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  • Cannot install grub to RAID1 (md0)

    - by Andrew Answer
    I have a RAID1 array on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and my /sda HDD has been replaced several days ago. I use this commands to replace: # go to superuser sudo bash # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded" # remove broken disk from RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sda1 # see partitions fdisk -l # shutdown computer shutdown now # physically replace old disk by new # start system again # see partitions fdisk -l # copy partitions from sdb to sda sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sda # recreate id for sda sfdisk --change-id /dev/sda 1 fd # add sda1 to RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sda1 # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded, recovering" # to see status you can use cat /proc/mdstat This is the my mdadm output after sync: /dev/md0: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Wed Feb 17 16:18:25 2010 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Used Dev Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Nov 1 15:19:31 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 92e6ff4e:ed3ab4bf:fee5eb6c:d9b9cb11 Events : 0.11049560 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1 After bebuilding completion "fdisk -l" says what I have not valid partition table /dev/md0. This is my fdisk -l output: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00057d19 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sda5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000667ca Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md0: 481.7 GB, 481746288640 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 117613840 cylinders, total 940910720 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table This is my grub install output: root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sda /usr/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a disk with multiple partition labels or both partition label and filesystem. This is not supported yet.. /usr/sbin/grub-setup: error: embedding is not possible, but this is required for cross-disk install. root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sdb Installation finished. No error reported. So 1) "update-grub" find only /sda and /sdb Linux, not /md0 2) "dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc" says "GRUB failed to install the following devices /dev/md0" I cannot load my system except from /sdb1 and /sda1, but in DEGRADED mode... Anybody can resolve this issue? I have big headache with this.

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  • iptables: limiting bytes downloaded per IP per day?

    - by Miles
    On a public-facing web server, I'd like to limit the total bytes downloaded per IP address per day. For example, after a visitor downloaded 100MB, any additional requests would be dropped or rejected for the next 24 hours. Is it possible to accomplish this using iptables alone? The connbytes, connlimit, hashlimit, quota, and recent options all look promising, but the man page plays its cards close to the vest (e.g., "quota - Implements network quotas by decrementing a byte counter with each packet. --quota bytes The quota in bytes."). Would like to avoid using a proxy (like Squid) if possible.

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  • Dedicated hard disk for Informix SE dbname.dbs files & dedicated ramdisk for /tmp files.

    - by Frank Computer
    INFORMIX-SE 7.2: I would like to dedicate a hard disk, exclusively for my dbname.dbs directory which holds all the .dat and .idx files, and create a ramdisk for my /tmp temporary files in order to improve performance. I would also like to strip down the OS from any unecessary files and processes to minimize overhead for my dedicated application. Is this a good idea and are there any roadmaps for accomplishing this?

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  • How can i set up email alerts for disk failures on a windows server 2012 box?

    - by Leo
    I have a windows 2012 server with 3 storage spaces set up, each containing a mirrored pair of 2TB drives. What is the best way to set up alerting so that i receive an alert when a physical disk fails? Ideally i would like these alerts to be sent via email to a pre-defined address. The current server set up is as follows: Intel Core i7 2600k 3.4GHz Socket 1155 8MB Cache Asrock H77 PRO4/MVP Socket 1155 VGA DVI HDMI 7.1 Channel Audio ATX Motherboard 16GB RAM 1 x 60GB SSD (OS) 6 x 2TB SATA III 7200 HDD (DATA)

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  • Software Raid 10 corrupted superblock after dual disk failure, how do I recover it?

    - by Shoshomiga
    I have a software raid 10 with 6 x 2tb hard drives (raid 1 for /boot), ubuntu 10.04 is the os. I had a raid controller failure that put 2 drives out of sync, crashed the system and initially the os didnt boot up and went into initramfs instead, saying that drives were busy but I eventually managed to bring the raid up by stopping and assembling the drives. The os booted up and said that there were filesystem errors, I chose to ignore because it would remount the fs in read-only mode if there was a problem. Everything seemed to be working fine and the 2 drives started to rebuild, I was sure that it was a sata controller failure because I had dma errors in my log files. The os crashed soon after that with ext errors. Now its not bringing up the raid, it says that there is no superblock on /dev/sda2, even if I assemble manually with all the device names. I also did a memtest and changed the motherboard in addition to everything else. EDIT: This is my partition layout Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0009c34a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2048 511999 254976 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 512000 3904980991 1952234496 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 3904980992 3907028991 1024000 82 Linux swap / Solaris All 6 disks have the same layout, partition #1 is for raid 1 /boot, partition #2 is for raid 10 far plan, partition #3 is swap, but sda did not have swap enabled EDIT2: This is the output of mdadm --detail /dev/md1 Layout : near=1, far=2 Chunk Size : 64k UUID : a0feff55:2018f8ff:e368bf24:bd0fce41 Events : 0.3112126 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 34 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdc2 1 0 0 1 removed 2 8 18 2 active sync /dev/sdb2 3 8 50 3 active sync /dev/sdd2 4 0 0 4 removed 5 8 82 5 active sync /dev/sdf2 6 8 66 - spare /dev/sde2 EDIT3: I ran ddrescue and it has copied everything from sda except a single 4096 byte sector that I suspect is the raid superblock EDIT4: Here is some more info too long to fit here lshw: http://pastebin.com/2eKrh7nF mdadm --detail /dev/sd[abcdef]1 (raid1): http://pastebin.com/cgMQWerS mdadm --detail /dev/sd[abcdef]2 (raid10): http://pastebin.com/V5dtcGPF dumpe2fs of /dev/sda2 (from the ddrescue cloned drive): http://pastebin.com/sp0GYcJG I tried to recreate md1 based on this info with the command mdadm --create /dev/md1 -v --assume-clean --level=10 --raid-devices=6 --chunk=64K --layout=f2 /dev/sda2 missing /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdd2 missing /dev/sdf2 But I can't mount it, I also tried to recreate it based on my initial mdadm --detail /dev/md1 but it still doesn't mount It also warns me that /dev/sda2 is an ext2fs file system but I guess its because of ddrescue

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  • Can I use one virtualbox disk for multiple machines?

    - by mxp
    I'm not sure what search term to use and skimming through the VirtualBox manual didn't help me either, so I ask my two questions here... My setup is this: PC with dual boot into Windows 7 and a Debian operating system (both 64bit). I've created a virtual machine (Kubuntu, 64bit) under Windows and put it's VDI file on a SMB share of my NAS. Then I created a VM under linux using the same settings for memory etc and assigned the existing VDI file to it. My idea was that I could use that virtual machine from Windows and Linux as well. (1) Is this generally something that should work without problems? I noticed that snapshots get me into trouble because they appear to be not visible from the other operating system: The snapshots I took after installing the guest system are not visible under Linux. That's why I shut down the VM after usage and not save its state while it's running. My current problem is this: I have used the VM under Windows first, then under Linux. Now it will only start on Linux. When trying this on Windows the guest OS detects some kind of hard disk error and fails to boot because it cannot mount its drive. Obviously the virtual hard disk won't fail so it must have something to do with me using it under Linux. (2) How can I fix that? Update: It also looks like any changes I made in the VM under Linux have been reset by trying to boot it under Windows. Looks like it's back to the latest snapshot. I'm confused... Update The answer to my first question can be found below. In short: It works, as long as you don't use snapshots. The answer to my second question is this: Under Windows set the VM back to the latest snapshot and then discard the snapshot so it gets merged. There should be no snapshots left at the end. If you have multiple snapshots, discard the earliest ones first (Snapshot 1, then 2, 3, ...). I'm not sure what happens if you start at the end (.., 3, 2, 1). This of course leads to some data loss since you revert all changes since the last snapshot. But at least the VM is usable again.

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  • trouble when shutdown or restart in windows xp getting a black screen asking to try and start windows normally or safe mode than it runs a chk disk

    - by Brenda D Thomas
    I recently reinstalled windows xp on my dell latitude d410 laptop, everything works fine as long as I don't shut down, when I do, I get a black screen with a list of choices, it gives me the option of trying to start windows normally or different safe modes, than a blue screen comes up and runs a check disk, it even ask me to pick a restore point the last time, which I did, I'm afraid to turn the computer off or restart it, what could be wrong?

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  • TrueCrypt partition will no longer mount

    - by sparkyuiop
    I am hoping for some advice to help me out of my situation, with luck. I have a computer running Windows 7 Ultimate x64 with 3 hard disks installed. On my 2TB hard disk 2 (non-system disk) I have 4 partitions. One is for music, another for video, a downloads partition and a 500GB RAW Truecrypt encrypted partition / volume that I had setup to mount with 4 photographs used as keyfiles. The 4 photographs are located in my 'Documents' partition which is one of four partitions on my 1.5TB hard disk 1 (non-system disk) When I setup the disk encryption I did not (I'm 99% sure) create a password, I only used the 4 photograph keyfiles to mount the volume. Recently my 1TB hard disk 0 (system / boot) started to fail so I decided to replace it. I was going to clone the old disk to a new disk but decided that a fresh installation would be more beneficial. Once I had transferred all the required 'User Data' from my old hard disk 0 (C: disk) I discarded it. I reinstalled Truecrypt, pointed to the partition, selected my 4 keyfiles photographs and I mounted my encrypted volume with no issues. In fact I mounted it several times after re-installing Windows and after reboots. Now all of a sudden when I try and mount it I get the message "incorrect keyfile(s) and/or password or not a Truecrypt volume". Now I am not sure why this happened as I do not recall exactly what I did between last mounting the volume successfully and it not mounting. Here are some of the possible things I may have done to cause it to stop working but I am at a loss as to where to start to try and resolve the problem. 1. I had swapped the drive letters to a preferred order. 2. I possibly swapped the physical SATA connectors on the mainboard. 3. I enabled 'Hot Plugging' for the two non-system hard disk SATA ports and the DVD SATA port in the BIOS. I have tried changing the encrypted partition drive letter as suggested in another post but this does not help. On my old system the encrypted drive was drive "X". I have about tried it with all the other free drive letters but alas nothing changes. I do not recall what drive letter was allocated to the encrypted partition before I changed them all. I have not tried to change the letter back to what it possibly was to start with as I am happy with the current layout. I will try this is anyone thinks it would be worthwhile though. I do hope I have managed to convey my situation in an understandable manner and live in hope someone could help me recover years of personal files. Thank you very much for taking the time to read my post and for any suggestions you may offer. Regards Phillip Thorne (UK) Anyone???

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  • VM Virtual guest machine disk defrag improves performance, myth or reality?

    - by jafin
    In operation of a virtual Vmware or Hyper-V guest typically advice is given to defrag the host and virtual disk images so to result in improved performance. Something like a cmd: vmware-vdiskmanager -d <file.vmdk> works great. Yet I can't find any qualitive evidence that suggest defraging inside the guest VM improves performance. Does anyone have advice or evidence that doesn't come from a commercial defragger's whitepaper that suggests inside guest defragging helps?

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  • Why is Core Data not persisting these changes to disk?

    - by scott
    I added a new entity to my model and it loads fine but no changes made in memory get persisted to disk. My values set on the car object work fine in memory but aren't getting persisted to disk on hitting the home button (in simulator). I am using almost exactly the same code on another entity in my application and its values persist to disk fine (core data - sqlite3); Does anyone have a clue what I'm overlooking here? Car is the managed object, cars in an NSMutableArray of car objects and Car is the entity and Visible is the attribute on the entity which I am trying to set. Thanks for you assistance. Scott - (void)viewDidLoad { myAppDelegate* appDelegate = (myAppDelegate*)[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate]; NSManagedObjectContext* managedObjectContex = appDelegate.managedObjectContext; NSFetchRequest* request = [[NSFetchRequest alloc] init]; NSEntityDescription* entity = [NSEntityDescription entityForName:@"Car" inManagedObjectContext:managedObjectContex]; [request setEntity:entity]; NSSortDescriptor* sortDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"Name" ascending:YES]; NSArray* sortDescriptors = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:sortDescriptor, nil]; [request setSortDescriptors:sortDescriptors]; [sortDescriptors release]; [sortDescriptor release]; NSError* error = nil; cars = [[managedObjectContex executeFetchRequest:request error:&error] mutableCopy]; if (cars == nil) { NSLog(@"Can't load the Cars data! Error: %@, %@", error, [error userInfo]); } [request release]; } - (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath*)indexPath { Car* car = [cars objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]; if (car.Visible == [NSNumber numberWithBool:YES]) { car.Visible = [NSNumber numberWithBool:NO]; [tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:indexPath].accessoryType = UITableViewCellAccessoryNone; } else { car.Visible = [NSNumber numberWithBool:YES]; [tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:indexPath].accessoryType = UITableViewCellAccessoryCheckmark; } }

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  • how i can retrive files from folder on hard-disk and how to display uplaoded file data into a textar

    - by Deepak Narwal
    I have made a application form in which i am asking for username,password,email id and user's resume.Now after uploading resume i am storing it into hard disk into htdocs/uploadedfiles/..in a format something like this username_filename.In database i am storing file name,file size,file type.Some coading for this i am showing here $filesize=$_FILES['file']['size']; $filename=$_FILES['file']['name']; $filetype=$_FILES['file']['type']; $temp_name=$_FILES['file']['tmp_name']; //temporary name of uploaded file $pwd_hash = hash('sha1',$_POST['password']); $target_path = "uploadedfiles/"; $target_path = $target_path.$_POST['username']."_".basename( $_FILES['file']['name']); move_uploaded_file($_FILES['file']['tmp_name'], $target_path) ; $sql="insert into employee values ('NULL','{$_POST[username]}','{$pwd_hash}','{$filename}','{$filetype}','$filesize',NOW())"; Now i have two questions 1.NOw how i can display this file data into a textarea(something like naukri.com resume section) 2.How one can retrive that resume file from folder on hard-disk.What query should i write to fetch this file from that folder.I know how to retrive data from database but i dont know how to retrive data from a folder in hard-disk like in the case if user want to delete this file or he wnat to download this file.How i can do this

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  • How to R/W hard disk when CPU is in Protect Mode?

    - by smwikipedia
    I am doing some OS experiment. Until now, all my code utilized the real mode BIOS interrupt to manipulate hard disk and floppy. But once my code enabled the Protect Mode of the CPU, all the real mode BIOS interrupt service routine won't be available. How could I R/W the hard disk and floppy? I have a feeling that I need to do some hardware drivers now. Am I right? Is this why an OS is so difficult to develop? I know that hardwares are all controlled by reading from and writing to certain control or data registers. For example, I know that the Command Block Registers of hard disk range from 0x1F0 to 0x1F7. But I am wondering whether the register addresses of so many different hardwares are the same on the PC platform? Or do I have to detect that before using them? How to detect them?? For any responses I present my deep appreciation.

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  • How does it hurt to use Linux (Ubuntu) as a guest OS for all my tasks?

    - by sauparna
    I have a machine running Windows, where the disk has two partitions C (50 GB) and D (250GB). I do research in Information Retrieval and need to work with a large corpus (more than 50 GB) and in Linux. So if I want to install Linux on the existing system, keeping the Windows installation intact, will it be fine to run it in a virtual box? (say, QEMU, VMWare, etc.) An alternative is using Wubi. In that case the Linux installation has to be on drive C. Then, if I keep a small Linux installation (say 5GB) on C, and my corpus on D (mounted in Linux), how will it affect the performance of my programs which would be accessing the mounted Windows drive D. Is it feasible to use Linux this way? Which of the above is better if at all they are a way out? Note : Since my post in July 2010, I have been using and have tried several ways of maintaining a disk-image that I can mount in Linux. I had a 100GB qcow2 disk and a 100GB raw disk, both formatted to an EXT3 file system. I was mounting and connecting to the qcow2 disk using qemu-nbd. The problem was that every now and then, the connection to the disk would get lost and the running programs would throw disk I/O errors. The raw disk would mount and work fine as a loop mounted device, but when writing data to it, the mount.ntfs program would hog the CPU and the process would take an enormous amount of time. I was in fact running make on a piece of software located on this raw disk, and after a point of time make was waiting while mount.ntfs would show 100% CPU usage.

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