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  • How to find nth element from the end of a singly linked list?

    - by Codenotguru
    The following function is trying to find the nth to last element of a singly linked list. For example: If the elements are 8->10->5->7->2->1->5->4->10->10 then the result is 7th to last node is 7. Can anybody help me on how this code is working or is there a better and simpler approach? LinkedListNode nthToLast(LinkedListNode head, int n) { if (head == null || n < 1) { return null; } LinkedListNode p1 = head; LinkedListNode p2 = head; for (int j = 0; j < n - 1; ++j) { // skip n-1 steps ahead if (p2 == null) { return null; // not found since list size < n } p2 = p2.next; } while (p2.next != null) { p1 = p1.next; p2 = p2.next; } return p1; }

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  • MATLAB: Reading floating point numbers and strings from a file

    - by xsound
    I am using the following functions for writing and reading 4098 floating point numbers in MATLAB: Writing: fid = fopen(completepath, 'w'); fprintf(fid, '%1.30f\r\n', y) Reading: data = textread(completepath, '%f', 4098); where y contains 4098 numbers. I now want to write and read 3 strings at the end of this data. How do I read two different datatypes? Please help me. Thanks in advance.

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  • calculating offer period for subscription

    - by TheVillageIdiot
    I'm maintaining a web application which deals with some kind of subscriptions. Users can to renew their subscriptions from 2 months before expiry (not earlier than that). Sometimes user does not renew before expiry and get grace period which is of 3 months. Now he can renew in these 3 months of grace period. Now the problem part. In the previous transactions of renew requests I have to show what was the offer period for that particular request (subscription start and subscription end period if renew was granted). Things are pretty simple if user renews before expiry, but I'm not able to get things straight if there is grace period specially when the subscriptions is expiring in last months of the year. Also there sometimes calculations go haywire when subscription is ending in jan or feb. All this is happening because offer period is not saved with the application anywhere (I don't know why). so if subscription is ending in 20 October 2008 and renew application is submitted in 16 January 2009 (because of grace period) the offer period should be 21 October 2008 to 20 October 2009.

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  • determine if intersection of a set with conjunction of two other sets is empty

    - by koen
    For any three given sets A, B and C: is there a way to determine (programmatically) whether there is an element of A that is part of the conjunction of B and C? example: A: all numbers greater than 3 B: all numbers lesser than 7 C: all numbers that equal 5 In this case there is an element in set A, being the number 5, that fits. I'm implementing this as specifications, so this numerical range is just an example. A, B, C could be anything.

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  • Easiest way of checking if a string consists of unique characters?

    - by serg555
    I need to check in Java if a word consists of unique letters (case insensitive). As straight solution is boring, I came up with: For every char in a string check if indexOf(char) == lastIndexOf(char). Add all chars to HashSet and check if set size == string length. Convert a string to a char array, sort it alphabetically, loop through array elements and check if c[i] == c[i+1]. Currently I like #2 the most, seems like the easiest way. Any other interesting solutions?

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  • STL vector reserve() and copy()

    - by natersoz
    Greetings, I am trying to perform a copy from one vector (vec1) to another vector (vec2) using the following 2 abbreviated lines of code (full test app follows): vec2.reserve( vec1.size() ); copy(vec1.begin(), vec1.end(), vec2.begin()); While the call to vec2 sets the capacity of vector vec2, the copying of data to vec2 seems to not fill in the values from vec1 to vec2. Replacing the copy() function with calls to push_back() works as expected. What am I missing here? Thanks for your help. vectest.cpp test program followed by resulting output follows. Compiler: gcc 3.4.4 on cygwin. Nat /** * vectest.cpp */ #include <iostream> #include <vector> using namespace std; int main() { vector<int> vec1; vector<int> vec2; vec1.push_back(1); vec1.push_back(2); vec1.push_back(3); vec1.push_back(4); vec1.push_back(5); vec1.push_back(6); vec1.push_back(7); vec2.reserve( vec1.size() ); copy(vec1.begin(), vec1.end(), vec2.begin()); cout << "vec1.size() = " << vec1.size() << endl; cout << "vec1.capacity() = " << vec1.capacity() << endl; cout << "vec1: "; for( vector<int>::const_iterator iter = vec1.begin(); iter < vec1.end(); ++iter ) { cout << *iter << " "; } cout << endl; cout << "vec2.size() = " << vec2.size() << endl; cout << "vec2.capacity() = " << vec2.capacity() << endl; cout << "vec2: "; for( vector<int>::const_iterator iter = vec2.begin(); iter < vec2.end(); ++iter ) { cout << *iter << endl; } cout << endl; } output: vec1.size() = 7 vec1.capacity() = 8 vec1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 vec2.size() = 0 vec2.capacity() = 7 vec2:

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  • Finding a small image in a bigger one

    - by tur1ng
    Given an image with a large dimension ( 1.000 x 1.000). What is a good approach to find a small image (e.g. 50 x 50) in the big one? The smaller image can be rotated and differ in the size, but only with a 1:1 ratio. It's not related to any programming language - I'm just interested in pattern recognition. Thank you.

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  • Given 4 objects, how to figure out whether exactly 2 have a certain property

    - by Cocorico
    Hi guys! I have another question on how to make most elegant solution to this problem, since I cannot afford to go to computer school right so my actual "pure programming" CS knowledge is not perfect or great. This is basically an algorhythm problem (someone please correct me if I am using that wrong, since I don't want to keep saying them and embarass myself) I have 4 objects. Each of them has an species property that can either be a dog, cat, pig or monkey. So a sample situation could be: object1.species=pig object2.species=cat object3.species=pig object4.species=dog Now, if I want to figure out if all 4 are the same species, I know I could just say: if ( (object1.species==object2.species) && (object2.species==object3.species) && (object3.species==object4.species) ) { // They are all the same animal (don't care WHICH animal they are) } But that isn't so elegant right? And if I suddenly want to know if EXACTLY 3 or 2 of them are the same species (don't care WHICH species it is though), suddenly I'm in spaghetti code. I am using Objective C although I don't know if that matters really, since the most elegant solution to this is I assume the same in all languages conceptually? Anyone got good idea? Thanks!!

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  • red black tree balancing?

    - by Anirudh Kaki
    i am working to generate tango tree, where i need to check whether every sub tree in tango is balanced or not. if its not balanced i need to make it balance? I trying so hard to make entire RB-tree balance but i not getting any proper logic so can any one help me out?? here i am adding code to check how to find my tree is balanced are not but when its not balanced how can i make it balance. static boolean verifyProperty5(rbnode n) { int left = 0, right = 0; if (n != null) { bh++; left = blackHeight(n.left, 0); right = blackHeight(n.right, 0); } if (left == right) { System.out.println("black height is :: " + bh); return true; } else { System.out.println("in balance"); return false; } } public static int blackHeight(rbnode root, int len) { bh = 0; blackHeight(root, path1, len); return bh; } private static void blackHeight(rbnode root, int path1[], int len) { if (root == null) return; if (root.color == "black"){ root.black_count = root.parent.black_count+1; } else{ root.black_count = root.parent.black_count; } if ((root.left == null) && (root.right == null)) { bh = root.black_count; } blackHeight(root.left, path1, len); blackHeight(root.right, path1, len); }

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  • Find three numbers appeared only once

    - by shilk
    In a sequence of length n, where n=2k+3, that is there are k unique numbers appeared twice and three numbers appeared only once. The question is: how to find the three unique numbers that appeared only once? for example, in sequence 1 1 2 6 3 6 5 7 7 the three unique numbers are 2 3 5. Note: 3<=n<1e6 and the number will range from 1 to 2e9 Memory limits: 1000KB , this implies that we can't store the whole sequence. Method I have tried(Memory limit exceed): I initialize a tree, and when read in one number I try to remove it from the tree, if the remove returns false(not found), I add it to the tree. Finally, the tree has the three numbers. It works, but is Memory limit exceed. I know how to find one or two such number(s) using bit manipulation. So I wonder if we can find three using the same method(or some method similar)? Method to find one/two number(s) appeared only once: If there is one number appeared only once, we can apply XOR to the sequence to find it. If there are two, we can first apply XOR to the sequence, then separate the sequence into 2 parts by one bit of the result that is 1, and again apply XOR to the 2 parts, and we will find the answer.

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  • Chain call in clojure?

    - by Konrad Garus
    I'm trying to implement sieve of Eratosthenes in Clojure. One approach I would like to test is this: Get range (2 3 4 5 6 ... N) For 2 <= i <= N Pass my range through filter that removes multiplies of i For i+1th iteration, use result of the previous filtering I know I could do it with loop/recur, but this is causing stack overflow errors (for some reason tail call optimization is not applied). How can I do it iteratively? I mean invoking N calls to the same routine, passing result of ith iteration to i+1th.

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  • Choice of programming language for learning data structures and algorithms

    - by bguiz
    Which programming language would you recommend to learn about data structures and algorithms in? Considering the follwing: Personal experience Language features (pointers, OO, etc) Suitability for learning DS & A concepts I ask because there are some books out there that are programming language-agnostic (written from a Mathematical perspective, and use pseudocode). If I learn from one of these I would like to work out the algorithms in a chosen language. Then, there are other books which introduce DS & A concepts with examples in a particular programming laguage - and I would follow these examples as well. Either way, I have to choose a language, and I would like to stick to one throughout. Which one best fits the bill.

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  • Fastest primality test

    - by Grigory Javadyan
    Hi. Could you suggest a fast, deterministic method that is usable in practice, for testing if a large number is prime or not? Also, I would like to know how to use non-deterministic primality tests correctly. For example, if I'm using such a method, I can be sure that a number is not prime if the output is "no", but what about the other case, when the output is "probably"? Do I have to test for primality manually in this case? Thanks in advance.

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  • total number of magic square from 9 numbers

    - by Peeyush
    9 numbers need to be arranged in a magic number square. A magic number square is a square of numbers that is arranged such that every row and column has the same sum.(condition for diagonal has been relaxed) For example: 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 How do we calculate total number of distinct magic square from 9 numbers. Two magic number squares are distinct if they differ in value at one or more positions. For example, there is only one magic number square that can be made of 9 instances of the same number. e.g. for these 9 numbers { 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 }, answer should be 1. Also the complexity should be optimal. Do we need to iterate through all the permutations , discarding if a[0]+a[1]+a[2] %3!=0 such combinations ? moreover how do we remove duplicate magic square?

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  • I am trying to build a list of limitations of all graph algorithms

    - by Jack
    Single Source shortest Path Dijkstra's - directed and undirected - works only for positive edge weights - cycles ?? Bellman Ford - directed - no cycles should exist All source shortest path Floyd Warshall - no info Minimum Spanning Tree ( no info about edge weights or nature of graph or cycles) Kruskal's Prim's - undirected Baruvka's

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  • Zoom image to pixel level

    - by zaf
    For an art project, one of the things I'll be doing is zooming in on an image to a particular pixel. I've been rubbing my chin and would love some advice on how to proceed. Here are the input parameters: Screen: sw - screen width sh - screen height Image: iw - image width ih - image height Pixel: px - x position of pixel in image py - y position of pixel in image Zoom: zf - zoom factor (0.0 to 1.0) Background colour: bc - background colour to use when screen and image aspect ratios are different Outputs: The zoomed image (no anti-aliasing) The screen position/dimensions of the pixel we are zooming to. When zf is 0 the image must fit the screen with correct aspect ratio. When zf is 1 the selected pixel fits the screen with correct aspect ratio. One idea I had was to use something like povray and move the camera towards a big image texture or some library (e.g. pygame) to do the zooming. Anyone think of something more clever with simple pseudo code? To keep it more simple you can make the image and screen have the same aspect ratio. I can live with that. I'll update with more info as its required.

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  • Grouping php array items based on user and created time

    - by Jim
    This is an array of objects showing a user uploading photos: Array ( [12] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:36:41 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photo] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4181 ) ) [44] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:37:15 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photo] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4180 ) ) ) However instead of showing: mr smith uploaded one photo mr smith uploaded one photo I'd like to display: mr smith uploaded two photos by grouping similar items, grouping by user ID and them having added them within, let's say 15 minutes of each other. So I'd like to get the array in this sort of shape: Array ( [12] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:36:41 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photos] => Array ( [0] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4181 ) [1] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4180 ) ) ) ) preserving the first item of the group and it's created time, and supplementing it with any other groupable photos and then unsetting any items that were grouped (so the final array doesn't have key 44 anymore as it was grouped in with 12). The array contains other actions than just photos, hence the original keys of 12 and 44. I just can't figure out a way to do this efficiently. I used to use MySQL and PHP to do this but am trying to just use pure PHP for caching reasons. Can anyone shed any insights? I thought about going through each item and seeing if I can group it with the previous one in the array but the previous one might not necessarily be relevant or even a photo. I've got total brain freeze :(

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  • Minimum cost strongly connected digraph

    - by Kazoom
    I have a digraph which is strongly connected (i.e. there is a path from i to j and j to i for each pair of nodes (i, j) in the graph G). I wish to find a strongly connected graph out of this graph such that the sum of all edges is the least. To put it differently, I need to get rid of edges in such a way that after removing them, the graph will still be strongly connected and of least cost for the sum of edges. I think it's an NP hard problem. I'm looking for an optimal solution, not approximation, for a small set of data like 20 nodes. Edit A more general description: Given a grap G(V,E) find a graph G'(V,E') such that if there exists a path from v1 to v2 in G than there also exists a path between v1 and v2 in G' and sum of each ei in E' is the least possible. so its similar to finding a minimum equivalent graph, only here we want to minimize the sum of edge weights rather than sum of edges. Edit: My approach so far: I thought of solving it using TSP with multiple visits, but it is not correct. My goal here is to cover each city but using a minimum cost path. So, it's more like the cover set problem, I guess, but I'm not exactly sure. I'm required to cover each and every city using paths whose total cost is minimum, so visiting already visited paths multiple times does not add to the cost.

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  • Brackets matching using BIT

    - by amit.codename13
    edit: I was trying to solve a spoj problem. Here is the link to the problem : http://spoj.pl/problems/BRCKTS I can think of two possible data structures for solving the problem one using segment tree and the other using a BIT. I have already implemented the solution using a segment tree. I have read about BIT but i can't figure out how to do a particular thing with it(which i have mentioned below) I am trying to check if brackets are balanced in a given string containing only ('s or )'s. I am using a BIT(Binary indexed tree) for solving the problem. The procedure i am following is as follows: I am taking an array of size equal to the number of characters in the string. I am assigning -1 for ) and 1 for ( to the corresponding array elements. Brackets are balanced in the string only if the following two conditions are true. The cumulative sum of the whole array is zero. Minimum cumulative sum is non negative. i.e the minimum of cumulative sums of all the prefixes of the array is non-negative. Checking condition 1 using a BIT is trivial. I am facing problem in checking condition 2.

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  • RSA Factorization problem

    - by dada
    At class we found this programming problem, and currently, we have no idea how to solve it. The positive integer n is given. It is known that n = p * q, where p and q are primes, p<=q and |q-k*p|<10^5 for some given positive integer k. You must find p and q. Input: 35 1 121 1 1000730021 9 Output: 5 * 7 11 * 11 10007 * 100003 It's not a homework, we are just trying to solve some interesting problems. If you have some ideas, please post them here so we can try something, thanks.

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  • Recommend an algorithms exercise book?

    - by Parappa
    I have a little book called Problems on Algorithms by Ian Parberry which is chock full of exercises related to the study of algorithms. Can anybody recommend similar books? What I am not looking for are recommendations of good books related to algorithms or the theory of computation. Introduction to Algorithms is a good one, and of course there's the Knuth stuff. Ideally I want to know of any books that are light on instructional material and heavy on sample problems. In a nutshell, exercise books. Preferably dedicated to algorithms rather than general logic or other math problems. By the way, the Parberry book does not seem to be in print, but it is available as a PDF dowload.

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  • Project euler problem 45

    - by Peter
    Hi, I'm not yet a skilled programmer but I thought this was an interesting problem and I thought I'd give it a go. Triangle, pentagonal, and hexagonal numbers are generated by the following formulae: Triangle T_(n)=n(n+1)/2 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ... Pentagonal P_(n)=n(3n-1)/2 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ... Hexagonal H_(n)=n(2n-1) 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, ... It can be verified that T_(285) = P_(165) = H_(143) = 40755. Find the next triangle number that is also pentagonal and hexagonal. Is the task description. I know that Hexagonal numbers are a subset of triangle numbers which means that you only have to find a number where Hn=Pn. But I can't seem to get my code to work. I only know java language which is why I'm having trouble finding a solution on the net womewhere. Anyway hope someone can help. Here's my code public class NextNumber { public NextNumber() { next(); } public void next() { int n = 144; int i = 165; int p = i * (3 * i - 1) / 2; int h = n * (2 * n - 1); while(p!=h) { n++; h = n * (2 * n - 1); if (h == p) { System.out.println("the next triangular number is" + h); } else { while (h > p) { i++; p = i * (3 * i - 1) / 2; } if (h == p) { System.out.println("the next triangular number is" + h); break; } else if (p > h) { System.out.println("bummer"); } } } } } I realize it's probably a very slow and ineffecient code but that doesn't concern me much at this point I only care about finding the next number even if it would take my computer years :) . Peter

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