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  • Clarification How CRF(Conditional random Field) works using examples

    - by Moges.A
    I read different documents how CRF(conditional random field) works but all the papers puts the formula only. Is there any one who can send me a paper that describes about CRF with examples like if we have a sentence "Mr.Smith was born in New York. He has been working for the last 20 years in Microsoft company." if the above sentence is given as an input to train, how does the Model works during the training taking in to consideration for the formula for CRF? Moges.A

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  • Good implementations of reinforced learning?

    - by Paperino
    For an ai-class project I need to implement a reinforcement learning algorithm which beats a simple game of tetris. The game is written in Java and we have the source code. I know the basics of reinforcement learning theory but was wondering if anyone in the SO community had hands on experience with this type of thing. What would your recommended readings be for an implementation of reinforced learning in a tetris game? Are there any good open source projects that accomplish similar things that would be worth checking out? Thanks in advanced Edit: The more specific the better, but general resources about the subject are welcomed. Follow up: Thought it would be nice if I posted a followup. Here's the solution (code and writeup) I ended up with for any future students :). Paper / Code

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  • Reinforcement learning with neural networks

    - by Betamoo
    I am working on a project with RL & NN I need to determine the action vector structure which will be fed to a neural network.. I have 3 different actions (A & B & Nothing) each with different powers (e.g A100 A50 B100 B50) I wonder what is the best way to feed these actions to a NN in order to yield best results? 1- feed A/B to input 1, while action power 100/50/Nothing to input 2 2- feed A100/A50/Nothing to input 1, while B100/B50/Nothing to input 2 3- feed A100/A50 to input 1, while B100/B50 to input 2, while Nothing flag to input 3 4- Also to feed 100 & 50 or normalize them to 2 & 1 ? I need reasons why to choose one method Any suggestions are recommended Thanks

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  • Genetic Programming Online Learning

    - by Lirik
    Has anybody seen a GP implemented with online learning rather than the standard offline learning? I've done some stuff with genetic programs and I simply can't figure out what would be a good way to make the learning process online. Please let me know if you have any ideas, seen any implementations, or have any references that I can look at.

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  • VS2010 Developer Image

    - by David Ward
    I am about to create a new developer PC image for developing WPF applications using VS2010, WCF, SQL2008 and SharePoint2010. What OS should I opt for? Windows 7? Windows Server 2008 R2? I'd have thought Windows 7 to make sure that I have a similar experience during development as an end user, however I can't install SharePoint on a client OS and so thought about Windows Server 2008 R2 to help with the SharePoint development process. Thoughts?

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  • A tool or framework extension or code snippet for logging the internal state of objects?

    - by George Mauer
    When spiking on how something works or when my unit test behave in an unpredictable manner I usually have to drop into debug mode. 99% of my time in debug mode is spent checking the values of fields on objects to verify its state. I already have log4net set up, it would seem that if I could easily add a line of code to log out the state of objects I could remove most of my need to start up the bulky debugger. The problem is of course that to expose object state implicitly you need to manually override each object's ToString() method. What I would like to be able to do is the ability to do logger.LogState(someObject) and have logged out the object state including at least a formatted list of all the private variables, references (to some arbitrary depth), and collections. Does anyone know a tool/framework/code snippet that can be used to generate a string of the internal state of any object? I could of course write one myself but its a non-trivial problem and I'd prefer something someone has put some thought into.

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  • How do you unit test a method containing a LINQ expression?

    - by Phil.Wheeler
    I'm struggling to get my head around how to accommodate a mocked method that only accepts a Linq expression as its argument. Specifically, the repository I'm using has a First() method that looks like this: public T First(Expression<Func<T, bool>> expression) { return All().Where(expression).FirstOrDefault(); } The difficulty I'm encountering is with my MSpec tests, where I'm (probably incorrectly) trying to mock that call: public abstract class with_userprofile_repository { protected static Mock<IRepository<UserProfile>> repository; Establish context = () => { repository = new Mock<IRepository<UserProfile>>(); repository.Setup<UserProfile>(x => x.First(up => up.OpenID == @"http://testuser.myopenid.com")).Returns(GetDummyUser()); }; protected static UserProfile GetDummyUser() { UserProfile p = new UserProfile(); p.OpenID = @"http://testuser.myopenid.com"; p.FirstName = "Joe"; p.LastLogin = DateTime.Now.Date.AddDays(-7); p.LastName = "Bloggs"; p.Email = "[email protected]"; return p; } } I run into trouble because it's not enjoying the Linq expression: System.NotSupportedException: Expression up = (up.OpenID = "http://testuser.myopenid.com") is not supported. So how does one test these sorts of scenarios?

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  • computing z-scores for 2D matrices in scipy/numpy in Python

    - by user248237
    How can I compute the z-score for matrices in Python? Suppose I have the array: a = array([[ 1, 2, 3], [ 30, 35, 36], [2000, 6000, 8000]]) and I want to compute the z-score for each row. The solution I came up with is: array([zs(item) for item in a]) where zs is in scipy.stats.stats. Is there a better built-in vectorized way to do this? Also, is it always good to z-score numbers before using hierarchical clustering with euclidean or seuclidean distance? Can anyone discuss the relative advantages/disadvantages? thanks.

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  • storing session data in mysql using php is not retrieving the data properly from the tables.

    - by Ronedog
    I have a problem retrieving some data from the $_SESSION using php and mysql. I've commented out the line in php.ini that tells the server to use the "file" to store the session info so my database will be used. I have a class that I use to write the information to the database and its working fine. When the user passes their credentials the class gets instantiated and the $_SESSION vars get set, then the user gets redirected to the index page. The index.php page includes the file where the db session class is, which when instantiated calles session_start() and the session variables should be in $_SESSION, but when I do var_dump($_SESSION) there is nothing in the array. However, when I look at the data in mysql, all the session information is in there. Its acting like session_start() has not been called, but by instantiating the class it is. Any idea what could be wrong? Here's the HTML: <?php include_once "classes/phpsessions_db/class.dbsession.php"; //used for sessions var_dump($_SESSION); ?> <html> . . . </html> Here's the dbsession class: <?php error_reporting(E_ALL); class dbSession { function dbSession($gc_maxlifetime = "", $gc_probability = "", $gc_divisor = "") { // if $gc_maxlifetime is specified and is an integer number if ($gc_maxlifetime != "" && is_integer($gc_maxlifetime)) { // set the new value @ini_set('session.gc_maxlifetime', $gc_maxlifetime); } // if $gc_probability is specified and is an integer number if ($gc_probability != "" && is_integer($gc_probability)) { // set the new value @ini_set('session.gc_probability', $gc_probability); } // if $gc_divisor is specified and is an integer number if ($gc_divisor != "" && is_integer($gc_divisor)) { // set the new value @ini_set('session.gc_divisor', $gc_divisor); } // get session lifetime $this->sessionLifetime = ini_get("session.gc_maxlifetime"); //Added by AARON. cancel the session's auto start,important, without this the session var's don't show up on next pg. session_write_close(); // register the new handler session_set_save_handler( array(&$this, 'open'), array(&$this, 'close'), array(&$this, 'read'), array(&$this, 'write'), array(&$this, 'destroy'), array(&$this, 'gc') ); register_shutdown_function('session_write_close'); // start the session @session_start(); } function stop() { $new_sess_id = $this->regenerate_id(true); session_unset(); session_destroy(); return $new_sess_id; } function regenerate_id($return_val=false) { // saves the old session's id $oldSessionID = session_id(); // regenerates the id // this function will create a new session, with a new id and containing the data from the old session // but will not delete the old session session_regenerate_id(); // because the session_regenerate_id() function does not delete the old session, // we have to delete it manually //$this->destroy($oldSessionID); //ADDED by aaron // returns the new session id if($return_val) { return session_id(); } } function open($save_path, $session_name) { // global $gf; // $gf->debug_this($gf, "GF: Opening Session"); // change the next values to match the setting of your mySQL database $mySQLHost = "localhost"; $mySQLUsername = "user"; $mySQLPassword = "pass"; $mySQLDatabase = "sessions"; $link = mysql_connect($mySQLHost, $mySQLUsername, $mySQLPassword); if (!$link) { die ("Could not connect to database!"); } $dbc = mysql_select_db($mySQLDatabase, $link); if (!$dbc) { die ("Could not select database!"); } return true; } function close() { mysql_close(); return true; } function read($session_id) { $result = @mysql_query(" SELECT session_data FROM session_data WHERE session_id = '".$session_id."' AND http_user_agent = '".$_SERVER["HTTP_USER_AGENT"]."' AND session_expire > '".time()."' "); // if anything was found if (is_resource($result) && @mysql_num_rows($result) > 0) { // return found data $fields = @mysql_fetch_assoc($result); // don't bother with the unserialization - PHP handles this automatically return unserialize($fields["session_data"]); } // if there was an error return an empty string - this HAS to be an empty string return ""; } function write($session_id, $session_data) { // global $gf; // first checks if there is a session with this id $result = @mysql_query(" SELECT * FROM session_data WHERE session_id = '".$session_id."' "); // if there is if (@mysql_num_rows($result) > 0) { // update the existing session's data // and set new expiry time $result = @mysql_query(" UPDATE session_data SET session_data = '".serialize($session_data)."', session_expire = '".(time() + $this->sessionLifetime)."' WHERE session_id = '".$session_id."' "); // if anything happened if (@mysql_affected_rows()) { // return true return true; } } else // if this session id is not in the database { // $gf->debug_this($gf, "inside dbSession, trying to write to db because session id was NOT in db"); $sql = " INSERT INTO session_data ( session_id, http_user_agent, session_data, session_expire ) VALUES ( '".serialize($session_id)."', '".$_SERVER["HTTP_USER_AGENT"]."', '".$session_data."', '".(time() + $this->sessionLifetime)."' ) "; // insert a new record $result = @mysql_query($sql); // if anything happened if (@mysql_affected_rows()) { // return an empty string return ""; } } // if something went wrong, return false return false; } function destroy($session_id) { // deletes the current session id from the database $result = @mysql_query(" DELETE FROM session_data WHERE session_id = '".$session_id."' "); // if anything happened if (@mysql_affected_rows()) { // return true return true; } // if something went wrong, return false return false; } function gc($maxlifetime) { // it deletes expired sessions from database $result = @mysql_query(" DELETE FROM session_data WHERE session_expire < '".(time() - $maxlifetime)."' "); } } //End of Class $session = new dbsession(); ?>

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  • using Multi Probe LSH with LSHKIT

    - by Yijinsei
    Hi Guys, I have read through the source code for mplsh, but I still unsure on how to use the indexes generated by lshkit to speed up the process in comparing feature vector in Euclidean Distance. Do you guys have any experience regarding this?

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  • plotting results of hierarchical clustering ontop of a matrix of data in python

    - by user248237
    How can I plot a dendrogram right on top of a matrix of values, reordered appropriately to reflect the clustering, in Python? An example is in the bottom of the following figure: http://www.coriell.org/images/microarray.gif I use scipy.cluster.dendrogram to make my dendrogram and perform hierarchical clustering on a matrix of data. How can I then plot the data as a matrix where the rows have been reordered to reflect a clustering induced by the cutting the dendrogram at a particular threshold, and have the dendrogram plotted alongside the matrix? I know how to plot the dendrogram in scipy, but not how to plot the intensity matrix of data with the right scale bar next to it. Any help on this would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Naive Bayesian for Topic detection using "Bag of Words" approach

    - by AlgoMan
    I am trying to implement a naive bayseian approach to find the topic of a given document or stream of words. Is there are Naive Bayesian approach that i might be able to look up for this ? Also, i am trying to improve my dictionary as i go along. Initially, i have a bunch of words that map to a topics (hard-coded). Depending on the occurrence of the words other than the ones that are already mapped. And depending on the occurrences of these words i want to add them to the mappings, hence improving and learning about new words that map to topic. And also changing the probabilities of words. How should i go about doing this ? Is my approach the right one ? Which programming language would be best suited for the implementation ?

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  • hierarchical clustering with gene expression matrix in python

    - by user248237
    how can I do a hierarchical clustering (in this case for gene expression data) in Python in a way that shows the matrix of gene expression values along with the dendrogram? What I mean is like the example here: http://www.mathworks.cn/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/bioinfo/ug/a1060813239b1.html shown after bullet point 6 (Figure 1), where the dendrogram is plotted to the left of the gene expression matrix, where the rows have been reordered to reflect the clustering. How can I do this in Python using numpy/scipy or other tools? Also, is it computationally practical to do this with a matrix of about 11,000 genes, using euclidean distance as a metric? thanks.

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  • .net site all pages do a 302 redirect with AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport

    - by aron
    Hello, First let me say that I did see this article: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1045283/how-to-remove-aspxautodetectcookiesupport However it seems like it fixes the url issue, but not the 302 AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport issue. I've also read just about every other article on the web about this issue. I could really use some help here. This is my web.config <sessionState mode="InProc" cookieless="false" timeout="6600" /> <membership defaultProvider="MySqlMembershipProvider"> <providers> <clear /> <add connectionStringName="SimpleTickConnection" applicationName="TheaterSales" enablePasswordRetrieval="false" enablePasswordReset="true" requiresQuestionAndAnswer="false" requiresUniqueEmail="false" passwordFormat="Hashed" maxInvalidPasswordAttempts="15" minRequiredPasswordLength="7" minRequiredNonalphanumericCharacters="0" passwordAttemptWindow="10" passwordStrengthRegularExpression="" name="MySqlMembershipProvider" type="System.Web.Security.SqlMembershipProvider, System.Web, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" /> </providers> </membership> <anonymousIdentification enabled="true" cookieless="AutoDetect" cookieProtection="All" cookieRequireSSL="false" cookieSlidingExpiration="true" /> Here's the entire web.config: http://support.simpletick.com/web-config-sample.txt

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  • Techniques for sharing a value among classes in a program

    - by Kenneth Cochran
    I'm using Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.CommonApplicationData) + "\MyProgram" As the path to store several files used by my program. I'd like to avoid pasting the same snippet of code all over the my applcation. I need to ensure that: The path cannot be accidentally changed once its been set The classes that need it have access to it. I've considered: Making it a singleton Using constructor dependency injection Using property dependency injection Using AOP to create the path where its needed. Each has pros and cons. The singleton is everyone's favorite whipping boy. I'm not opposed to using one but there are valid reasons to avoid it if possible. I'm already heavily using constructor injection through Castle Windsor. But this is a path string and Windsor doesn't handle system type dependencies very gracefully. I could always wrap it in a class but that seems like overkill for something as simple as a passing around a string value. In any case this route would add yet another constructor argument to each class where it is used. The problem I see with property injection in this case is that there is a large amount of indirection from the where the value is set to where it is needed. I would need a very long line of middlemen to reach all the places where its used. AOP looks promising and I'm planning on using AOP for logging anyway so this at least sounds like a simple solution. Is there any other options I haven't considered? Am I off base with my evaluation of the options I have considered?

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  • Neural Network with softmax activation

    - by Cambium
    This is more or less a research project for a course, and my understanding of NN is very/fairly limited, so please be patient :) ============== I am currently in the process of building a neural network that attempts to examine an input dataset and output the probability/likelihood of each classification (there are 5 different classifications). Naturally, the sum of all output nodes should add up to 1. Currently, I have two layers, and I set the hidden layer to contain 10 nodes. I came up with two different types of implementations 1) Logistic sigmoid for hidden layer activation, softmax for output activation 2) Softmax for both hidden layer and output activation I am using gradient descent to find local maximums in order to adjust the hidden nodes' weights and the output nodes' weights. I am certain in that I have this correct for sigmoid. I am less certain with softmax (or whether I can use gradient descent at all), after a bit of researching, I couldn't find the answer and decided to compute the derivative myself and obtained softmax'(x) = softmax(x) - softmax(x)^2 (this returns an column vector of size n). I have also looked into the MATLAB NN toolkit, the derivative of softmax provided by the toolkit returned a square matrix of size nxn, where the diagonal coincides with the softmax'(x) that I calculated by hand; and I am not sure how to interpret the output matrix. I ran each implementation with a learning rate of 0.001 and 1000 iterations of back propagation. However, my NN returns 0.2 (an even distribution) for all five output nodes, for any subset of the input dataset. My conclusions: o I am fairly certain that my gradient of descent is incorrectly done, but I have no idea how to fix this. o Perhaps I am not using enough hidden nodes o Perhaps I should increase the number of layers Any help would be greatly appreciated! The dataset I am working with can be found here (processed Cleveland): http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Heart+Disease

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  • PHP app with cookie less session does not work

    - by iama
    I am trying to use PHP session without using cookies. I have enabled session.use_trans_sid and disabled session.use_cookies in my php.ini file. I have also disabled cookies in my firefox browser. Now, when I browse my home page, I do not see the HTTP set cookie header in the server response to my page request (using Live HTTP headers). My understanding is that PHP will append session IDs to my request URL when cookies are disabled. Am I doing something wrong? BTW, I am aware using session IDs is not a recommended approach.

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  • How to compute the probability of a multi-class prediction using libsvm?

    - by Cuga
    I'm using libsvm and the documentation leads me to believe that there's a way to output the believed probability of an output classification's accuracy. Is this so? And if so, can anyone provide a clear example of how to do it in code? Currently, I'm using the Java libraries in the following manner SvmModel model = Svm.svm_train(problem, parameters); SvmNode x[] = getAnArrayOfSvmNodesForProblem(); double predictedValue = Svm.svm_predict(model, x);

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  • Neural Network: Handling unavailable inputs (missing or incomplete data)

    - by Mike
    Hopefully the last NN question you'll get from me this weekend, but here goes :) Is there a way to handle an input that you "don't always know"... so it doesn't affect the weightings somehow? Soo... if I ask someone if they are male or female and they would not like to answer, is there a way to disregard this input? Perhaps by placing it squarely in the centre? (assuming 1,0 inputs at 0.5?) Thanks

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  • Training sets for AdaBoost algorithm

    - by palau1
    How do you find the negative and positive training data sets of Haar features for the AdaBoost algorithm? So say you have a certain type of blob that you want to locate in an image and there are several of them in your entire array - how do you go about training it? I'd appreciate a nontechnical explanation as much as possible. I'm new to this. Thanks.

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  • How to create a container that holds different types of function pointers in C++?

    - by Alex
    I'm doing a linear genetic programming project, where programs are bred and evolved by means of natural evolution mechanisms. Their "DNA" is basically a container (I've used arrays and vectors successfully) which contain function pointers to a set of functions available. Now, for simple problems, such as mathematical problems, I could use one type-defined function pointer which could point to functions that all return a double and all take as parameters two doubles. Unfortunately this is not very practical. I need to be able to have a container which can have different sorts of function pointers, say a function pointer to a function which takes no arguments, or a function which takes one argument, or a function which returns something, etc (you get the idea)... Is there any way to do this using any kind of container ? Could I do that using a container which contains polymorphic classes, which in their turn have various kinds of function pointers? I hope someone can direct me towards a solution because redesigning everything I've done so far is going to be painful.

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