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• Very slow write performance on Debian 6.0 (AMD64) with DMCRYPT/LVM/RAID1

  - by jdelic

  I'm seeing very strange performance characteristics on one of my servers. This server is running a simple two-disk software-RAID1 setup with LVM spanning /dev/md0. One of the logical volumes /dev/vg0/secure is encrypted using dmcrypt with LUKS and mounted with the sync and noatimes flag. Writing to that volume is incredibly slow at 1.8 MB/s and the CPU usage stays near 0%. There are 8 crpyto/1-8 processes running (it's a Intel Quadcore CPU). I hope that someone on serverfault has seen this before :-(. uname -a 2.6.32-5-xen-amd64 #1 SMP Tue Mar 8 00:01:30 UTC 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux Interestingly, when I read from the device I get good performance numbers: reading without encryption: $ dd if=/dev/vg0/secure of=/dev/null bs=64k count=100000 100000+0 records in 100000+0 records out 6553600000 bytes (6.6 GB) copied, 68.8951 s, 95.1 MB/s reading with encryption: $ dd if=/dev/mapper/secure of=/dev/null bs=64k count=100000 100000+0 records in 100000+0 records out 6553600000 bytes (6.6 GB) copied, 69.7116 s, 94.0 MB/s However, when I try to write to the device: $ dd if=/dev/zero of=./test bs=64k 8809+0 records in 8809+0 records out 577306624 bytes (577 MB) copied, 321.861 s, 1.8 MB/s Also, when I read I see CPU usage, when I write, the CPU stays at almost 0% usage. Here is output of cryptsetup luksDump: LUKS header information for /dev/vg0/secure Version: 1 Cipher name: aes Cipher mode: cbc-essiv:sha256 Hash spec: sha1 Payload offset: 2056 MK bits: 256 MK digest: dd 62 b9 a5 bf 6c ec 23 36 22 92 4c 39 f8 d6 5d c1 3a b7 37 MK salt: cc 2e b3 d9 fb e3 86 a1 bb ab eb 9d 65 df b3 dd d9 6b f4 49 de 8f 85 7d 3b 1c 90 83 5d b2 87 e2 MK iterations: 44500 UUID: a7c9af61-d9f0-4d3f-b422-dddf16250c33 Key Slot 0: ENABLED Iterations: 178282 Salt: 60 24 cb be 5c 51 9f b4 85 64 3d f8 07 22 54 d4 1a 5f 4c bc 4b 82 76 48 d8 a2 d2 6a ee 13 d7 5d Key material offset: 8 AF stripes: 4000 Key Slot 1: DISABLED Key Slot 2: DISABLED Key Slot 3: DISABLED Key Slot 4: DISABLED Key Slot 5: DISABLED Key Slot 6: DISABLED Key Slot 7: DISABLED

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• Raid-5 Performance per spindle scaling

  - by Bill N.

  So I am stuck in a corner, I have a storage project that is limited to 24 spindles, and requires heavy random Write (the corresponding read side is purely sequential). Needs every bit of space on my Drives, ~13TB total in a n-1 raid-5, and has to go fast, over 2GB/s sort of fast. The obvious answer is to use a Stripe/Concat (Raid-0/1), or better yet a raid-10 in place of the raid-5, but that is disallowed for reasons beyond my control. So I am here asking for help in getting a sub optimal configuration to be as good as it can be. The array built on direct attached SAS-2 10K rpm drives, backed by a ARECA 18xx series controller with 4GB of cache. 64k array stripes and an 4K stripe aligned XFS File system, with 24 Allocation groups (to avoid some of the penalty for being raid 5). The heart of my question is this: In the same setup with 6 spindles/AG's I see a near disk limited performance on the write, ~100MB/s per spindle, at 12 spindles I see that drop to ~80MB/s and at 24 ~60MB/s. I would expect that with a distributed parity and matched AG's, the performance should scale with the # of spindles, or be worse at small spindle counts, but this array is doing the opposite. What am I missing ? Should Raid-5 performance scale with # of spindles ? Many thanks for your answers and any ideas, input, or guidance. --Bill Edit: Improving RAID performance The other relevant thread I was able to find, discusses some of the same issues in the answers, though it still leaves me with out an answer on the performance scaling.

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• Mod disk_cache permanent caching images and disabling reacurring header updates

  - by user135532

  I am trying to get mod disk_cache to permantly cache images retrieved from an image server on the webserver using ProxyPass. While the image is being retrieved correctly from the server and is served from the cache on further requests, then I am still having the webserver call the image server and causing the cached header to be updated. Because of load concerns then I need to never call the image server on a specific url again after it has been cached once, or extend the refresh time for as long as possible. The webserver is IHS 7.0 The mod's are mod_disk_cache.so, mod_cache.so, mod_proxy.so Version 2.2.8.0 Following is from my httpd.conf: ProxyPass /webserver/media/images/ http://imageserver.com/ws/media/images/ # Caching pictures <IfModule mod_cache.c> <IfModule mod_disk_cache.c> CacheDefaultExpire 2628000 #CacheDisable CacheEnable disk /webserver/media/images/ CacheIgnoreCacheControl On CacheIgnoreHeaders Cookie Referer User-Agent X-Forwarded-For X-Forwarded-Host X-Forwarded-Server Accept-Language Accept Host CacheIgnoreNoLastMod On CacheIgnoreQueryString Off #CacheIgnoreURLSessionIdentifiers CacheLastModifiedFactor 10000000.1 #CacheLock on #CacheLockMaxAge 5 #CacheLockPath CacheMaxExpire 1576800 CacheStoreNoStore On CacheStorePrivate On CacheDirLength 2 CacheDirLevels 3 CacheMaxFileSize 1000000 CacheMinFileSize 1 CacheRoot c:/cacheroot2 </IfModule> </IfModule>

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• Slow filesystem access

  - by danneh3826

  I'm trying to diagnose a slow filesystem issue on a server I look after. It's been ongoing for quite some time, and I've run out of ideas as to what I can try. Here's the thick of it. The server itself is a Dell Poweredge T310. It has 4 SAS hard drives in it, configured at RAID5, and is running Citrix XenServer 5.6. The VM is a (relatively) old Debian 5.0.6 installation. It's given 4 cores, and 4Gb's of RAM. It has 3 volumes. A 10Gb volume (ext3) for the system, 980Gb volume (xfs) for data (~94% full), and another 200Gb volume (xfs) for data (~13% full). Now here's the weird thing. Read/write access to the 980Gb volume is really slow. I might get 5Mb/s out of it if I'm lucky. At first I figured it was actually disk access in the system, or at a hypervisor level, but ruled that out entirely as other VMs on the same host are running perfectly fine (a good couple hundred Mb/s disk r/w access). So then I started to target this particular VM. I started thinking it was XFS, but to prove it I wasn't going to attempt to change the filesystem on the 980Gb drive, with years and years of billions of files on there. So I provisioned the 200Gb drive, and did the same read/write test (basically dd), and got a good couple hundred Mb/s r/w access to it. So that ruled out the VM, the hardware, and the filesystem type. There's also a lot of these in /var/log/kern.log; (sorry, this is quite long) Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564689] httpd: page allocation failure. order:5, mode:0x4020 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564693] Pid: 7318, comm: httpd Not tainted 2.6.32-4-686-bigmem #1 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564696] Call Trace: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564705] [<c1092a4d>] ? __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x476/0x4e0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564711] [<c1092ac3>] ? __get_free_pages+0xc/0x17 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564716] [<c10b632e>] ? __kmalloc+0x30/0x128 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564722] [<c11dd774>] ? pskb_expand_head+0x4f/0x157 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564727] [<c11ddbbf>] ? __pskb_pull_tail+0x41/0x1fb Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564732] [<c11e4882>] ? dev_queue_xmit+0xe4/0x38e Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564738] [<c1205902>] ? ip_finish_output+0x0/0x5c Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564742] [<c12058c7>] ? ip_finish_output2+0x187/0x1c2 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564747] [<c1204dc8>] ? ip_local_out+0x15/0x17 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564751] [<c12055a9>] ? ip_queue_xmit+0x31e/0x379 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564758] [<c1279a90>] ? _spin_lock_bh+0x8/0x1e Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564767] [<eda15a8d>] ? __nf_ct_refresh_acct+0x66/0xa4 [nf_conntrack] Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564773] [<c103bf42>] ? _local_bh_enable_ip+0x16/0x6e Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564779] [<c1214593>] ? tcp_transmit_skb+0x595/0x5cc Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564785] [<c1005c4f>] ? xen_restore_fl_direct_end+0x0/0x1 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564791] [<c12165ea>] ? tcp_write_xmit+0x7a3/0x874 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564796] [<c121203a>] ? tcp_ack+0x1611/0x1802 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564801] [<c10055ec>] ? xen_force_evtchn_callback+0xc/0x10 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564806] [<c121392f>] ? tcp_established_options+0x1d/0x8b Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564811] [<c1213be4>] ? tcp_current_mss+0x38/0x53 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564816] [<c1216701>] ? __tcp_push_pending_frames+0x1e/0x50 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564821] [<c1212246>] ? tcp_data_snd_check+0x1b/0xd2 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564825] [<c1212de3>] ? tcp_rcv_established+0x5d0/0x626 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564831] [<c121902c>] ? tcp_v4_do_rcv+0x15f/0x2cf Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564835] [<c1219561>] ? tcp_v4_rcv+0x3c5/0x5c0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564841] [<c120197e>] ? ip_local_deliver_finish+0x10c/0x18c Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564846] [<c12015a4>] ? ip_rcv_finish+0x2c4/0x2d8 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564852] [<c11e3b71>] ? netif_receive_skb+0x3bb/0x3d6 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564864] [<ed823efc>] ? xennet_poll+0x9b8/0xafc [xen_netfront] Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564869] [<c11e40ee>] ? net_rx_action+0x96/0x194 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564874] [<c103bd4c>] ? __do_softirq+0xaa/0x151 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564878] [<c103be24>] ? do_softirq+0x31/0x3c Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564883] [<c103befa>] ? irq_exit+0x26/0x58 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564890] [<c118ff9f>] ? xen_evtchn_do_upcall+0x12c/0x13e Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564896] [<c1008c3f>] ? xen_do_upcall+0x7/0xc Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564899] Mem-Info: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564902] DMA per-cpu: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564905] CPU 0: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564908] CPU 1: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564911] CPU 2: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564914] CPU 3: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564916] Normal per-cpu: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564919] CPU 0: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 175 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564922] CPU 1: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 165 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564925] CPU 2: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 30 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564928] CPU 3: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 140 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564931] HighMem per-cpu: Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564933] CPU 0: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 159 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564936] CPU 1: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 22 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564939] CPU 2: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 24 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564942] CPU 3: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 13 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564947] active_anon:485974 inactive_anon:121138 isolated_anon:0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564948] active_file:75215 inactive_file:79510 isolated_file:0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564949] unevictable:0 dirty:516 writeback:15 unstable:0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564950] free:230770 slab_reclaimable:36661 slab_unreclaimable:21249 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564952] mapped:20016 shmem:29450 pagetables:5600 bounce:0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564958] DMA free:2884kB min:72kB low:88kB high:108kB active_anon:0kB inactive_anon:0kB active_file:5692kB inactive_file:724kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:15872kB mlocked:0kB dirty:8kB writeback:0kB mapped:0kB shmem:0kB slab_reclaimable:5112kB slab_unreclaimable:156kB kernel_stack:56kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564964] lowmem_reserve[]: 0 698 4143 4143 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564977] Normal free:143468kB min:3344kB low:4180kB high:5016kB active_anon:56kB inactive_anon:2068kB active_file:131812kB inactive_file:131728kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:715256kB mlocked:0kB dirty:156kB writeback:0kB mapped:308kB shmem:4kB slab_reclaimable:141532kB slab_unreclaimable:84840kB kernel_stack:1928kB pagetables:22400kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564983] lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 27559 27559 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.564995] HighMem free:776728kB min:512kB low:4636kB high:8760kB active_anon:1943840kB inactive_anon:482484kB active_file:163356kB inactive_file:185588kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:3527556kB mlocked:0kB dirty:1900kB writeback:60kB mapped:79756kB shmem:117796kB slab_reclaimable:0kB slab_unreclaimable:0kB kernel_stack:0kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565001] lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565011] DMA: 385*4kB 16*8kB 3*16kB 9*32kB 6*64kB 2*128kB 1*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 2900kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565032] Normal: 21505*4kB 6508*8kB 273*16kB 24*32kB 3*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 143412kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565054] HighMem: 949*4kB 8859*8kB 7063*16kB 6186*32kB 4631*64kB 727*128kB 6*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 776604kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565076] 198980 total pagecache pages Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565079] 14850 pages in swap cache Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565082] Swap cache stats: add 2556273, delete 2541423, find 82961339/83153719 Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565085] Free swap = 250592kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.565087] Total swap = 385520kB Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575454] 1073152 pages RAM Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575458] 888834 pages HighMem Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575461] 11344 pages reserved Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575463] 1090481 pages shared Sep 4 10:16:59 uriel kernel: [32571790.575465] 737188 pages non-shared Now, I've no idea what this means. There's plenty of free memory; total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 4247232 3455904 791328 0 5348 736412 -/+ buffers/cache: 2714144 1533088 Swap: 385520 131004 254516 Though now I see the swap is relatively low in size, but would that matter? I've been starting to think about fragmentation, or inode usage on that large partition, but a recent fsck on it showed is as only like 0.5% fragmented. Which leaves me with inode usage, but how much of an effect really would a large inode table or filesystem TOC have? I've love to hear people's opinions on this. It's driving me potty! df -h output; Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 9.5G 6.6G 2.4G 74% / tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 10M 520K 9.5M 6% /dev tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /dev/shm /dev/xvdb 980G 921G 59G 94% /data

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• Missing drive space in Server 2003

  - by Tim Brigham

  I have two drives used for SQL backups which for the last week have been acting strange - the free space indicated by windows is far off from what windirstat, etc indicates. There should only be about 60 GB of drive space used and there is about 160. This would match the utilization if the two last backup files were still residing on disk. SQL server is 2000, OS Server 2003 x64. Running on a VMware 5.0 cluster. OSSEC and McAfee for this system shows clean. My current plan is to temporarily attach one of these drives this drive to another VM for analysis. Is there anything more I should be looking at? There were a lot of pages on the net when I was looking for documentation on this issue but I haven't found this case described. EDIT: Unfortunately even a full reboot did not clear this behavior. I also used process explorer to look for open file handles. No dice.

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• how do you view / access the contents of a mounted dmg drive through TERMINAL hdiutil diskmount

  - by A. O.

  My external USB drive failed. I made a .dmg image file of the drive using disk utility. Later I was not able to mount the .dmg image. I used terminal hdiutil attach -noverify -nomount name.dmg diskutil list diskutil mountDisk /dev/disk4 then received the following message: Volume(s) mounted successfully However, I cant see the drive or access its contents through Finder. DUtility shows the drive as ghost but I still cant mount it using diskutility. Terminal tells me that the drive is mounted and constantly shows it in the diskutil list. pwd is not the mounted .dmg image. I dont know how to enter into the mounted image drive to see its contents. So in case what I said sounds like I see the files in the mounted image no this is not the case. I do not know how to access or even change the pwd within Terminal. I was hoping to see the mounted drive tru finder but I do not see that. So I need help as to how to find a way to access the mounted image drive if it was really mounted. Terminal says that it was and it shows it under diskutil list as a /dev/disk4. Can someone please help me access the files on this drive?

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• Best solution top keep data secure

  - by mrwooster

  What is the simplest and most elegant way of storing a small amount of data in a reasonably secure way? I am not looking for ridiculous levels of advanced encryption (AES-256 is more than enough) and I am only looking to encrypt a small number of files. The files I wish to encrypt are mostly comprised of password lists and SSH keys for servers. Unfortunately it is impossible to keep track of ever changing passwords for my servers (and SSH keys) and so need to keep a list of the passwords. Obviously this list needs to be secure, and also portable (I work from multiple locations). At the moment, I use a 10MB encrypted disk image on my mac (std .dmg AES-256) and just mount it whenever I need access to the data. To my knowledge this is very secure and I am very happy using it. However, the data is not very portable. I would like to be able to access my data from other machines (especially ones running linux), and I am aware that there are quite a few issues trying to mount an encrypted .dmg on linux. An alternative I have considered is to create a tar archive containing the files and use gpg --symmetric to encrypt it, but this is not a very elegant solution as it requires gpg to be installed on every system. So, what over solutions exist, and which ones would you consider to be the most elegant? Ty

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• How to access files on a USB-connected NTFS disk removed from a Win7 notebook?

  - by yosh m

  My daughter seems to have fried her motherboard in her Lenovo Notebook. The disk seems to be fine. I removed the disk and used a universal disk-to-USB kit to attach it to another computer. The disk is recognized fine and I can peruse it in Windows Explorer. The problem is that the files she would like to recover from it are located in places that Windows refuses to let me access. When I try, for example, to enter the directory "Documents and Settings" it gives me an "Access is denied" error. Same thing when I try to go into the various User directories and other locations. I thought to try creating a Ghost image & retrieve the files from that, but Ghost seems to croak when I try to run it - apparently it doesn't like accessing the disk via a USB connection (even though I've told it to install the drivers for USB). Any other ideas about how to get to the files I need, either through Windows or perhaps some other OS that I could boot from a CD that can read an NTFS disk? Thanks, Yosh

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• ??AMDU?????MOUNT?DISKGROUP???????

  - by Liu Maclean(???)

  AMDU?ORACLE??ASM??????????,????ASM Metadata Dump Utility(AMDU) AMDU??????????: 1. ?ASM DISK?????????????????2. ?ASM?????????????OS????,Diskgroup??mount??3. ????????,???C?????16????? ?????????AMDU??ASM DISKGROUP??????; ASM???????????????, ?????????????,?????????ASM????? ??DISKGROUP??MOUNT????????????????????????? AMDU???????, ????????ASM DISKGROUP ??MOUNT???????,???RDBMS?????ASM??????? ?? AMDU???11g??????,?????10g?ASM ???? ???????????, ORACLE DATABASE?SPFILE?CONTROLFILE?DATAFILE????ASM DISKGROUP?,?????ASM ORA-600??????MOUNT?DISKGROUP, ???????AMDU??????ASM DISK?????? ?? 1 ??? ??SPFILE?CONTROLFILE?DATAFILE ????: ???????SPFILE ,????SPFILE??PFILE???,?????????????control_files??? SQL> show parameter control_files NAME TYPE VALUE———————————— ———– ——————————control_files string +DATA/prodb/controlfile/current.260.794687955, +FRA/prodb/controlfile/current.256.794687955 ??control_files ?????ASM???????????,+DATA/prodb/controlfile/current.260.794687955 ?? 260????????+DATA ??DISKGROUP??FILE NUMBER ???????ASM DISK?DISCOVERY PATH??,??????ASM?SPFILE??asm_diskstring ???? [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ unzip amdu_X86-64.zipArchive: amdu_X86-64.zipinflating: libskgxp11.soinflating: amduinflating: libnnz11.soinflating: libclntsh.so.11.1 [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=./ [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ ./amdu -diskstring ‘/dev/asm*’ -extract data.260amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17/AMDU-00204: Disk N0006 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0006: ‘/dev/asm-disk10'AMDU-00204: Disk N0003 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0003: ‘/dev/asm-disk5'AMDU-00204: Disk N0002 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0002: ‘/dev/asm-disk6' [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ cd amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17/[oracle@mlab2 amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17]$ lsDATA_260.f report.txt[oracle@mlab2 amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17]$ ls -ltotal 9548-rw-r–r– 1 oracle oinstall 9748480 Oct 10 20:19 DATA_260.f-rw-r–r– 1 oracle oinstall 9441 Oct 10 20:19 report.txt ???????DATA_260.f ??????,?????????startup mount RDBMS??: SQL> alter system set control_files=’/opt/oracle.SupportTools/amdu_2009_10_10_20_19_17/DATA_260.f’ scope=spfile; System altered. SQL> startup force mount;ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1870647296 bytesFixed Size 2229424 bytesVariable Size 452987728 bytesDatabase Buffers 1409286144 bytesRedo Buffers 6144000 bytesDatabase mounted. SQL> select name from v$datafile; NAME——————————————————————————–+DATA/prodb/datafile/system.256.794687873+DATA/prodb/datafile/sysaux.257.794687875+DATA/prodb/datafile/undotbs1.258.794687875+DATA/prodb/datafile/users.259.794687875+DATA/prodb/datafile/example.265.794687995+DATA/prodb/datafile/mactbs.267.794688457 6 rows selected. startup mount???,???v$datafile????????,????????DISKGROUP??FILE NUMBER ???./amdu -diskstring ‘/dev/asm*’ -extract ???? ??????????? [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ ./amdu -diskstring ‘/dev/asm*’ -extract data.256amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21/AMDU-00204: Disk N0006 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0006: ‘/dev/asm-disk10'AMDU-00204: Disk N0003 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0003: ‘/dev/asm-disk5'AMDU-00204: Disk N0002 is in currently mounted diskgroup DATAAMDU-00201: Disk N0002: ‘/dev/asm-disk6' [oracle@mlab2 oracle.SupportTools]$ cd amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21/[oracle@mlab2 amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21]$ lsDATA_256.f report.txt[oracle@mlab2 amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21]$ dbv file=DATA_256.f DBVERIFY: Release 11.2.0.3.0 – Production on Sat Oct 10 20:23:12 2009 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. DBVERIFY – Verification starting : FILE = /opt/oracle.SupportTools/amdu_2009_10_10_20_22_21/DATA_256.f DBVERIFY – Verification complete Total Pages Examined : 90880Total Pages Processed (Data) : 59817Total Pages Failing (Data) : 0Total Pages Processed (Index): 12609Total Pages Failing (Index): 0Total Pages Processed (Other): 3637Total Pages Processed (Seg) : 1Total Pages Failing (Seg) : 0Total Pages Empty : 14817Total Pages Marked Corrupt : 0Total Pages Influx : 0Total Pages Encrypted : 0Highest block SCN : 1125305 (0.1125305)

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• Bad motherboard / controller / HDs?

  - by quidpro

  On a leased server, I am running into some timing issues with an application that requires precise timing. Server is a Dual Xeon E5410 running on a Supermicro X7DVL-3 motherboard under CentOs 5.5 x64. The application I am running is timer sensitive and keeps sensing drift whether under load or at idle, but especially under load. I did some investigating with atop and dd and found some mind-blowing numbers. Mind you, I am no Linux guru but something sure seems out of whack. I ran: dd bs=4096 if=/dev/zero of=/bigtestfile to generate disk activity. Regardless whether I wrote it to sda or sdb my DSK value in atop would go over 100%, at one time peaking at 1700%. Again it does not matter if I am writing to sda or sdb. DSK | sdb | busy 675% | read 0 | write 110 | avio 78 ms | Here are the smartctl outputs: # smartctl -A /dev/sda smartctl version 5.38 [x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0007 165 165 021 Pre-fail Always - 2750 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 040 Old_age Always - 21 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000a 200 200 051 Old_age Always - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 065 065 000 Old_age Always - 25831 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0012 100 253 051 Old_age Always - 0 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0012 100 253 051 Old_age Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 21 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 116 093 000 Old_age Always - 27 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0012 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x000a 200 253 000 Old_age Always - 0 200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 200 200 051 Old_age Offline - 0 # smartctl -A /dev/sdb smartctl version 5.38 [x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 180 180 021 Pre-fail Always - 3958 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 22 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 068 068 000 Old_age Always - 24087 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 21 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 122 096 000 Old_age Always - 25 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 0 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0009 200 200 051 Pre-fail Offline - 0 Any idea what's wrong here? Bad motherboard? It would seem rare that both drives are going bad (smartctl says they PASS_, so it leaves the mobo as the culprit in my eyes.

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• Issues with Server 2012 using DFSR running on Hyper-V 2012

  - by Bryan

  We have a number of Server 2012 systems, all of which run virtualised on Hyper-V 2012 server. We are having problems with two such virtual instances, both of which are used as file servers, whereby they occasionally stop responding to requests to serve files to clients. After logging on to the server, attempts to shut it down gracefully fail (no error, it just fails to acknowledge a shutdown request). Recovery is a case of power cycling the server(s) from the Hyper-V console. These two servers don't server a large number of users (one serves no more than 6 users, and the other serves around 20 users), they are in the same domain, but on different physical hardware (and at different sites). They don't lock up at the same time. They both use DFSR to replicate a fairly large amount of data between themselves (200GB) over ADSL connections, this is working fine, and we have been using DFSR to do this on the previous two generations of server OS we have used (Server 2008 R2 and Server 2003 - both of which were physical installs however). Today, when one of the servers crashed, I noticed an entry in the event log, which looked similar to the following: Log Name: Application Source: ESENT Date: 27/11/2012 10:25:55 Event ID: 533 Task Category: General Level: Warning Keywords: Classic User: N/A Computer: HAL-FS-01.example.com Description: DFSRs (1500) \\.\E:\System Volume Information\DFSR\database_C8CC_101_CC00_EC0E\ dfsr.db: A request to write to the file "\\.\E:\System Volume Information\ DFSR\database_C8CC_101_CC00_EC0E\fsr.log" at offset 4423680 (0x0000000000438000) for 4096 (0x00001000) bytes has not completed for 36 second(s). This problem is likely due to faulty hardware. Please contact your hardware vendor for further assistance diagnosing the problem. When the server started up again, I went to find the event log entry to investigate further and found that the event log entry was no longer there (I assume it was in memory but failed to write to disk before the server was powered off, for the reason mentioned in the message). I found the above message by searching back further in the event log. Both of these virtual servers have their E: volumes fully allocated as opposed to dynamically expanding, and there are no other issues on any of the other virtual servers (which include server 2012, server 2008 R2 and Ubuntu 12.04 x64). There are no signs of IO, memory or CPU starvation on the host systems. I've used performance counters on the affected virtual servers to monitor memory usage (including non paged pool usage), as well as CPU and network utilisation, and none of these show any signs of trouble when the issue arises. I would have thought our configuration isn't that uncommon, so I'm wondering if anyone else has seen this, and managed to resolve the problem?

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• How to correctly partition usb flash drive and which filesystem to choose considering wear leveling?

  - by random1

  Two problems. First one: how to partition the flash drive? I shouldn't need to do this, but I'm no longer sure if my partition is properly aligned since I was forced to delete and create a new partition table after gparted complained when I tried to format the drive from FAT to ext4. The naive answer would be to say "just use default and everything is going to be alright". However if you read the following links you'll know things are not that simple: https://lwn.net/Articles/428584/ and http://linux-howto-guide.blogspot.com/2009/10/increase-usb-flash-drive-write-speed.html Then there is also the issue of cylinders, heads and sectors. Currently I get this: $sfdisk -l -uM /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 30147 cylinders, 64 heads, 32 sectors/track Warning: The partition table looks like it was made for C/H/S=*/255/63 (instead of 30147/64/32). For this listing I'll assume that geometry. Units = mebibytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0 Device Boot Start End MiB #blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 1 30146 30146 30869504 83 Linux $fdisk -l /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 31.6 GB, 31611420672 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3843 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00010c28 So from my current understanding I should align partitions at 4 MiB (currently it's at 1 MiB). But I still don't know how to set the heads and sectors properly for my device. Second problem: file system. From the benchmarks I saw ext4 provides the best performance, however there is the issue of wear leveling. How can I know that my Transcend JetFlash 700's microcontroller provides for wear leveling? Or will I just be killing my drive faster? I've seen a lot of posts on the web saying don't worry the newer drives already take care of that. But I've never seen a single piece of backed evidence of that and at some point people start mixing SSD with USB flash drives technology. The safe option would be to go for ext2, however a serious of tests that I performed showed horrible performance!!! These values are from a real scenario and not some synthetic test: 42 files: 3,429,415,284 bytes copied to flash drive original fat32: 15.1 MiB/s ext4 after new partition table: 10.2 MiB/s ext2 after new partition table: 1.9 MiB/s Please read the links that I posted above before answering. I would also be interested in answers backed up with some references because a lot is said and re-said but then it lacks facts. Thank you for the help.

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• Is it possible to mount a disk image, created with dd, to a directory on a mounted external usb hdd?

  - by Keeper Hood

  I have an image of my home (/dev/sda3) partition, which I've created using the "dd" command. dd if=/dev/sda3 of=/path/to/disk.img I've deleted the home partition via gparted in order to enlarge my /dev/root partition. Then I've recreated the /dev/sda3 partition which is smaller in size then the one I've backed up to the image. I was wondering since I have a 2TB external HDD, could it be possible to mount my backed up image on the external HDD and then copy the files into the /home directory. Since the external HDD would be already in a "mounted state", I'm unsure whether this is a good idea, mounting on a mounted device. I'm running Slackware 13.37 (64bit). used ext4 on all the partitions. resized the root partition with gparted live cd. I've tried mount -t ext4 /path/to/disk.img /mng/image -o loop It gave me an fs error (wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on dev/loop/0) Then i did dmesg | tail which outputs: EXT4-fs (loop0) : bad geometry: block count 29009610 exceeds size of defice (1679229 blocks) I have no idea what to do, I want to restore my /home data from the image I've backed up.

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• CentOS default never fsck root partition on start up?

  - by wwwpanda

  Most documentation or sites will say use "tune2fs -l " to check if the system will do fsck on the system partitions on next boot, in particular, should look at "Mount count" and "Maximum mount count" values. However, I notice for default CentOS 5 or 6 installation, when I check against the root partition, I always noticed something like this from tune2fs output: ... Mount count: 91 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Thu Oct 29 18:48:14 2009 Check interval: 0 (<none>) ... i.e. the max. mount count is set to "-1". That makes me wonder does it mean CentOS (or Red Hat) won't check the root partition at all? I check the fstab, the last number for root partition is still "1" as usual. If the OS does fsck the root partition during startup, how can I tell when (i.e. after how many reboots or when) will the OS will start fsck the root parition during startup?

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• How do I mount the EFI partition on Windows 8.1 so that it is readable and writeable?

  - by RyanTM

  Here is what I do: restart machine with Windows 8.1 determine "EFI System" parition with the Disk Management utility run command prompt as administrator type diskpart type select disk 0 then select partition 2 then assign open windows explorer windows+e refresh if the drive is not showing F5 try to open drive by double clicking What I expected to happen: I can at least look at my EFI partition files. What happened: after clicking continue after clicking "security tab" link, no security tab What do I need to do to access my EFI partition on Windows 8.1?

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• How can I change the size of my SD card partition on os x 10.6.8 using gparted or disk utility?

  - by user1068636

  I"m running OS X 10.6.8 and I would like to use gparted to resize a partition on my SD card by following instructions on this page: http://mitchtech.net/easy-gui-install-re-partition-raspberry-pi-on-ubuntu/ However, it appears like gparted is suitable only for linux environment. I was wondering what alternatives do I have on os x to achieve increasing the size of the partition on my SD card? Would appreciate all / any advice.

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• How can I copy a VMware Fusion virtual machine to a FAT32 partition?

  - by Michael Prescott

  I created the virtual machine on a host running OS X. I then moved the machine to a FAT32 partition on an external drive. It moved the first time without error. Then I moved it from the external drive to a host running Ubuntu 9.10. I had to move to a FAT32 partition first because Ubuntu doesn't recognize Mac OS Extended partitions on the drive. So, the virtual machine (vm) ran on the ubuntu host for a while and then I moved it back to the FAT32 partition and from there back to the OS X host. I worked on the vm for a while on the OS X host and then attempted to move it back to the FAT32 partition. I get the following system error: The Finder can’t complete the operation because some data in “my-virtual-machine” can’t be read or written. (Error code -36) Interestingly, I can move the file to another OS X partition, just not FAT32. I also perused VMware's forums and found advice to set permissions on all files and folders to 777. I did this, but have had no success. I notice the the files within the vm package are 777 now, but there is an extended attributes symbol on their permission details "rwxrwxrwx@" Since I can copy the vm between OS X partitions, but not to non OS X partitions, and all files and folders withing the vm package and the package itself have permissions of 777, I speculate that the "@" is the problem. How can I remove the "@" or is there something else I need to modify to allow me to copy/move the vm to other hosts?

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• XP, how can I copy permissions from one partition to another, had no permssions and getting access denied trying to fix ?

  - by Jules

  For some reason, I'm not sure why, I have no permissions in the security tab/advanced tab for one partition. I'm trying to add them back by copying them manually from another partition. However when I try to replace permissions entries on some files it says access denied, then I have to click continue. I haven't much clue what this is all about, but I'd like to fix this as some folders in my partition aren't accessible in shares from other machines.

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• NTFS Partition created on GPT is not recognized by windows xp/7 ?

  - by user25588

  NTFS Partition created on GPT is not recognized by windows xp/7 Please advise

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• How can I join non-consecutive partitions on internal hard disk?

  - by Andy

  I recently installed a new, larger hard disk in my PC at work (the office wouldn't spring for an upgrade for my 75GB disk, so I brought my own 2TB disk in from home). I managed to clone the original drive using CloneZilla, but now I have a 75GB partition on my new drive, followed by a 300MB partition, followed by a 1794.65GB of unallocated space. What I want is to add the unallocated space to the 75GB partition, thereby maximizing my C: drive. However, when I right-click on the C: partition, the option to "Extend Volume" is grayed out. How do I get all my fancy new extra space to be part of my C: drive? I also tried booting with GParted, but I get the same deal - cannot adjust the C: drive because there's no contiguous space.

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• How do I make my Boot Camp partition bootable again?

  - by Dan Herbert

  I needed to resize my Boot Camp partition so I used Gparted to move and resize it. This seemed to work, except that now I can't boot into Windows. I can boot into OS X just fine. OS X can recognize the Boot Camp partition and view its contents. When I try to reboot into Windows, however I get the message: No bootable device -- insert boot disk and press any key The only solutions I've been able to find online suggest that the only way to fix this is to either clone the drive or remove the Windows partition and re-install it. Is there any way to fix my Windows partition so that I don't have to reinstall Windows again?

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• Simple Ubuntu Server - Expanding disk space - adding a new drive LVM, RAID0 existing setup - how?

  - by NightWolf

  I have a 1TB ext4 partition mounted at / with all my data and Ubuntu 11.04 (natty) installed. Now this drive is almost full (I used it as a database server for some processing). RAID0 is ok, I can take a failure (touch wood). But I need a way to grow this partition. I have a new 1TB drive I want to add, however as my Ubuntu boot and all data is on the one partition I'm not sure how I can go about setting up a RAID0 or LVM array without loosing all my data. So the question is how can I extend my existing ext4 partition over two physical drives without losing data? Thanks!

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• Why do I get a GRUB error after deleting the Linux partition?

  - by nateify

  I had a dual-boot setup with Windows 7 and Windows Vista. I used Easus Partition Manager and shrank my Windows 7 partition. In the empty space, I installed Linux Mint. I decided I didn't want it anymore, I simply deleted the Linux Mint partition. Now when I boot, all I get is this: GRUB loading. error: no such partition grub rescue> I don't have my Windows 7 install disk because it was pre-installed.

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• How to install Windows 8 boot manager in a different partition?

  - by arnab321

  the last time i installed Windows 7, the boot manager automatically got installed in a small hidden partition, and the main os into another partition. So, formatting the c: won't affect the boot manager. yesterday i wiped and repartitioned my hdd like this: 50mb primary ntfs (meant for boot manager) 100gb primary ntfs (for win 8) 50gb primary ntfs (for win 7) some logical partitions to install ubuntu and other os i installed win 7 and then win 8, and now there is no os choosing menu. system directly boots win 8 and the 50 mb partition is empty. There is a way to boot Windows 7 and even Ubuntu directly from the Windows boot manager with EasyBCD. But How do i put the boot manager in the 50mb partition ?

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• Free space on SSD (over provisioning) per disk or per partition?

  - by Horst Walter

  It is recommended to keep some percentage of an SSD free for relocation ( Is free space required on a SSD for performance? ). However, is this rule meant per partition or per disk (whole SSD)? So, if I want to keep 20% free for performance reasons, is it acceptable if one partition is 95% filled, while another is almost empty and the overall empty disk space still is 20. Or does each partition has to fulfill the rule of 20% empty space?

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