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  • How Exactly Is One Linux OS “Based On” Another Linux OS?

    - by Jason Fitzpatrick
    When reviewing different flavors of Linux, you’ll frequently come across phrases like “Ubuntu is based on Debian” but what exactly does that mean? Today’s Question & Answer session comes to us courtesy of SuperUser—a subdivision of Stack Exchange, a community-driven grouping of Q&A web sites. The Question SuperUser reader PLPiper is trying to get a handle on how Linux variants work: I’ve been looking through quite a number of Linux distros recently to get an idea of what’s around, and one phrase that keeps coming up is that “[this OS] is based on [another OS]“. For example: Fedora is based on Red Hat Ubuntu is based on Debian Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu For someone coming from a Mac environment I understand how “OS X is based on Darwin”, however when I look at Linux Distros, I find myself asking “Aren’t they all based on Linux..?” In this context, what exactly does it mean for one Linux OS to be based on another Linux OS? So, what exactly does it mean when we talk about one version of Linux being based off another version? The Answer SuperUser contributor kostix offers a solid overview of the whole system: Linux is a kernel — a (complex) piece of software which works with the hardware and exports a certain Application Programming Interface (API), and binary conventions on how to precisely use it (Application Binary Interface, ABI) available to the “user-space” applications. Debian, RedHat and others are operating systems — complete software environments which consist of the kernel and a set of user-space programs which make the computer useful as they perform sensible tasks (sending/receiving mail, allowing you to browse the Internet, driving a robot etc). Now each such OS, while providing mostly the same software (there are not so many free mail server programs or Internet browsers or desktop environments, for example) differ in approaches to do this and also in their stated goals and release cycles. Quite typically these OSes are called “distributions”. This is, IMO, a somewhat wrong term stemming from the fact you’re technically able to build all the required software by hand and install it on a target machine, so these OSes distribute the packaged software so you either don’t need to build it (Debian, RedHat) or they facilitate such building (Gentoo). They also usually provide an installer which helps to install the OS onto a target machine. Making and supporting an OS is a very complicated task requiring a complex and intricate infrastructure (upload queues, build servers, a bug tracker, and archive servers, mailing list software etc etc etc) and staff. This obviously raises a high barrier for creating a new, from-scratch OS. For instance, Debian provides ca. 37k packages for some five hardware architectures — go figure how much work is put into supporting this stuff. Still, if someone thinks they need to create a new OS for whatever reason, it may be a good idea to use an existing foundation to build on. And this is exactly where OSes based on other OSes come into existence. For instance, Ubuntu builds upon Debian by just importing most packages from it and repackaging only a small subset of them, plus packaging their own, providing their own artwork, default settings, documentation etc. Note that there are variations to this “based on” thing. For instance, Debian fosters the creation of “pure blends” of itself: distributions which use Debian rather directly, and just add a bunch of packages and other stuff only useful for rather small groups of users such as those working in education or medicine or music industry etc. Another twist is that not all these OSes are based on Linux. For instance, Debian also provide FreeBSD and Hurd kernels. They have quite tiny user groups but anyway. Have something to add to the explanation? Sound off in the the comments. Want to read more answers from other tech-savvy Stack Exchange users? Check out the full discussion thread here.     

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  • Lightweight Linux distro that includes developer tools? (or, the most BSD-like Linux)

    - by RevAaron
    I cut my teeth on Minix and Slackware 1.1, but I've been in the OS X Wilderness for the last few years. I'm trying to standardize on a Linux distribution for personal and work-related use on less powerful laptops and under virtualization. So far, NetBSD and OpenBSD are the best fit for my purposes- but after plenty of frustration I've come to the conclusion that I need to stick with Linux to get the hardware and software support that comes with it. What I like about NetBSD/OpenBSD that I'd like to keep: X, but no default KDE, GNOME or XFCE! A sensible /etc and dot file setup- startx calls xinit, xinit looks for ~/.xinitrc; nothing more complicated than that is needed. Command line tools and file-based configuration: I shouldn't need a GUI to connect to a WAP. Decent selection of binary packages; building from source is OK, but nothing source-only like Gentoo. pkg_add (BSD) and apt-get both have treated me well in the past. Modest RAM and HDD requirements: boot + X + awesome+ two xterms takes up 80 MB on OpenBSD and 240 MB on Debian 5 and Crunchbang In my experience, most "lightweight" and Live CDs focus on a nice desktop environment crammed into a CD or USB stick; once you add build-essentials you end up with something just about as bloated as Ubuntu or Debian full install. Crunchbang is a great example. Thanks in advance for all suggestions!

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  • Which Linux distribution for vehicle LCD instrument panel

    - by Brent
    I will be designing an instrument panel for a vehicle to display the common gauges that you would find in a car - (speedometer, rpm, fuel level, oil pressure, etc.). We have selected a 7" LCD and are in the process of narrowing down the hardware (This will use an ARM processor). The idea is to read these values off of the CAN Bus and update the UI with those values. This needs to have a fairly quick boot time, 5-10 seconds would be acceptable from the time the ignigtion is turned on to the time the UI is running. I have been doing a lot of research on which linux distribution to use, but I wanted to ask the question here to get the community's suggestions. I have been a .NET programmer for years, so linux is a new world to me. Here is what I have found so far... Tizen is geared for In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) (plus some others). However, this project is not an IVI, and I do not need the phone dialer, navigation, etc. Meego is dead, and Tizen seems to be the replacement Angstrom, Debian... would either of these be useful? I am not tied to a particular programming language or IDE. Any help and direction is appreciated!

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  • Chipset fan on the frtiz - compressed air hasn't fixed anything - is there anything I can do?

    - by Anthony
    Yesterday, my computer started to make an annoying whining noise. Knowing that this is likely a fan issue, I opened the case and proceeded to determine which fan was causing the issue. I got some compressed air and tried cleaning out the dust around it (and the rest of the computer while I was at it). This hasn't seemed to fix the issue. Now, if it were just any fan, I would probably just replace the fan - they're relatively cheap after all. However, this is a special fan. Aside: For what its worth, I feel bad that the graphics card blocks part of the fan, but it is the only slot the graphics card fits, so I had no choice. After pulling out my motherboard user guide, it looks like this is a fan placed directly on top of the chipset. To be perfectly honest, I have no clue what the purpose of the chipset is - but it sounds important. After some quick research, I see that it is responsible for providing the bridge between my CPU, RAM and graphics, among other things. Just a quick search at Newegg tells me that chipset fans can be purchased at pretty reasonable prices (< 20 dollars). Is it practical to replace this fan? It is an old computer as computers go and I wouldn't be terribly upset to upgrade the motherboard and processor, so perhaps this is a sign. Hardware Specs: Motherboard: Asus A8N-E Chipset: NVIDIA nForce4 Ultra

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  • OCFS2 Now Certified for E-Business Suite Release 12 Application Tiers

    - by sergio.leunissen
    Steven Chan writes that OCFS2 is now certified for use as a clustered filesystem for sharing files between all of your E-Business Suite application tier servers.  OCFS2 (Oracle Cluster File System 2) is a free, open source, general-purpose, extent-based clustered file system which Oracle developed and contributed to the Linux community.  It was accepted into Linux kernel 2.6.16.OCFS2 is included in Oracle Enterprise Linux (OEL) and supported under Unbreakable Linux support.

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  • CPU fan turns on and off repeatedly without booting

    - by rnso
    My PC has suddenly stopped starting up. On checking with case open, the CPU fan starts running when the power is turned on, but it stops after about 2-3 seconds, restarts again after about 2-3 seconds and the loop is repeated. There is no beep and nothing appears on the screen. On searching the internet, I found there could be several reasons for this. I tried removing hard-disk, CD drive, tightening connections etc but of no avial. I also tried using a new power supply but the response is the same. Where could be the problem and how can it be solved? Thanks in advance.

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  • new pc..noisy fan

    - by BRQ
    It's a new build, but it's always had noisy fans. From start to end, they will not stop running. The case is a cooler master which I believe comes with a fan that is not controlled by BIOS (according to technician), so that may be the source of the problem..but my lack of knowledge on the matter prevents me from making a reasonable assessment. Here are readings from CoreTemp: Model: Intel Core i7 870 (Lynnfield) Platform: LAG 1156 (Socket H) Frequency: 1658.23MHz (132.66 x 12.5) Tj. Max: 99 C Core #0: low= 34 C; high= 42 C; Load= 0% Core #1: low 31 C; high 42 C; load= 0% Core #3: 35 C; 42 C; 0% Any input will be appreciated.

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  • HTG Explains: Why Linux Doesn’t Need Defragmenting

    - by Chris Hoffman
    If you’re a Linux user, you’ve probably heard that you don’t need to defragment your Linux file systems. You’ll also notice that Linux distributions don’t come with disk-defragmenting utilities. But why is that? To understand why Linux file systems don’t need defragmenting in normal use – and Windows ones do – you’ll need to understand why fragmentation occurs and how Linux and Windows file systems work differently from each other. HTG Explains: Why Linux Doesn’t Need Defragmenting How to Convert News Feeds to Ebooks with Calibre How To Customize Your Wallpaper with Google Image Searches, RSS Feeds, and More

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  • Linux distributions comparison

    - by Daniel Cukier
    Does any good comparison exist (like a table of present features) between the many Linux distributions? What are the features and advantages on each distribution? (Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, etc.) What choice is better for what kind of user profile?

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  • Arch linux, openbox Monaco font problem

    - by z33m
    Im trying to setup a minimal desktop with openbox window manager on Arch linux. I noticed these weird font rendering issues with Monaco font. Below font size 13, alternate font sizes are rendered in an aliased, ugly manner. The same Arch installation has no problem rendering Monaco font when running under xfce. some of the characters even look completely different. I tried tweaking my .fonts.conf, but no luck.

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  • Dell Studio 15 Broadcom wireless drivers not working in Linux Mint

    - by dcd0687
    I installed Linux Mint 12 on my Dell Studio 15 and everything worked perfectly up until I tried updating the STA Driver for the Broadcom (BCM4312) wireless controller. I've tried these bash commands in order and I still don't have wireless. sudo apt-get install b43-fwcutter sudo apt-get install b43-fwcutter firmware-b43-installer I've also tried uninstalling everything with synaptic package manager including broadcom-sta-common and broadcom-sta-source, then restarting and running the above commands which didn't work either. What's the best way to do this on a Dell Studio 15?

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  • Errors from ALSA during Arch Linux boot

    - by Macha
    Everytime I boot my Linux system, I get these errors while ALSA boots. Despite these, the sound still works, so these are more of an annoyance than anything. How do I stop these occuring? Unknown hardware: "HDA-Intel" "IDT 92HD73C1X5" "HDA:111d7675,10280256,00100202" "0x1028" "0x0256" Hardware is initialized using a guess method /usr/sbin/alsactl: set_control:1255: failed to obtain info for control #6 (No such file or directory) /usr/sbin/alsactl: set_control:1255: failed to obtain info for control #7 (No such file or directory)

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  • How to boot linux direct to application on console with no login

    - by amanda
    I have a need to start an application on bootup on the linux console and I do not have a need for any type of login or security. I do not need any ALT-F1,F2,etc virtual consoles but I would like to allow SSH access via the network port for debugging, loading, etc. The application is a SDL graphics program running with fbcon as the SDL_VIDEODRIVER if that matters. I'm currently using Fedora 10 and 12 but any distro that supports SDL using the fbcon framebuffer would be acceptable.

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  • Arch linux selecting packages

    - by allenskd
    Hello, I'm currently having problems with my arch linux installation, forgot to select a few packages but in the guide they never mention which key do I need to press to select/deselect the packages in the installation screen. I used to select them but it's been a long time, I don't remember much anymore =/ Or, if there is a way to make pacman recognize the cd as a container of packages that'd be great.

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  • few question about linux [closed]

    - by oneat
    Can I execute assembly files with all privileges (using ports)? Does the newest DSL (damn small Linux) works with winXP. (makes bootloader for it) And does it support downloading applications automatically ?

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  • Friday Spotlight: The Value of Oracle Linux

    - by Chris Kawalek
    Happy Friday! Our spotlight this week is on a brand new white paper, chock full of fantastic information about Oracle Linux. From the intro to Oracle Linux - Maximize Value, Minimize Cost: "This paper describes the savings and efficiencies that an IT department can realize by choosing Oracle Linux as their enterprise standard. It highlights sample deployments and explains how deploying Oracle Linux can reduce operational costs and result in less downtime, improved productivity, and greater opportunities for revenue generation.?" The paper explains exactly how Oracle Linux can reduce costs, and goes into some of the features of Oracle Linux that can make it more valuable for your organization. Read the paper now. Have a great week! -Chris 

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  • What is a dedicated Linux box used for?

    - by DanLeaningphp
    So this is probably a very basic and obvious question for most people, but my google-foo is failing me and it just seems something is going over my head. I've heard numerous people refer to having a 'dedicated linux box' as a central part of a developer's setup. I have been doing web-dev programming for about a year and understand the benefits of programming on a Unix/Linux system. But I seem to be missing what role a 'dedicated linux box' plays in the development process. I would assume that it is used as a server of some sort, but I am yet to run across any needs to have a computer dedicated to running a linux server. Am I just being nieve and mistaking the commonality of programmers preferring to work in linux for a tool used by developers? What do most developers use their 'dedicated linux box' for?

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  • (Arch)Linux board with dual ethernet

    - by tekknolagi
    I am looking for a Linux board with the following requirements: 2 ethernet ports (helpful, but only 1 required) 2 USB ports SDXC support (for SD/MicroSD) WiFi (25 concurrent users ideally) HDMI or micro HDMI out I don't know of a good way to find boards. I went through and catalogued a bunch in a spreadsheet, though: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ZyWvg1u5jAeCq4ghpQv3fukl78nYO64utfQgzTP1r7w/edit?usp=sharing

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  • The August '14 Oracle Linux Newsletter is Now Available

    - by Chris Kawalek
    The August 2014 edition of the Oracle Linux Newsletter is now available! Chock full of fantastic information, it's your one-stop-shop for catching up on all things Oracle Linux. In this edition: Oracle Linux 7 Now Available Oracle Linux and Oracle Virtualization at Oracle OpenWorld 2014 Technology Preview of OpenStack Icehouse with Oracle Linux and Oracle VM Now Available Using Ksplice as a Diagnostic Tool with Oracle Support Hands-on Lab: How to Migrate from VMware and Red Hat to Oracle Linux and Oracle VM Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation Boosts Performance—Is Set to Cut Technology Ownership Costs by US$500,000 in Five Years And much more! You can read the latest edition online right now or sign up to get it automatically delivered to your inbox. 

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  • linux/unix filesystem permissions hack/feature

    - by selden
    Can linux or other unix create a file that no user, including root, can modify unless they have the secret key? By "have the secret key" I mean they are using some crypto scheme. Here's a scenario if you aren't already downvoting: Bob encrypts something about file /foo (maybe inode?) using secret key K Alice tries "sudo rm /foo" and gets permission denied, so she decrypts something about file /foo using secret key K and then "sudo rm /foo" succeeds.

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  • Chrome browser full Kiosk mode in Linux (Puppy Linux)

    - by Brandon Ellis
    Let me just say thanks in advance. I am having issues getting google-chrome browser into full KIOSK MODE with no browser bar on a linux platform Looking through the google forums I have found numerous postings on how to get Chrome to show full kiosk mode BUT tried to execute with --kiosk but doesnt seem to get the job done. I dont know if this is platform specific or not, but any useful information would help. I know F11 will display the browser in full kiosk mode, with no browser bar BUT is there a way to do this with a linux script and no need for a monkey pressing F11??

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