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• Reconstructing the disk order in RAID 6 with 7 disks

  - by rkotulla

  a little background to this question first: I am running a RAID-6 within a QNAP TS869L external RAID/NAS system. I started with 5 disks of 3 TB each back in the day, and later added another 2 disks of 3TB to the RAID. The QNAP internals handled the growing and re-syncing etc, and everything seemd to be perfectly fine. About 2 weeks ago, I had one of the disks (disk #5, disk #2 has gone bad in the mean time) fail, and somehow (I have no idea why), also disks 1 and 2 got kicked out of the array. I replaced disk #5, but the RAID didn't start working again. After some calls to QNAP technical support, they re-created the array (using mdadm --create --force --assume-clean ...), but the resulting array couldn't find a filesystem, and I was kindly referred to contact a data recovery company that I can't afford. After some digging through old log files, resetting the disk to factory default, etc, I found a few errors that were made during this re-create - I wish I still had some of the original metadata, but unfortunately i don't (I definitely learned that lesson). I'm currently at the point where I know the correct chunk-size (64K), metadata-version (1.0; factory default was 0.9, but from what I read 0.9 doesn't handle disks over 2 TB, mine are 3 TB), and I now find the ext4 filesystem that should be on the disks. Only variable left to determine is the right disk order! I started using the description found in answer #4 of "Recover RAID 5 data after created new array instead of re-using" but am a little confused on what the order should be for a proper RAID-6. RAID-5 is pretty well documented in a number of places, but RAID-6 much less so. Also, does the layout, i.e. distribution of parity and data chunks across the disks, change after the growing of the array from 5 to 7 disks, or does the re-sync re-organize them in such a way a native 7-disk RAID-6 would have been? Thanks some more mdadm output that might be helpful: mdadm version: [~] # mdadm --version mdadm - v2.6.3 - 20th August 2007 mdadm details from one of the disks in the array: [~] # mdadm --examine /dev/sda3 /dev/sda3: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 1.0 Feature Map : 0x0 Array UUID : 1c1614a5:e3be2fbb:4af01271:947fe3aa Name : 0 Creation Time : Tue Jun 10 10:27:58 2014 Raid Level : raid6 Raid Devices : 7 Used Dev Size : 5857395112 (2793.02 GiB 2998.99 GB) Array Size : 29286975360 (13965.12 GiB 14994.93 GB) Used Size : 5857395072 (2793.02 GiB 2998.99 GB) Super Offset : 5857395368 sectors State : clean Device UUID : 7c572d8f:20c12727:7e88c888:c2c357af Update Time : Tue Jun 10 13:01:06 2014 Checksum : d275c82d - correct Events : 7036 Chunk Size : 64K Array Slot : 0 (0, 1, failed, 3, failed, 5, 6) Array State : Uu_u_uu 2 failed mdadm details for the array in the current disk-order (based on my best guess reconstructed from old log-files) [~] # mdadm --detail /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 01.00.03 Creation Time : Tue Jun 10 10:27:58 2014 Raid Level : raid6 Array Size : 14643487680 (13965.12 GiB 14994.93 GB) Used Dev Size : 2928697536 (2793.02 GiB 2998.99 GB) Raid Devices : 7 Total Devices : 5 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Tue Jun 10 13:01:06 2014 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 5 Working Devices : 5 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Chunk Size : 64K Name : 0 UUID : 1c1614a5:e3be2fbb:4af01271:947fe3aa Events : 7036 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 3 0 active sync /dev/sda3 1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3 2 0 0 2 removed 3 8 51 3 active sync /dev/sdd3 4 0 0 4 removed 5 8 99 5 active sync /dev/sdg3 6 8 83 6 active sync /dev/sdf3 output from /proc/mdstat (md8, md9, and md13 are internally used RAIDs holding swap, etc; the one I'm after is md0) [~] # more /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [multipath] md0 : active raid6 sdf3[6] sdg3[5] sdd3[3] sdb3[1] sda3[0] 14643487680 blocks super 1.0 level 6, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [7/5] [UU_U_UU] md8 : active raid1 sdg2[2](S) sdf2[3](S) sdd2[4](S) sdc2[5](S) sdb2[6](S) sda2[1] sde2[0] 530048 blocks [2/2] [UU] md13 : active raid1 sdg4[3] sdf4[4] sde4[5] sdd4[6] sdc4[2] sdb4[1] sda4[0] 458880 blocks [8/7] [UUUUUUU_] bitmap: 21/57 pages [84KB], 4KB chunk md9 : active raid1 sdg1[6] sdf1[5] sde1[4] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sda1[0] sdb1[1] 530048 blocks [8/7] [UUUUUUU_] bitmap: 37/65 pages [148KB], 4KB chunk unused devices: <none>

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• What are the replacement options for an IDE hard disk for a DOS based system?

  - by dummzeuch

  I have got a few "embedded" systems running MSDOS 6.2 which boot from and store data to IDE hard disks. Since these drives are nearing their end of life, the question arises how we can replace them. The requirements are: DOS must be able to install and boot from these drives. They must be able to sustain heavy (mostly) write access. If possible, they should be able to survive moderate vibrations (not too bad since the current hard disks have survived several years of that) I considered the following options so far: other ide hard drives: Unfortunately modern IDE drives are too large so DOS cannot boot from them even if I create small partitions. Older IDE drives are just that: old, so they are probably not the most reliable ones any more. SSDs: There are a few SSDs with IDE interface available. I have not yet tried them. Does anybody have any experience with them? They look like the ideal replacement provided that DOS can boot from them and that writing speed does not deteriorate too much (the old hard disks are no race cars either). Compact Flash: There are adapters for using CF with IDE controllers and they work fine. DOS can boot from them and they have no problems at all with vibrations. What I am not sure about is their durability. DOS uses FAT so some very few sectors are written every time the medium is being written to. IDE to SATA converters: I have no idea whether they are any good. Has anybody tried them? It might be an option to use one of these to connect an SATA SSD to the system. Are there any alternatives that I have missed? (We are working on replacing these systems, but it will still take a few years.)

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• How should I use my new SSD drive?

  - by jasondavis

  I just built a new PC the other day. Specs... Processor: Intel i7-930 quad core CPU CPU Cooler: COOLER MASTER Hyper 212 Motherboard: AsRock X58 Extreme 3 RAM/Memory: 6gb G-Skill tripple channel DDR3 memory (3 sticks of 2gb planning to get another kit to make it 12gb total soon) Operating System Hard drive: Intel X25-M 80GB Mainstream SATA2 Solid State Drive Video Cards: 2 XFX ATI Redeon HD 4650 cards to run 3-4 monitors Case: Lian Li PC-B10 Midtower case Power Supply: Antec TruePower New TP-750 Blue 750W Operating System Windows 7 Pro 64bit Not sure if the specs are helpful at all but I posted them just in case. So I got everything put together and running great so far but I need some advice/ideas/help/tips. I got the SSD drive in hopes of using it strictly for my windows 7 install along with all my other programs I install. I am then going to get another drive or 2 just for data (video,music,photos, etc). So my plan is to just install the new data drives and then in windows 7 I will change my "My documents" "My Music" "My Video" "MY Photos" library's to be located on the data drives instead of the OS SSD drive. I would ultimately like to install all my programs with my windows install on the SSD drive and then create an IMAGE of the drive and then 6 months down the road if things are sluggish I can just wipe the drive and restore my IMAGE with all my programs and settings in tact still. So here are some questions now. 1) How can I verify that TRIM is working on my new SSD? 2) Is there anything above that I missed that I should be doing? I think I once read that there is a page file or some sort of file that windows changes a lot and that it should be moved off f an SSD an onto my data drives. DOes anyone know what I might of heard? If you do can you explain the pros and cons of doing such a thing as well as how to possibly? 3) Any tips or advice to get the best performance from all this, I built a pretty nice system and I just want to make it stay that way as long as I can.

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• SAS disk performance drops a while after reboot.

  - by Flamewires

  So we have some workstations with identical hardware. The Fedora14 box has a couple weeks uptime and still get good performance. hdparm -tT /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing cached reads: 21766 MB in 2.00 seconds = 10902.12 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 586 MB in 3.00 seconds = 195.20 MB/sec The Cent 5.5 boxes however seem to be okay after a reboot, /dev/sda: Timing cached reads: 34636 MB in 2.00 seconds = 17354.64 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 498 MB in 3.01 seconds = 165.62 MB/sec but some time later( unsure exactly, tested at approx 1 day uptime) /dev/sda: Timing cached reads: 2132 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1064.96 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 160 MB in 3.01 seconds = 53.16 MB/sec drop to this. This is with very low load. I believe they all have the same bios settings. Any ideas what could cause this on Cent? Ask for more info. It might also be worth noting, that passing the --direct flag causes the slow boxes to perform similarly to the non-slow ones for buffered disk reads.

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• Run batch file with custom drive mappings

  - by mwolfe02

  I want to create a "mini virtual environment" to run a program. The only difference between my normal environment and the virtual one would be the drive mappings. I have an X: drive mapped to \\some\network\location I have a program myapp.exe that expects the X: drive to be mapped to C:\local\path I need to keep my X: drive mapped to \\some\network\location throughout the process I would like to be able to run the following batch file and not have it affect the current environment: subst X: C:\local\path myapp.exe

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• How do I recover drivers from other hard disk

  - by Carl

  The drivers for a Cardbus (PCMCIA) card that gives me 2 USB 2.0 ports are on the hard disk from my old laptop. I have lost the driver CD. I have a way to get files from that other hard disk. Which files do I need? The drivers for the card used to be on the following website - the information is still there, except the download links don't work: http://www.ht-link.com/en/DownView.asp?ID=10 - The drivers I need are the first listing - The Win XP drivers for the HT-112NEC. My e-mails to them have not been answered. The information on this card is here http://www.ht-link.com/en/ProductView.asp?ID=106 I already tried connecting that other drive to my new laptop (via USB) and adding the drive to the search criteria when selecting update driver in the Device Manager. It says there isn't a better match, and if I select manual the matching device is not listed. (I don't think "manual" sees drivers on the external hard disk - but only ones on the main drive and/or found listed in the registry.) I would try 'have disk' if I knew exactly what file to point to on the external drive. The drivers are on that hard disk - I installed them there, and used that card on that computer. The new laptop has Windows XP Pro SP3, the old one had Pro SP2 Thanks for any help.

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• IBM LTO 3 Tape drive periodically going "offline"

  - by bruno077

  I have a problem with a LTO 3 Tape Drive. I'm using Brightstor ArcServe Backup software with Windows Server 2003. Sometimes, the scheduled backups will stop working and going into "devices" inside this software reveals that the Tape Drive is offline. The only way to make it work again is uninstalling the Tape Drive's driver and rebooting the server: Windows then auto recognizes and installs the required drivers and the Tape Drive works again. Has anyone ever encountered a similar problem?

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• How do I free some disk space so Ubuntu will boot again?

  - by Omkant

  I have installed Windows and Ubuntu side by side. I created a 10GB partition for the Ubuntu installation. During the two months I've been using Ubuntu I have installed some software. Now it's not starting. When I boot up it says that there is no diskspace so it could not be started . What can i do now? When I boot up all I get is a black screen terminal with a $. Please help me with a command to uninstall some programs and start using Ubuntu or any other way to get rid of this message.

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• Web site kills hard disk I/O, how to prevent?

  - by Taras Voynarovsky

  The situation: I have a server, on which we have 2-3 projects. Starting not long ago, the server started hanging up (We could not connect to it by ssh, and the connected clients had to wait 20 minutes for top to give results) Early today I managed to execute gstat while it was in this state and saw, that it stays on 100% on da0, da0s1 and da0s1f. I dont quite know what those ids meen, but I understand that some processes just kill the HD by bombing it down with requests. I ask of some propositions. I dont know how to find the culpit and can't prevent this. I have freebsd on server.

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• how to redirect itunes to external hard drive

  - by oo

  i have all my music on my hard drive but its running out of space. i bought an external hard drive, copied all my music over i went into itunes advanced preferences and changed my music location but when i view the itunes music library XML file in notepad, i still see a lot of things pointing to my regular hard drive i didn't check "Keep music files organized" because i didn't want itunes trying to copy everything over from my regular hard drive (because i already did it) is there any other way to simply refresh the music list given a new root directory.

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• Certain selected files are not deleting when I use Disk Cleanup

  - by Stephanie Malouff

  I am using Windows 7 and have been trying to retrieve disk space, but when I run Disk Cleanup the Temporary Internet files (18.1KB) and System archived Windows Error Report (267KB) will not delete. It goes through the process as if they are being deleted, but my disk space remains the same; I then go back to Disk Cleanup to see if they have been removed and they are still there. I have tried removing them individually as well, but the outcome is still the same. Can someone please tell me why this is happening and what I can do to get them to delete properly?

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• How to mount a drive in Ubuntu from terminal

  - by Mirage

  hi, I want to mount a drive from terminal at start up. At start if i use ls /media then its empty but if i go to computer and then click VM drive there and after that i use ls /media then it shows VM drive . How can i mount that drive at from terminal something like mount VM or how can find the path of VM like /dev/sda or something

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• Automatically restore windows network drive (red "X") via batch file

  - by user33958

  i need check if a network drive is mapped and accessible. From time to time windows displays a red X on the drive, and i would need to manually click the drive in explorer to reconnect. I already found solutions which involve editing the registry which unfortunately isn´t possible. So i would need a batch file checking for connection, and (re-)mounting the drive. What i´m using at the moment: IF NOT EXIST z: net use z: \\10.211.55.5\test

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• How do I make an encrypted disk image on Debian?

  - by Blacklight Shining

  I'm basically looking for an equivalent to OS X's encrypted sparsebundles. The solution should have support for file ACLs and should not force me to specify a size in the beginning (the image should only take up as much space as it needs) or require root access to mount and unmount. Ideally, I should be able to set two different passwords (both for the same data), but that's not too important. (I do have root access to the machine and so can install packages and such, but I would rather not have to sudo just to mount an image.)

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• Virtualbox, merging snapshots and base disk

  - by Henrik

  Hi, I have a virtual machine with about 30 snapshots in branches. The current development path is 22 snapshots plus the base disk. The amount of files is seemingly having an impact now on IO and the dev laptop I'm using (don't know if it is host disk performance issues with the 140GB total size over a lot of fragments, or just the fact that it is hitting sectors distributed across a lot of files). I would like to merge the current development branch of snapshots together with the base disk, but I am unsure if the following command would produce the correct outcome. I am not able to boot this disk after the procedure completes (5-6 hours). vboxmanage clonehd "C:\VPC-Storage\.VirtualBox\Machines\CRM\Snapshots\{245b27ac-e658-470a-b978-8e62137c33b1}.vhd" "E:\crm-20100624.vhd" --format VHD --type normal Could anyone confirm if this is the correct approach or not?

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• How do I set up disk quotas over LDAP on CentOs?

  - by Noxshun

  I've been google-ing for some time and I haven't been able to find any resources or hints on the subject. I am wondering if it is possible to do so, if so how? Any nudge in right direction will be appricated. I do know that if you download and install "Linux Quota" from source, you'll get some perl scripts which are supposed to aid with the matter. But there is as far as I know absolutely no good documentation to help you along the way. I am also running a NFS server from the same machine. Note: This is for a university assignment, so I might be totally stupid for asking this question. I am trying to explore the options. If there is a better way of solving this, please do tell. Edit: Here is a link to the site of Linux Quota. They do include a LDAP schema, so it should be possible.

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• Why is it that my disk tray doesn't eject?

  - by prabhtej

  The problem is every time I click the button to open the disc tray, it never opens. How do I fix this?

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• How can I mount an external hard drive in a VirtualBox machine

  - by hap497

  Hi, I have installed Virtual Box on Machine and setup a Ubuntu 9.10 machine. And I have an external hard drive formatted for linux. But when I hook up the external hard drive, my ubuntu 9.10 can't see the external hard drive. Can you please tell me how to setup the external hard drive for my ubuntu 9.10 environment? Thank you.

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• Which way is the fastest to `dd` to the last 512 kilobytes of disk

  - by teerapap

  I have a 512G disk and I want to clear the last 512k bytes at the end of the disk. I usually clear it by dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 the whole disk. Which way is the fastest to do this operation?

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• Issue using a "used" SSD as a Windows 8.1 Boot Drive

  - by EpiGrad

  So, I'm something of a Mac person, but decided to take a stab at this whole "build yourself a PC" thing - right now, the thing is assembled, posts just fine, and can get to the BIOS. The problem is the drive I want to use - I intended to use a 80 GB Corsair SSD I've had sitting around as the boot drive, and a new Samsung SSD for games and the like. So I boot using a Windows 8.1 install USB stick, and if the Samsung drive is plugged in, it happily offers to install Windows on it. The Corsair drive though, it's flipped out - I reformatted it as a blank NTFS drive (it was HFS for Mac purposes) and the BIOS can't see it, nor can the Windows installer. What's wrong, and how do I fix it? The tools at my disposal are: The current ASUS BIOS that came with my motherboard (a Z87I-Deluxe), a Mac running the latest OS X which can also boot to Windows 7 if needed via either Parallels or Bootcamp. Update 1: Update: Based on a friend's suggestion to switch SATA ports, Windows 8.1's installer can now see the drive as Drive 0, Partition 1, a 83.8 GB "Primary" partition. But when I click it and hit "Next", I get the following error: "We couldn't create a new partition or locate an existing one. For more information, see the Setup log files" - not that it gives any clue how to access those. Update 2: Following a trail of Google suggestions, I ended up going into advanced tools and just reformatting the drive as follows: Start DISKPART. Type LIST DISK and identify your SSD disk number (from 0 to n disks). Type SELECT DISK <n> where <n> is your SSD disk number. Type CLEAN Type CREATE PARTITION PRIMARY Type ACTIVE Type FORMAT FS=NTFS QUICK Type ASSIGN Type EXIT twice (one to get out of DiskPart, the other to exit the command line tool) Per these instructions. This goes well enough, but now I can select the disk for installation, and I get a new error: "Windows 8 cannot be installed to this disk. The selected disk has an MBR partition table. On EFI systems, Windows can only be installed to GP disks." So, Googling that, I do the following: select disk 0 clean convert gpt exit ...and we might have fixed it. Windows is at least trying to install now.

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• How to see disk usage with less overhead in bash?

  - by apache

  du -csh / The above will take huge amount of time to calculate,is there a way to see the less accurate result with less overhead?

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• It takes a long time until windows xp recognize I connected USB diks

  - by Pavol G

  Hello IT guys, I have a problem with my new USB disk. When I connect it to my laptop with Windows XP SP2 it takes about 4-5min until Windows recognized it and show it as a new disk. I can also see (disk's LED is blinking) that something is scaning the disk when I connect it, when this is done Windows imediately recognize it. Also when I'm copying data to this disk the speed is about 3.5MB/sec. It's connected using USB2.0. I tried to check for spyware (using spybot), also run windows in safe mode. But still have the same problems. Do you have any idea what could help to solve this problem? On Windows Vista (another laptop) everything is ok, disk loads in about 15sec and speed is about 20-30MB/sec. Thanks a lot for every advice!

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• Swappable hard-drives for laptop

  - by lacqui

  I am bringing my old laptop for recycling, and removed my hard drive beforehand. The drive is a 320GB SATA drive, which is the same as my current laptop's drive. I would like to be able to easily swap between the two drives, in order to dual-boot that way. My laptop (Toshiba Satellite A500) needs a tiny Philip's screwdriver to get at the hard drive bay. I would like to replace that with something that is more easily changed, while still allowing the hard drive to rest on the desk. It can stick out a bit due to the laptop's feet, but not too far.

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• How to recover the data from the crashed (external) hard disk drive (NTFS)?

  - by shveerab

  The 300 GB harddisk has 2 partitions,90 GB and 200 GB! I can see the drives in windows(XP) but unable to access them, the file system is shown as RAW, 0 used space and 0 free space!..chkdsk returns the error "unable to determine volume version and date. chkddsk aborted." Is the MBR corrupt? How do I restore it? TestDisk tool isn't recognizing the partitions and says invalid entry for heads/cylinder, 15 and should be 255 and suggests to change it..Should I go ahead and change it? Please advise!

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• Windows Reformatting

  - by Shimz187

  I recently began formatting a hard drive via USB extenal drive when the power went off. When i powered it up again and connected the drive the drives dont show up under my computer. When i go to disk management, i see the drive but now it says unallocated space. The drive was initialy partitioned into 2 drives. I cant see both drives now. Tried running GetDataBack NTFS recovery tool and it only comes up with errors. There seem to be no information on the drive from the data recovery utility. I know the information is there but how do i find it. HELP!!!!

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