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  • Instant Messenger: How does gtalk/yahoo messenger populate the contact list?

    - by Owen
    Hi All, We are currently working on a small IM project which pretty much works like gtalk and yahoo messenger. We came across a problem that puzzled us how gtalk/ym populate their contact lists. Given that the user has let's say more or less 500 contacts, both IMs seem to readily load the contacts pretty fast and already sorted. Here are my questions(referring to either): Does it cache its contacts, like saving it in a file somewhere upon exit so that upon log-in it readily extracts the contacts and displays it in its contact list? Does it always request for the VCARDS upon log in? OR they have a VCARD push or whatever that simply updates the contacts' profiles (like that of their status [presence push - available, busy, etc...] )?

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  • What's your preferred pointer declaration style, and why?

    - by Owen
    I know this is about as bad as it gets for "religious" issues, as Jeff calls them. But I want to know why the people who disagree with me on this do so, and hear their justification for their horrific style. I googled for a while and couldn't find a style guide talking about this. So here's how I feel pointers (and references) should be declared: int* pointer = NULL; int& ref = *pointer; int*& pointer_ref = pointer; The asterisk or ampersand goes with the type, because it modifies the type of the variable being declared. EDIT: I hate to keep repeating the word, but when I say it modifies the type I'm speaking semantically. "int* something;" would translate into English as something like "I declare something, which is a pointer to an integer." The "pointer" goes along with the "integer" much more so than it does with the "something." In contrast, the other uses of the ampersand and asterisk, as address-of and dereferencing operators, act on a variable. Here are the other two styles (maybe there are more but I really hope not): int *ugly_but_common; int * uglier_but_fortunately_less_common; Why? Really, why? I can never think of a case where the second is appropriate, and the first only suitable perhaps with something like: int *hag, *beast; But come now... multiple variable declarations on one line is kind of ugly form in itself already.

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  • iPhone application update (using Core Data on Sqlite)

    - by owen
    I have an app which is using Core Data on Sqlite, Now I have a update which has some DB structure changes say adding a new table I know when an app get updated, it updates the app binary only, nothing on document directory will be changed. When the app gets updated and launchs at the first time and run [[NSPersistentStoreCoordinator alloc] initWithManagedObjectModel:[self managedObjectModel]]; It will find the difference between the data model and DB structure in Sqlite and will throw an exception and quit. Error: "The model used to open the store is incompatible with the one used to create the store" So, can anyone here give me some idea how to update an app when there is a DB structure change? I think we can run a DB script to create that new table when it launchs the update at the first time. But if there are other changes like changing the type of some fields or deleting some fields, and we need to migrate the old data, this is really a headache. In this case, Is the only way to do is creating a new app? Is there anyone tried something similar like this?

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  • NSIS patching (multiple patches in one file)

    - by Owen
    I'm able to generate patch files from one version to another using NSIS' Vpatch. Let's say I have mydll.dll version 1, and I have a patch to update it to version 2. Then I have a new version again, thus I generate another patch to update it to version 3. What bothers me though is, what if user cancels updating to version 2 and so forth. Then my latest version let's say is version 20. User decides to update to version 20. Is there a way to generate a patch that's like accumulative in nature? whereas user can jump from version any old version to the newest version (i.e ver 3 to ver 20) without passing through the versions in between? I've read this line in vpatch's documentation --- "if you want to be able to upgrade version 1 and 2 to version 3, you can put a 1 3 and 2 3 patch in one file." But how do I that? What if I alread have like 30 versions. Does that mean I have to create a patch whose arguments are old files(versions 1-29) and new file(version20)? Any help would be appreciated. Thanks...

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  • Are document-oriented databases any more suitable than relational ones for persisting objects?

    - by Owen Fraser-Green
    In terms of database usage, the last decade was the age of the ORM with hundreds competing to persist our object graphs in plain old-fashioned RMDBS. Now we seem to be witnessing the coming of age of document-oriented databases. These databases are highly optimized for schema-free documents but are also very attractive for their ability to scale out and query a cluster in parallel. Document-oriented databases also hold a couple of advantages over RDBMS's for persisting data models in object-oriented designs. As the tables are schema-free, one can store objects belonging to different classes in an inheritance hierarchy side-by-side. Also, as the domain model changes, so long as the code can cope with getting back objects from an old version of the domain classes, one can avoid having to migrate the whole database at every change. On the other hand, the performance benefits of document-oriented databases mainly appear to come about when storing deeper documents. In object-oriented terms, classes which are composed of other classes, for example, a blog post and its comments. In most of the examples of this I can come up with though, such as the blog one, the gain in read access would appear to be offset by the penalty in having to write the whole blog post "document" every time a new comment is added. It looks to me as though document-oriented databases can bring significant benefits to object-oriented systems if one takes extreme care to organize the objects in deep graphs optimized for the way the data will be read and written but this means knowing the use cases up front. In the real world, we often don't know until we actually have a live implementation we can profile. So is the case of relational vs. document-oriented databases one of swings and roundabouts? I'm interested in people's opinions and advice, in particular if anyone has built any significant applications on a document-oriented database.

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  • Framework or design pattern for mailing all users of a webapp

    - by Todd Owen
    My app takes care of user registration (with the option to receive email announcements), and can easily handle the actual template-based rendering of email for a given user. JavaMail provides the mail transport layer. But how should I design the application layer between the business objects (e.g. User) and the mail transport? The straightforward approach would be a simple, synchronous loop: iterate through the users, queue the emails, and be done with it. "Queue" might mean sending them straight to the MTA (mail server), or to an in-memory queue to be consumed by another thread. However, I also plan to implement features like throttling the rate of emails, processing bounced emails (NDRs), and maintaining status across application restarts. My intuition is that a good design would decouple this from both the business layer and the mail transport layer as much as possible. I wondered if others had solved this problem before, but after much searching I haven't found any Java libraries which seem to fit this problem. Standalone mail apps such as James or list servers are too large in scope; packages like Spring's MailSender or Commons Email are too small in scope (being basically drop-in replacements for JavaMail). For other languages I haven't found anything appropriate either. I'm curious about how other developers have gone about adding bulk mailing to their applications.

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  • chdir programmatically

    - by james owen
    Friday, March 12, 2010 1:18 pm. In windows -- and probably unix for that matter -- using the chdir() function in a (32-bit) program doesn't change the directory when the program exits. (It does in a 16-bit windows program.) Does anybody know how to do that in a windows 32-bit program?

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  • What does the caret mean in C++/CLI?

    - by Owen
    I just came across this code and a few Google searches turn up no explanation of this mysterious (to me) syntax. Hashtable^ tempHash = gcnew Hashtable(iterators_); IDictionaryEnumerator^ enumerator = tempHash->GetEnumerator(); What the heck does the caret mean? (The gcnew is also new to me, and I asked about that here.)

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  • How to interpret kernel panics?

    - by Owen
    Hi all, I'm new to linux kernel and could barely understand how to debug kernel panics. I have this error below and I don't know where in the C code should I start checking. I was thinking maybe I could echo what functions are being called so I could check where in the code is this null pointer dereferenced. What print function should I use ? How do you interpret the error message below? Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 0000000d pgd = c7bdc000 [0000000d] *pgd=4785f031, *pte=00000000, *ppte=00000000 Internal error: Oops: 17 [#1] PREEMPT Modules linked in: bcm5892_secdom_fw(P) bcm5892_lcd snd_bcm5892 msr bcm5892_sci bcm589x_ohci_p12 bcm5892_skeypad hx_decoder(P) pinnacle hx_memalloc(P) bcm_udc_dwc scsi_mod g_serial sd_mod usb_storage CPU: 0 Tainted: P (2.6.27.39-WR3.0.2ax_standard #1) PC is at __kmalloc+0x70/0xdc LR is at __kmalloc+0x48/0xdc pc : [c0098cc8] lr : [c0098ca0] psr: 20000093 sp : c7a9fd50 ip : c03a4378 fp : c7a9fd7c r10: bf0708b4 r9 : c7a9e000 r8 : 00000040 r7 : bf06d03c r6 : 00000020 r5 : a0000093 r4 : 0000000d r3 : 00000000 r2 : 00000094 r1 : 00000020 r0 : c03a4378 Flags: nzCv IRQs off FIQs on Mode SVC_32 ISA ARM Segment user Control: 00c5387d Table: 47bdc008 DAC: 00000015 Process sh (pid: 1088, stack limit = 0xc7a9e260) Stack: (0xc7a9fd50 to 0xc7aa0000) fd40: c7a6a1d0 00000020 c7a9fd7c c7ba8fc0 fd60: 00000040 c7a6a1d0 00000020 c71598c0 c7a9fd9c c7a9fd80 bf06d03c c0098c64 fd80: c71598c0 00000003 c7a6a1d0 bf06c83c c7a9fdbc c7a9fda0 bf06d098 bf06d008 fda0: c7159880 00000000 c7a6a2d8 c7159898 c7a9fde4 c7a9fdc0 bf06d130 bf06d078 fdc0: c79ca000 c7159880 00000000 00000000 c7afbc00 c7a9e000 c7a9fe0c c7a9fde8 fde0: bf06d4b4 bf06d0f0 00000000 c79fd280 00000000 0f700000 c7a9e000 00000241 fe00: c7a9fe3c c7a9fe10 c01c37b4 bf06d300 00000000 c7afbc00 00000000 00000000 fe20: c79cba84 c7463c78 c79fd280 c7473b00 c7a9fe6c c7a9fe40 c00a184c c01c35e4 fe40: 00000000 c7bb0005 c7a9fe64 c79fd280 c7463c78 00000000 c00a1640 c785e380 fe60: c7a9fe94 c7a9fe70 c009c438 c00a164c c79fd280 c7a9fed8 c7a9fed8 00000003 fe80: 00000242 00000000 c7a9feb4 c7a9fe98 c009c614 c009c2a4 00000000 c7a9fed8 fea0: c7a9fed8 00000000 c7a9ff64 c7a9feb8 c00aa6bc c009c5e8 00000242 000001b6 fec0: 000001b6 00000241 00000022 00000000 00000000 c7a9fee0 c785e380 c7473b00 fee0: d8666b0d 00000006 c7bb0005 00000300 00000000 00000000 00000001 40002000 ff00: c7a9ff70 c79b10a0 c79b10a0 00005402 00000003 c78d69c0 ffffff9c 00000242 ff20: 000001b6 c79fd280 c7a9ff64 c7a9ff38 c785e380 c7473b00 00000000 00000241 ff40: 000001b6 ffffff9c 00000003 c7bb0000 c7a9e000 00000000 c7a9ff94 c7a9ff68 ff60: c009c128 c00aa380 4d18b5f0 08000000 00000000 00071214 0007128c 00071214 ff80: 00000005 c0027ee4 c7a9ffa4 c7a9ff98 c009c274 c009c0d8 00000000 c7a9ffa8 ffa0: c0027d40 c009c25c 00071214 0007128c 0007128c 00000241 000001b6 00000000 ffc0: 00071214 0007128c 00071214 00000005 00073580 00000003 000713e0 400010d0 ffe0: 00000001 bef0c7b8 000269cc 4d214fec 60000010 0007128c 00000000 00000000 Backtrace: [] (__kmalloc+0x0/0xdc) from [] (gs_alloc_req+0x40/0x70 [g_serial]) r8:c71598c0 r7:00000020 r6:c7a6a1d0 r5:00000040 r4:c7ba8fc0 [] (gs_alloc_req+0x0/0x70 [g_serial]) from [] (gs_alloc_requests+0x2c/0x78 [g_serial]) r7:bf06c83c r6:c7a6a1d0 r5:00000003 r4:c71598c0 [] (gs_alloc_requests+0x0/0x78 [g_serial]) from [] (gs_start_io+0x4c/0xac [g_serial]) r7:c7159898 r6:c7a6a2d8 r5:00000000 r4:c7159880 [] (gs_start_io+0x0/0xac [g_serial]) from [] (gs_open+0x1c0/0x224 [g_serial]) r9:c7a9e000 r8:c7afbc00 r7:00000000 r6:00000000 r5:c7159880 r4:c79ca000 [] (gs_open+0x0/0x224 [g_serial]) from [] (tty_open+0x1dc/0x314) [] (tty_open+0x0/0x314) from [] (chrdev_open+0x20c/0x22c) [] (chrdev_open+0x0/0x22c) from [] (__dentry_open+0x1a0/0x2b8) r8:c785e380 r7:c00a1640 r6:00000000 r5:c7463c78 r4:c79fd280 [] (__dentry_open+0x0/0x2b8) from [] (nameidata_to_filp+0x38/0x50) [] (nameidata_to_filp+0x0/0x50) from [] (do_filp_open+0x348/0x6f4) r4:00000000 [] (do_filp_open+0x0/0x6f4) from [] (do_sys_open+0x5c/0x170) [] (do_sys_open+0x0/0x170) from [] (sys_open+0x24/0x28) r8:c0027ee4 r7:00000005 r6:00071214 r5:0007128c r4:00071214 [] (sys_open+0x0/0x28) from [] (ret_fast_syscall+0x0/0x2c) Code: e59c4080 e59c8090 e3540000 159c308c (17943103) ---[ end trace be196e7cee3cb1c9 ]--- note: sh[1088] exited with preempt_count 2 process '-/bin/sh' (pid 1088) exited. Scheduling for restart. Welcome to Wind River Linux

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  • (SQL) Selecting from a database based on multiple pairs of pairs

    - by Owen Allen
    The problem i've encountered is attempting to select rows from a database where 2 columns in that row align to specific pairs of data. IE selecting rows from data where id = 1 AND type = 'news'. Obviously, if it was 1 simple pair it would be easy, but the issue is we are selecting rows based on 100s of pair of data. I feel as if there must be some way to do this query without looping through the pairs and querying each individually. I'm hoping some SQL stackers can provide guidance. Here's a full code break down: Lets imagine that I have the following dataset where history_id is the primary key. I simplified the structure a bit regarding the dates for ease of reading. table: history history_id id type user_id date 1 1 news 1 5/1 2 1 news 1 5/1 3 1 photo 1 5/2 4 3 news 1 5/3 5 4 news 1 5/3 6 1 news 1 5/4 7 2 photo 1 5/4 8 2 photo 1 5/5 If the user wants to select rows from the database based on a date range we would take a subset of that data. SELECT history_id, id, type, user_id, date FROM history WHERE date BETWEEN '5/3' AND '5/5' Which returns the following dataset history_id id type user_id date 4 3 news 1 5/3 5 4 news 1 5/3 6 1 news 1 5/4 7 2 photo 1 5/4 8 2 photo 1 5/5 Now, using that subset of data I need to determine how many of those entries represent the first entry in the database for each type,id pairing. IE is row 4 the first time in the database that id: 3, type: news appears. So I use a with() min() query. In real code the two lists are programmatically generated from the result sets of our previous query, here I spelled them out for ease of reading. WITH previous AS ( SELECT history_id, id, type FROM history WHERE id IN (1,2,3,4) AND type IN ('news','photo') ) SELECT min(history_id) as history_id, id, type FROM previous GROUP BY id, type Which returns the following data set. history_id id type user_id date 1 1 news 1 5/1 2 1 news 1 5/1 3 1 photo 1 5/2 4 3 news 1 5/3 5 4 news 1 5/3 6 1 news 1 5/4 7 2 photo 1 5/4 8 2 photo 1 5/5 You'll notice it's the entire original dataset, because we are matching id and type individually in lists, rather than as a collective pairs. The result I desire is, but I can't figure out the SQL to get this result. history_id id type user_id date 1 1 news 1 5/1 4 3 news 1 5/3 5 4 news 1 5/3 7 2 photo 1 5/4 Obviously, I could go the route of looping through each pair and querying the database to determine it's first result, but that seems an inefficient solution. I figured one of the SQL gurus on this site might be able to spread some wisdom. In case I'm approaching this situation incorrectly, the gist of the whole routine is that the database stores all creations and edits in the same table. I need to track each users behavior and determine how many entries in the history table are edits or creations over a specific date range. Therefore I select all type:id pairs from the date range based on a user_id, and then for each pairing I determine if the user is responsible for the first that occurs in the database. If first, then creation else edit. Any assistance would be awesome.

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  • What is a good Ruby on Rails hosting service?

    - by Owen
    I'm looking to deploy a new Ruby on Rails project I'm working on but need hosting. A managed server is overkill for me. I just need shared space. I'd like to go with a service that specializes in Ruby on Rails. I've looked at SpeedyRails and RailsPlayground and they both seem to have pros and cons. Does anyone have experience with either? Does anyone have a different recommendation?

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  • Callers block until getFoo() has a value ready?

    - by Sean Owen
    I have a Java Thread which exposes a property which other threads want to access: class MyThread extends Thread { private Foo foo; ... Foo getFoo() { return foo; } ... public void run() { ... foo = makeTheFoo(); ... } } The problem is that it takes some short time from the time this runs until foo is available. Callers may call getFoo() before this and get a null. I'd rather they simply block, wait, and get the value once initialization has occurred. (foo is never changed afterwards.) It will be a matter of milliseconds until it's ready, so I'm comfortable with this approach. Now, I can make this happen with wait() and notifyAll() and there's a 95% chance I'll do it right. But I'm wondering how you all would do it; is there a primitive in java.util.concurrent that would do this, that I've missed? Or, how would you structure it? Yes, make foo volatile. Yes, synchronize on an internal lock Object and put the check in a while loop until it's not null. Am I missing anything?

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  • nth-of-type only working for 1 and 2

    - by Owen O'Neill
    I have a styling problem, I am using WordPress and want to do have the first two classes completely different to the others. My ideal situation is to have: .si-biplace:nth-of-type(3) { float:left; margin:20px 0px 0px 0px; } .si-image:nth-of-type(3) { float:left; margin:20px 0px 0px 0px; border:0px; } .si-title:nth-of-type(3) { width:100px; height:20px; margin:0px; font-size:7px; color:#FFFFFF; font-weight:bold; } They seem to work fine when it is: .si-biplace { float:left; margin:-10px 0px 0px 0px; } .si-biplace:nth-of-type(2) { float:left; margin:-10px 0px 0px 15px; } Is there a reason why it will not work with nth-of-type(3) but will with nth of type 2? I basically want different attributes for every next time the div is used but cannot have separate div classes as it runs through a php array.

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  • How should open source libraries be used on Windows?

    - by Jason Owen
    There are many open-source libraries that can be compiled with Visual Studio. I'm porting a program from Linux to Windows, but it depends on a number of libraries. I don't know what the best practices regarding libraries are on Windows. On Linux, these libraries are typically part of the distribution. To use sqlite on Debian, for example, you need only to install libsqlite3-dev and the include files and libraries (both static and dynamic) are automatically installed and available to your program. If you need a different version than your distribution supplies, you can compile it in your home directory, install it to ~/include and ~/lib, and set the appropriate environment variables so that your compiler includes those directories in its search path. What is the best way to use libraries that are distributed as source on Windows? If I link dynamically rather than statically, is there an easy way to copy required DLLs into the output directory to ease redistribution (assuming license requirements are met)?

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  • Visual studio 2010 colourizers, intellisense and the rest. Where to start!!

    - by Owen
    Ok, before I begin I realize that there is a lot of documentation on this subject but I have thus far failed to get even basic colourization working for VS2010. My goal is to simply get to a point where I can open a document and everything is coloured red, from here I can implement the relevant parsing logic. Here's what I have tried/found: 1) Downloaded all the relevent SDK's and such- Found the ook sample (http://code.msdn.microsoft.com/ookLanguage) - didn't build, didn't work. 2) Knowing almost nothing about MEF read through "Implementing a Language Service By Using the Managed Package Framework" - http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb166533(v=VS.100).aspx This was pretty much a copy and paste of all the basic stuff here, and also updating some references which were out of date with the sample see: http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/vsx/thread/a310fe67-afd2-4592-b295-3fc86fec7996 Now, I have got to a point where when running the package MEF appears to have hooked up correctly (I know this because with the debugger open I can see that the packages initialize and FDoIdle methods are being hit). When I open a file of the extension I have registered with the ProvideLanguageExtensionAttribute everything dies as if in an endless loop, yet no debug symbols hit (though they are loaded). Looking at the ook sample and the MEF examples they seem to be totally different approaches to the same problem. In the ook sample there are notions of Clasifications and Completion controllers which aren't mentioned in the MEF example. Also, they don't seem to create a Package or Language service, so I have no idea how it should work? With the MEF example, my assumption is that I need to hook into the "IScanner.ScanTokenAndProvideInfoAboutIt" to provide syntax highlighting? Which would be fine if I could ever hit this method. So my first question I guess is which approach should I be taking here? Or do they both somehow tie together? My second questions is, where can I find a basic fully working project that implements bog standard basic syntax highlighting and intellisense or VS2010? Thirdly, in the MEF example when I created a Package there were a bunch of test projects created for me. I appears that the integration tests launch the VS2010 test rig somehow, but the test fails. It would be good to write my service with tests but I have no idea what/how I can test each interaction so any references to testing Language services would be helpful. Finally, please throw any resource/book links my way that I may find useful. Cheers, Chris. N.B. Sorry I realize this is part question part rant, but I have never been so confused.

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  • MSMQ empty object on message body

    - by Owen
    Ok, so I'm very VERY new to MSMQ and I'm already confused. I have created a private queue and added a few messages to it, all good so far. BUT when I retrieve the messages back from the queue the message body contains a empty object of the type I added. By this I don't mean that the body is null, it does have a reference to a type of the object that I added, but it's not instantiated so all the properties are in their null or default state. This is the code I use to add to the queue: using (var mQueue = new MessageQueue(QueueName)) { var msg = new Message(observation) { Priority = MessagePriority.Normal, UseJournalQueue = true, AcknowledgeType = AcknowledgeTypes.FullReceive, }; mQueue.Send(msg); } And this is the code that dequeues the messages: using (var mQueue = new MessageQueue(QueueName)) { mQueue.MessageReadPropertyFilter.SetAll(); ((XmlMessageFormatter)mQueue.Formatter).TargetTypes = new[] { typeof(Observation) }; var msg = mQueue.Receive(new TimeSpan(0, 0, 5)); var observation = (Observation)msg.Body; return observation; }

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  • Safari on the iPhone & iPad gives colour feedback on touch, I want to stop this.

    - by Owen
    Clicking on an element which has a Javascript handler makes the element go have a 'grey overlay'. This is normally fine but I'm using event delegation to handle the touchdown events of many child elements. Because of the delegation the 'grey overlay' is appearing over the parent element and looks bad and confusing. I could attach event handlers to the individual elements to avoid the problem but this would be computationally very wasteful. I'd rather have some webkit css property that I can override to turn it off. I already have visual feedback in my app so the 'grey overlay' is not needed. Any ideas?

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  • Hidden features of mod_rewrite

    - by Owen
    There seem to be a decent number of mod_rewrite threads floating around lately with a bit of confusion over how certain aspects of it work. As a result I've compiled a few notes on common functionality, and perhaps a few annoying nuances. What other features / common issues have you run across using mod_rewrite?

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  • How to retrieve all keys (or values) from a std::map?

    - by Owen
    This is one of the possible ways I come out: struct RetrieveKey { template <typename T> typename T::first_type operator()(T keyValuePair) const { return keyValuePair.first; } }; map<int, int> m; vector<int> keys; // Retrieve all keys transform(m.begin(), m.end(), back_inserter(keys), RetrieveKey()); // Dump all keys copy(keys.begin(), keys.end(), ostream_iterator<int>(cout, "\n")); Of course, we can also retrieve all values from the map by defining another functor RetrieveValues. Is there any other way to achieve this easily? (I'm always wondering why std::map does not include a member function for us to do so.)

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  • chained selects with one table

    - by Owen
    I know I am going about this in an unusual way, every tut I've seen uses multiple tables, but due to the way the rest of my site works I would like to create a chained select which operates using a single table. My table structure is: ---------------------- |Catagory|SubCategory| |01|cat1 |subcat1 | |02|cat1 |subcat2 | |03|cat2 |subcat1 | |04|cat2 |subcat2 | ---------------------- The code I have so far looks like: <tr> <td class="shadow"><strong>Category:</strong> </td> <td class="shadow"> <select id="category" name="category" style="width:150px"> <option selected="selected" value="<?php echo $category ?>"><?php echo $category?></option> <?php include('connect.php'); $result1 = mysql_query("SELECT DISTINCT category FROM categories") or die(mysql_error()); while($row = mysql_fetch_array( $result1 )) { $category = $row['category']; echo "<option value='". $row['category'] ."'>". $row['category'] ."</option>"; } ?> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="shadow"><strong>Sub Category:</strong> </td> <td class="shadow"> <select id="sub_catgory" name="sub_category" style="width:150px;"> <option selected="selected" value="<?php echo $sub_category ?>"><?php echo $sub_category ?></option> <?php include('connect.php'); $result2 = mysql_query("SELECT sub_category FROM categories WHERE ") or die(mysql_error()); while($row = mysql_fetch_array ($result2 )){ echo "<option value='" . $row['sub_category'] . "'>". $row['sub_category']. "</option>"; } ?> </select> </td> </tr> On the second select I am not sure how to state the WHERE clause. I need it to display the subcategories which have the same category as selected in the first select. PART 2 how would I include AJAX in this to preload the data so i don't need to refresh the page. Could someone either help me finish what I've started here or point me to a good tutorial. thanks

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