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• Cisco 7206vxr cpu reducing

  - by naimson

  I have a 7206VXR (NPE-G2) . At the rate of 140 kpps i gain 80% of cpu . So i looking for ways how to reduce it? So i want to turn off netflow(but don't want to this,monitoring is highly important for me), but it will give me only 10-20% ? At this moment with 84kpps i have 58% sh processes cpu sorted give me this. PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process 109 163534600 537236763 304 35.38% 32.83% 16.85% 0 IP Input 67 829396 52280 15864 0.15% 0.01% 0.00% 0 Per-minute Jobs 68 5542736 3053476 1815 0.15% 0.18% 0.16% 0 Per-Second Jobs 51 635852 1116315 569 0.07% 0.03% 0.02% 0 Net Background 329 120396 4607274 26 0.07% 0.00% 0.00% 0 EIGRP-IPv4 Hello 105 50508 95032488 0 0.07% 0.05% 0.05% 0 IPAM Manager 6 4068580 476916 8531 0.00% 0.07% 0.05% 0 Check heaps 7 7768 3634 2137 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Pool Manager 8 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 DiscardQ Backgro 10 8 708 11 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 WATCH_AFS 5 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 RO Notify Timers 12 0 2 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 ATM VC Auto Crea 9 0 2 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Timers 11 0 2 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 ATM AutoVC Perio 13 296 610532 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Event Notifi 16 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Zone Manager 17 3584 2980311 1 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Periodic Tim 4 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 EDDRI_MAIN 19 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Process leve 20 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Seat Manager 21 96 174453 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Check Queue 14 4 50890 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Dynamic Cach 3 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 cpf_process_tpQ 24 756 305371 2 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Keep Alive M 25 2340 610561 3 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Loadometer 22 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Seat RX Cont 15 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Session Serv 18 1620 2980310 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Deferred Por 29 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Exception contro sh run(greped): http://pastie.org/5483194 Hardware: c7200p-adventerprisek9-mz.151-4.M1.bin Cisco 7206VXR (NPE-G2) processor (revision A) with 917504K/65536K bytes of memory. Processor board ID 2xxxxxxx MPC7448 CPU at 1666Mhz, Implementation 0, Rev 2.2 6 slot VXR midplane, Version 2.1

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• What are secure ways of sharing a server (ssh+LAMP) with friends?

  - by Bran the Blessed

  What is the best way to share a virtual server with friends? More precisely, I have the following assets: A virtual private server (Debian Lenny) with root access for myself, running... SSH apache2 mysql Some unused disk space Some friends in need of hosting The problem I would now like to do the following: Hosting one or several domains per friend My friends should have full access to their domains, including running PHP scripts, for example My friends should not be able to poke around in other directories The security of my server should not be compromised by faulty PHP scripts To clarify: I do trust my friends in the sense that they are not trying to do something evil with their access. I just do not trust the programs they are going to run. So, what are your recommendations for establishing such a scenario? Partial solution I already came up with the following plan: Add chrooted SSH users for my friends Add Apache vhosts per user (point the directories to subdirectories of the homedirectories, i.e. /home/alice/example.com, /home/bob/example.net, etc. But how can I enforce a chroot-like environment for the scripts they are running within these vhosts? Any pointers would be appreciated.

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• Why would the Apache parent process restart silently?

  - by miracle

  I run apache 2.2.9 with mpm prefork on debian lenny. Following http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/prefork.html, I would expect that there is one parent process, running as root and listening as configured, which would start child processes as defined by the Min/Max/etc. directives. I expect the children to be restarted as per MaxRequestsPerChild, but the parent process to stay put with one process id until I restart it manually. Out of a little paranoia, I started monitoring listening ports including process ids. I have a cron job every 20 minutes to run netstat -ap | grep LISTEN and diff the output. Sometimes (about once per day) I see a series of this: 8c8 < tcp6 0 0 [::]:www [::]:* LISTEN 6194/apache2 --- tcp6 0 0 [::]:www [::]:* LISTEN 6607/apache2 10c10 < tcp6 0 0 [::]:https [::]:* LISTEN 6194/apache2 --- tcp6 0 0 [::]:https [::]:* LISTEN 6607/apache2 Over a period of an hour or three, the parent would change its pid at least once every 20 minutes, without any explanation in the log files or any other hint that anything is going wrong. This is not what I expected. What am I missing?

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• Is it possible to ack nagios alerts from the terminal on a remote workstation?

  - by cat pants

  I have nagios alerts set up to come through jabber with an http link to ack. Is is possible there is a script I can run from a terminal on a remote workstation that takes the hostname as a parameter and acks the alert? ./ack hostname The benefit, while seemingly mundane, is threefold. First, take http load off nagios. Secondly, nagios http pages can take up to 10-20 seconds to load, so I want to save time there. Thirdly, avoiding slower use of mouse + web interface + firefox/other annoyingly slow browser. Ideally, I would like a script bound to a keyboard shortcut that simply acks the most recent alert. Finally, I want to take the inputs from a joystick, buttons and whatnot, and connect one to a big red button bound to the script so I can just ack the most recent nagios alert by hitting the button lol. (It would be rad too if the button had a screen on the enclosure that showed the text of the alert getting acked lol) Make fun of me all you want, but this is actually something that would be useful to me. If I can save five seconds per alert, and I get 200 alerts per day I need to ack, that's saving me 15 minutes a day. And isn't the whole point of the sysadmin to automate what can be automated? Thanks!

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• Hosted bug tracking system with mercurial repositories (Summary of options & request for opinions)

  - by Mark Booth

  The Question What hosted mercurial repository/bug tracking system or systems have you used? Would you recommend it to others? Are there serious flaws, either in the repository hosting or the bug tracking features that would make it difficult to recommend it? Do you have any other experiences with it or opinions of it that you would like to share? If you have used other non mercurial hosted repository/bug tracking systems, how does it compare? (If I understand correctly, the best format for this type of community-wiki style question is one answer per option, if you have experienced if several) Background I have been looking into options for setting up a bug/issue tracking database and found some valuable advice in this thread and this. But then I got to thinking that a hosted solution might not only solve the problem of tracking bugs, but might also solve the problem we have accessing our mercurial source code repositories while at customer sites around the world. Since we currently have no way to serve mercurial repositories over ssl, when I am at a customer site I have to connect my laptop via VPN to my work network and access the mercurial repositories over a samba share (even if it is just to synce twice a day). This is excruciatingly slow on high latency networks and can be impossible with some customers' firewalls. Even if we could run a TRAC or Redmine server here (thanks turnkey), I'm not sure it would be much quicker as our internet connection is over-stretched as it is. What I would like is for developers to be able to be able to push/pull to/from a remote repository, servicing engineers to be able to pull from a remote repository and for customers (both internal and external) to be able to submit bug/issue reports. Initial options The two options I found were Assembla and Jira. Looking at Assembla I thought the 'group' price looked reasonable, but after enquiring, found that each workspace could only contain a single repository. Since each of our products might have up to a dozen repositories (mostly for libraries) which need to be managed seperately for each product, I could see it getting expensive really quickly. On the plus side, it appears that 'users' are just workspace members, so you can have as many client users (people who can only submit support tickets and track their own tickets) without using up your user allocation. Jira only charges based on the number of users, unfortunately client users also count towards this, if you want them to be able to track their tickets. If you only want clients to be able to submit untracked issues, you can let them submit anonymously, but that doesn't feel very professional to me. More options Looking through MercurialHosting page that @Paidhi suggested, I've added the options which appear to offer private repositories, along with another that I found with a web search. Prices are as per their website today (29th March 2010). Corrections welcome in the future. Anyway, here is my summary, according to the information given on their websites: Assembla, http://www.assembla.com/, looks to be a reasonable price, but suffers only one repository per workspace, so three projects with 6 repos each would use up most of the spaces associated with a $99/month professional account (20 spaces). Bug tracking is based on Trac. Mercurial+Trac support was announced in a blog entry in 2007, but they only list SVN and Git on their Features web page. Cost: $24, $49, $99 & $249/month for 40, 40, unlimited, unlimited users and 1, 10, 20, 100 workspaces. SSL based push/pull? Website https login. BitBucket, http://bitbucket.org/plans/, is primarily a mercurial hosting site for open source projects, with SSL support, but they have an integrated bug tracker and they are cheap for private repositories. It has it’s own issues tracker, but also integrates with Lighthouse & FogBugz. Cost: $0, $5, $12, $50 & $100/month for 1, 5, 15, 25 & 150 private repositories. SSL based push/pull. No https on website login, but supports OpenID, so you can chose an OpenID provider with https login. Codebase HQ, http://www.codebasehq.com/, supports Hg and is almost as cheap as BitBucket. Cost: £5, £13, £21 & £40/month for 3, 15, 30 & 60 active projects, unlimited repositories, unlimited users (except 10 users at £5/month) and 0.5, 2, 4 & 10GB. SSL based push/pull? Website https login? Firefly, http://www.activestate.com/firefly/, by ActiveState looks interesting, but the website is a little light on details, such as whether you can only have one repository per project or not. Cost: $9, $19, & £39/month for 1, 5 & 30 private projects, with a 0.5, 1.5 & 3 GB storage limit. SSL based push/pull? Website https login. Jira, http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira/, isn’t limited by the number of repositories you can have, but by ‘user’. It could work out quite expensive if we want client users to be able to track their issues, since they would need a full user account to be created for them. Also, while there is a Mercurial extension to support jira, there is no ‘Advanced integration’ for Mercurial from Atlassian Fisheye. Cost: $150, $300, $400, $500, $700/month for 10, 25, 50, 100, 100+ users. SSL based push/pull? Website https login. Kiln & FogBugz On Demand, http://fogcreek.com/Kiln/IntrotoOnDemand.html, integrates Kilns mercurial DVCS features with FogBugz, where the combined package is much cheaper than the component parts. Also, the Fogbugz integration is supposedly excellent. *8’) Cost: £30/developer/month ($5/d/m more than either on their own). SSL based push/pull? SourceRepo, http://sourcerepo.com/, also supports HG and is even cheaper than BitBucket & Codebase. Cost: $4, $7 & $13/month for 1, unlimited & unlimited repositories/trac/redmine instances and 500MB, 1GB & 3GB storage. SSL based push/pull. Website https login. Edit: 29th March 2010 & Bounty I split this question into sections, made the questions themselves more explicit, added other options from the research I have done since my first posting and made this community wiki, since I now understand what CW is for. *8') Also, I've added a bounty to encourage people to offer their opinions. At the end of the bounty period, I will award the bounty to whoever writes the best review (good or bad), irrespective of the number of up/down votes it gets. Given that it's probably more important to avoid bad providers than find the absolute best one, 'bad reviews' could be considered more important than good ones.

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• Cumulative +1/-1 Cointoss crashes on 1000 iterations. Please advise; c++ boost random libraries

  - by user1731972

  following some former advice Multithreaded application, am I doing it right? I think I have a threadsafe number generator using boost, but my program crashes when I input 1000 iterations. The output .csv file when graphed looks right, but I'm not sure why it's crashing. It's using _beginthread, and everyone is telling me I should use the more (convoluted) _beingthreadex, which I'm not familiar with. If someone could recommend an example, I would greatly appreciate it. Also... someone pointed out I should be applying a second parameter to my _beginthread for the array counting start positions, but I have no idea how to pass more than one parameter, other than attempting to use a structure, and I've read structure's and _beginthread don't get along (although, I could just use the boost threads...) #include <process.h> #include <windows.h> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <time.h> #include <random> #include <boost/random.hpp> //for srand48_r(time(NULL), &randBuffer); which doesn't work #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> //#include <thread> using namespace std; using namespace boost; using namespace boost::random; void myThread0 (void *dummy ); void myThread1 (void *dummy ); void myThread2 (void *dummy ); void myThread3 (void *dummy ); //for random seeds void initialize(); //from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7114043/random-number-generation-in-c11-how-to-generate-how-do-they-work uniform_int_distribution<> two(1,2); typedef std::mt19937 MyRNG; // the Mersenne Twister with a popular choice of parameters uint32_t seed_val; // populate somehow MyRNG rng1; // e.g. keep one global instance (per thread) MyRNG rng2; // e.g. keep one global instance (per thread) MyRNG rng3; // e.g. keep one global instance (per thread) MyRNG rng4; // e.g. keep one global instance (per thread) //only needed for shared variables //CRITICAL_SECTION cs1,cs2,cs3,cs4; // global int main() { ofstream myfile; myfile.open ("coinToss.csv"); int rNum; long numRuns; long count = 0; int divisor = 1; float fHolder = 0; long counter = 0; float percent = 0.0; //? //unsigned threadID; //HANDLE hThread; initialize(); HANDLE hThread[4]; const int size = 100000; int array[size]; printf ("Runs (uses multiple of 100,000) "); cin >> numRuns; for (int a = 0; a < numRuns; a++) { hThread[0] = (HANDLE)_beginthread( myThread0, 0, (void*)(array) ); hThread[1] = (HANDLE)_beginthread( myThread1, 0, (void*)(array) ); hThread[2] = (HANDLE)_beginthread( myThread2, 0, (void*)(array) ); hThread[3] = (HANDLE)_beginthread( myThread3, 0, (void*)(array) ); //waits for threads to finish before continuing WaitForMultipleObjects(4, hThread, TRUE, INFINITE); //closes handles I guess? CloseHandle( hThread[0] ); CloseHandle( hThread[1] ); CloseHandle( hThread[2] ); CloseHandle( hThread[3] ); //dump array into calculations //average array into fHolder //this could be split into threads as well for (int p = 0; p < size; p++) { counter += array[p] == 2 ? 1 : -1; //cout << array[p] << endl; //cout << counter << endl; } //this fHolder calculation didn't work //fHolder = counter / size; //so I had to use this cout << counter << endl; fHolder = counter; fHolder = fHolder / size; myfile << fHolder << endl; } } void initialize() { //seed value needs to be supplied //rng1.seed(seed_val*1); rng1.seed((unsigned int)time(NULL)); rng2.seed(((unsigned int)time(NULL))*2); rng3.seed(((unsigned int)time(NULL))*3); rng4.seed(((unsigned int)time(NULL))*4); }; void myThread0 (void *param) { //EnterCriticalSection(&cs1); //aquire the critical section object int *i = (int *)param; for (int x = 0; x < 25000; x++) { //doesn't work, part of merssene twister //i[x] = next(); i[x] = two(rng1); //original srand //i[x] = rand() % 2 + 1; //doesn't work for some reason. //uint_dist2(rng); //i[x] = qrand() % 2 + 1; //cout << i[x] << endl; } //LeaveCriticalSection(&cs1); // release the critical section object } void myThread1 (void *param) { //EnterCriticalSection(&cs2); //aquire the critical section object int *i = (int *)param; for (int x = 25000; x < 50000; x++) { //param[x] = rand() % 2 + 1; i[x] = two(rng2); //i[x] = rand() % 2 + 1; //cout << i[x] << endl; } //LeaveCriticalSection(&cs2); // release the critical section object } void myThread2 (void *param) { //EnterCriticalSection(&cs3); //aquire the critical section object int *i = (int *)param; for (int x = 50000; x < 75000; x++) { i[x] = two(rng3); //i[x] = rand() % 2 + 1; //cout << i[x] << endl; } //LeaveCriticalSection(&cs3); // release the critical section object } void myThread3 (void *param) { //EnterCriticalSection(&cs4); //aquire the critical section object int *i = (int *)param; for (int x = 75000; x < 100000; x++) { i[x] = two(rng4); //i[x] = rand() % 2 + 1; //cout << i[x] << endl; } //LeaveCriticalSection(&cs4); // release the critical section object }

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• How to create multiboot flash drive

  - by Nrew

  I've found a guide here: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/boot-multiple-iso-from-usb-multiboot-usb/ And found this menu.lst in my flash drive, which seems to be the one that I'm seeing when I boot using my flash drive: # This Menu Created by Lance http://www.pendrivelinux.com # Ongoing Suggested Menu Entries and the Suggestor are noted! default 0 timeout 30 color NORMAL HIGHLIGHT HELPTEXT HEADING splashimage=(hd0,0)/splash.xpm.gz foreground=FFFFFF background=0066FF title Memtest86+ find --set-root /memtest86+-4.00.iso map --mem /memtest86+-4.00.iso (hd32) map --hook root (hd32) chainloader (hd32) # Suggested by madprofessor title Boot Clonezilla root (hd0,0) kernel /clonezilla/live/vmlinuz live-media-path=clonezilla/live bootfrom=/dev/sd boot=live union=aufs noprompt ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param="" ocs_live_keymap="" ocs_live_batch="no" ocs_lang="" vga=791 ip=frommedia initrd /clonezilla/live/initrd.img title Parted Magic 4.9 (Partition Tools) find --set-root /pmagic-4.9.iso map /pmagic-4.9.iso (hd32) map --hook root (hd32) chainloader (hd32) # Suggested by Deb title Partition Wizard 4.2 (Partition Tools) find --set-root /pwhe42.iso map /pwhe42.iso (hd32) map --hook root (hd32) chainloader (hd32) title Balder DOS image (FreeDOS) map --unsafe-boot /balder10.img (fd0) map --hook chainloader --force (fd0)+1 rootnoverify (fd0) # Suggested by Szymon Silski title Linux Mint 8 find --set-root /LinuxMint-8.iso map /LinuxMint-8.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/mint.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/LinuxMint-8.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title Ubuntu 10.04 find --set-root /ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso map /ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title Xubuntu 10.04 (XFCE Desktop) find --set-root /xubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso map /xubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/xubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/xubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title Kubuntu 10.04 (KDE Desktop) find --set-root /kubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso map /kubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/kubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/kubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz # Suggested by Ambriel title Lubuntu 10.04 (LXDE Lightweight Desktop) find --set-root /lubuntu-10.04.iso map /lubuntu-10.04.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/lubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/lubuntu-10.04.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title Ubuntu 10.04 Netbook Remix (NetBook Distro) find --set-root /ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso map /ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/netbook-remix.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title Ubuntu 10.04 Server Edition Installer (32 bit Installer Only) find --set-root /ubuntu-10.04-server-i386.iso map /ubuntu-10.04-server-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /install/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed boot=install iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-server-i386.iso splash initrd /install/initrd.gz title Ubuntu 9.10 find --set-root /ubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso map /ubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title Xubuntu 9.10 find --set-root /xubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso map /xubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/xubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/xubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title Kubuntu 9.10 find --set-root /kubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso map /kubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/kubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/kubuntu-9.10-desktop-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz # Ubuntu Server and Netbook Remix suggested by Wojciech Holek title Ubuntu 9.10 Server Edition Installer (Installer Only) find --set-root /ubuntu-9.10-server-i386.iso map /ubuntu-9.10-server-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /install/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed boot=install iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-9.10-server-i386.iso splash initrd /install/initrd.gz title Ubuntu 9.10 Netbook Remix (NetBook Distro) find --set-root /ubuntu-9.10-netbook-remix-i386.iso map /ubuntu-9.10-netbook-remix-i386.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/netbook-remix.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-9.10-netbook-remix-i386.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title Ubuntu 9.10 Rescue Remix (Recovery Tools) find --set-root /ubuntu-rescue-remix-9-10-revision1.iso map /ubuntu-rescue-remix-9-10-revision1.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-rescue-remix-9-10-revision1.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz title DSL 4.4.10 find --set-root /dsl-4.4.10-initrd.iso map --mem /dsl-4.4.10-initrd.iso (hd32) map --hook root (hd32) chainloader (hd32) title AVG Rescue CD (Anti-Virus + Anti-Spyware) find --set-root /avg_arl_en_90_100114.iso map /avg_arl_en_90_100114.iso (hd32) map --hook chainloader (hd32) title Ultimate Boot CD 4.11 find --set-root /ubcd411.iso map /ubcd411.iso (hd32) map --hook chainloader (hd32) title OphCrack XP 2.3.1 (XP Password Cracker) find --set-root /ophcrack-xp-livecd-2.3.1.iso map /ophcrack-xp-livecd-2.3.1.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /boot/bzImage rw root=/dev/null vga=normal lang=C kmap=us screen=1024x768x16 autologin initrd /boot/rootfs.gz title OphCrack Vista 2.3.1 (Vista Password Cracker) find --set-root /ophcrack-vista-livecd-2.3.1.iso map /ophcrack-vista-livecd-2.3.1.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /boot/bzImage rw root=/dev/null vga=normal lang=C kmap=us screen=1024x768x16 autologin initrd /boot/rootfs.gz # Suggested by Greg Steer title Offline NT Password & Registy Editor find --set-root /cd080802.iso map /cd080802.iso (hd32) map --hook chainloader (hd32) title SliTaz 2.0 find --set-root /slitaz-2.0.iso map --mem /slitaz-2.0.iso (hd32) map --hook chainloader (hd32) title Riplinux 9.3 find --set-root /RIPLinuX-9.3.iso map --heads=0 --sectors-per-track=0 /RIPLinuX-9.3.iso (0xff) || map --heads=0 --sectors-per-track=0 --mem /RIPLinuX-9.3.iso (0xff) map --hook chainloader (0xff) # Suggested by Sunny title YlmF (Windows Like OS) find --set-root /YlmF_OS_EN_v1.0.iso map /YlmF_OS_EN_v1.0.iso (0xff) map --hook root (0xff) kernel /casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent iso-scan/filename=/YlmF_OS_EN_v1.0.iso splash initrd /casper/initrd.lz # Suggested by Martin Andersson title DBAN 1.0.7 (Drive Nuker) find --set-root /dban-1.0.7_i386.iso map --mem /dban-1.0.7_i386.iso (hd32) map --hook root (hd32) chainloader (hd32) # Suggested by Robin McGough title xPUD 0.9.2 (NetBook Distro) find --set-root --ignore-floppies --ignore-cd /xpud-0.9.2.iso map --heads=0 --sectors-per-track=0 /xpud-0.9.2.iso (hd32) map --hook chainloader (hd32) title Puppy 4.3.1 find --set-root /puppy/pup-431.sfs kernel /puppy/vmlinuz initrd /puppy/initrd.gz # Suggested by Relst title Run a Linux OS from the Internet kernel /gpxe.lkrn I also put some .iso files for os installers (Windows xp sp2 and Ubuntu 10.04) But they didn't show up in the list when I booted Do I need to: extract the .iso files and put in in their respective folders? Add the os that I added on the menu.lst? How do I add the iso image(os) in the menu.lst? Before adding the .iso files I first made a folder named Windows xp sp2 then placed the .iso files in there. Please help, I think I need to add the folder name or the file name on the menu.lst but I don't know how

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• Linux networking crash: best steps to find out the cause?

  - by Aron Rotteveel

  One of our Linux (CentOS) servers was unreachable last night. The server was not reachable in any way except for the remote console. After logging in with the remote console, it turned out I could not ping any outside hosts either. A simple service network restart solved the issue, but I am still wondering what could have caused this. My log files seem to indicate no error at all (except for the various daemons that need a network connection and failed after the network failure). Are there any additional steps I can take to find out the cause of this problem? EDIT: this just happened again. The server was completely unresponsive until I issued a networking service restart. Any advise is welcome. Could this be caused by a faulty hardware component? As per Madhatters request, here are some excerpts from the log at the time (the network crashed at 20:13): /var/log/messages: Dec 2 20:01:05 graviton kernel: Firewall: *TCP_IN Blocked* IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=<stripped> SRC=<stripped> DST=<stripped> LEN=40 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=101 ID=256 PROTO=TCP SPT=6000 DPT=3306 WINDOW=16384 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Dec 2 20:01:05 graviton kernel: Firewall: *TCP_IN Blocked* IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=<stripped> SRC=<stripped> DST=<stripped> LEN=40 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=100 ID=256 PROTO=TCP SPT=6000 DPT=3306 WINDOW=16384 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Dec 2 20:01:05 graviton kernel: Firewall: *TCP_IN Blocked* IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=<stripped> SRC=<stripped> DST=<stripped> LEN=40 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=101 ID=256 PROTO=TCP SPT=6000 DPT=3306 WINDOW=16384 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 Dec 2 20:13:34 graviton junglediskserver: Connection to gateway failed: xGatewayTransport - Connection to gateway failed. The first three messages are simple responses to iptables rules I have set up through the LFD firewall. The last message indicates that JungleDisk, which I use for backups can no longer connect to the gateway. Apart from this, there are no interesting messages around this time. EDIT 4 dec: as per Mattdm's request, here is the output of ethtool eth0: (Please not that these are the settings that currently work. If things go wrong again, I will be sure to post this again if necessary. Settings for eth0: Supported ports: [ TP ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Supports auto-negotiation: Yes Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes Speed: 1000Mb/s Duplex: Full Port: Twisted Pair PHYAD: 1 Transceiver: internal Auto-negotiation: on Supports Wake-on: g Wake-on: d Link detected: yes As per Joris' request, here is also the output of route -n: aron@graviton [~]# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface xx.xx.xx.58 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.42 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.43 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.41 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.46 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.47 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.44 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.45 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.50 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.51 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.48 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.49 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.54 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.52 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.53 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.192 U 0 0 0 eth0 xx.xx.xx.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 xx.xx.xx.62 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 The bottom xx.62 is my gateway. EDIT december 28th: the problem occurred again and I got the chance to compare some of the outputs of the above tests. What I found out is that arp -an returns an incomplete MAC address for my gateway (which is not under my control; the server is in a shared rack): During failure: ? (xx.xx.xx.62) at <incomplete> on eth0 After service network restart: ? (xx.xx.xx.62) at 00:00:0C:9F:F0:30 [ether] on eth0 Is this something I can fix or is it time for me to contact the data centre?

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• nginx+php-fpm help optimize configs

  - by Dmitro

  I have 3 servers. First server (CPU - model name: 06/17, 2.66GHz, 4 cores, 8GB RAM) have nginx as load balancer with next config upstream lb_mydomain { server mydomain.ru:81 weight=2; server 66.0.0.18 weight=6; } server { listen 80; server_name ~(?!mydomain.ru)(.*); client_max_body_size 20m; location / { proxy_pass http://lb_mydomain; proxy_redirect off; proxy_set_header Connection close; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_pass_header Set-Cookie; proxy_pass_header P3P; proxy_pass_header Content-Type; proxy_pass_header Content-Disposition; proxy_pass_header Content-Length; } } And configs from nginx.conf: user www-data; worker_processes 5; # worker_priority -1; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 5024; # multi_accept on; } http { include /etc/nginx/mime.types; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; sendfile on; default_type application/octet-stream; #tcp_nopush on; keepalive_timeout 65; tcp_nodelay on; gzip on; gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.(?!.*SV1)"; # PHP-FPM (backend) upstream php-fpm { server 127.0.0.1:9000; } include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; } And config php-fpm: listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 ;listen.backlog = -1 ;listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1 ;listen.owner = www-data ;listen.group = www-data ;listen.mode = 0666 user = www-data group = www-data pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 80 ;pm.start_servers = 20 pm.min_spare_servers = 5 pm.max_spare_servers = 35 ;pm.max_requests = 500 pm.status_path = /status ping.path = /ping ;ping.response = pong request_terminate_timeout = 30s request_slowlog_timeout = 10s slowlog = /var/log/php-fpm.log.slow ;rlimit_files = 1024 ;rlimit_core = 0 ;chroot = chdir = /var/www ;catch_workers_output = yes ;env[HOSTNAME] = $HOSTNAME ;env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin ;env[TMP] = /tmp ;env[TMPDIR] = /tmp ;env[TEMP] = /tmp ;php_admin_value[sendmail_path] = /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i -f [email protected] ;php_flag[display_errors] = off ;php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/fpm-php.www.log ;php_admin_flag[log_errors] = on ;php_admin_value[memory_limit] = 32M In top I see 20 php-fpm processes which use from 1% - 15% CPU. So it's have high load averadge: top - 15:36:22 up 34 days, 20:54, 1 user, load average: 5.98, 7.75, 8.78 Tasks: 218 total, 1 running, 217 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 34.1%us, 3.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 37.0%id, 24.8%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.9%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8183228k total, 7538584k used, 644644k free, 351136k buffers Swap: 9936892k total, 14636k used, 9922256k free, 990540k cached Second server(CPU - model name: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5504 @ 2.00GHz, 8 cores, 8GB RAM). Nginx configs from nginx.conf: user www-data; worker_processes 5; # worker_priority -1; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 5024; # multi_accept on; } http { include /etc/nginx/mime.types; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; sendfile on; default_type application/octet-stream; #tcp_nopush on; keepalive_timeout 65; tcp_nodelay on; gzip on; gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.(?!.*SV1)"; # PHP-FPM (backend) upstream php-fpm { server 127.0.0.1:9000; } include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; } And config of php-fpm: listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 ;listen.backlog = -1 ;listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1 ;listen.owner = www-data ;listen.group = www-data ;listen.mode = 0666 user = www-data group = www-data pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 50 ;pm.start_servers = 20 pm.min_spare_servers = 5 pm.max_spare_servers = 35 ;pm.max_requests = 500 ;pm.status_path = /status ;ping.path = /ping ;ping.response = pong ;request_terminate_timeout = 0 ;request_slowlog_timeout = 0 ;slowlog = /var/log/php-fpm.log.slow ;rlimit_files = 1024 ;rlimit_core = 0 ;chroot = chdir = /var/www ;catch_workers_output = yes ;env[HOSTNAME] = $HOSTNAME ;env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin ;env[TMP] = /tmp ;env[TMPDIR] = /tmp ;env[TEMP] = /tmp ;php_admin_value[sendmail_path] = /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i -f [email protected] ;php_flag[display_errors] = off ;php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/fpm-php.www.log ;php_admin_flag[log_errors] = on ;php_admin_value[memory_limit] = 32M In top I see 50 php-fpm processes which use from 10% - 25% CPU. So it's have high load averadge: top - 15:53:05 up 33 days, 1:15, 1 user, load average: 41.35, 40.28, 39.61 Tasks: 239 total, 40 running, 199 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 96.5%us, 3.1%sy, 0.0%ni, 0.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.4%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8185560k total, 7804224k used, 381336k free, 161648k buffers Swap: 19802108k total, 16k used, 19802092k free, 5068112k cached Third server is server with database postgresql. Also i try ab -n 50 -c 5 http://www.mydomain.ru/ And I get next info: Complete requests: 50 Failed requests: 48 (Connect: 0, Receive: 0, Length: 48, Exceptions: 0) Write errors: 0 Total transferred: 9271367 bytes HTML transferred: 9247767 bytes Requests per second: 1.02 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 4882.427 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 976.486 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 185.44 [Kbytes/sec] received Please advise how can I make lower level of load average?

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• Can someone explain the "use-cases" for the default munin graphs?

  - by exhuma

  When installing munin, it activates a default set of plugins (at least on ubuntu). Alternatively, you can simply run munin-node-configure to figure out which plugins are supported on your system. Most of these plugins plot straight-forward data. My question is not to explain the nature of the data (well... maybe for some) but what is it that you look for in these graphs? It is easy to install munin and see fancy graphs. But having the graphs and not being able to "read" them renders them totally useless. I am going to list standard plugins which are enabled by default on my system. So it's going to be a long list. For completeness, I am also going to list plugins which I think to understand and give a short explanation as to what I think it's used for. Pleas correct if I am wrong with any of them. So let me split this questions in three parts: Plugins where I don't even understand the data Plugins where I understand the data but don't know what I should look out for Plugins which I think to understand Plugins where I don't even understand the data These may contain questions that are not necessarily aimed at munin alone. Not understanding the data usually mean a gap in fundamental knowledge on operating systems/hardware.... ;) Feel free to respond with a "giyf" answer. These are plugins where I can only guess what's going on... I hardly want to look at these "guessing"... Disk IOs per device (IOs/second)What's an IO. I know it stands for input/output. But that's as far as it goes. Disk latency per device (Average IO wait)Not a clue what an "IO wait" is... IO Service TimeThis one is a huge mess, and it's near impossible to see something in the graph at all. Plugins where I understand the data but don't know what I should look out for IOStat (blocks/second read/written)I assume, the thing to look out for in here are spikes? Which would mean that the device is in heavy use? Available entropy (bytes)I assume that this is important for random number generation? Why would I graph this? So far the value has always been near constant. VMStat (running/I/O sleep processes)What's the difference between this one and the "processes" graph? Both show running/sleeping processes, whereas the "Processes" graph seems to have more details. Disk throughput per device (bytes/second read/written) What's thedifference between this one and the "IOStat" graph? inode table usageWhat should I look for in this graph? Plugins which I think to understand I'll be guessing some things here... correct me if I am wrong. Disk usage in percent (percent)How much disk space is used/remaining. As this is approaching 100%, you should consider cleaning up or extend the partition. This is extremely important for the root partition. Firewall Throughput (packets/second)The number of packets passing through the firewall. If this is spiking for a longer period of time, it could be a sign of a DOS attack (or we are simply recieving a large file). It can also give you an idea about your firewall performance. If it's levelling out and you need more "power" you should consider load balancing. If it's levelling out and see a correlation with your CPU load, it could also mean that your hardware is not fast enough. Correlations with disk usage could point to excessive LOG targets in you FW config. eth0 errors (packets in/out)Network errors. If this value is increasing, it could be a sign of faulty hardware. eth0 traffic (bits/second in/out)Raw network traffic. This should correlate with Firewall throughput. number of threadsAn ever-increasing value might point to a process not properly closing threads. Investigate! processesBreakdown of active processes (including sleeping). A quick spike in here might point to a fork-bomb. A slowly, but ever-increasing value might point to an application spawning sub-processes but not properly closing them. Investigate using ps faux. process priorityThis shows the distribution of process priorities. Having only high-priority processes is not of much use. Consider de-prioritizing some. cpu usageFairly straight-forward. If this is spiking, you may have an attack going on, or a process is hogging the CPU. Idf it's slowly increasing and approaching max in normal operations, you should consider upgrading your hardware (or load-balancing). file table usageNumber of actively open files. If this is reaching max, you may have a process opening, but not properly releasing files. load averageShows an summarized value for the system load. Should correlate with CPU usage. Increasing values can come from a number of sources. Look for correlations with other graphs. memory usageA graphical representation of you memory. As long as you have a lot of unused+cache+buffers you are fine. swap in/outShows the activity on your swap partition. This should always be 0. If you see activity on this, you should add more memory to your machine!

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• Server hung with "blocked for more than 120 seconds", diskless

  - by alterpub

  I have server which hung every 2-5 days. dmesg show following situation: kernel: [490894.231753] INFO: task munin-html:10187 blocked for more than 120 seconds. kernel: [490894.231799] "echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message. kernel: [490894.231843] munin-html D 0000000000000000 0 10187 9796 0x00000000 kernel: [490894.231878] ffff88063174b968 0000000000000082 ffff88063174b8d8 0000000000015b80 kernel: [490894.231930] ffff88063174bfd8 0000000000015b80 ffff88063174bfd8 ffff88062fe644d0 kernel: [490894.231982] 0000000000015b80 0000000000015b80 ffff88063174bfd8 0000000000015b80 kernel: [490894.232033] Call Trace: kernel: [490894.232059] [<ffffffff8117fce0>] ? sync_buffer+0x0/0x50 kernel: [490894.232089] [<ffffffff815a1f13>] io_schedule+0x73/0xc0 kernel: [490894.232115] [<ffffffff8117fd25>] sync_buffer+0x45/0x50 kernel: [490894.232143] [<ffffffff815a258f>] __wait_on_bit+0x5f/0x90 kernel: [490894.232170] [<ffffffff8117fce0>] ? sync_buffer+0x0/0x50 kernel: [490894.232197] [<ffffffff815a2638>] out_of_line_wait_on_bit+0x78/0x90 kernel: [490894.232227] [<ffffffff81080250>] ? wake_bit_function+0x0/0x40 kernel: [490894.232255] [<ffffffff8117fcd6>] __wait_on_buffer+0x26/0x30 kernel: [490894.232288] [<ffffffffa00131be>] squashfs_read_data+0x1be/0x520 [squashfs] kernel: [490894.232320] [<ffffffff8114f0f1>] ? __mem_cgroup_try_charge+0x71/0x450 kernel: [490894.232350] [<ffffffffa0013963>] squashfs_cache_get+0x1c3/0x320 [squashfs] kernel: [490894.232381] [<ffffffffa00136eb>] ? squashfs_copy_data+0x10b/0x130 [squashfs] kernel: [490894.232426] [<ffffffff815a3dbe>] ? _raw_spin_lock+0xe/0x20 kernel: [490894.232454] [<ffffffffa0013b68>] ? squashfs_read_metadata+0x48/0xf0 [squashfs] kernel: [490894.232499] [<ffffffffa0013ae1>] squashfs_get_datablock+0x21/0x30 [squashfs] kernel: [490894.232544] [<ffffffffa0015026>] squashfs_readpage+0x436/0x4a0 [squashfs] kernel: [490894.232575] [<ffffffff8111a375>] ? __inc_zone_page_state+0x35/0x40 kernel: [490894.232606] [<ffffffff8110d072>] __do_page_cache_readahead+0x172/0x210 kernel: [490894.232636] [<ffffffff8110d131>] ra_submit+0x21/0x30 kernel: [490894.232662] [<ffffffff811045f3>] filemap_fault+0x3f3/0x450 kernel: [490894.232691] [<ffffffff812bd156>] ? prio_tree_insert+0x256/0x2b0 kernel: [490894.232726] [<ffffffffa009225d>] aufs_fault+0x11d/0x170 [aufs] kernel: [490894.232755] [<ffffffff8111f6d4>] __do_fault+0x54/0x560 kernel: [490894.232782] [<ffffffff81122f39>] handle_mm_fault+0x1b9/0x440 kernel: [490894.232811] [<ffffffff811286f5>] ? do_mmap_pgoff+0x335/0x380 kernel: [490894.232840] [<ffffffff815a7af5>] do_page_fault+0x125/0x350 kernel: [490894.232867] [<ffffffff815a4675>] page_fault+0x25/0x30 Os info cat /etc/issue.net Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS uname -a Linux Shard1Host3 2.6.35-32-server #68~lucid1-Ubuntu SMP Wed Mar 28 18:33:00 UTC 2012 x86_64 GNU/Linux This system load via ltsp and hasn't harddrives also it has a lot of memory 24Gb. free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 24152 17090 7061 0 50 494 -/+ buffers/cache: 16545 7607 Swap: 0 0 0 I put vmstat info here but I think it won't give results after reboot vmstat 1 30 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu---- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 0 0 0 7231156 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 172 143 7 0 92 0 1 0 0 7231024 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7859 16233 5 0 94 0 0 0 0 7231024 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7870 16446 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 7230900 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7308 15661 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 7231100 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7960 16543 6 0 94 0 0 0 0 7231100 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7542 16047 5 1 94 0 3 0 0 7231100 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7709 16621 3 0 96 0 0 0 0 7231220 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7857 16552 4 0 96 0 0 0 0 7231220 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7192 15491 6 0 94 0 0 0 0 7231220 52196 506400 0 0 0 0 7423 15792 5 1 94 0 1 0 0 7231260 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7686 16296 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 7231260 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 6976 15183 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 7231260 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7303 15600 4 0 95 0 0 0 0 7231320 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7967 16241 1 0 98 0 0 0 0 7231444 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 6948 15113 6 0 94 0 0 0 0 7231444 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7931 16181 6 0 94 0 1 0 0 7231516 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7715 15829 6 0 94 0 0 0 0 7231516 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7771 16036 2 0 97 0 0 0 0 7231268 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7782 16202 6 0 94 0 1 0 0 7231212 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7457 15622 4 0 96 0 0 0 0 7231212 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7573 16045 2 0 98 0 2 0 0 7231216 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7689 16076 6 0 94 0 0 0 0 7231424 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7429 15650 4 0 95 0 3 0 0 7231424 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7534 16168 3 0 97 0 1 0 0 7230548 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 8559 15926 7 1 92 0 0 0 0 7230672 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7720 15905 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 7230548 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7677 16313 5 0 95 0 1 0 0 7230676 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7209 15432 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 7230800 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7522 15861 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 7230552 52196 506404 0 0 0 0 7760 16661 5 0 95 0 In the munin(monitoring system) graphs I see(before server hung): Disk(nbd0) IOs per device: read: 289m but avg by week 2.09m Disk(nbd0) throughput per device: read: 4.73k but avg by week 108.76 Disk(nbd0) utilization per device: 100% but avg by week 1.2% Eth0 traffic was low: in/out only 2Mbps Number of threads increased to 566 usually 392 Fork rate 1.08 but usually 2.82 VMStat(processes state) Increased to 17.77(from 0 as far as I could see in the graph) CPU usage iowait 880.46% when usually 6.67% It'll be great if somebody help me to understand what's up.

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• Page allocation failures on iSCSI storage

  - by Dave

  We have a CentOS 6.3 iscsi server (16GB RAM) running on Infiniband bus (ipoib). When the load is high I can see multiple errors: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: tgtd: page allocation failure. order:2, mode:0x20 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Pid: 3637, comm: tgtd Not tainted 2.6.32 #1 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Call Trace: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x77f/0x940 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? kmem_getpages+0x62/0x170 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? fallback_alloc+0x1ba/0x270 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? cache_grow+0x2cf/0x320 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ____cache_alloc_node+0x99/0x160 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? pskb_expand_head+0x64/0x270 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __kmalloc+0x189/0x220 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? pskb_expand_head+0x64/0x270 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __pskb_pull_tail+0x2aa/0x360 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_init_tso_segs+0x37/0x50 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? dev_queue_xmit+0x4bb/0x6f0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? neigh_connected_output+0xbd/0x100 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ip_finish_output+0x237/0x310 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ip_output+0xb8/0xc0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __ip_local_out+0x9f/0xb0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ip_local_out+0x25/0x30 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ip_queue_xmit+0x190/0x420 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? sock_aio_write+0x167/0x180 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_transmit_skb+0x3fe/0x7b0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_write_xmit+0x1fb/0xa20 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __tcp_push_pending_frames+0x30/0xe0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_push_pending_frames+0x33/0x40 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? do_tcp_setsockopt+0x3d6/0x480 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_setsockopt+0x2a/0x30 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? sock_common_setsockopt+0x14/0x20 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? sys_setsockopt+0x7f/0xe0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Mem-Info: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA per-cpu: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 0: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 1: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 2: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 3: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA32 per-cpu: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 0: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 183 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 1: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 23 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 2: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 183 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 3: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 181 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 Normal per-cpu: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 0: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 171 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 1: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 29 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 2: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 32 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 3: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 32 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: active_anon:1875 inactive_anon:2473 isolated_anon:0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: active_file:1243637 inactive_file:2505055 isolated_file:0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: unevictable:0 dirty:268338 writeback:0 unstable:0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: free:86050 slab_reclaimable:132377 slab_unreclaimable:23744 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: mapped:1293 shmem:222 pagetables:720 bounce:0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA free:15732kB min:124kB low:152kB high:184kB active_anon:0kB inactive_anon:0kB active_file:0kB inactive_file:0kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:15332kB mlocked:0kB dirty:0kB writeback:0kB mapped:0kB shmem:0kB slab_reclaimable:0kB slab_unreclaimable:0kB kernel_stack:0kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? yes Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 2172 16060 16060 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA32 free:107544kB min:18268kB low:22832kB high:27400kB active_anon:468kB inactive_anon:2364kB active_file:566208kB inactive_file:976112kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:2224900kB mlocked:0kB dirty:96816kB writeback:0kB mapped:908kB shmem:12kB slab_reclaimable:176940kB slab_unreclaimable:968kB kernel_stack:64kB pagetables:192kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 13887 13887 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 Normal free:220924kB min:116772kB low:145964kB high:175156kB active_anon:7032kB inactive_anon:7528kB active_file:4408340kB inactive_file:9044108kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:14220800kB mlocked:0kB dirty:976536kB writeback:0kB mapped:4264kB shmem:876kB slab_reclaimable:352568kB slab_unreclaimable:94008kB kernel_stack:2048kB pagetables:2688kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA: 1*4kB 0*8kB 1*16kB 1*32kB 1*64kB 0*128kB 1*256kB 0*512kB 1*1024kB 1*2048kB 3*4096kB = 15732kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA32: 16305*4kB 4381*8kB 353*16kB 8*32kB 1*64kB 1*128kB 0*256kB 1*512kB 1*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 107900kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 Normal: 14548*4kB 14808*8kB 2420*16kB 31*32kB 5*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 1*4096kB = 220784kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 3748822 total pagecache pages Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 0 pages in swap cache Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Swap cache stats: add 0, delete 0, find 0/0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Free swap = 975864kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Total swap = 975864kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 4194303 pages RAM Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 126915 pages reserved Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 3753534 pages shared Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 213500 pages non-shared TCP stack and VM config: net.core.rmem_max = 83886080 net.core.wmem_max = 83886080 net.core.rmem_default = 65536 net.core.wmem_default = 65536 net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 40960 1048560 4194304 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 40960 196608 4194304 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 16388608 16388608 16388608 vm.min_free_kbytes=135168 Additional tweaks: /sbin/blockdev --setra 16384 /dev/sdb echo 2048 /sys/block/sdb/queue/nr_requests Where might the problem be? Thank you.

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• Help with OpenVPN setup on Windows Server 2003

  - by Bill Johnson

  Hi all, Just wondering if someone can assist me further with the set-up of OpenVPN on my Windows Server 2003. I have configured Win Server as per the following guide: http://tinyurl.com/kxusv and I'm now at the stage of Creating the config files. I have a few questions that I need some assistance with. My server IP is 192.168.1.10 and my routers IP address is 192.168.1.1 (the router is a Netgear DGN2000). I have edited the server.ovpn file as per the following: push "dhcp-option DNS X.X.X.X" # Replace the Xs with the IP address of the DNS for your home network (usually your ISP's DNS) push "dhcp-option DNS X.X.X.X" # A second DNS server if you have one to include my ISP DNS and I have not edited anything else. Now my issue is with the client1.opvpn file as per the below: client dev tap #dev-node MyTAP #If you renamed your TAP interface or have more than one TAP interface then remove the # at the beginning and change "MyTAP" to its name proto udp remote YOURHOST.dyndns.org 1194 #You will need to enter you dyndns account or static IP address here. The number following it is the port you set in the server's config route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 vpn_gateway 3 #This it the IP address scheme and subnet of your normal network your server is on. Your router would usually be 192.168.1.1 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\easy-rsa\\keys\\ca.crt" cert "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\easy-rsa\\keys\\client1.crt" # Change the next two lines to match the files in the keys directory. This should be be different for each client. key "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\easy-rsa\\keys\\client1.key" # This file should be kept secret ns-cert-type server cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default) encrytion comp-lzo verb 1 To me it looks like I will need to amend the following: remote YOURHOST.dyndns.org 1194 #You will need to enter you dyndns account or static IP address here. The number following it is the port you set in the server's config route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 vpn_gateway 3 #This it the IP address scheme and subnet of your normal network your server is on. Your router would usually be 192.168.1.1 So, should the first line be the static IP of the machine that I'm applying this to? The IP address of the server (192.168.1.10) or something else? I'm also stuck on the second part 'route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 vpn_gateway 3' Should this be the router IP which is 192.168.1.1 and the subnet is 255.255.255.0 and that is all I need to alter? The final part that I'm stuggling with is Configuring the router. Basically I have a Netgear DGN2000 and as it mentions that the router should be configured to port forward port 1194 to the server’s IP address of 192.168.1.150 all I have been able to do is in 'Firewall Rules' and on 'Inbound Services', set the Service to 'Any(ALL) and Send to LAN Server point to 1923.168.1.150. I'm not sure if this is correct? It is the following stage of the help guide that I'm struggling with and really need some help with: You need to make sure the port you configured OpenVPN to listen on is forwarded on the router to the IP address of your server. On the WRT54G, port forwarding is configured in the “Applications & Gaming” section. Enter 1194 for the port, UDP for the protocol, and 192.168.1.150 for the IP address. Make sure the entry is enabled and then save the setting. Next, you need to add an entry to the router’s Routing Table. This will enable the router to properly route requests from the clients to the TAP interface of the server. On the WRT54G you would go to the “Setup” page and then the “Advanced Routing” section. Enter the follwing info to make the entry: Enter Route Name: openVPN Destination LAN IP: 192.168.10.0 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252 Default Gateway: 192.168.1.150 Interface: LAN & Wireless Once the info has been typed in make sure you save the setting. Can anyone possibly guide me through setting this part up with my Netgear router. I see that once I have these 2 parts complete I'm there so I would really appreciate someone walking me through what is required in completing this. Much appreciated.

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• Deploying WCF Tutorial App on IIS7: "The type could not be found"

  - by Jimmy

  Hello, I've been trying to follow this tutorial for deploying a WCF sample to IIS . I can't get it to work. This is a hosted site, but I do have IIS Manager access to the server. However, in step 2 of the tutorial, I can't "create a new IIS application that is physically located in this application directory". I can't seem to find a menu item, context menu item, or what not to create a new application. I've been right-clicking everywhere like crazy and still can't figure out how to create a new app. I suppose that's probably the root issue, but I tried a few other things (described below) just in case that actually is not the issue. Here is a picture of what I see in IIS Manager, in case my words don't do it justice: This is "deployed" at http://test.com.cws1.my-hosting-panel.com/IISHostedCalcService/Service.svc . The error says: The type 'Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples.CalculatorService', provided as the Service attribute value in the ServiceHost directive, or provided in the configuration element system.serviceModel/serviceHostingEnvironment/serviceActivations could not be found. I also tried to create a virtual dir (IISHostedCalc) in dotnetpanel that points to IISHostedCalcService . When I navigate to http://test.com.cws1.my-hosting-panel.com/IISHostedCalc/Service.svc , then there is a different error: This collection already contains an address with scheme http. There can be at most one address per scheme in this collection. Interestingly enough, if I click on View Applications, it seems like the virtual directory is an application (see image below)... although, as per the error message above, it doesn't work. As per the tutorial, there was no compiling involved; I just dropped the files on the server as follow inside the folder IISHostedCalcService: service.svc Web.config <dir: App_Code> Service.cs service.svc contains: <%@ServiceHost language=c# Debug="true" Service="Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples.CalculatorService"%> (I tried with quotes around the c# attribute, as this looks a little strange without quotes, but it made no difference) Web.config contains: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <system.serviceModel> <services> <service name="Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples.CalculatorService"> <!-- This endpoint is exposed at the base address provided by host: http://localhost/servicemodelsamples/service.svc --> <endpoint address="" binding="wsHttpBinding" contract="Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples.ICalculator" /> <!-- The mex endpoint is explosed at http://localhost/servicemodelsamples/service.svc/mex --> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> </service> </services> </system.serviceModel> <system.web> <customErrors mode="Off"/> </system.web> </configuration> Service.cs contains: using System; using System.ServiceModel; namespace Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples { [ServiceContract] public interface ICalculator { [OperationContract] double Add(double n1, double n2); [OperationContract] double Subtract(double n1, double n2); [OperationContract] double Multiply(double n1, double n2); [OperationContract] double Divide(double n1, double n2); } public class CalculatorService : ICalculator { public double Add(double n1, double n2) { return n1 + n2; } public double Subtract(double n1, double n2) { return n1 - n2; } public double Multiply(double n1, double n2) { return n1 * n2; } public double Divide(double n1, double n2) { return n1 / n2; } } }

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• Microsoft SyncFramework - Sync different tables into one

  - by evnu

  Hello, we are trying to get the Microsoft SyncFramework running in our application to synchronize an oracle db with a mobile device. Problem The queries that we need to gather the data on the oracle db take much time (and we haven't found a way to speed them up yet), so we try to split them up in as much portions as possible. One big part of the whole problem is, that we need different information out of one big table, that bloats a query if combined. Unfortunately, the SyncFramework allows only one TableAdapter per SyncTable. Now this is a problem for our application: If we were able to use more than one TableAdapter per SyncTable, we could easily spread the queries in a more efficient way. Using one query per Table which combines all the needed data takes way too much time. Ideas I thought of creating different TableAdapters for each one of the required queries and then merge the resulting datasets afterwards (preferably on the server). This seems to work, but is a rather awkward solution. Does someone of you know a better solution? Or do you have some ideas that could help? Thanks in advance, evnu EDIT: So, I implemented the merge solution. If you are interested, take a look at the following code. I'll give more details if there are questions. <WebMethod()> _ Public Function GetChanges(ByVal groupMetadata As SyncGroupMetadata, ByVal syncSession As SyncSession) As SyncContext Dim stream As MemoryStream Dim format As BinaryFormatter = New BinaryFormatter Dim anchors As Dictionary(Of String, Byte()) ' keep track of the tables that will be updated Dim addTables As Dictionary(Of String, List(Of SyncTableMetadata)) = New Dictionary(Of String, List(Of SyncTableMetadata)) ' list of all present anchors Dim allAnchors As Dictionary(Of String, Byte()) = New Dictionary(Of String, Byte()) ' fill allAnchors - deserialize all given anchors For Each Table As SyncTableMetadata In groupMetadata.TablesMetadata If Table.LastReceivedAnchor Is Nothing Or Table.LastReceivedAnchor.IsNull Then Continue For stream = New MemoryStream(Table.LastReceivedAnchor.Anchor) anchors = format.Deserialize(stream) For Each item As KeyValuePair(Of String, Byte()) In anchors allAnchors.Add(item.Key, item.Value) Next stream.Dispose() Next For Each Table As SyncTableMetadata In groupMetadata.TablesMetadata If allAnchors.ContainsKey(Table.TableName) Then Table.LastReceivedAnchor.Anchor = allAnchors(Table.TableName) End If Dim addSyncTables As List(Of SyncTableMetadata) If syncSession.SyncParameters.Contains(Table.TableName) Then Dim tableNames() As String = syncSession.SyncParameters(Table.TableName).Value.ToString.Split(":") addSyncTables = New List(Of SyncTableMetadata) For Each tableName As String In tableNames Dim newSynctable As SyncTableMetadata = New SyncTableMetadata newSynctable.TableName = tableName If allAnchors.ContainsKey(tableName) Then Dim anker As SyncAnchor = New SyncAnchor(allAnchors(tableName)) newSynctable.LastReceivedAnchor = anker Else newSynctable.LastReceivedAnchor = Nothing End If newSynctable.SyncDirection = Table.SyncDirection addSyncTables.Add(newSynctable) Next addTables.Add(Table.TableName, addSyncTables) End If Next ' add the newly created synctables For Each item As KeyValuePair(Of String, List(Of SyncTableMetadata)) In addTables For Each Table As SyncTableMetadata In item.Value groupMetadata.TablesMetadata.Add(Table) Next Next ' fire queries Dim context As SyncContext = servSyncProvider.GetChanges(groupMetadata, syncSession) ' merge resulting datasets For Each item As KeyValuePair(Of String, List(Of SyncTableMetadata)) In addTables For Each Table As SyncTableMetadata In item.Value If context.DataSet.Tables.Contains(Table.TableName) Then If Not context.DataSet.Tables.Contains(item.Key) Then Dim tmp As DataTable = context.DataSet.Tables(Table.TableName).Copy tmp.TableName = item.Key context.DataSet.Tables.Add(tmp) Else context.DataSet.Tables(item.Key).Merge(context.DataSet.Tables(Table.TableName)) context.DataSet.Tables.Remove(Table.TableName) End If End If Next Next ' create new anchors Dim allAnchorsDict As Dictionary(Of String, Byte()) = New Dictionary(Of String, Byte()) For Each Table As SyncTableMetadata In groupMetadata.TablesMetadata allAnchorsDict.Add(Table.TableName, context.NewAnchor.Anchor) Next stream = New MemoryStream format.Serialize(stream, allAnchorsDict) context.NewAnchor.Anchor = stream.ToArray stream.Dispose() Return context End Function

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• ASP.net roles and Projects

  - by Zyphrax

  EDIT - Rewrote my original question to give a bit more information Background info At my work I'm working on a ASP.Net web application for our customers. In our implementation we use technologies like Forms authentication with MembershipProviders and RoleProviders. All went well until I ran into some difficulties with configuring the roles, because the roles aren't system-wide, but related to the customer accounts and projects. I can't name our exact setup/formula, because I think our company wouldn't approve that... What's a customer / project? Our company provides management information for our customers on a yearly (or other interval) basis. In our systems a customer/contract consists of: one Account: information about the Company per Account, one or more Products: the bundle of management information we'll provide per Product, one or more Measurements: a period of time, in which we gather and report the data Extranet site setup Eventually we want all customers to be able to access their management information with our online system. The extranet consists of two sites: Company site: provides an overview of Account information and the Products Measurement site: after selecting a Measurement, detailed information on that period of time The measurement site is the most interesting part of the extranet. We will create submodules for new overviews, reports, managing and maintaining resources that are important for the research. Our Visual Studio solution consists of a number of projects. One web application named Portal for the basis. The sites and modules are virtual directories within that application (makes it easier to share MasterPages among things). What kind of roles? The following users (read: roles) will be using the system: Admins: development users :) (not customer related, full access) Employees: employees of our company (not customer related, full access) Customer SuperUser: top level managers (full access to their account/measurement) Customer ContactPerson: primary contact (full access to their measurement(s)) Customer Manager: a department manager (limited access, specific data of a measurement) What about ASP.Net users? The system will have many ASP.Net users, let's focus on the customer users: Users are not shared between Accounts SuperUser X automatically has access to all (and new) measurements User Y could be Primary contact for Measurement 1, but have no role for Measurement 2 User Y could be Primary contact for Measurement 1, but have a Manager role for Measurement 2 The department managers are many individual users (per Measurement), if Manager Z had a login for Measurement 1, we would like to use that login again if he participates in Measurement 2. URL structure These are typical urls in our application: http://host/login - the login screen http://host/project - the account/product overview screen (measurement selection) http://host/project/1000 - measurement (id:1000) details http://host/project/1000/planning - planning overview (for primary contact/superuser) http://host/project/1000/reports - report downloads (manager department X can only access report X) We will also create a document url, where you can request a specific document by it's GUID. The system will have to check if the user has rights to the document. The document is related to a Measurement, the User or specific roles have specific rights to the document. What's the problem? (finally ;)) Roles aren't enough to determine what a user is allowed to see/access/download a specific item. It's not enough to say that a certain navigation item is accessible to Managers. When the user requests Measurement 1000, we have to check that the user not only has a Manager role, but a Manager role for Measurement 1000. Summarized: How can we limit users to their accounts/measurements? (remember superusers see all measurements, some managers only specific measurements) How can we apply roles at a product/measurement level? (user X could be primarycontact for measurement 1, but just a manager for measurement 2) How can we limit manager access to the reports screen and only to their department's reports? All with the magic of asp.net classes, perhaps with a custom roleprovider implementation. Similar Stackoverflow question/problem http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1367483/asp-net-how-to-manage-users-with-different-types-of-roles

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• Quartz Thread Execution Parallel or Sequential?

  - by vikas

  We have a quartz based scheduler application which runs about 1000 jobs per minute which are evenly distributed across seconds of each minute i.e. about 16-17 jobs per second. Ideally, these 16-17 jobs should fire at same time, however our first statement, which simply logs the time of execution, of execute method of the job is being called very late. e.g. let us assume we have 1000 jobs scheduled per minute from 05:00 to 05:04. So, ideally the job which is scheduled at 05:03:50 should have logged the first statement of the execute method at 05:03:50, however, it is doing it at about 05:06:38. I have tracked down the time taken by the scheduled job which comes around 15-20 milliseconds. This scheduled job is fast enough because we just send a message on an ActiveMQ queue. We have specified the number of threads of quartz to be 100 and even tried with increasing it to 200 and more, but no gain. One more thing we noticed is that logs from scheduler are coming sequential after first 1 minute i.e. [Quartz_Worker_28] <Some log statement> .. .. [Quartz_Worker_29] <Some log statement> .. .. [Quartz_Worker_30] <Some log statement> .. .. So it suggesting that after some time quartz is running threads almost sequential. May be this is happening due to the time taken in notifying the job completion to persistence store (which is a separate postgres database in this case) and/or context switching. What can be the reason behind this strange behavior? EDIT: More detailed Log [06/07/12 10:08:37:192][QuartzScheduler_Worker-34][INFO] org.quartz.plugins.history.LoggingTriggerHistoryPlugin - Trigger [<trigger_name>] fired job [<job_name>] scheduled at: 06-07-2012 10:08:33.458, next scheduled at: 06-07-2012 10:34:53.000 [06/07/12 10:08:37:192][QuartzScheduler_Worker-34][INFO] <my_package>.scheduler.quartz.ScheduledLocateJob - execute begin--------- ScheduledLocateJob with key: <job_name> started at Fri Jul 06 10:08:37 EDT 2012 [06/07/12 10:08:37:192][QuartzScheduler_Worker-34][INFO] <my_package>.scheduler.quartz.ScheduledLocateJob <some log statement> [06/07/12 10:08:37:192][QuartzScheduler_Worker-34][INFO] <my_package>.scheduler.quartz.ScheduledLocateJob <some log statement> [06/07/12 10:08:37:192][QuartzScheduler_Worker-34][INFO] <my_package>.scheduler.quartz.ScheduledLocateJob <some log statement> [06/07/12 10:08:37:220][QuartzScheduler_Worker-34][INFO] <my_package>.scheduler.quartz.ScheduledLocateJob - execute end--------- ScheduledLocateJob with key: <job_name> ended at Fri Jul 06 10:08:37 EDT 2012 [06/07/12 10:08:37:220][QuartzScheduler_Worker-34][INFO] org.quartz.plugins.history.LoggingTriggerHistoryPlugin - Trigger [<trigger_name>] completed firing job [<job_name>] with resulting trigger instruction code: DO NOTHING. Next scheduled at: 06-07-2012 10:34:53.000 I am doubting on this section of the above log scheduled at: 06-07-2012 10:08:33.458, next scheduled at: 06-07-2012 10:34:53.000 because this job was scheduled for 10:04:53, but it fired at 10:08:33 and still quartz didn't consider it as misfire. Shouldn't it be a misfire?

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• How color attributes work in VBO?

  - by Jayesh

  I am coding to OpenGL ES 2.0 (Webgl). I am using VBOs to draw primitives. I have vertex array, color array and array of indices. I have looked at sample codes, books and tutorial, but one thing I don't get - if color is defined per vertex how does it affect the polygonal surfaces adjacent to those vertices? (I am a newbie to OpenGL(ES)) I will explain with an example. I have a cube to draw. From what I read in OpenGLES book, the color is defined as an vertex attribute. In that case, if I want to draw 6 faces of the cube with 6 different colors how should I define the colors. The source of my confusion is: each vertex is common to 3 faces, then how will it help defining a color per vertex? (Or should the color be defined per index?). The fact that we need to subdivide these faces into triangles, makes it harder for me to understand how this relationship works. The same confusion goes for edges. Instead of drawing triangles, let's say I want to draw edges using LINES primitives. Each edge of different color. How am I supposed to define color attributes in that case? I have seen few working examples. Specifically this tutorial: http://learningwebgl.com/blog/?p=370 I see how color array is defined in the above example to draw a cube with 6 different colored faces, but I don't understand why is defined that way. (Why is each color copied 4 times into unpackedColors for instance?) Can someone explain how color attributes work in VBO? [The link above seems inaccessible, so I will post the relevant code here] cubeVertexPositionBuffer = gl.createBuffer(); gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVertexPositionBuffer); vertices = [ // Front face -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, // Back face -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, // Top face -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, // Bottom face -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, // Right face 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, // Left face -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, ]; gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new WebGLFloatArray(vertices), gl.STATIC_DRAW); cubeVertexPositionBuffer.itemSize = 3; cubeVertexPositionBuffer.numItems = 24; cubeVertexColorBuffer = gl.createBuffer(); gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVertexColorBuffer); var colors = [ [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], // Front face [1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0], // Back face [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0], // Top face [1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0], // Bottom face [1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], // Right face [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], // Left face ]; var unpackedColors = [] for (var i in colors) { var color = colors[i]; for (var j=0; j < 4; j++) { unpackedColors = unpackedColors.concat(color); } } gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new WebGLFloatArray(unpackedColors), gl.STATIC_DRAW); cubeVertexColorBuffer.itemSize = 4; cubeVertexColorBuffer.numItems = 24; cubeVertexIndexBuffer = gl.createBuffer(); gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVertexIndexBuffer); var cubeVertexIndices = [ 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, // Front face 4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 7, // Back face 8, 9, 10, 8, 10, 11, // Top face 12, 13, 14, 12, 14, 15, // Bottom face 16, 17, 18, 16, 18, 19, // Right face 20, 21, 22, 20, 22, 23 // Left face ] gl.bufferData(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, new WebGLUnsignedShortArray(cubeVertexIndices), gl.STATIC_DRAW); cubeVertexIndexBuffer.itemSize = 1; cubeVertexIndexBuffer.numItems = 36;

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• Is this a right way to use NHibernate?

  - by Venemo

  I spent the rest of the evening reading StackOverflow questions and also some blog entries and links about the subject. All of them turned out to be very helpful, but I still feel that they don't really answer my question. So, I'm developing a simple web application. I'd like to create a reusable data access layer which I can later reuse in other solutions. 99% of these will be web applications. This seems to be a good excuse for me to learn NHibernate and some of the patterns around it. My goals are the following: I don't want the business logic layer to know ANYTHING about the inner workings of the database, nor NHibernate itself. I want the business logic layer to have the least possible number of assumptions about the data access layer. I want the data access layer as simplistic and easy-to-use as possible. This is going to be a simple project, so I don't want to overcomplicate anything. I want the data access layer to be as non-intrusive as possible. Will all this in mind, I decided to use the popular repository pattern. I read about this subject on this site and on various dev blogs, and I heard some stuff about the unit of work pattern. I also looked around and checked out various implementations. (Including FubuMVC contrib, and SharpArchitecture, and stuff on some blogs.) I found out that most of these operate with the same principle: They create a "unit of work" which is instantiated when a repository is instantiated, they start a transaction, do stuff, and commit, and then start all over again. So, only one ISession per Repository and that's it. Then the client code needs to instantiate a repository, do stuff with it, and then dispose. This usage pattern doesn't meet my need of being as simplistic as possible, so I began thinking about something else. I found out that NHibernate already has something which makes custom "unit of work" implementations unnecessary, and that is the CurrentSessionContext class. If I configure the session context correctly, and do the clean up when necessary, I'm good to go. So, I came up with this: I have a static class called NHibernateHelper. Firstly, it has a static property called CurrentSessionFactory, which upon first call, instantiates a session factory and stores it in a static field. (One ISessionFactory per one AppDomain is good enough.) Then, more importantly, it has a CurrentSession static property, which checks if there is an ISession bound to the current session context, and if not, creates one, and binds it, and it returns with the ISession bound to the current session context. Because it will be used mostly with WebSessionContext (so, one ISession per HttpRequest, although for the unit tests, I configured ThreadStaticSessionContext), it should work seamlessly. And after creating and binding an ISession, it hooks an event handler to the HttpContext.Current.ApplicationInstance.EndRequest event, which takes care of cleaning up the ISession after the request ends. (Of course, it only does this if it is really running in a web environment.) So, with all this set up, the NHibernateHelper will always be able to return a valid ISession, so there is no need to instantiate a Repository instance for the "unit of work" to operate properly. Instead, the Repository is a static class which operates with the ISession from the NHibernateHelper.CurrentSession property, and exposes some functionality through that. I'm curious, what do you think about this? Is it a valid way of thinking, or am I completely off track here?

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• Keeping video viewing statistics breakdown by video time in a database

  - by Septagram

  I need to keep a number of statistics about the videos being watched, and one of them is what parts of the video are being watched most. The design I came up with is to split the video into 256 intervals and keep the floating-point number of views for each of them. I receive the data as a number of intervals the user watched continuously. The problem is how to store them. There are two solutions I see. Row per every video segment Let's have a database table like this: CREATE TABLE `video_heatmap` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `video_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `position` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL, `views` float NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), UNIQUE KEY `idx_lookup` (`video_id`,`position`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM Then, whenever we have to process a number of views, make sure there are the respective database rows and add appropriate values to the views column. I found out it's a lot faster if the existence of rows is taken care of first (SELECT COUNT(*) of rows for a given video and INSERT IGNORE if they are lacking), and then a number of update queries is used like this: UPDATE video_heatmap SET views = views + ? WHERE video_id = ? AND position >= ? AND position < ? This seems, however, a little bloated. The other solution I came up with is Row per video, update in transactions A table will look (sort of) like this: CREATE TABLE video ( id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, heatmap BINARY (4 * 256) NOT NULL, ... ) ENGINE=InnoDB Then, upon every time a view needs to be stored, it will be done in a transaction with consistent snapshot, in a sequence like this: If the video doesn't exist in the database, it is created. A row is retrieved, heatmap, an array of floats stored in the binary form, is converted into a form more friendly for processing (in PHP). Values in the array are increased appropriately and the array is converted back. Row is changed via UPDATE query. So far the advantages can be summed up like this: First approach Stores data as floats, not as some magical binary array. Doesn't require transaction support, so doesn't require InnoDB, and we're using MyISAM for everything at the moment, so there won't be any need to mix storage engines. (only applies in my specific situation) Doesn't require a transaction WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT. I don't know what are the performance penalties of those. I already implemented it and it works. (only applies in my specific situation) Second approach Is using a lot less storage space (the first approach is storing video ID 256 times and stores position for every segment of the video, not to mention primary key). Should scale better, because of InnoDB's per-row locking as opposed to MyISAM's table locking. Might generally work faster because there are a lot less requests being made. Easier to implement in code (although the other one is already implemented). So, what should I do? If it wasn't for the rest of our system using MyISAM consistently, I'd go with the second approach, but currently I'm leaning to the first one. But maybe there are some reasons to favour one approach or another?

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• How can I remove this query from within a loop?

  - by Chris

  I am currently designing a forum as a personal project. One of the recurring issues I've come across is database queries in loops. I've managed to avoid doing that so far by using table joins or caching of data in arrays for later use. Right now though I've come across a situation where I'm not sure how I can write the code in such a way that I can use either of those methods easily. However I'd still prefer to do at most 2 queries for this operation rather than 1 + 1 per group of forums, which so far has resulted in 5 per page. So while 5 isn't a huge number (though it will increase for each forum group I add) it's the principle that's important to me here, I do NOT want to write queries in loops What I'm doing is displaying forum index groupings (eg admin forums, user forums etc) and then each forum within that group on a single page index, it's the combination of both in one page that's causing me issue. If it had just been a single group per page, I'd use a table join and problem solved. But if I use a table join here, although I can potentially get all the data I need it'll be in one mass of results and it needs displaying properly. Here's the code (I've removed some of the html for clarity) <?php $sql= "select * from forum_groups"; //query 1 $result1 = $database->query($sql); while($group = mysql_fetch_assoc($result1)) //first loop {?> <table class="threads"> <tr> <td class="forumgroupheader"> <?php echo $group['group_name']; ?> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="forumgroupheader2"> <?php echo $group['group_desc']; ?> </td> </tr> </table> <table> <tr> <th class="thforum"> Forum Name</th> <th class="thforum"> Forum Decsription</th> <th class="thforum"> Last Post </th> <tr> <?php $group_id = $group['id']; $sql = "SELECT forums.id, forums.forum_group_id, forums.forum_name, forums.forum_desc, forums.visible_rank, forums.locked, forums.lock_rank, forums.topics, forums.posts, forums.last_post, forums.last_post_id, users.username FROM forums LEFT JOIN users on forums.last_post_id=users.id WHERE forum_group_id='{$group_id}'"; //query 2 $result2 = $database->query($sql); while($forum = mysql_fetch_assoc($result2)) //second loop {?> So how can I either a) write the SQL in such a way as to remove the second query from inside the loop or b) combine the results in an array either way I need to be able to access the data as an when so I can format it properly for the page output, ie within the loops still.

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• When should I use Areas in TFS instead of Team Projects

  - by Martin Hinshelwood

  Well, it depends…. If you are a small company that creates a finite number of internal projects then you will find it easier to create a single project for each of your products and have TFS do the heavy lifting with reporting, SharePoint sites and Version Control. But what if you are not… Update 9th March 2010 Michael Fourie gave me some feedback which I have integrated. Ed Blankenship via @edblankenship offered encouragement and a nice quote. Ewald Hofman gave me a couple of Cons, and maybe a few more soon. Ewald’s company, Avanade, currently uses Areas, but it looks like the manual management is getting too much and the project is getting cluttered. What if you are likely to have hundreds of projects, possibly with a multitude of internal and external projects? You might have 1 project for a customer or 10. This is the situation that most consultancies find themselves in and thus they need a more sustainable and maintainable option. What I am advocating is that we should have 1 “Team Project” per customer, and use areas to create “sub projects” within that single “Team Project”. "What you describe is what we generally do internally and what we recommend. We make very heavy use of area path to categorize the work within a larger project." - Brian Harry, Microsoft Technical Fellow & Product Unit Manager for Team Foundation Server   "We tend to use areas to segregate multiple projects in the same team project and it works well." - Tiago Pascoal, Visual Studio ALM MVP   "In general, I believe this approach provides consistency [to multi-product engagements] and lowers the administration and maintenance costs. All good." - Michael Fourie, Visual Studio ALM MVP   “@MrHinsh BTW, I'm very much a fan of very large, if not huge, team projects in TFS. Just FYI :) Use Areas & Iterations.” Ed Blankenship, Visual Studio ALM MVP   This would mean that SSW would have a single Team Project called “SSW” that contains all of our internal projects and consequently all of the Areas and Iteration move down one hierarchy to accommodate this. Where we would have had “\SSW\Sprint 1” we now have “\SSW\SqlDeploy\Sprint1” with “SqlDeploy” being our internal project. At the moment SSW has over 70 internal projects and more than 170 total projects in TFS. This method has long term benefits that help to simplify the support model for companies that often have limited internal support time and many projects. But, there are implications as TFS does not provide this model “out-of-the-box”. These implications stretch across Areas, Iterations, Queries, Project Portal and Version Control. Michael made a good comment, he said: I agree with your approach, assuming that in a multi-product engagement with a client, they are happy to adopt the same process template across all products. If they are not, then it’ll either be easy to convince them or there is a valid reason for having a different template - Michael Fourie, Visual Studio ALM MVP   At SSW we have a standard template that we use and this is applied across the board, to all of our projects. We even apply any changes to the core process template to all of our existing projects as well. If you have multiple projects for the same clients on multiple templates and you want to keep it that way, then this approach will not work for you. However, if you want to standardise as we have at SSW then this approach may benefit you as well. Implications around Areas Areas should be used for topological classification/isolation of work items. You can think of this as architecture areas, organisational areas or even the main features of your application. In our scenario there is an additional top level item that represents the Project / Product that we want to chop our Team Project into. Figure: Creating a sub area to represent a product/project is easy. <teamproject> <teamproject>\<Functional Area/module whatever> Becomes: <teamproject> <teamproject>\<ProjectName>\ <teamproject>\<ProjectName>\<Functional Area/module whatever> Implications around Iterations Iterations should be used for chronological classification/isolation of work items. This could include isolated time boxes, milestones or release timelines and really depends on the logical flow of your project or projects. Due to the new level in Area we need to add the same level to Iteration. This is primarily because it is unlikely that the sprints in each of your projects/products will start and end at the same time. This is just a reality of managing multiple projects. Figure: Adding the same Area value to Iteration as the top level item adds flexibility to Iteration. <teamproject>\Sprint 1 Or <teamproject>\Release 1\Sprint 1 Becomes: <teamproject>\<ProjectName>\Sprint 1 Or <teamproject>\<ProjectName>\Release 1\Sprint 1 Implications around Queries Queries are used to filter your work items based on a specified level of granularity. There are a number of queries that are built into a project created using the MSF Agile 5.0 template, but we now have multiple projects and it would be a pain to have to edit all of the work items every time we changed project, and that would only allow one team to work on one project at a time.   Figure: The Queries that are created in a normal MSF Agile 5.0 project do not quite suit our new needs. In order for project contributors to be able to query based on their project we need a couple of things. The first thing I did was to create an “_Area Template” folder that has a copy of the project layout with all the queries setup to filter based on the “_Area Template” Area and the “_Sprint template” you can see in the Area and Iteration views. Figure: The template is currently easily drag and drop, but you then need to edit the queries to point at the right Area and Iteration. This needs a tool. I then created an “Areas” folder to hold all of the area specific queries. So, when you go to create a new TFS Sub-Project you just drag “_Area Template” while holding “Ctrl” and drop it onto “Areas”. There is a little setup here. That said I managed it in around 10 minutes which is not so bad, and I can imagine it being quite easy to build a tool to create these queries Figure: These new queries can be configured in around 10 minutes, which includes setting up the Area and Iteration as well. Version Control What about your source code? Well, that is the easiest of the lot. Just create a sub folder for each of your projects/products.   Figure: Creating sub folders in source control is easy as “Right click | Create new folder”. <teamproject>\DEV\Main\ Becomes: <teamproject>\<ProjectName>\DEV\Main\ Conclusion I think it is up to each company to make a call on how you want to configure your Team Projects and it depends completely on how many projects/products you are going to have for each customer including yourself. If we decide to utilise this route it will require some configuration to get our 170+ projects into this format, and I will probably be writing some tools to help. Pros You only have one project to upgrade when a process template changes – After going through an upgrade of over 170 project prior to the changes in the RC I can tell you that that many projects is no fun. Standardises your Process Template – You will always have the same Process implementation across projects/products without exception You get tighter control over the permissions – Yes, you can do this on a standard Team Project, but it gets a lot easier with practice. You can “move” work items from one “product” to another – Have we not always wanted to do that. You can rename your projects – Wahoo: everyone wants to do this, now you can. One set of Reporting Services reports to manage – You set an area and iteration to run reports anyway, so you may as well set both. Simplified Check-In Policies– There is only one set of check-in policies per client. This simplifies administration of policies. Simplified Alerts – As alerts are applied across multiple projects this simplifies your alert rules as per client. Cons All of these cons could be mitigated by a custom tool that helps automate creation of “Sub-projects” within Team Projects. This custom tool could create areas, Iteration, permissions, SharePoint and queries. It just does not exist yet :) You need to configure the Areas and Iterations You need to configure the permissions You may need to configure sub sites for SharePoint (depends on your requirement) – If you have two projects/products in the same Team Project then you will not see the burn down for each one out-of-the-box, but rather a cumulative for the Team Project. This is not really that much of a problem as you would have to configure your burndown graphs for your current iteration anyway. note: When you create a sub site to a TFS linked portal it will inherit the settings of its parent site :) This is fantastic as it means that you can easily create sub sites and then set the Area and Iteration path in each of the reports to be the correct one. Every team wants their own customization (via Ewald Hofman) - small teams of 2 persons against teams of 30 – or even outsourcing – need their own process, you cannot allow that because everybody gets the same work item types. note: Luckily at SSW this is not a problem as our template is standardised across all projects and customers. Large list of builds (via Ewald Hofman) – As the build list in Team Explorer is just a flat list it can get very cluttered. note: I would mitigate this by removing any build that has not been run in over 30 days. The build template and workflow will still be available in version control, but it will clean the list. Feedback Now that I have explained this method, what do you think? What other pros and cons can you see? What do you think of this approach? Will you be using it? What tools would you like to support you?   Technorati Tags: Visual Studio ALM,TFS Administration,TFS,Team Foundation Server,Project Planning,TFS Customisation

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• How about a new platform for your next API&hellip; a CMS?

  - by Elton Stoneman

  Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/EltonStoneman/archive/2014/05/22/how-about-a-new-platform-for-your-next-apihellip-a.aspxSay what? I’m seeing a type of API emerge which serves static or long-lived resources, which are mostly read-only and have a controlled process to update the data that gets served. Think of something like an app configuration API, where you want a central location for changeable settings. You could use this server side to store database connection strings and keep all your instances in sync, or it could be used client side to push changes out to all users (and potentially driving A/B or MVT testing). That’s a good candidate for a RESTful API which makes proper use of HTTP expiration and validation caching to minimise traffic, but really you want a front end UI where you can edit the current config that the API returns and publish your changes. Sound like a Content Mangement System would be a good fit? I’ve been looking at that and it’s a great fit for this scenario. You get a lot of what you need out of the box, the amount of custom code you need to write is minimal, and you get a whole lot of extra stuff from using CMS which is very useful, but probably not something you’d build if you had to put together a quick UI over your API content (like a publish workflow, fine-grained security and an audit trail). You typically use a CMS for HTML resources, but it’s simple to expose JSON instead – or to do content negotiation to support both, so you can open a resource in a browser and see a nice visual representation, or request it with: Accept=application/json and get the same content rendered as JSON for the app to use. Enter Umbraco Umbraco is an open source .NET CMS that’s been around for a while. It has very good adoption, a lively community and a good release cycle. It’s easy to use, has all the functionality you need for a CMS-driven API, and it’s scalable (although you won’t necessarily put much scale on the CMS layer). In the rest of this post, I’ll build out a simple app config API using Umbraco. We’ll define the structure of the configuration resource by creating a new Document Type and setting custom properties; then we’ll build a very simple Razor template to return configuration documents as JSON; then create a resource and see how it looks. And we’ll look at how you could build this into a wider solution. If you want to try this for yourself, it’s ultra easy – there’s an Umbraco image in the Azure Website gallery, so all you need to to is create a new Website, select Umbraco from the image and complete the installation. It will create a SQL Azure website to store all the content, as well as a Website instance for editing and accessing content. They’re standard Azure resources, so you can scale them as you need. The default install creates a starter site for some HTML content, which you can use to learn your way around (or just delete). 1. Create Configuration Document Type In Umbraco you manage content by creating and modifying documents, and every document has a known type, defining what properties it holds. We’ll create a new Document Type to describe some basic config settings. In the Settings section from the left navigation (spanner icon), expand Document Types and Master, hit the ellipsis and select to create a new Document Type: This will base your new type off the Master type, which gives you some existing properties that we’ll use – like the Page Title which will be the resource URL. In the Generic Properties tab for the new Document Type, you set the properties you’ll be able to edit and return for the resource: Here I’ve added a text string where I’ll set a default cache lifespan, an image which I can use for a banner display, and a date which could show the user when the next release is due. This is the sort of thing that sits nicely in an app config API. It’s likely to change during the life of the product, but not very often, so it’s good to have a centralised place where you can make and publish changes easily and safely. It also enables A/B and MVT testing, as you can change the response each client gets based on your set logic, and their apps will behave differently without needing a release. 2. Define the response template Now we’ve defined the structure of the resource (as a document), in Umbraco we can define a C# Razor template to say how that resource gets rendered to the client. If you only want to provide JSON, it’s easy to render the content of the document by building each property in the response (Umbraco uses dynamic objects so you can specify document properties as object properties), or you can support content negotiation with very little effort. Here’s a template to render the document as HTML or JSON depending on the Accept header, using JSON.NET for the API rendering: @inherits Umbraco.Web.Mvc.UmbracoTemplatePage @using Newtonsoft.Json @{ Layout = null; } @if(UmbracoContext.HttpContext.Request.Headers["accept"] != null &amp;&amp; UmbracoContext.HttpContext.Request.Headers["accept"] == "application/json") { Response.ContentType = "application/json"; @Html.Raw(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new { cacheLifespan = CurrentPage.cacheLifespan, bannerImageUrl = CurrentPage.bannerImage, nextReleaseDate = CurrentPage.nextReleaseDate })) } else { <h1>App configuration</h1> <p>Cache lifespan: <b>@CurrentPage.cacheLifespan</b></p> <p>Banner Image: </p> <img src="@CurrentPage.bannerImage"> <p>Next Release Date: <b>@CurrentPage.nextReleaseDate</b></p> } That’s a rough-and ready example of what you can do. You could make it completely generic and just render all the document’s properties as JSON, but having a specific template for each resource gives you control over what gets sent out. And the templates are evaluated at run-time, so if you need to change the output – or extend it, say to add caching response headers – you just edit the template and save, and the next client request gets rendered from the new template. No code to build and ship. 3. Create the content With your document type created, in  the Content pane you can create a new instance of that document, where Umbraco gives you a nice UI to input values for the properties we set up on the Document Type: Here I’ve set the cache lifespan to an xs:duration value, uploaded an image for the banner and specified a release date. Each property gets the appropriate input control – text box, file upload and date picker. At the top of the page is the name of the resource – myapp in this example. That specifies the URL for the resource, so if I had a DNS entry pointing to my Umbraco instance, I could access the config with a URL like http://static.x.y.z.com/config/myapp. The setup is all done now, so when we publish this resource it’ll be available to access.  4. Access the resource Now if you open  that URL in the browser, you’ll see the HTML version rendered: - complete with the  image and formatted date. Umbraco lets you save changes and preview them before publishing, so the HTML view could be a good way of showing editors their changes in a usable view, before they confirm them. If you browse the same URL from a REST client, specifying the Accept=application/json request header, you get this response:   That’s the exact same resource, with a managed UI to publish it, being accessed as HTML or JSON with a tiny amount of effort. 5. The wider landscape If you have fairy stable content to expose as an API, I think  this approach is really worth considering. Umbraco scales very nicely, but in a typical solution you probably wouldn’t need it to. When you have additional requirements, like logging API access requests - but doing it out-of-band so clients aren’t impacted, you can put a very thin API layer on top of Umbraco, and cache the CMS responses in your API layer:   Here the API does a passthrough to CMS, so the CMS still controls the content, but it caches the response. If the response is cached for 1 minute, then Umbraco only needs to handle 1 request per minute (multiplied by the number of API instances), so if you need to support 1000s of request per second, you’re scaling a thin, simple API layer rather than having to scale the more complex CMS infrastructure (including the database). This diagram also shows an approach to logging, by asynchronously publishing a message to a queue (Redis in this case), which can be picked up later and persisted by a different process. Does it work? Beautifully. Using Azure, I spiked the solution above (including the Redis logging framework which I’ll blog about later) in half a day. That included setting up different roles in Umbraco to demonstrate a managed workflow for publishing changes, and a couple of document types representing different resources. Is it maintainable? We have three moving parts, which are all managed resources in Azure –  an Azure Website for Umbraco which may need a couple of instances for HA (or may not, depending on how long the content can be cached), a message queue (Redis is in preview in Azure, but you can easily use Service Bus Queues if performance is less of a concern), and the Web Role for the API. Two of the components are off-the-shelf, from open source projects, and the only custom code is the API which is very simple. Does it scale? Pretty nicely. With a single Umbraco instance running as an Azure Website, and with 4x instances for my API layer (Standard sized Web Roles), I got just under 4,000 requests per second served reliably, with a Worker Role in the background saving the access logs. So we had a nice UI to publish app config changes, with a friendly Web preview and a publishing workflow, capable of supporting 14 million requests in an hour, with less than a day’s effort. Worth considering if you’re publishing long-lived resources through your API.

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• Entity Framework version 1- Brief Synopsis and Tips &ndash; Part 1

  - by Rohit Gupta

  To Do Eager loading use Projections (for e.g. from c in context.Contacts select c, c.Addresses)  or use Include Query Builder Methods (Include(“Addresses”)) If there is multi-level hierarchical Data then to eager load all the relationships use Include Query Builder methods like customers.Include("Order.OrderDetail") to include Order and OrderDetail collections or use customers.Include("Order.OrderDetail.Location") to include all Order, OrderDetail and location collections with a single include statement =========================================================================== If the query uses Joins then Include() Query Builder method will be ignored, use Nested Queries instead If the query does projections then Include() Query Builder method will be ignored Use Address.ContactReference.Load() OR Contact.Addresses.Load() if you need to Deferred Load Specific Entity – This will result in extra round trips to the database ObjectQuery<> cannot return anonymous types... it will return a ObjectQuery<DBDataRecord> Only Include method can be added to Linq Query Methods Any Linq Query method can be added to Query Builder methods. If you need to append a Query Builder Method (other than Include) after a LINQ method  then cast the IQueryable<Contact> to ObjectQuery<Contact> and then append the Query Builder method to it =========================================================================== Query Builder methods are Select, Where, Include Methods which use Entity SQL as parameters e.g. "it.StartDate, it.EndDate" When Query Builder methods do projection then they return ObjectQuery<DBDataRecord>, thus to iterate over this collection use contact.Item[“Name”].ToString() When Linq To Entities methods do projection, they return collection of anonymous types --- thus the collection is strongly typed and supports Intellisense EF Object Context can track changes only on Entities, not on Anonymous types. If you use a Defining Query for a EntitySet then the EntitySet becomes readonly since a Defining Query is the same as a View (which is treated as a ReadOnly by default). However if you want to use this EntitySet for insert/update/deletes then we need to map stored procs (as created in the DB) to the insert/update/delete functions of the Entity in the Designer You can use either Execute method or ToList() method to bind data to datasources/bindingsources If you use the Execute Method then remember that you can traverse through the ObjectResult<> collection (returned by Execute) only ONCE. In WPF use ObservableCollection to bind to data sources , for keeping track of changes and letting EF send updates to the DB automatically. Use Extension Methods to add logic to Entities. For e.g. create extension methods for the EntityObject class. Create a method in ObjectContext Partial class and pass the entity as a parameter, then call this method as desired from within each entity. ================================================================ DefiningQueries and Stored Procedures: For Custom Entities, one can use DefiningQuery or Stored Procedures. Thus the Custom Entity Collection will be populated using the DefiningQuery (of the EntitySet) or the Sproc. If you use Sproc to populate the EntityCollection then the query execution is immediate and this execution happens on the Server side and any filters applied will be applied in the Client App. If we use a DefiningQuery then these queries are composable, meaning the filters (if applied to the entityset) will all be sent together as a single query to the DB, returning only filtered results. If the sproc returns results that cannot be mapped to existing entity, then we first create the Entity/EntitySet in the CSDL using Designer, then create a dummy Entity/EntitySet using XML in the SSDL. When creating a EntitySet in the SSDL for this dummy entity, use a TSQL that does not return any results, but does return the relevant columns e.g. select ContactID, FirstName, LastName from dbo.Contact where 1=2 Also insure that the Entity created in the SSDL uses the SQL DataTypes and not .NET DataTypes. If you are unable to open the EDMX file in the designer then note the Errors ... they will give precise info on what is wrong. The Thrid option is to simply create a Native Query in the SSDL using <Function Name="PaymentsforContact" IsComposable="false">   <CommandText>SELECT ActivityId, Activity AS ActivityName, ImagePath, Category FROM dbo.Activities </CommandText></FuncTion> Then map this Function to a existing Entity. This is a quick way to get a custom Entity which is regular Entity with renamed columns or additional columns (which are computed columns). The disadvantage to using this is that It will return all the rows from the Defining query and any filter (if defined) will be applied only at the Client side (after getting all the rows from DB). If you you DefiningQuery instead then we can use that as a Composable Query. The Fourth option (for mapping a READ stored proc results to a non-existent Entity) is to create a View in the Database which returns all the fields that the sproc also returns, then update the Model so that the model contains this View as a Entity. Then map the Read Sproc to this View Entity. The other option would be to simply create the View and remove the sproc altogether. ================================================================ To Execute a SProc that does not return a entity, use a EntityCommand to execute that proc. You cannot call a sproc FunctionImport that does not return Entities From Code, the only way is to use SSDL function calls using EntityCommand.  This changes with EntityFramework Version 4 where you can return Scalar Types, Complex Types, Entities or NonQuery ================================================================ UDF when created as a Function in SSDL, we need to set the Name & IsComposable properties for the Function element. IsComposable is always false for Sprocs, for UDF's set this to true. You cannot call UDF "Function" from within code since you cannot import a UDF Function into the CSDL Model (with Version 1 of EF). only stored procedures can be imported and then mapped to a entity ================================================================ Entity Framework requires properties that are involved in association mappings to be mapped in all of the function mappings for the entity (Insert, Update and Delete). Because Payment has an association to Reservation... hence we need to pass both the paymentId and reservationId to the Delete sproc even though just the paymentId is the PK on the Payment Table. ================================================================ When mapping insert, update and delete procs to a Entity, insure that all the three or none are mapped. Further if you have a base class and derived class in the CSDL, then you must map (ins, upd, del) sprocs to all parent and child entities in the inheritance relationship. Note that this limitation that base and derived entity methods must all must be mapped does not apply when you are mapping Read Stored Procedures.... ================================================================ You can write stored procedures SQL directly into the SSDL by creating a Function element in the SSDL and then once created, you can map this Function to a CSDL Entity directly in the designer during Function Import ================================================================ You can do Entity Splitting such that One Entity maps to multiple tables in the DB. For e.g. the Customer Entity currently derives from Contact Entity...in addition it also references the ContactPersonalInfo Entity. One can copy all properties from the ContactPersonalInfo Entity into the Customer Entity and then Delete the CustomerPersonalInfo entity, finall one needs to map the copied properties to the ContactPersonalInfo Table in Table Mapping (by adding another table (ContactPersonalInfo) to the Table Mapping... this is called Entity Splitting. Thus now when you insert a Customer record, it will automatically create SQL to insert records into the Contact, Customers and ContactPersonalInfo tables even though you have a Single Entity called Customer in the CSDL =================================================================== There is Table by Type Inheritance where another EDM Entity can derive from another EDM entity and absorb the inherted entities properties, for example in the Break Away Geek Adventures EDM, the Customer entity derives (inherits) from the Contact Entity and absorbs all the properties of Contact entity. Thus when you create a Customer Entity in Code and then call context.SaveChanges the Object Context will first create the TSQL to insert into the Contact Table followed by a TSQL to insert into the Customer table =================================================================== Then there is the Table per Hierarchy Inheritance..... where different types are created based on a condition (similar applying a condition to filter a Entity to contain filtered records)... the diference being that the filter condition populates a new Entity Type (derived from the base Entity). In the BreakAway sample the example is Lodging Entity which is a Abstract Entity and Then Resort and NonResort Entities which derive from Lodging Entity and records are filtered based on the value of the Resort Boolean field =================================================================== Then there is Table per Concrete Type Hierarchy where we create a concrete Entity for each table in the database. In the BreakAway sample there is a entity for the Reservation table and another Entity for the OldReservation table even though both the table contain the same number of fields. The OldReservation Entity can then inherit from the Reservation Entity and configure the OldReservation Entity to remove all Scalar Properties from the Entity (since it inherits the properties from Reservation and filters based on ReservationDate field) =================================================================== Complex Types (Complex Properties) Entities in EF can also contain Complex Properties (in addition to Scalar Properties) and these Complex Properties reference a ComplexType (not a EntityType) DropdownList, ListBox, RadioButtonList, CheckboxList, Bulletedlist are examples of List server controls (not data bound controls) these controls cannot use Complex properties during databinding, they need Scalar Properties. So if a Entity contains Complex properties and you need to bind those to list server controls then use projections to return Scalar properties and bind them to the control (the disadvantage is that projected collections are not tracked by the Object Context and hence cannot persist changes to the projected collections bound to controls) ObjectDataSource and EntityDataSource do account for Complex properties and one can bind entities with Complex Properties to Data Source controls and they will be tracked for changes... with no additional plumbing needed to persist changes to these collections bound to controls So DataBound controls like GridView, FormView need to use EntityDataSource or ObjectDataSource as a datasource for entities that contain Complex properties so that changes to the datasource done using the GridView can be persisted to the DB (enabling the controls for updates)....if you cannot use the EntityDataSource you need to flatten the ComplexType Properties using projections With EF Version 4 ComplexTypes are supported by the Designer and can add/remove/compose Complex Types directly using the Designer =================================================================== Conditional Mapping ... is like Table per Hierarchy Inheritance where Entities inherit from a base class and then used conditions to populate the EntitySet (called conditional Mapping). Conditional Mapping has limitations since you can only use =, is null and IS NOT NULL Conditions to do conditional mapping. If you need more operators for filtering/mapping conditionally then use QueryView(or possibly Defining Query) to create a readonly entity. QueryView are readonly by default... the EntitySet created by the QueryView is enabled for change tracking by the ObjectContext, however the ObjectContext cannot create insert/update/delete TSQL statements for these Entities when SaveChanges is called since it is QueryView. One way to get around this limitation is to map stored procedures for the insert/update/delete operations in the Designer. =================================================================== Difference between QueryView and Defining Query : QueryView is defined in the (MSL) Mapping File/section of the EDM XML, whereas the DefiningQuery is defined in the store schema (SSDL). QueryView is written using Entity SQL and is this database agnostic and can be used against any database/Data Layer. DefiningQuery is written using Database Lanaguage i.e. TSQL or PSQL thus you have more control =================================================================== Performance: Lazy loading is deferred loading done automatically. lazy loading is supported with EF version4 and is on by default. If you need to turn it off then use context.ContextOptions.lazyLoadingEnabled = false To improve Performance consider PreCompiling the ObjectQuery using the CompiledQuery.Compile method

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• Best Practices - updated: which domain types should be used to run applications

  - by jsavit

  This post is one of a series of "best practices" notes for Oracle VM Server for SPARC (formerly named Logical Domains). This is an updated and enlarged version of the post on this topic originally posted October 2012. One frequent question "what type of domain should I use to run applications?" There used to be a simple answer: "run applications in guest domains in almost all cases", but now there are more things to consider. Enhancements to Oracle VM Server for SPARC and introduction of systems like the current SPARC servers including the T4 and T5 systems, the Oracle SuperCluster T5-8 and Oracle SuperCluster M6-32 provide scale and performance much higher than the original servers that ran domains. Single-CPU performance, I/O capacity, memory sizes, are much larger now, and far more demanding applications are now being hosted in logical domains. The general advice continues to be "use guest domains in almost all cases", meaning, "use virtual I/O rather than physical I/O", unless there is a specific reason to use the other domain types. The sections below will discuss the criteria for choosing between domain types. Review: division of labor and types of domain Oracle VM Server for SPARC offloads management and I/O functionality from the hypervisor to domains (also called virtual machines), providing a modern alternative to older VM architectures that use a "thick", monolithic hypervisor. This permits a simpler hypervisor design, which enhances reliability, and security. It also reduces single points of failure by assigning responsibilities to multiple system components, further improving reliability and security. Oracle VM Server for SPARC defines the following types of domain, each with their own roles: Control domain - management control point for the server, runs the logical domain daemon and constraints engine, and is used to configure domains and manage resources. The control domain is the first domain to boot on a power-up, is always an I/O domain, and is usually a service domain as well. It doesn't have to be, but there's no reason to not leverage it for virtual I/O services. There is one control domain per T-series system, and one per Physical Domain (PDom) on an M5-32 or M6-32 system. M5 and M6 systems can be physically domained, with logical domains within the physical ones. I/O domain - a domain that has been assigned physical I/O devices. The devices may be one more more PCIe root complexes (in which case the domain is also called a root complex domain). The domain has native access to all the devices on the assigned PCIe buses. The devices can be any device type supported by Solaris on the hardware platform. a SR-IOV (Single-Root I/O Virtualization) function. SR-IOV lets a physical device (also called a physical function) or PF) be subdivided into multiple virtual functions (VFs) which can be individually assigned directly to domains. SR-IOV devices currently can be Ethernet or InfiniBand devices. direct I/O ownership of one or more PCI devices residing in a PCIe bus slot. The domain has direct access to the individual devices An I/O domain has native performance and functionality for the devices it owns, unmediated by any virtualization layer. It may also have virtual devices. Service domain - a domain that provides virtual network and disk devices to guest domains. The services are defined by commands that are run in the control domain. It usually is an I/O domain as well, in order for it to have devices to virtualize and serve out. Guest domain - a domain whose devices are all virtual rather than physical: virtual network and disk devices provided by one or more service domains. In common practice, this is where applications are run. Device considerations Consider the following when choosing between virtual devices and physical devices: Virtual devices provide the best flexibility - they can be dynamically added to and removed from a running domain, and you can have a large number of them up to a per-domain device limit. Virtual devices are compatible with live migration - domains that exclusively have virtual devices can be live migrated between servers supporting domains. On the other hand: Physical devices provide the best performance - in fact, native "bare metal" performance. Virtual devices approach physical device throughput and latency, especially with virtual network devices that can now saturate 10GbE links, but physical devices are still faster. Physical I/O devices do not add load to service domains - all the I/O goes directly from the I/O domain to the device, while virtual I/O goes through service domains, which must be provided sufficient CPU and memory capacity. Physical I/O devices can be other than network and disk - we virtualize network, disk, and serial console, but physical devices can be the wide range of attachable certified devices, including things like tape and CDROM/DVD devices. In some cases the lines are now blurred: virtual devices have better performance than previously: starting with Oracle VM Server for SPARC 3.1 there is near-native virtual network performance. There is more flexibility with physical devices than before: SR-IOV devices can now be dynamically reconfigured on domains. Tradeoffs one used to have to make are now relaxed: you can often have the flexibility of virtual I/O with performance that previously required physical I/O. You can have the performance and isolation of SR-IOV with the ability to dynamically reconfigure it, just like with virtual devices. Typical deployment A service domain is generally also an I/O domain: otherwise it wouldn't have access to physical device "backends" to offer to its clients. Similarly, an I/O domain is also typically a service domain in order to leverage the available PCI buses. Control domains must be I/O domains, because they boot up first on the server and require physical I/O. It's typical for the control domain to also be a service domain too so it doesn't "waste" the I/O resources it uses. A simple configuration consists of a control domain that is also the one I/O and service domain, and some number of guest domains using virtual I/O. In production, customers typically use multiple domains with I/O and service roles to eliminate single points of failure, as described in Availability Best Practices - Avoiding Single Points of Failure . Guest domains have virtual disk and virtual devices provisioned from more than one service domain, so failure of a service domain or I/O path or device does not result in an application outage. This also permits "rolling upgrades" in which service domains are upgraded one at a time while their guests continue to operate without disruption. (It should be noted that resiliency to I/O device failures can also be provided by the single control domain, using multi-path I/O) In this type of deployment, control, I/O, and service domains are used for virtualization infrastructure, while applications run in guest domains. Changing application deployment patterns The above model has been widely and successfully used, but more configuration options are available now. Servers got bigger than the original T2000 class machines with 2 I/O buses, so there is more I/O capacity that can be used for applications. Increased server capacity made it attractive to run more vertically-scaled applications, such as databases, with higher resource requirements than the "light" applications originally seen. This made it attractive to run applications in I/O domains so they could get bare-metal native I/O performance. This is leveraged by the Oracle SuperCluster engineered systems mentioned previously. In those engineered systems, I/O domains are used for high performance applications with native I/O performance for disk and network and optimized access to the Infiniband fabric. Another technical enhancement is Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV), which make it possible to give domains direct connections and native I/O performance for selected I/O devices. Not all I/O domains own PCI complexes, and there are increasingly more I/O domains that are not service domains. They use their I/O connectivity for performance for their own applications. However, there are some limitations and considerations: at this time, a domain using physical I/O cannot be live-migrated to another server. There is also a need to plan for security and introducing unneeded dependencies: if an I/O domain is also a service domain providing virtual I/O to guests, it has the ability to affect the correct operation of its client guest domains. This is even more relevant for the control domain. where the ldm command must be protected from unauthorized (or even mistaken) use that would affect other domains. As a general rule, running applications in the service domain or the control domain should be avoided. For reference, an excellent guide to secure deployment of domains by Stefan Hinker is at Secure Deployment of Oracle VM Server for SPARC. To recap: Guest domains with virtual I/O still provide the greatest operational flexibility, including features like live migration. They should be considered the default domain type to use unless there is a specific requirement that mandates an I/O domain. I/O domains can be used for applications with the highest performance requirements. Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) makes this more attractive by giving direct I/O access to more domains, and by permitting dynamic reconfiguration of SR-IOV devices. Today's larger systems provide multiple PCIe buses - for example, 16 buses on the T5-8 - making it possible to configure multiple I/O domains each owning their own bus. Service domains should in general not be used for applications, because compromised security in the domain, or an outage, can affect domains that depend on it. This concern can be mitigated by providing guests' their virtual I/O from more than one service domain, so interruption of service in one service domain does not cause an application outage. The control domain should in general not be used to run applications, for the same reason. Oracle SuperCluster uses the control domain for applications, but it is an exception. It's not a general purpose environment; it's an engineered system with specifically configured applications and optimization for optimal performance. These are recommended "best practices" based on conversations with a number of Oracle architects. Keep in mind that "one size does not fit all", so you should evaluate these practices in the context of your own requirements. Summary Higher capacity servers that run Oracle VM Server for SPARC are attractive for applications with the most demanding resource requirements. New deployment models permit native I/O performance for demanding applications by running them in I/O domains with direct access to their devices. This is leveraged in SPARC SuperCluster, and can be leveraged in T-series servers to provision high-performance applications running in domains. Carefully planned, this can be used to provide peak performance for critical applications. That said, the improved virtual device performance in Oracle VM Server means that the default choice should still be guest domains with virtual I/O.

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