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• Optimality of Binary Search

  - by templatetypedef

  Hello all- This may be a silly question, but does anyone know of a proof that binary search is asymptotically optimal? That is, if we are given a sorted list of elements where the only permitted operation on those objects is a comparison, how do you prove that the search can't be done in o(lg n)? (That's little-o of lg n, by the way.) Note that I'm restricting this to elements where the only operation permitted operation is a comparison, since there are well-known algorithms that can beat O(lg n) on expectation if you're allowed to do more complex operations on the data (see, for example, interpolation search). Thanks so much! This has really been bugging me since it seems like it should be simple but has managed to resist all my best efforts. :-)

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• What are the core mathematical concepts a good developer should know?

  - by Jose B.

  Since Graduating from a very small school in 2006 with a badly shaped & outdated program (I'm a foreigner & didn't know any better school at the time) I've come to realize that I missed a lot of basic concepts from a mathematical & software perspective that are mostly the foundations of other higher concepts. I.e. I tried to listen/watch the open courseware from MIT on Introduction to Algorithms but quickly realized I was missing several mathematical concepts to better understand the course. So what are the core mathematical concepts a good software engineer should know? And what are the possible books/sites you will recommend me?

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• Adapting pseudocode to java implementation for finding the longest word in a trie

  - by user1766888

  Referring to this question I asked: How to find the longest word in a trie? I'm having trouble implementing the pseudocode given in the answer. findLongest(trie): //first do a BFS and find the "last node" queue <- [] queue.add(trie.root) last <- nil map <- empty map while (not queue.empty()): curr <- queue.pop() for each son of curr: queue.add(son) map.put(son,curr) //marking curr as the parent of son last <- curr //in here, last indicate the leaf of the longest word //Now, go up the trie and find the actual path/string curr <- last str = "" while (curr != nil): str = curr + str //we go from end to start curr = map.get(curr) return str This is what I have for my method public static String longestWord (DTN d) { Queue<DTN> holding = new ArrayQueue<DTN>(); holding.add(d); DTN last = null; Map<DTN,DTN> test = new ArrayMap<DTN,DTN>(); DTN curr; while (!holding.isEmpty()) { curr = holding.remove(); for (Map.Entry<String, DTN> e : curr.children.entries()) { holding.add(curr.children.get(e)); test.put(curr.children.get(e), curr); } last = curr; } curr = last; String str = ""; while (curr != null) { str = curr + str; curr = test.get(curr); } return str; } I'm getting a NullPointerException at: for (Map.Entry<String, DTN> e : curr.children.entries()) How can I find and fix the cause of the NullPointerException of the method so that it returns the longest word in a trie?

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• finding long repeated substrings in a massive string

  - by Will

  I naively imagined that I could build a suffix trie where I keep a visit-count for each node, and then the deepest nodes with counts greater than one are the result set I'm looking for. I have a really really long string (hundreds of megabytes). I have about 1 GB of RAM. This is why building a suffix trie with counting data is too inefficient space-wise to work for me. To quote Wikipedia's Suffix tree: storing a string's suffix tree typically requires significantly more space than storing the string itself. The large amount of information in each edge and node makes the suffix tree very expensive, consuming about ten to twenty times the memory size of the source text in good implementations. The suffix array reduces this requirement to a factor of four, and researchers have continued to find smaller indexing structures. And that was wikipedia's comments on the tree, not trie. How can I find long repeated sequences in such a large amount of data, and in a reasonable amount of time (e.g. less than an hour on a modern desktop machine)? (Some wikipedia links to avoid people posting them as the 'answer': Algorithms on strings and especially Longest repeated substring problem ;-) )

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• What's a good way to add a large number of small floats together?

  - by splicer

  Say you have 100000000 32-bit floating point values in an array, and each of these floats has a value between 0.0 and 1.0. If you tried to sum them all up like this result = 0.0; for (i = 0; i < 100000000; i++) { result += array[i]; } you'd run into problems as result gets much larger than 1.0. So what are some of the ways to more accurately perform the summation?

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• Using MySQL as a job queue

  - by user237815

  I'd like to use MySQL as a job queue. Multiple machines will be producing and consuming jobs. Jobs need to be scheduled; some may run every hour, some every day, etc. It seems fairly straightforward: for each job, have a "nextFireTime" column, and have worker machines search for the job with the nextFireTime, change the status of the record to "inProcess", and then update the nextFireTime when the job ends. The problem comes in when a worker dies silently. It won't be able to update the nextFireTime or set the status back to "idle". Unfortunately, jobs can be long-running, so a reaper thread that looks for jobs that have been inProcess too long isn't an option. There's no timeout value that would work. Can anyone suggest a design pattern that would properly handle unreliable worker machines?

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• Interview question : What is the fastest way to generate prime number recursively ?

  - by hilal

  Generation of prime number is simple but what is the fastest way to find it and generate( prime numbers) it recursively ? Here is my solution. However, it is not the best way. I think it is O(N*sqrt(N)). Please correct me, if I am wrong. public static boolean isPrime(int n) { if (n < 2) { return false; } else if (n % 2 == 0 & n != 2) { return false; } else { return isPrime(n, (int) Math.sqrt(n)); } } private static boolean isPrime(int n, int i) { if (i < 2) { return true; } else if (n % i == 0) { return false; } else { return isPrime(n, --i); } } public static void generatePrimes(int n){ if(n < 2) { return ; } else if(isPrime(n)) { System.out.println(n); } generatePrimes(--n); } public static void main(String[] args) { generatePrimes(200); }

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• 3-clique counting in a graph

  - by Legend

  I am operating on a (not so) large graph having about 380K edges. I wrote a program to count the number of 3-cliques in the graph. A quick example: List of edges: A - B B - C C - A C - D List of cliques: A - B - C A 3-clique is nothing but a triangle in a graph. Currently, I am doing this using PHP+MySQL. As expected, it is not fast enough. Is there a way to do this in pure MySQL? (perhaps a way to insert all 3-cliques into a table?)

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• Stuck on solving the Minimal Spanning Tree problem.

  - by kunjaan

  I have reduced my problem to finding the minimal spanning tree in the graph. But I want to have one more constraint which is that the total degree for each vertex shouldnt exceed a certain constant factor. How do I model my problem? Is MST the wrong path? Do you know any algorithms that will help me? One more problem: My graph has duplicate edge weights so is there a way to count the number of unique MSTs? Are there algorithms that do this? Thank You. Edit: By degree, I mean the total number of edges connecting the vertex. By duplicate edge weight I mean that two edges have the same weight.

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• What is the best book for learning about Algorithms?

  - by sheats

  I know what algorithms are, but I have never consciously used or created one for any of the programming that I have done. So I'd like to get a book about the subject - I'd prefer if it was in python but that's not a strict requirement. What book about algorithms helped you most to understand, use, and create algorithms? One book per answer so they can be voted on...

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• Recursion - Ship Battle

  - by rgorrosini

  I'm trying to write a little ship battle game in java. It is 100% academic, I made it to practice recursion, so... I want to use it instead of iteration, even if it's simpler and more efficient in most some cases. Let's get down to business. These are the rules: Ships are 1, 2 or 3 cells wide and are placed horizontally only. Water is represented with 0, non-hit ship cells are 1, hit ship cells are 2 and sunken ships have all it's cells in 3. With those rules set, I'm using the following array for testing: int[][] board = new int[][] { {0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0}, {0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}, }; It works pretty good so far, and to make it more user-friendly I would like to add a couple of reports. these are the methods I need for them: Given the matrix, return the amount of ships in it. Same as a), but separating them by state (amount of non-hit ships, hit and sunken ones). I will need a hand with those reports, and I would like to get some ideas. Remember it must be done using recursion, I want to understand this, and the only way to go is practice! Thanks a lot for your time and patience :).

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• How to store and collect data for mining such information as most viewed for last 24 hours, last 7 d

  - by Kirzilla

  Hello, Let's imagine that we have high traffic project (a tube site) which should provide sorting using this options (NOT IN REAL TIME). Number of videos is about 200K and all information about videos is stored in MySQL. Number of daily video views is about 1.5KK. As instruments we have Hard Disk Drive (text files), MySQL, Redis. Views top viewed top viewed last 24 hours top viewed last 7 days top viewed last 30 days top rated last 365 days How should I store such information? The first idea is to log all visits to text files (single file per hour, for example visits_20080101_00.log). At the beginning of each hour calculate views per video for previous hour and insert this information into MySQL. Then recalculate totals (for last 24 hours) and update statistics in tables. At the beginning of every day we have to do the same but recalculate for last 7 days, last 30 days, last 365 days. This method seems to be very poor for me because we have to store information about last 365 days for each video to make correct calculations. Is there any other good methods? Probably, we have to choose another instruments for this? Thank you.

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• Fast ceiling of an integer division in C / C++

  - by andand

  Given integer values x and y, C and C++ returns as the quotient q = x/y the floor of the floating point valued equivalent. I'm interestd in a method of returning the ceiling instead? For example, ceil(10/5) = 2 and ceil(11/5) = 3. The obvious approach involves something like: q = x / y; if (q * y < x) ++q; This requires an extra comparison and multiplication; and other methods I've seen (used in fact) involve casting as a float or double. Is there a more direct method that avoids the additional multiplication (or a second division) and branch, and that also avoids casting as a floating point number?

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• List circular group membership from active directory

  - by KAPes

  We have 40K+ groups in our active directory and we are increasingly facing problem of circular nested groups which are creating problems for some applications. Does anyone know how to list down the full route through which a circular group membership exists ? e.g. G1 --> G2 --> G3 --> G4 --> G1 How do I list it down.

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• skipping certain number of frames on a timeline

  - by clamp

  hi, i have a mathematical problem which is a bit hard to describe, but i'll give it a try anyway. in a timeline, i have a number of frames, of which i want to skip a certain number of frames, which should be evenly distributed along the timeline. for example i have 10 frames and i want to skip 5, then the solution is easy: we skip every second frame. 10/5 = 2 if (frame%2 == 0) skip(); but what if the above division does result in a floating number? for example in 44 frames i want to skip 15 times. how can i determine the 15 frames which should be skipped? thanks!

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• Finding number of different paths

  - by peiska

  I have a game that one player X wants to pass a ball to player Y, but he can be playing with more than one player and the others players can pass the ball to Y. I want to know how many different paths can the ball take from X to Y? for example if he is playing with 3 players there are 5 different paths, 4 players 16 paths, if he is playing with 20 players there are 330665665962404000 paths, and 40 players 55447192200369381342665835466328897344361743780 that the ball can take. the number max. of players that he can play with is 500. I was thinking in using Catalan Numbers? do you think is a correct approach to solve this? Can you give me some tips.

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• How do I find the next multiple of 10 of any integer?

  - by Tommy

  Dynamic integer will be any number from 0 to 150. i.e. - number returns 41, need to return 50. If number is 10 need to return 10. Number is 1 need to return 10. Was thinking I could use the ceiling function if I modify the integer as a decimal...? then use ceiling function, and put back to decimal? Only thing is would also have to know if the number is 1, 2 or 3 digits (i.e. - 7 vs 94 vs 136) Is there a better way to achieve this? Thank You,

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• How to reduce duplicate web pages when rolling my own search engine?

  - by user198729

  One articles can be posted on many sites the same article on a specific website can be visited by several different urls. How do I reduce duplicated stuff in the above occasions?

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• Automatic images translation to 3d model

  - by farrakhov-bulat

  I'm quite interested in automatic images translation to 3d models. Not really for commercial product, but from the point of possible academic research and implementation. What I'd like to achieve is almost transparent for user process of transformation series of images (fewer is better) to 3d model which might be shown in flash/silverlight/javafx or similar. Consider online furniture store with 3d models of all items in stock. Kinda cool to have ability to see the product in 3d before purchasing it. I managed to find a few pieces of software, like insight3d, but it couldn't be used in my case I guess. So, are there any similar projects or tips for me? If it would require to write that piece of software - I'd really love to dig into research on this field.

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• Why is Dictionary.First() so slow?

  - by Rotsor

  Not a real question because I already found out the answer, but still interesting thing. I always thought that hash table is the fastest associative container if you hash properly. However, the following code is terribly slow. It executes only about 1 million iterations and takes more than 2 minutes of time on a Core 2 CPU. The code does the following: it maintains the collection todo of items it needs to process. At each iteration it takes an item from this collection (doesn't matter which item), deletes it, processes it if it wasn't processed (possibly adding more items to process), and repeats this until there are no items to process. The culprit seems to be the Dictionary.Keys.First() operation. The question is why is it slow? Stopwatch watch = new Stopwatch(); watch.Start(); HashSet<int> processed = new HashSet<int>(); Dictionary<int, int> todo = new Dictionary<int, int>(); todo.Add(1, 1); int iterations = 0; int limit = 500000; while (todo.Count > 0) { iterations++; var key = todo.Keys.First(); var value = todo[key]; todo.Remove(key); if (!processed.Contains(key)) { processed.Add(key); // process item here if (key < limit) { todo[key + 13] = value + 1; todo[key + 7] = value + 1; } // doesn't matter much how } } Console.WriteLine("Iterations: {0}; Time: {1}.", iterations, watch.Elapsed); This results in: Iterations: 923007; Time: 00:02:09.8414388. Simply changing Dictionary to SortedDictionary yields: Iterations: 499976; Time: 00:00:00.4451514. 300 times faster while having only 2 times less iterations. The same happens in java. Used HashMap instead of Dictionary and keySet().iterator().next() instead of Keys.First().

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• Creating an adjacency List for DFS

  - by user200081

  I'm having trouble creating a Depth First Search for my program. So far I have a class of edges and a class of regions. I want to store all the connected edges inside one node of my region. I can tell if something is connected by the getKey() function I have already implemented. If two edges have the same key, then they are connected. For the next region, I want to store another set of connected edges inside that region, etc etc. However, I am not fully understanding DFS and I'm having some trouble implementing it. I'm not sure when/where to call DFS again. Any help would be appreciated! class edge { private: int source, destination, length; int key; edge *next; public: getKey(){ return key; } } class region { edge *data; edge *next; region() { data = new edge(); next = NULL; } }; void runDFS(int i, edge **edge, int a) { region *head = new region(); aa[i]->visited == true;//mark the first vertex as true for(int v = 0; v < a; v++) { if(tem->edge[i].getKey() == tem->edge[v].getKey()) //if the edges of the vertex have the same root { if(head->data == NULL) { head->data = aa[i]; head->data->next == NULL; } //create an edge if(head->data) { head->data->next = aa[i]; head->data->next->next == NULL; }//if there is already a node connected to ti } if(aa[v]->visited == false) runDFS(v, edge, a); //call the DFS again } //for loop }

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• which is time consuming construct in following program?

  - by user388338

  while submitting a solution for practise problem 6(odd) i got TLE error but while using using print and scanf in place cin and cout my sol was submitted successfully with 0.77s time..i want to know how can i make it more efficient link to problem is codechef problem 6 #include<iostream> #include<cstdio> using namespace std; int main() {int n,N; scanf("%d",&n); for(int l=0;l<n;l++) { scanf("%d",&N); int i=0,x; if(N<=0) continue; for(;N>=(x=(2<<i));i++); printf("%d",x/2); cout<<"\n"; } }

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• select i th smallest element from array

  - by davit-datuashvili

  i have divide and conqurer method to find i th smalles element from array here is code public class rand_select{ public static int Rand_partition( int a[],int p,int q,int i){ //smallest in a[p..q] if ( p==q) return a[p]; int r=partition (a,p,q); int k=r-p+1; if (i==k) return a[r]; if (i<k){ return Rand_partition(a,p,r-1,i); } return Rand_partition(a,r-1,q,i-k); } public static void main(String[]args){ int a[]=new int []{6,10,13,15,8,3,2,12}; System.out.println(Rand_partition(a,0,a.length-1,7)); } public static int partition(int a[],int p,int q){ int m=a[0]; while ( p<q){ while (p<q && a[p++] <m){ p++; } while (q>p && a[q--]>m){ q--; } int t=a[p]; a[p]=a[q]; a[q]=t; } int k=0; for (int i=0;i<a.length;i++){ if ( a[i]==m){ k=i; } } return k; } } but here is problem java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException please help me

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• Finding the longest road in a Settlers of Catan game algorithmically

  - by Jay

  I'm writing a Settlers of Catan clone for a class. One of the extra credit features is automatically determining which player has the longest road. I've thought about it, and it seems like some slight variation on depth-first search could work, but I'm having trouble figuring out what to do with cycle detection, how to handle the joining of a player's two initial road networks, and a few other minutiae. How could I do this algorithmically? For those unfamiliar with the game, I'll try to describe the problem concisely and abstractly: I need to find the longest possible path in an undirected cyclic graph.

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• Efficient way to get highly correlated pairs from large data set in Python or R

  - by Akavall

  I have a large data set (Let's say 10,000 variables with about 1000 elements each), we can think of it as 2D list, something like: [[variable_1], [variable_2], ............ [variable_n] ] I want to extract highly correlated variable pairs from that data. I want "highly correlated" to be a parameter that I can choose. I don't need all pairs to be extracted, and I don't necessarily want the most correlated pairs. As long as there is an efficient method that gets me highly correlated pairs I am happy. Also, it would be nice if a variable does not show up in more than one pair. Although this might not be crucial. Of course, there is a brute force way to finding such pairs, but it is too slow for me. I've googled around for a bit and found some theoretical work on this issue, but I wasn't able for find a package that could do what I am looking for. I mostly work in python, so a package in python would be most helpful, but if there exists a package in R that does what I am looking for it will be great. Does anyone know of a package that does the above in Python or R? Or any other ideas? Thank You in Advance

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