_script,$ammount); $this-load-view('view_paypal_tran'); } function ipn(){ if ($this->paypal_class->validate_ipn()) { $data = array( 'fname'=> 'fname', /* insert the user id */ 'lname'=>'lname' ); //$this->db->insert('ajax_test',$data); // For this example, we'll just email ourselves ALL the data. $subject = 'Instant Payment Notification - Recieved Payment'; $to = '[email protected]'; // your email $body = "An instant payment notification was successfully recieved\n"; $body .= "from ".$p->ipn_data['payer_email']." on ".date('m/d/Y'); $body .= " at ".date('g:i A')."\n\nDetails:\n"; foreach ($this->paypal_class->ipn_data as $key => $value) { $body .= "\n$key: $value"; } mail($to, $subject, $body); } } function success() { $this->load->view('paypal_succ_view'); } AND this is my model: function paypal_process($action,$this_script,$ammount){ switch ($action) { case 'process': // Process and order... // There should be no output at this point. To process the POST data, // the submit_paypal_post() function will output all the HTML tags which // contains a FORM which is submited instantaneously using the BODY onload // attribute. In other words, don't echo or printf anything when you're // going to be calling the submit_paypal_post() function. // This is where you would have your form validation and all that jazz. // You would take your POST vars and load them into the class like below, // only using the POST values instead of constant string expressions. // For example, after ensureing all the POST variables from your custom // order form are valid, you might have: // // $p->add_field('first_name', $_POST['first_name']); // $p->add_field('last_name', $_POST['last_name']); $this->paypal_class->add_field('business', '[email protected]'); $this->paypal_class->add_field('return', $this_script.'/success'); $this->paypal_class->add_field('cancel_return', $this_script.'/cancel'); $this->paypal_class->add_field('notify_url', $this_script.'/ipn'); $this->paypal_class->add_field('item_name', 'Lenders Account for one month'); $this->paypal_class->add_field('amount', $ammount); $this->paypal_class->submit_paypal_post(); // submit the fields to paypal $this->paypal_class->dump_fields(); // for debugging, output a table of all the fields break; PROBLEM IS IPN IS NOT WORKING. THE HIDDEN FIELD HAS VALUE FOR REDIRECT TO IPN, BUT NOT WORKING!!PLS HELP

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  • boost multi_index_container and erase performance

    - by rjoshi
    I have a boost multi_index_container declared as below which is indexed by hash_unique id(unsigned long) and hash_non_unique transaction id(long). Insertion and retrieval of elements is fast but when I delete elements, it is much slower. I was expecting it to be constant time as key is hashed. e.g To erase elements from container for 10,000 elements, it takes around 2.53927016 seconds for 15,000 elements, it takes around 7.137100068 seconds for 20,000 elements, it takes around 21.391720757 seconds Is it something I am missing or is it expected behavior? class Session { public: Session() { //increment unique id static unsigned long counter = 0; boost::mutex::scoped_lock guard(mx); counter++; m_nId = counter; } unsigned long GetId() { return m_nId; } long GetTransactionHandle(){ return m_nTransactionHandle; } .... private: unsigned long m_nId; long m_nTransactionHandle; boost::mutext mx; .... }; typedef multi_index_container< Session*, indexed_by< hashed_unique< mem_fun<Session,unsigned long,&Session::GetId> >, hashed_non_unique< mem_fun<Session,unsigned long,&Session::GetTransactionHandle> > > //end indexed_by > SessionContainer; typedef SessionContainer::nth_index<0>::type SessionById; int main() { ... SessionContainer container; SessionById *pSessionIdView = &get<0>(container); unsigned counter = atoi(argv[1]); vector<Session*> vSes(counter); //insert for(unsigned i = 0; i < counter; i++) { Session *pSes = new Session(); container.insert(pSes); vSes.push_back(pSes); } timespec ts; lock_settime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &ts); //erase for(unsigned i = 0; i < counter; i++) { pSessionIdView->erase(vSes[i]->getId()); delete vSes[i]; } lock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &ts); std::cout << "Total time taken for erase:" << ts.tv_sec << "." << ts.tv_nsec << "\n"; return (EXIST_SUCCESS); }

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  • Stumbleupon type query...

    - by Chris Denman
    Wow, makes your head spin! I am about to start a project, and although my mySql is OK, I can't get my head around what required for this: I have a table of web addresses. id,url 1,http://www.url1.com 2,http://www.url2.com 3,http://www.url3.com 4,http://www.url4.com I have a table of users. id,name 1,fred bloggs 2,john bloggs 3,amy bloggs I have a table of categories. id,name 1,science 2,tech 3,adult 4,stackoverflow I have a table of categories the user likes as numerical ref relating to the category unique ref. For example: user,category 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,10 2,3 2,4 3,5 . . . I have a table of scores relating to each website address. When a user visits one of these sites and says they like it, it's stored like so: url_ref,category 4,2 4,3 4,6 4,2 4,3 5,2 5,3 . . . So based on the above data, URL 4 would score (in it's own right) as follows: 2=2 3=2 6=1 What I was hoping to do was pick out a random URL from over 2,000,000 records based on the current users interests. So if the logged in user likes categories 1,2,3 then I would like to ORDER BY a score generated based on their interest. If the logged in user likes categories 2 3 and 6 then the total score would be 5. However, if the current logged in user only like categories 2 and 6, the URL score would be 3. So the order by would be in context of the logged in users interests. Think of stumbleupon. I was thinking of using a set of VIEWS to help with sub queries. I'm guessing that all 2,000,000 records will need to be looked at and based on the id of the url it will look to see what scores it has based on each selected category of the current user. So we need to know the user ID and this gets passed into the query as a constant from the start. Ain't got a clue! Chris Denman

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  • Profile memory-performance for part of an rails project

    - by Florian Pilz
    I want to test the profile usage of an important library-class of my rails-project. It uses ActiveRecord so I need all rails dependencies to profile it. As far as I know, I need a patched ruby (rubygc) so script/profile and script/benchmark can track memory usage. I tried to follow this official guide to patch the source code of ruby 1.8.6 (p399) and 1.8.7 (p248), but both fail with the following message: patching file gc.c Hunk #2 succeeded at 50 with fuzz 2 (offset 2 lines). Hunk #3 succeeded at 87 with fuzz 2 (offset 6 lines). Hunk #4 succeeded at 153 with fuzz 1 (offset 45 lines). Hunk #5 succeeded at 409 with fuzz 2 (offset 274 lines). Hunk #6 FAILED at 462. Hunk #7 FAILED at 506. Hunk #8 FAILED at 520. Hunk #9 FAILED at 745. Hunk #10 FAILED at 754. Hunk #11 FAILED at 923. Hunk #12 succeeded at 711 (offset 46 lines). Hunk #13 succeeded at 730 (offset 46 lines). Hunk #14 succeeded at 766 (offset 55 lines). Hunk #15 succeeded at 1428 (offset 87 lines). Hunk #16 succeeded at 1492 (offset 89 lines). Hunk #17 FAILED at 1541. Hunk #18 FAILED at 1551. Hunk #19 succeeded at 1571 (offset 91 lines). Hunk #20 succeeded at 1592 (offset 91 lines). Hunk #21 succeeded at 1601 (offset 91 lines). Hunk #22 succeeded at 1826 (offset 108 lines). Hunk #23 succeeded at 1843 (offset 108 lines). Hunk #24 succeeded at 1926 (offset 108 lines). Hunk #25 succeeded at 2118 (offset 108 lines). Hunk #26 succeeded at 2563 (offset 100 lines). Hunk #27 succeeded at 2611 with fuzz 1 (offset 102 lines). Hunk #28 succeeded at 2628 (offset 102 lines). 8 out of 28 hunks FAILED -- saving rejects to file gc.c.rej patching file intern.h Hunk #1 succeeded at 268 (offset 15 lines). I also tried to use ruby-prof, but I always get the error "uninitialized constant RubyProf::Test". I don't know how to use the gem "memory" and neither "memprof" nor "bleak_house" could be installed successfully. If I get a patched ruby running, I should be fine. But any other possibility to profile the memory of library classes are welcome. Thanks for helping!

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  • Should we denormalize database to improve performance?

    - by Groo
    We have a requirement to store 500 measurements per second, coming from several devices. Each measurement consists of a timestamp, a quantity type, and several vector values. Right now there is 8 vector values per measurement, and we may consider this number to be constant for needs of our prototype project. We are using HNibernate. Tests are done in SQLite (disk file db, not in-memory), but production will probably be MsSQL. Our Measurement entity class is the one that holds a single measurement, and looks like this: public class Measurement { public virtual Guid Id { get; private set; } public virtual Device Device { get; private set; } public virtual Timestamp Timestamp { get; private set; } public virtual IList<VectorValue> Vectors { get; private set; } } Vector values are stored in a separate table, so that each of them references its parent measurement through a foreign key. We have done a couple of things to ensure that generated SQL is (reasonably) efficient: we are using Guid.Comb for generating IDs, we are flushing around 500 items in a single transaction, ADO.Net batch size is set to 100 (I think SQLIte does not support batch updates? But it might be useful later). The problem Right now we can insert 150-200 measurements per second (which is not fast enough, although this is SQLite we are talking about). Looking at the generated SQL, we can see that in a single transaction we insert (as expected): 1 timestamp 1 measurement 8 vector values which means that we are actually doing 10x more single table inserts: 1500-2000 per second. If we placed everything (all 8 vector values and the timestamp) into the measurement table (adding 9 dedicated columns), it seems that we could increase our insert speed up to 10 times. Switching to SQL server will improve performance, but we would like to know if there might be a way to avoid unnecessary performance costs related to the way database is organized right now. [Edit] With in-memory SQLite I get around 350 items/sec (3500 single table inserts), which I believe is about as good as it gets with NHibernate (taking this post for reference: http://ayende.com/Blog/archive/2009/08/22/nhibernate-perf-tricks.aspx). But I might as well switch to SQL server and stop assuming things, right? I will update my post as soon as I test it.

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  • c# - How do you get a variable's name as it was physically typed in its declaration?

    - by Petras
    The class below contains the field city. I need to dynamically determine the field's name as it is typed in the class declaration i.e. I need to get the string "city" from an instance of the object city. I have tried to do this by examining its Type in DoSomething() but can't find it when examining the contents of the Type in the debugger. Is it possible? public class Person { public string city = "New York"; public Person() { } public void DoSomething() { Type t = city.GetType(); string field_name = t.SomeUnkownFunction(); //would return the string "city" if it existed! } } Some people in their answers below have asked me why I want to do this. Here's why. In my real world situation, there is a custom attribute above city. [MyCustomAttribute("param1", "param2", etc)] public string city = "New York"; I need this attribute in other code. To get the attribute, I use reflection. And in the reflection code I need to type the string "city" MyCustomAttribute attr; Type t = typeof(Person); foreach (FieldInfo field in t.GetFields()) { if (field.Name == "city") { //do stuff when we find the field that has the attribute we need } } Now this isn't type safe. If I changed the variable "city" to "workCity" in my field declaration in Person this line would fail unless I knew to update the string if (field.Name == "workCity") //I have to make this change in another file for this to still work, yuk! { } So I am trying to find some way to pass the string to this code without physically typing it. Yes, I could declare it as a string constant in Person (or something like that) but that would still be typing it twice. Phew! That was tough to explain!! Thanks Thanks to all who answered this * a lot*. It sent me on a new path to better understand lambda expressions. And it created a new question.

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  • conflicting declaration when filling a static std::map class member variable

    - by Max
    I have a class with a static std::map member variable that maps chars to a custom type Terrain. I'm attempting to fill this map in the class's implementation file, but I get several errors. Here's my header file: #ifndef LEVEL_HPP #define LEVEL_HPP #include <bitset> #include <list> #include <map> #include <string> #include <vector> #include "libtcod.hpp" namespace yarl { namespace level { class Terrain { // Member Variables private: std::bitset<5> flags; // Member Functions public: explicit Terrain(const std::string& flg) : flags(flg) {} (...) }; class Level { private: static std::map<char, Terrain> terrainTypes; (...) }; } } #endif and here's my implementation file: #include <bitset> #include <list> #include <map> #include <string> #include <vector> #include "Level.hpp" #include "libtcod.hpp" using namespace std; namespace yarl { namespace level { /* fill Level::terrainTypes */ map<char,Terrain> Level::terrainTypes['.'] = Terrain("00001"); // clear map<char,Terrain> Level::terrainTypes[','] = Terrain("00001"); // clear map<char,Terrain> Level::terrainTypes['\''] = Terrain("00001"); // clear map<char,Terrain> Level::terrainTypes['`'] = Terrain("00001"); // clear map<char,Terrain> Level::terrainTypes[178] = Terrain("11111"); // wall (...) } } I'm using g++, and the errors I get are src/Level.cpp:15: error: conflicting declaration ‘std::map, std::allocator yarl::level::Level::terrainTypes [46]’ src/Level.hpp:104: error: ‘yarl::level::Level::terrainTypes’ has a previous declaration as ‘std::map, std::allocator yarl::level::Level::terrainTypes’ src/Level.cpp:15: error: declaration of ‘std::map, std::allocator yarl::level::Level::terrainTypes’ outside of class is not definition src/Level.cpp:15: error: conversion from ‘yarl::level::Terrain’ to non-scalar type ‘std::map, std::allocator ’ requested src/Level.cpp:15: error: ‘yarl::level::Level::terrainTypes’ cannot be initialized by a non-constant expression when being declared I get a set of these for each map assignment line in the implementation file. Anyone see what I'm doing wrong? Thanks for your help.

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  • wamp server not working? or bad php code

    - by lclaud
    I have this PHP code: <?php $username="root"; $password="******";// censored out $database="bazadedate"; mysql_connect("127.0.0.1",$username,$password); // i get unknown constant localhost if used instead of the loopback ip @mysql_select_db($database) or die( "Unable to select database"); $query="SELECT * FROM backup"; $result=mysql_query($query); $num=mysql_numrows($result); $i=0; $raspuns=""; while ($i < $num) { $data=mysql_result($result,$i,"data"); $suma=mysql_result($result,$i,"suma"); $cv=mysql_result($result,$i,"cv"); $det=mysql_result($result,$i,"detaliu"); $raspuns = $raspuns."#".$data."#".$suma."#".$cv."#".$det."@"; $i++; } echo "<b> $raspuns </b>"; mysql_close(); ?> And it should return a single string containing all data from the table. But it says "connection reset when loading page". the log is : [Tue Jun 15 16:20:31 2010] [notice] Parent: child process exited with status 255 -- Restarting. [Tue Jun 15 16:20:31 2010] [notice] Apache/2.2.11 (Win32) PHP/5.3.0 configured -- resuming normal operations [Tue Jun 15 16:20:31 2010] [notice] Server built: Dec 10 2008 00:10:06 [Tue Jun 15 16:20:31 2010] [notice] Parent: Created child process 2336 [Tue Jun 15 16:20:31 2010] [notice] Child 2336: Child process is running [Tue Jun 15 16:20:31 2010] [notice] Child 2336: Acquired the start mutex. [Tue Jun 15 16:20:31 2010] [notice] Child 2336: Starting 64 worker threads. [Tue Jun 15 16:20:31 2010] [notice] Child 2336: Starting thread to listen on port 80. [Tue Jun 15 16:20:35 2010] [notice] Parent: child process exited with status 255 -- Restarting. [Tue Jun 15 16:20:35 2010] [notice] Apache/2.2.11 (Win32) PHP/5.3.0 configured -- resuming normal operations [Tue Jun 15 16:20:35 2010] [notice] Server built: Dec 10 2008 00:10:06 [Tue Jun 15 16:20:35 2010] [notice] Parent: Created child process 1928 [Tue Jun 15 16:20:35 2010] [notice] Child 1928: Child process is running [Tue Jun 15 16:20:35 2010] [notice] Child 1928: Acquired the start mutex. [Tue Jun 15 16:20:35 2010] [notice] Child 1928: Starting 64 worker threads. [Tue Jun 15 16:20:35 2010] [notice] Child 1928: Starting thread to listen on port 80. Any idea why it outputs nothing?

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  • Why no switch on pointers?

    - by meeselet
    For instance: #include <stdio.h> void why_cant_we_switch_him(void *ptr) { switch (ptr) { case NULL: printf("NULL!\n"); break; default: printf("%p!\n", ptr); break; } } int main(void) { void *foo = "toast"; why_cant_we_switch_him(foo); return 0; } gcc test.c -o test test.c: In function 'why_cant_we_switch_him': test.c:5: error: switch quantity not an integer test.c:6: error: pointers are not permitted as case values Just curious. Is this a technical limitation? EDIT People seem to think there is only one constant pointer expression. Is that is really true, though? For instance, here is a common paradigm in Objective-C (it is really only C aside from NSString, id and nil, which are merely a pointers, so it is still relevant — I just wanted to point out that there is, in fact, a common use for it, despite this being only a technical question): #include <stdio.h> #include <Foundation/Foundation.h> static NSString * const kMyConstantObject = @"Foo"; void why_cant_we_switch_him(id ptr) { switch (ptr) { case kMyConstantObject: // (Note that we are comparing pointers, not string values.) printf("We found him!\n"); break; case nil: printf("He appears to be nil (or NULL, whichever you prefer).\n"); break; default: printf("%p!\n", ptr); break; } } int main(void) { NSString *foo = @"toast"; why_cant_we_switch_him(foo); foo = kMyConstantObject; why_cant_we_switch_him(foo); return 0; } gcc test.c -o test -framework Foundation test.c: In function 'why_cant_we_switch_him': test.c:5: error: switch quantity not an integer test.c:6: error: pointers are not permitted as case values It appears that the reason is that switch only allows integral values (as the compiler warning said). So I suppose a better question would be to ask why this is the case? (though it is probably too late now.)

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  • Why do I get rows of zeros in my 2D fft?

    - by Nicholas Pringle
    I am trying to replicate the results from a paper. "Two-dimensional Fourier Transform (2D-FT) in space and time along sections of constant latitude (east-west) and longitude (north-south) were used to characterize the spectrum of the simulated flux variability south of 40degS." - Lenton et al(2006) The figures published show "the log of the variance of the 2D-FT". I have tried to create an array consisting of the seasonal cycle of similar data as well as the noise. I have defined the noise as the original array minus the signal array. Here is the code that I used to plot the 2D-FT of the signal array averaged in latitude: import numpy as np from numpy import ma from matplotlib import pyplot as plt from Scientific.IO.NetCDF import NetCDFFile ### input directory indir = '/home/nicholas/data/' ### get the flux data which is in ### [time(5day ave for 10 years),latitude,longitude] nc = NetCDFFile(indir + 'CFLX_2000_2009.nc','r') cflux_southern_ocean = nc.variables['Cflx'][:,10:50,:] cflux_southern_ocean = ma.masked_values(cflux_southern_ocean,1e+20) # mask land nc.close() cflux = cflux_southern_ocean*1e08 # change units of data from mmol/m^2/s ### create an array that consists of the seasonal signal fro each pixel year_stack = np.split(cflux, 10, axis=0) year_stack = np.array(year_stack) signal_array = np.tile(np.mean(year_stack, axis=0), (10, 1, 1)) signal_array = ma.masked_where(signal_array > 1e20, signal_array) # need to mask ### average the array over latitude(or longitude) signal_time_lon = ma.mean(signal_array, axis=1) ### do a 2D Fourier Transform of the time/space image ft = np.fft.fft2(signal_time_lon) mgft = np.abs(ft) ps = mgft**2 log_ps = np.log(mgft) log_mgft= np.log(mgft) Every second row of the ft consists completely of zeros. Why is this? Would it be acceptable to add a randomly small number to the signal to avoid this. signal_time_lon = signal_time_lon + np.random.randint(0,9,size=(730, 182))*1e-05 EDIT: Adding images and clarify meaning The output of rfft2 still appears to be a complex array. Using fftshift shifts the edges of the image to the centre; I still have a power spectrum regardless. I expect that the reason that I get rows of zeros is that I have re-created the timeseries for each pixel. The ft[0, 0] pixel contains the mean of the signal. So the ft[1, 0] corresponds to a sinusoid with one cycle over the entire signal in the rows of the starting image. Here are is the starting image using following code: plt.pcolormesh(signal_time_lon); plt.colorbar(); plt.axis('tight') Here is result using following code: ft = np.fft.rfft2(signal_time_lon) mgft = np.abs(ft) ps = mgft**2 log_ps = np.log1p(mgft) plt.pcolormesh(log_ps); plt.colorbar(); plt.axis('tight') It may not be clear in the image but it is only every second row that contains completely zeros. Every tenth pixel (log_ps[10, 0]) is a high value. The other pixels (log_ps[2, 0], log_ps[4, 0] etc) have very low values.

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