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  • Python constructor does weird things with optional parameters

    - by christangrant
    Can you help me understand of the behaviour and implications of the python __init__ constructor. It seems like when there is an optional parameter and you try and set an existing object to a new object the optional value of the existing object is preserved and copied. Ok that was confusing... so look at an example I concocted below. In the code below I am trying to make a tree structure with nodes and possibly many children . In the first class NodeBad, the constructor has two parameters, the value and any possible children. The second class NodeGood only takes the value of the node as a parameter. Both have an addchild method to add a child to a node. When creating a tree with the NodeGood class, it works as expected. However, when doing the same thing with the NodeBad class, it seems as though a child can only be added once! The code below will result in the following output: Good Tree 1 2 3 [< 3 >] Bad Tree 1 2 2 [< 2 >, < 3 >] Que Pasa? Here is the Example: #!/usr/bin/python class NodeBad: def __init__(self, value, c=[]): self.value = value self.children = c def addchild(self, node): self.children.append(node) def __str__(self): return '< %s >' % self.value def __repr__(self): return '< %s >' % self.value class NodeGood: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value self.children = [] def addchild(self, node): self.children.append(node) def __str__(self): return '< %s >' % self.value def __repr__(self): return '< %s >' % self.value if __name__ == '__main__': print 'Good Tree' ng = NodeGood(1) # Root Node rootgood = ng ng.addchild(NodeGood(2)) # 1nd Child ng = ng.children[0] ng.addchild(NodeGood(3)) # 2nd Child print rootgood.value print rootgood.children[0].value print rootgood.children[0].children[0].value print rootgood.children[0].children print 'Bad Tree' nb = NodeBad(1) # Root Node rootbad = nb nb.addchild(NodeBad(2)) # 1st Child nb = nb.children[0] nb.addchild(NodeBad(3)) # 2nd Child print rootbad.value print rootbad.children[0].value print rootbad.children[0].children[0].value print rootbad.children[0].children

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  • Intercept method calls in Python

    - by eaigner
    Hi. I'm implementing a RESTful web service in python and would like to add some QOS logging functionality by intercepting function calls and logging their execution time and so on. Basically i thought of a class from which all other services can inherit, that automatically overrides the default method implementations and wraps them in a logger function. What's the best way to achieve this?

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  • Getting logging.debug() to work on Google App Engine/Python

    - by brainjam
    I'm just getting started on building a Python app for Google App Engine. In the localhost environment I'm trying to send debug info to the GoogleAppEngineLauncher Log Console via logging.debug(), but it isn't showing up. However, anything sent through, say, logging.info() or logging.error() does show up. I've tried a logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) before the logging.debug(), but to no avail. What am I missing?

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  • All possible permutations of a set of lists in Python

    - by Ian Davis
    In Python I have a list of n lists, each with a variable number of elements. How can I create a single list containing all the possible permutations: For example [ [ a, b, c], [d], [e, f] ] I want [ [a, d, e] , [a, d, f], [b, d, e], [b, d, f], [c, d, e], [c, d, f] ] Note I don't know n in advance. I thought itertools.product would be the right approach but it requires me to know the number of arguments in advance

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  • python webtest port configuration?

    - by MattM
    I am attempting to write some tests using webtest to test out my python GAE application. The problem I am running into is that the application is listening on port 8080 but I cannot configure webtest to hit that port. For example, I want to use app.get('/getreport') to hit http://localhost:8080/getreport. Obviously, it hits just thits http:// localhost/getreport. Is there a way to set up webtest to hit a particular port?

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  • Why is "while" loop really needed in Python?

    - by Tomaž Pisanski
    I was told that 95% of all loops in Python are "for" loops. Since "while" loops are clearly more "dangerous" than "for" loops, I would like to know if there are situations in which the use of a "while" loop is essential. For teaching purposes it would be useful to know if there is a systematic way of transforming "while" loops into "for" loops.

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  • Memory efficient int-int dict in Python

    - by Bolo
    Hi, I need a memory efficient int-int dict in Python that would support the following operations in O(log n) time: d[k] = v # replace if present v = d[k] # None or a negative number if not present I need to hold ~250M pairs, so it really has to be tight. Do you happen to know a suitable implementation (Python 2.7)? EDIT Removed impossible requirement and other nonsense. Thanks, Craig and Kylotan! To rephrase. Here's a trivial int-int dictionary with 1M pairs: >>> import random, sys >>> from guppy import hpy >>> h = hpy() >>> h.setrelheap() >>> d = {} >>> for _ in xrange(1000000): ... d[random.randint(0, sys.maxint)] = random.randint(0, sys.maxint) ... >>> h.heap() Partition of a set of 1999530 objects. Total size = 49161112 bytes. Index Count % Size % Cumulative % Kind (class / dict of class) 0 1 0 25165960 51 25165960 51 dict (no owner) 1 1999521 100 23994252 49 49160212 100 int On average, a pair of integers uses 49 bytes. Here's an array of 2M integers: >>> import array, random, sys >>> from guppy import hpy >>> h = hpy() >>> h.setrelheap() >>> a = array.array('i') >>> for _ in xrange(2000000): ... a.append(random.randint(0, sys.maxint)) ... >>> h.heap() Partition of a set of 14 objects. Total size = 8001108 bytes. Index Count % Size % Cumulative % Kind (class / dict of class) 0 1 7 8000028 100 8000028 100 array.array On average, a pair of integers uses 8 bytes. I accept that 8 bytes/pair in a dictionary is rather hard to achieve in general. Rephrased question: is there a memory-efficient implementation of int-int dictionary that uses considerably less than 49 bytes/pair?

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  • Python XMLRPC with concurrent requests

    - by MattB
    I'm looking for a way to prevent multiple hosts from issuing simultaneous commands to a Python XMLRPC listener. The listener is responsible for running scripts to perform tasks on that system that would fail if multiple users tried to issue these commands at the same time. Is there a way I can block all incoming requests until the single instance has completed?

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  • python programme.

    - by siva
    hi, i am siva this is frist time taken the python programming language i have a small problem please help me the question is **Write two functions, called countSubStringMatch and countSubStringMatchRecursive that take two arguments, a key string and a target string. These functions iteratively and recursively count the number of instances of the key in the target string. You should complete definitions for def countSubStringMatch(target,key): and def countSubStringMatchRecursive (target, key): **

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  • R or Python for file manipulation

    - by danspants
    I have 4 reasonably complex r scripts that are used to manipulate csv and xml files. These were created by another department where they work exclusively in r. My understanding is that while r is very fast when dealing with data, it's not really optimised for file manipulation. Can I expect to get significant speed increases by converting these scripts to python? Or is this something of a waste of time?

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  • Dynamic mass hosting using mod_wsgi

    - by Virgil Balibanu
    Hi, I am trying to configure an apache server using mod_wsgi for dynamic mass hosting. Each user will have it's own instance of a python application located in /mnt/data/www/domains/[user_name] and there will be a vhost.map telling me which domain maps to each user's directory (the directory will have the same name as the user). What i do not know is how to write the WSGIScriptAliasMatch line so that it also takes the path from the vhost.map file. What i want to do is something like this: I can have on my server different domains like www.virgilbalibanu.com or virgil.balibanu.com and flaviu.balibanu.com where each domain would belog to another user, the user name having no neccesary connection to the domain name. I want to do this beacuse a user, wehn he makes an acoount receives something like virgil.mydomain.com but if he has his own domain he can change it later to that, for example www.virgilbalibanu.ro, and this way I would only need to chenage the line in the vhost.map file So far I have something like this: Alias /media/ /mnt/data/www/iitcms/media/ #all media is taken from here RewriteEngine on RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower # define the map file RewriteMap vhost txt:/mnt/data/www/domains/vhost.map #this does not work either, can;t say why atm RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/uploads/ RewriteCond ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}} ^(.+)$ RewriteCond ${vhost:%1} ^(/.*)$ RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ %1/media/uploads/$1 #---> this I have no ideea how i could do WSGIScriptAliasMatch ^([^/]+) /mnt/data/www/domains/$1/apache/django.wsgi <Directory "/mnt/data/www/domains"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> <DirectoryMatch ^/mnt/data/www/domains/([^/]+)/apache> AllowOverride None Options FollowSymLinks ExecCGI Order deny,allow Allow from all </DirectoryMatch> <Directory /mnt/data/www/iitcms/media> AllowOverride None Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> <DirectoryMatch ^/mnt/data/www/domains/([^/]+)/media/uploads> AllowOverride None Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews Order allow,deny Allow from all </DirectoryMatch> I know the part i did with mod_rewrite doesn't work, couldn't really say why not but that's not as important so far, I am curious how could i write the WSGIScriptAliasMatch line so that to accomplish my objective. I would be very grateful for any help, or any other ideas related to how i can deal with this. Also it would be great if I'd manage to get each site to run in wsgi daemon mode, thou that is not as important. Thanks, Virgil

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