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• SSH not working over IPSec tunnel (Strongswan)

  - by PattPatel

  I configured a small network on a cloud virtual machine. This virtual machine has a static IP address assigned to eth0 interface that I'll call $EXTIP. mydomain.com points to $EXTIP. Inside, I have some linux containers, that get their ip through DHCP in the Subnet 10.0.0.0/24 (i called the virtual interface nat ). They run some services that can be reached through DNAT. Then I wanted to connect to these containers through an IPSec tunnel, so I configured StrongSwan. ipsec.conf: conn %default dpdaction=none rekey=no conn remote keyexchange=ikev2 ike=######## left=[$EXTIP] leftsubnet=10.0.1.0/24,10.0.0.0/24 leftauth=pubkey lefthostaccess=yes leftcert=########.pem leftfirewall=yes leftid="#########" right=%any rightsourceip=10.0.1.0/24 rightauth=######## rightid=%any rightsendcert=never eap_identity=%any auto=add type=tunnel Everything works fine, IPSec clients get IPs of the 10.0.1.0/24 subnet and can reach the containers subnet. My problem is that I'm not able to get SSH connections over the tunnel. It simply does not work, ssh client does not produce any output. Sniffing with tcpdump gives: tcpdump: 09:50:29.648206 ARP, Request who-has 10.0.0.1 tell mydomain.com, length 28 09:50:29.648246 ARP, Reply 10.0.0.1 is-at 00:ff:aa:00:00:01 (oui Unknown), length 28 09:50:29.648253 IP mydomain.com.54869 > 10.0.0.1.ssh: Flags [S], seq 4007849772, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 1151153 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 09:50:29.648296 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [S.], seq 2809522632, ack 4007849773, win 14480, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 11482992 ecr 1151153,nop,wscale 6], length 0 09:50:29.677225 IP mydomain.com.54869 > 10.0.0.1.ssh: Flags [.], ack 2809522633, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 1151162 ecr 11482992], length 0 09:50:29.679370 IP mydomain.com.54869 > 10.0.0.1.ssh: Flags [P.], seq 0:23, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 1151162 ecr 11482992], length 23 09:50:29.679403 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [.], ack 24, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 11483002 ecr 1151162], length 0 09:50:29.684337 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [P.], seq 1:32, ack 24, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 11483003 ecr 1151162], length 31 09:50:29.685471 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [.], seq 32:1480, ack 24, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 11483003 ecr 1151162], length 1448 09:50:29.685519 IP mydomain.com > 10.0.0.1: ICMP mydomain.com unreachable - need to frag (mtu 1422), length 556 09:50:29.685567 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [.], seq 32:1402, ack 24, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 11483003 ecr 1151162], length 1370 09:50:29.685572 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [.], seq 1402:1480, ack 24, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 11483003 ecr 1151162], length 78 09:50:29.714601 IP mydomain.com.54869 > 10.0.0.1.ssh: Flags [.], ack 32, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 1151173 ecr 11483003], length 0 09:50:29.714642 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [P.], seq 1480:1600, ack 24, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 11483012 ecr 1151173], length 120 09:50:29.723649 IP mydomain.com.54869 > 10.0.0.1.ssh: Flags [P.], seq 1393:1959, ack 32, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 1151174 ecr 11483003], length 566 09:50:29.723677 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [.], ack 24, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 11483015 ecr 1151173,nop,nop,sack 1 {1394:1960}], length 0 09:50:29.725688 IP mydomain.com.54869 > 10.0.0.1.ssh: Flags [.], ack 1480, win 251, options [nop,nop,TS val 1151177 ecr 11483003], length 0 09:50:29.952394 IP 10.0.0.1.ssh > 10.0.1.2.54869: Flags [P.], seq 1480:1600, ack 24, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 11483084 ecr 1151173,nop,nop,sack 1 {1394:1960}], length 120 09:50:29.981056 IP mydomain.com.54869 > 10.0.0.1.ssh: Flags [.], ack 1600, win 251, options [nop,nop,TS val 1151253 ecr 11483084,nop,nop,sack 1 {1480:1600}], length 0 If you need it this is my iptables configuration file: iptables: *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [144:9669] :FORWARD DROP [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [97:15649] :interfacce-trusted - [0:0] :porte-trusted - [0:0] -A FORWARD -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -j interfacce-trusted -A FORWARD -j porte-trusted -A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-unreachable -A FORWARD -d 10.0.0.1/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -d 10.0.0.1/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -m state --state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -d 10.0.0.3/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 1234 -m state --state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A interfacce-trusted -i nat -j ACCEPT -A porte-trusted -d 10.0.0.1/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A porte-trusted -d 10.0.0.1/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A porte-trusted -d 10.0.0.3/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 1234 -j ACCEPT COMMIT *nat :PREROUTING ACCEPT [10:600] :INPUT ACCEPT [10:600] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [4:268] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [18:1108] -A PREROUTING -d [$EXTIP] -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.1:80 -A PREROUTING -d [$EXTIP] -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.1:443 -A PREROUTING -d [$EXTIP] -p tcp -m tcp --dport 8069 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.3:1234 -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/24 -o eth0 -m policy --dir out --pol ipsec -j ACCEPT -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.1.0/24 -o nat -j MASQUERADE -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE COMMIT Probably I'm missing something stupid... Thanks in advance for helping :))

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• Graphite Running using daemon tools getting defunct

  - by pradeepchhetri

  I am running carbon-cache.py and carbon-aggregator.py using daemon tools. When I made some changes in the storage-schema.conf and tried to restart the carbon-cache.py, I found that it is becoming zombie very frequently. root 3367 3366 0 03:23 pts/1 00:00:00 supervise carbon-aggregator root 3371 3366 0 03:23 pts/1 00:00:00 supervise carbon-cache root 3373 3367 3 03:23 pts/1 00:00:02 /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/carbon-aggregator.py --debug start root 3379 3372 0 03:23 pts/1 00:00:00 multilog t /var/log/multilog/carbon-cache root 3382 3368 0 03:23 pts/1 00:00:00 multilog t /var/log/multilog/carbon-aggregator root 3638 3371 21 03:24 pts/1 00:00:00 [carbon-cache.py] <defunct> Can someone tell me what may be the reason ?

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• How to prevent unison syncronize file when file process uploading

  - by user134600

  I use CentOS 5.8 Final. My situation is I running unison with cron where script below : */1 * * * * /usr/bin/unison /dev/null 2&1 and default profile like below : root = /var/www root = ssh://web02.example.com//var/www auto=true batch=true confirmbigdel=true fastcheck=true group=true owner=true prefer=newer silent=true times=true So in every minutes will syncronized www folder . My problem are : I upload file with size bigger than 10 MB to www from client with user1 permission where www folder is user1 owner. file in processing uploading then unison running in that minute and suddenly file upload owner changed to root:root When I editing file in www folder then I save when unison running, file owner changed to root:root where should be user1:user1 Is there anyone know about this problem?

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• How do I change the document root of a Linux Apache server?

  - by Daryl Spitzer

  I'm trying to learn how to configure an Apache HTTP server (with which I have no experience) someone else has setup in a VM running Ubuntu 8.04. I know the server is running, since I get "<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>" when I go to http://1.2.3.4/ (where 1.2.3.4 is the VM's IP number). I found apache2.conf and httpd.conf (among other files) in /etc/apache2/. httpd.conf is empty. I tried adding DocumentRoot "/home/username/temp" into /etc/apache2/httpd.conf and put some simple HTML in /home/username/temp/index.html. But when I reload http://1.2.3.4/ there's no change. Do I need to restart httpd to get it to accept the change to DocumentRoot?

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• SSL error: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines:X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch

  - by Tiffany Walker

  ERROR: SSL error: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines:X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch STEPS: openssl genrsa -out SITE.TLD.key 2048 openssl req -new -key SITE.TLD.key -out SITE.TLD.csr (send CSR to SSL site to sign) add CERT to SITE.TLD.crt add CA to SITE.TLD.ca chained them: cat SITE.TLD.crt SITE.TLD.ca > chained.cert Any Idea what I am doing wrong? I am using LiteSpeed HTTPd

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• Pros and Cons of Creating an Internal Cerificate Authority

  - by Chad

  What are the pros and cons of spinning up an internal certificate authority (primarily Windows 2003 CA)? We have the need to encypt server-server traffic on a project that has 20+ certificates. We could buy certs from Verisign, but I was thinking that an internal CA might be a better long term solution. So I was looking to the community to provide a pros/cons list of what we might gain (or lose) by hosting our own CA? Thanks in advance for the help.

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• Rewriting to address on postfix local aliases

  - by Wade Williams

  I was running into the common problem that mail for "root" on my system was having $mydomain appended, and because $mydomain is not in $mydestination, the mail was being sent to our central mail server as "root@domain." I cannot add $mydomain to $mydestination, because if I understand it correctly, that would mean all mail addressed to $mydomain would be looked up locally, and if an alias does not exist, delivery would fail. So, I followed these instructions: Delivering some, but not all accounts locally which seems to have resolved the problem. Mail for "root" is now expanded according to /etc/aliases and delivered to the non-local address I desire. The one oddity however is that the "To:" address still reads "root@domain." Is there any way I can get the "To" address to be the one that the alias directed its delivery? So for example, if my alias says that mail for "root" should go to "hostname-admin@domain" is there any way the "To" address can be rewritten as "hostname-admin@domain?" Currently it still shows as "root@domain."

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• How Do I Schedule Cron to Run at Specific intervals?

  - by Russ

  I have 6 scripts that each take about 20 minutes to run, I want to schedule cron to run the first 3 at 00, 20, and 40 on the odd hours and the second 3 at the same intervals on the even hours. How can I tell cron to do this? is it something like this: 0 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24 * * * root Script1 20 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24 * * * root Script2 40 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24 * * * root Script3 0 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,17,19,21,23 * * * root Script4 20 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,17,19,21,23 * * * root Script5 40 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,17,19,21,23 * * * root Script6

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• BIOS root kit? Or, how do I fresh install a clean BIOS?

  - by Leopold_Bloom

  So I was installing questionable operating system onto my EEE pc and it required me to downgrade the BIOS which I really am not an expert at. I used a patch and it appeared to work. Now, I'm paranoid about the downgrade because, honestly, I have no idea where the code came from or what could be in it. My question, then, is it possible to "start over" completely fresh with my BIOS? As in wipe out the possibly malicious BIOS and go back to the manufacturer-provided one? Has anyone done something similar to this? I just want to install Ubuntu Netbook Remix to the EEE pc 1000 but I want to make sure the BIOS are secure. Any advice would help tremendously, or am I just being uber paranoid? BIOS are definitely not my strength.

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• Using dynamic dns updater as Windows service

  - by Sami-L

  Currently I am using a dynamic dns updater software on Windows, but to keep it updating I have not to close it, also the software is not able to run at backgoud, I searched on google but the answer became complicated since there are many details to pay attention to, free, not free, installed on machine, configured on router, trusted, not trusted ... So please help me find a trusted free dns updater for Windows which can run as service, and maybe which can send email when update fails.

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• Is there a tool that can test what SSL/TLS cipher suites a particular website offers?

  - by Jeremy Powell

  Is there a tool that can test what SSL/TLS cipher suites a particular website offers? I've tried openssl, but if you examine the output: $ echo -n | openssl s_client -connect www.google.com:443 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=1 /C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate verify return:0 --- Certificate chain 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Google Inc/CN=www.google.com i:/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA 1 s:/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority --- Server certificate -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIDITCCAoqgAwIBAgIQL9+89q6RUm0PmqPfQDQ+mjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBM MQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTElMCMGA1UEChMcVGhhd3RlIENvbnN1bHRpbmcgKFB0eSkg THRkLjEWMBQGA1UEAxMNVGhhd3RlIFNHQyBDQTAeFw0wOTEyMTgwMDAwMDBaFw0x MTEyMTgyMzU5NTlaMGgxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpDYWxpZm9ybmlh MRYwFAYDVQQHFA1Nb3VudGFpbiBWaWV3MRMwEQYDVQQKFApHb29nbGUgSW5jMRcw FQYDVQQDFA53d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbTCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkC gYEA6PmGD5D6htffvXImttdEAoN4c9kCKO+IRTn7EOh8rqk41XXGOOsKFQebg+jN gtXj9xVoRaELGYW84u+E593y17iYwqG7tcFR39SDAqc9BkJb4SLD3muFXxzW2k6L 05vuuWciKh0R73mkszeK9P4Y/bz5RiNQl/Os/CRGK1w7t0UCAwEAAaOB5zCB5DAM BgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMDYGA1UdHwQvMC0wK6ApoCeGJWh0dHA6Ly9jcmwudGhhd3Rl LmNvbS9UaGF3dGVTR0NDQS5jcmwwKAYDVR0lBCEwHwYIKwYBBQUHAwEGCCsGAQUF BwMCBglghkgBhvhCBAEwcgYIKwYBBQUHAQEEZjBkMCIGCCsGAQUFBzABhhZodHRw Oi8vb2NzcC50aGF3dGUuY29tMD4GCCsGAQUFBzAChjJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnRoYXd0 ZS5jb20vcmVwb3NpdG9yeS9UaGF3dGVfU0dDX0NBLmNydDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUF AAOBgQCfQ89bxFApsb/isJr/aiEdLRLDLE5a+RLizrmCUi3nHX4adpaQedEkUjh5 u2ONgJd8IyAPkU0Wueru9G2Jysa9zCRo1kNbzipYvzwY4OA8Ys+WAi0oR1A04Se6 z5nRUP8pJcA2NhUzUnC+MY+f6H/nEQyNv4SgQhqAibAxWEEHXw== -----END CERTIFICATE----- subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Google Inc/CN=www.google.com issuer=/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA --- No client certificate CA names sent --- SSL handshake has read 1777 bytes and written 316 bytes --- New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is AES256-SHA Server public key is 1024 bit Compression: NONE Expansion: NONE SSL-Session: Protocol : TLSv1 Cipher : AES256-SHA Session-ID: 748E2B5FEFF9EA065DA2F04A06FBF456502F3E64DF1B4FF054F54817C473270C Session-ID-ctx: Master-Key: C4284AE7D76421F782A822B3780FA9677A726A25E1258160CA30D346D65C5F4049DA3D10A41F3FA4816DD9606197FAE5 Key-Arg : None Start Time: 1266259321 Timeout : 300 (sec) Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate) --- it just shows that the cipher suite is something with AES256-SHA. I know I could grep through the hex dump of the conversation, but I was hoping for something a little more elegant. I would prefer Linux tools, but Windows (or other) would be fine. This question is motivated by the security testing I do for PCI and general penetration testing. Update: GregS points out below that the SSL server picks from the cipher suites of the client. So it seems I would need to test all cipher suites one at a time. I think I can hack something together, but is there a tool that does particularly this?

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• CentOS 6: Can not start NFS

  - by Chris

  I am unable to start the NFS service. When starting there is no error. But the services are stopt after it. No messages at all in /var/log/messages. Same happens to rpcbind serivce. Any idea what this could be? I also tried to disable iptables. [root@server1 ~]# service nfs start [root@server1 ~]# service nfs status rpc.svcgssd is stopped rpc.mountd is stopped nfsd is stopped rpc.rquotad is stopped [root@server1 ~]# service rpcbind start [root@server1 ~]# service rpcbind status rpcbind is stopped [root@server1 ~]# cat /etc/exports /tmp *(ro) [root@server1 ~]# chkconfig --list | egrep '(rpcbind|nfs)' nfs 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off nfslock 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off

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• oddities in interference of linux extened ACLs and 'regular' permissions

  - by abbot

  I've got some legacy code which checks that some file is read-only and readable only by it's owner, i.e. permissions set to 0400. I also need to give read-only access to this file to some other user on the system. I'm trying to set extended ACLs, but this changes 'regular' permission bits in a strange way also: $ ls -l hostkey.pem -r-------- 1 root root 0 Jun 7 23:34 hostkey.pem $ setfacl -m user:apache:r hostkey.pem $ getfacl hostkey.pem # file: hostkey.pem # owner: root # group: root user::r-- user:apache:r-- group::--- mask::r-- other::--- $ ls -l hostkey.pem -r--r-----+ 1 root root 0 Jun 7 23:34 hostkey.pem And after this the legacy code starts complaining that the file is group-readable (while it is actually not!) Is it possible to set the extended ACLs in such a way that some other user will also have read-only access, while the file will appear to have only 0400 'regular' permissions?

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• Elastic beanstalk access private git repo

  - by user221676

  I am trying to currently add an ssh key to my elastic beanstalk instances using .ebextensions commands. The keys I have stored are in my application code and I try to copy them to the root .ssh folder so I can access them when doing a git+ssh clone later here is an example of the config file in my .ebextensions folder packages: yum: git: [] container_commands: 01-move-ssh-keys: command: "cp .ssh/* ~root/.ssh/; chmod 400 ~root/.ssh/tca_read_rsa; chmod 400 ~root/.ssh/tca_read_rsa.pub; chmod 644 ~root/.ssh/known_hosts;" 02-add-ssh-keys: command: "ssh-add ~root/.ssh/tca_read_rsa" the problem is that I get is an error when attempting to clone the repo Host key verification failed. I have tried many ways of try to add the host to the known_hosts file but none have worked! The command that is doing the clone is npm install as the repo points to a node module

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• Various problems with software raid1 array built with Samsung 840 Pro SSDs

  - by Andy B

  I am bringing to ServerFault a problem that is tormenting me for 6+ months. I have a CentOS 6 (64bit) server with an md software raid-1 array with 2 x Samsung 840 Pro SSDs (512GB). Problems: Serious write speed problems: root [~]# time dd if=arch.tar.gz of=test4 bs=2M oflag=sync 146+1 records in 146+1 records out 307191761 bytes (307 MB) copied, 23.6788 s, 13.0 MB/s real 0m23.680s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.932s When doing the above (or any other larger copy) the load spikes to unbelievable values (even over 100) going up from ~ 1. When doing the above I've also noticed very weird iostat results: Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util sda 0.00 1589.50 0.00 54.00 0.00 13148.00 243.48 0.60 11.17 0.46 2.50 sdb 0.00 1627.50 0.00 16.50 0.00 9524.00 577.21 144.25 1439.33 60.61 100.00 md1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md2 0.00 0.00 0.00 1602.00 0.00 12816.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 And it keeps it this way until it actually writes the file to the device (out from swap/cache/memory). The problem is that the second SSD in the array has svctm and await roughly 100 times larger than the second. For some reason the wear is different between the 2 members of the array root [~]# smartctl --attributes /dev/sda | grep -i wear 177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 094% 094 000 Pre-fail Always - 180 root [~]# smartctl --attributes /dev/sdb | grep -i wear 177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 070% 070 000 Pre-fail Always - 1005 The first SSD has a wear of 6% while the second SSD has a wear of 30%!! It's like the second SSD in the array works at least 5 times as hard as the first one as proven by the first iteration of iostat (the averages since reboot): Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util sda 10.44 51.06 790.39 125.41 8803.98 1633.11 11.40 0.33 0.37 0.06 5.64 sdb 9.53 58.35 322.37 118.11 4835.59 1633.11 14.69 0.33 0.76 0.29 12.97 md1 0.00 0.00 1.88 1.33 15.07 10.68 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md2 0.00 0.00 1109.02 173.12 10881.59 1620.39 9.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md0 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.01 3.10 0.02 7.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 What I've tried: I've updated the firmware to DXM05B0Q (following reports of dramatic improvements for 840Ps after this update). I have looked for "hard resetting link" in dmesg to check for cable/backplane issues but nothing. I have checked the alignment and I believe they are aligned correctly (1MB boundary, listing below) I have checked /proc/mdstat and the array is Optimal (second listing below). root [~]# fdisk -ul /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 512.1 GB, 512110190592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 62260 cylinders, total 1000215216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00026d59 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 4196351 2097152 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 * 4196352 4605951 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 4605952 814106623 404750336 fd Linux raid autodetect root [~]# fdisk -ul /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 512.1 GB, 512110190592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 62260 cylinders, total 1000215216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0003dede Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sdb2 * 4196352 4605951 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sdb3 4605952 814106623 404750336 fd Linux raid autodetect /proc/mdstat root # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0] 204736 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU] md2 : active raid1 sdb3[1] sda3[0] 404750144 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU] md1 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0] 2096064 blocks super 1.1 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: Running a read test with hdparm root [~]# hdparm -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing buffered disk reads: 664 MB in 3.00 seconds = 221.33 MB/sec root [~]# hdparm -t /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing buffered disk reads: 288 MB in 3.01 seconds = 95.77 MB/sec But look what happens if I add --direct root [~]# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 788 MB in 3.01 seconds = 262.08 MB/sec root [~]# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 534 MB in 3.02 seconds = 176.90 MB/sec Both tests increase but /dev/sdb doubles while /dev/sda increases maybe 20%. I just don't know what to make of this. As suggested by Mr. Wagner I've done another read test with dd this time and it confirms the hdparm test: root [/home2]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/null bs=1G count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10737418240 bytes (11 GB) copied, 38.0855 s, 282 MB/s root [/home2]# dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/null bs=1G count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10737418240 bytes (11 GB) copied, 115.24 s, 93.2 MB/s So sda is 3 times faster than sdb. Or maybe sdb is doing also something else besides what sda does. Is there some way to find out if sdb is doing more than what sda does? UPDATE Again, as suggested by Mr. Wagner, I have swapped the 2 SSDs. And as he thought it would happen, the problem moved from sdb to sda. So I guess I'll RMA one of the SSDs. I wonder if the cage might be problematic. What is wrong with this array? Please help!

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• Subdomain only accessible from one computer

  - by Edan Maor

  I recently added a wildcard A record to my domain (*.root.com), mapping it to a certain elastic ip on AWS. I've configured apache to redirect all references to something.root.com to root.com, except for one specific "dev" subdomain, which is hosting its own site (a Django app, specifically). The Problem: This setup works perfectly for me on my computer. But on other computers around the office, it doesn't seem to work. Specifically, trying to visit dev.root.com gives an "unable to find server" error. Pinging dev.root.com gives a "cannot resolve hostname" error. The weird thing: pinging any other subdomain of root.com does work, from all machines. I would think this was all due to DNS propagation, except all the computers are behind the same office router, so how could that be the case? Any ideas?

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• View rotated log files Mac OS X Server (*.?.gz)

  - by Meltemi

  Trying to look at some of our older log files and find they're cryptic "Unix Executable Files". This particular server I'm working with is an older Mac OS X Server (10.4 - Tiger). -rw-r----- 1 root admin 36 1 Jun 15:48 wtmp -rw-r--r-- 1 root admin 578 27 May 17:40 wtmp.0.gz -rw-r----- 1 root admin 89 26 Apr 13:57 wtmp.1.gz -rw-r----- 1 root admin 78 29 Mar 16:43 wtmp.2.gz -rw-r----- 1 root admin 69 15 Feb 17:21 wtmp.3.gz -rw-r----- 1 root admin 137 16 Jan 13:09 wtmp.4.gz i'm using zless to try and view the contents of the .gz files. and what i see is unreadable: ... <DF>^R<AF>ttyp1^@^@^@joe54^@^@^@^@^@108.184.63.22^@^@^@^@K<DF>"<B8>ttyp1^@^@^@^@^@ ^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@K<DF>%<A1>console^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@ ^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@K<E0>1 ~^@^@^@^@^@^@^@shutdown^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@ ^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@K<E0>1^L~^@^@^@^@^@^@^@reboot^@^@^@^@^@^@ ... same goes for system.log.0.gz, etc... anything that's been rolled in compressed .gz files. What am i missing?

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• How to secure both root domain and wildcard subdomains with one SSL cert?

  - by Question Overflow

  I am trying to generate a self-signed SSL certificate to secure both example.com and *.example.com. Looking at the answers to this and this questions, there seems to be an equal number of people agreeing and disagreeing whether this could be done. However, the website from a certification authority seems to suggest that it could be done. Currently, these are the changes added to my openssl configuration file: [req] req_extensions = v3_req [req_distinguished_name] commonName = example.com [v3_req] subjectAltName = @alt_names [alt_names] DNS.1 = example.com DNS.2 = *.example.com I tried the above configuration and generated a certificate. When navigating to https://example.com, it produces the usual warning that the cert is "self-signed". After acceptance, I navigate to https://abc.example.com and an additional warning is produced, saying that the certificate is only valid for example.com. The certificate details only listed example.com in the certificate hierarchy with no signs of any wildcard subdomain being present. I am not sure whether this is due to a misconfiguration or that the common name should have a wildcard or that this could not be done.

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• OpenVPN route missing

  - by dajuric

  I can connect to an OpenVPN server from Windows without any problems. But when I try to connect from Ubuntu 12.04 (start OpenVPN) I receive the following: OpenVPN needs a gateway parameter for a --route option and no default was specified by either --route-gateway or --ifconfig options SERVER IP: 161.53.X.X internal network: 10.0.0.0 / 8 What I need to do ? client configuration: client dev tap proto udp remote 161.53.X.X 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind ca ca.crt cert client.crt key client.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3 server conf: local 161.53.X.X port 1194 proto udp dev tap dev-node OpenVPN ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret dh dh1024.pem # DHCP leases addresses to clients server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. push "route 10.0.0.1 255.255.0.0" client-to-client duplicate-cn keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo verb 6

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• How to figure out which directory is web server root?

  - by matt

  I want to view websites hosted on my Mac when running Windows VMware Fusion. I have an entry in the Windows hosts file to enable the routing: #ip of my mac domain i use on the VM to access it 192.168.1.70 mymac However, it resolves to an empty directory as a 404 is generated. I can see the access log on my Mac that everything is OK access wise. Firefox on VMware states the following response headers: Server Apache/2.2.14 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.2.14 OpenSSL/0.9.8l DAV/2 PHP/5.3.1 Any ideas how I can figure out what directory is being served? I am lost in a maze of twisty httpd.conf passages. localhost on my Mac resolves to my ~/Sites directory. 192.168.1.70 resolves to the same empty directory/404. Thanks.

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• Apache: How to enable Directory Index browsing at the Doc Root level?

  - by Brian Lacy

  I have several web development projects running on Fedora 13. I generally setup Apache to serve my larger projects as Virtual Hosts, but I've got several small projects cycling through that I don't really care to setup a VirtualHost for each one. Instead I'd like them all under a subdirectory of the main VirtualHost entry. I just want Apache to serve me the directory index when I browse to the host name. For example, the hostname projects.mydomain.com refers to /var/www/projects, and that directory contains only subdirectories (no index file). Unfortunately when I browse to the host directly I get: Forbidden You don't have permission to access / on this server. Additionally, a 404 Not Found error was encountered while trying to use an ErrorDocument to handle the request. But my virtual host entry in my apache config looks like this: <VirtualHost *> ServerName projects.mydomain.com DocumentRoot /var/www/projects <Directory "/var/www/projects"> Options +FollowSymlinks +Indexes AllowOverride all </Directory> </VirtualHost> What am I missing here?

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• How can I upgrade Ubuntu from 9.10 to 10.04 on a netbook with a 4GB root partition?

  - by Blorgbeard

  I have an Asus EeePC 901, running Ubuntu 9.10. I'd like to upgrade it to 10.04. I don't want to reinstall, since I have a bunch of scripts and programs all set up. However, when I attempt to upgrade using sudo apt-get dist-upgrade, I get an error asking me to free up another ~600MB on /. My / is mounted on sda0, which is a 4GB SSD. I do not have 600MB worth of deletable stuff on /. I've emptied my trash, and done apt-get autoremove and apt-get clean. I do have plenty of space in /home, mounted on sda1 (a 16GB SSD). Is there some way I can tell apt-get to use a different download/temp directory?

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• How to Create a shortcut to files / folders on a drive with different / changing letters (root)?

  - by Rolo

  I have seen this question asked and answered many times but the location one usually desires to create the shortcut is on the actual drive with the different letters. I would like to create the shortcut on the drive with the permanent letter. So, let me explain further. I have a C Drive and a G Drive. The C Drive is always C and it's on a Windows XP computer. The G drive may be G today, but H tomorrow. How can I create a permanently working shortcut on the C Drive that points to the G, sometimes H, external hard drive? P.S. I am referring to an external hard drive, but I would also (not instead) be interested in the answer if it were a usb flash drive. (Keep in mind the shortcut is being created on the drive with the permanent letter). Thanks.

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• How to configure what certificates can be issued using Web Enrollment in Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise?

  - by antik

  I have a CA installed on of my Windows Servers in a small farm of systems. I've installed the Certification Authority Web Enrollment and Certificate Enrollment Web Service roles on the CA. I want to issue a Computer certificate to a computer not jointed to my domain. The user attempting web enrollment has domain credentials. The user was able to navigate to https://myServerHostname/certsrv and request a User certificate successfully. However, the user needs a Computer cert as well. From the certsrv site, the user tried the following: Advanced Certificate Request Create and Submit a Request to this CA However, the Computer certificate template is not available under the Certificate Template heading. He is only seeing "User" and "Basic EFS". How do I configure the CA to allow him to request a Computer cert for his system?

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• OpenVZ kernel panic

  - by GtoXic

  I recently installed OpenVZ on my VMWare box (To do some testing) and I get the following: https://www.dropbox.com/s/p38btkv5j84bvsh/Capture.JPG the GRUB config is as follows: # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 # initrd /initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title OpenVZ (2.6.32-042stab057.1) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-042stab057.1 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 sysfs.deprecated=1 initrd /initrd-2.6.32-042stab057.1.img title CentOS (2.6.18-238.el5) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-238.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 initrd /initrd-2.6.18-238.el5.img

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