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• Control layout using graphviz twopi

  - by vy32

  I am trying to draw a graph showing search prefixes using twopi. I have a simple input file and am getting this output: (full image) Here is the input file: digraph search { // ordering=out; // color=blue; // rank=same; // overlap=scale; rankdir=LR; root=root; ranksep=1.25; overlap=true; "root"; a [color=none,fontsize=12]; b [color=none,fontsize=12]; c [color=none,fontsize=12]; d [color=none,fontsize=12]; e [color=none,fontsize=12]; f [color=none,fontsize=12]; #g [color=none,fontsize=12]; h [color=none,fontsize=12]; i [color=none,fontsize=12]; j [color=none,fontsize=12]; k [color=none,fontsize=12]; l [color=none,fontsize=12]; m [color=none,fontsize=12]; n [color=none,fontsize=12]; o [color=none,fontsize=12]; p [color=none,fontsize=12]; q [color=none,fontsize=12]; r [color=none,fontsize=12]; s [color=none,fontsize=12]; t [color=none,fontsize=12]; u [color=none,fontsize=12]; v [color=none,fontsize=12]; w [color=none,fontsize=12]; x [color=none,fontsize=12]; y [color=none,fontsize=12]; #ga [color=none,fontsize=12]; gb [color=none,fontsize=12]; gc [color=none,fontsize=12]; gd [color=none,fontsize=12]; ge [color=none,fontsize=12]; gf [color=none,fontsize=12]; gg [color=none,fontsize=12]; gh [color=none,fontsize=12]; gi [color=none,fontsize=12]; gj [color=none,fontsize=12]; gk [color=none,fontsize=12]; gl [color=none,fontsize=12]; gm [color=none,fontsize=12]; gn [color=none,fontsize=12]; go [color=none,fontsize=12]; gp [color=none,fontsize=12]; gq [color=none,fontsize=12]; gr [color=none,fontsize=12]; gs [color=none,fontsize=12]; gt [color=none,fontsize=12]; gu [color=none,fontsize=12]; gv [color=none,fontsize=12]; gw [color=none,fontsize=12]; gx [color=none,fontsize=12]; gy [color=none,fontsize=12]; gaa [color=none,fontsize=12]; gab [color=none,fontsize=12]; gac [color=none,fontsize=12]; gad [color=none,fontsize=12]; gae [color=none,fontsize=12]; gaf [color=none,fontsize=12]; gag [color=none,fontsize=12]; gah [color=none,fontsize=12]; gai [color=none,fontsize=12]; gaj [color=none,fontsize=12]; gak [color=none,fontsize=12]; gal [color=none,fontsize=12]; gam [color=none,fontsize=12]; gan [color=none,fontsize=12]; gao [color=none,fontsize=12]; gap [color=none,fontsize=12]; gaq [color=none,fontsize=12]; #gaz [color=none,fontsize=12]; gas [color=none,fontsize=12]; gat [color=none,fontsize=12]; gau [color=none,fontsize=12]; gav [color=none,fontsize=12]; gaw [color=none,fontsize=12]; gax [color=none,fontsize=12]; gay [color=none,fontsize=12]; gaza [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazb [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazc [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazd [color=none,fontsize=12]; gaze [color=none,fontsize=12]; #gazf [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazg [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazh [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazi [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazj [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazk [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazl [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazm [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazn [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazo [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazp [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazq [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazr [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazs [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazt [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazu [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazv [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazw [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazx [color=none,fontsize=12]; gazy [color=none,fontsize=12]; root -> a [minlen=2]; root -> b [minlen=2]; root -> c [minlen=2]; root -> d [minlen=2]; root -> e [minlen=2]; root -> f [minlen=2]; root -> g [minlen=2]; root -> h [minlen=2]; root -> i [minlen=2]; root -> j [minlen=2]; root -> k [minlen=2]; root -> l [minlen=2]; root -> m [minlen=2]; root -> n [minlen=2]; root -> o [minlen=2]; root -> p [minlen=2]; root -> q [minlen=2]; root -> r [minlen=2]; root -> s [minlen=20]; root -> t [minlen=2]; root -> u [minlen=2]; root -> v [minlen=2]; root -> w [minlen=2]; root -> x [minlen=2]; root -> y [minlen=2]; root -> 0 [minlen=2]; root -> 1 [minlen=2]; root -> 2 [minlen=2]; root -> 3 [minlen=2]; root -> 4 [minlen=2]; root -> 5 [minlen=2]; root -> 6 [minlen=2]; root -> 7 [minlen=2]; root -> 8 [minlen=2]; root -> 9 [minlen=2]; root -> "." [minlen=2]; g -> ga ; g -> gb ; g -> gc ; g -> gd ; g -> ge ; g -> gf ; g -> gg ; g -> gh ; g -> gi ; g -> gj ; g -> gk ; g -> gl ; g -> gm ; g -> gn ; g -> go ; g -> gp ; g -> gq ; g -> gr ; g -> gs ; g -> gt ; g -> gu ; g -> gv ; g -> gw ; g -> gx ; g -> gy ; ga -> gaa ; ga -> gab ; ga -> gac ; ga -> gad ; ga -> gae ; ga -> gaf ; ga -> gag ; ga -> gah ; ga -> gai ; ga -> gaj ; ga -> gak ; ga -> gal ; ga -> gam ; ga -> gan ; ga -> gao ; ga -> gap ; ga -> gaq ; ga -> gaz ; ga -> gas ; ga -> gat ; ga -> gau ; ga -> gav ; ga -> gaw ; ga -> gax ; ga -> gay ; gaz -> gaza ; gaz -> gazb ; gaz -> gazc ; gaz -> gazd ; gaz -> gaze ; gaz -> gazf ; gaz -> gazg ; gaz -> gazh ; gaz -> gazi ; gaz -> gazj ; gaz -> gazk ; gaz -> gazl ; gaz -> gazm ; gaz -> gazn ; gaz -> gazo ; gaz -> gazp ; gaz -> gazq ; gaz -> gazr ; gaz -> gazs ; gaz -> gazt ; gaz -> gazu ; gaz -> gazv ; gaz -> gazw ; gaz -> gazx ; gaz -> gazy ; gazo -> "Blue Tuesday" ; "Blue Tuesday" [ fontsize=10]; // Layout engines: circo dot fdp neato nop nop1 nop2 osage patchwork sfdp twopi } This output is generated with: twopi -os1.png -Tpng s1.dot I'm posting here because the printout is pretty dreadful. All of the nodes hung of "gaz" are overlapping; I've tried specifying nodesep and it is simply ignored. I would like to see the lines from root to the single letters further apart, but again, I can't control that. This seems to be a bug in twopi. The documentation says it should clearly follow these directives, but it doesn't seem to. My questions: Is there any way to make twopi behave? Failing that, is there a better layout engine to use? Thanks.

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• Mapping a BigInteger to a circle

  - by Martin

  I have a C# system using 160 bit numbers, stored in a BigInteger. I want to display these things on a circle, which means mapping the 0-2^160 range into the 0-2Pi range. How would I do this? The approach that jumps instantly to mind is angle = (number / pow(2, 160)) * TwoPi; However, that has complexities because the division will truncate the result into an integer.

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• Morph a sphere to a cube and a cube to a sphere with GLSL

  - by nkint

  I'm getting started with GLSL with quartz composer. I have a patch with a particle system in which each particle is mapped into a sphere with a blend value. With blend=0 particles are in random positions, blend=1 particles are in the sphere. The code is here: vec3 sphere(vec2 domain) { vec3 range; range.x = radius * cos(domain.y) * sin(domain.x); range.y = radius * sin(domain.y) * sin(domain.x); range.z = radius * cos(domain.x); return range; } // in main: vec2 p0 = gl_Vertex.xy * twopi; vec3 normal = sphere(p0);; vec3 r0 = radius * normal; vec3 vertex = r0; normal = normal * blend + gl_Normal * (1.0 - blend); vertex = vertex * blend + gl_Vertex.xyz * (1.0 - blend); I'd like the particle to be on a cube if blend=0 I've tried to find but I can't figure out some parametric equation for the cube. Maybe it is not the right way?

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• python: os.system does not execute shell comand

  - by capoluca

  I need to execute shell command in python program (I have ubuntu). More specifically I want to create graph using graphviz in python script. My code is os.system("dot -Tpng graph.dot -o graph.png") It does not work, but if I just type dot -Tpng graph.dot -o graph.png in command line then everything is fine. Do you know what the problem? Thank you! Edit: Does not work means that nothing happens, there are no errors. Output from dot -v -Tpng graph.dot -o graph.png: dot - graphviz version 2.26.3 (20100126.1600) Activated plugin library: libgvplugin_pango.so.6 Using textlayout: textlayout:cairo Activated plugin library: libgvplugin_dot_layout.so.6 Using layout: dot:dot_layout Using render: cairo:cairo Using device: png:cairo:cairo The plugin configuration file: /usr/lib/graphviz/config6 was successfully loaded. render : cairo dot fig gd map ps svg tk vml vrml xdot layout : circo dot fdp neato nop nop1 nop2 osage patchwork sfdp twopi textlayout : textlayout device : canon cmap cmapx cmapx_np dot eps fig gd gd2 gif gv imap imap_np ismap jpe jpeg jpg pdf plain plain-ext png ps ps2 svg svgz tk vml vmlz vrml wbmp x11 xdot xlib loadimage : (lib) eps gd gd2 gif jpe jpeg jpg png ps svg

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• Extreme Optimization –Mathematical Constants and Basic Functions

  - by JoshReuben

  Machine constants The MachineConstants class - contains constants for floating-point arithmetic because the CLS System.Single and Double floating-point types do not follow the standard conventions and are useless. machine constants for the Double type: machine precision: Epsilon , SqrtEpsilon CubeRootEpsilon largest possible value: MaxDouble , SqrtMaxDouble, LogMaxDouble smallest Double-precision floating point number that is greater than zero: MinDouble , SqrtMinDouble , LogMinDouble A similar set of constants is available for the Single Datatype  Mathematical Constants The Constants class contains static fields for many mathematical constants and common expressions involving small integers – if you are doing thousands of iterations, you wouldn't want to calculate OneOverSqrtTwoPi , Sqrt17 or Log17 !!! Fundamental constants E - The base for the natural logarithm, e (2.718...). EulersConstant - (0.577...). GoldenRatio - (1.618...). Pi - the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of a circle (3.1415...). Expressions involving fundamental constants: TwoPi, PiOverTwo, PiOverFour, LogTwoPi, PiSquared, SqrPi, SqrtTwoPi, OneOverSqrtPi, OneOverSqrtTwoPi Square roots of small integers: Sqrt2, Sqrt3, Sqrt5, Sqrt7, Sqrt17 Logarithms of small integers: Log2, Log3, Log10, Log17, InvLog10  Elementary Functions The IterativeAlgorithm<T> class in the Extreme.Mathematics namespace defines many elementary functions that are missing from System.Math. Hyperbolic Trig Functions: Cosh, Coth, Csch, Sinh, Sech, Tanh Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Functions: Acosh, Acoth, Acsch, Asinh, Asech, Atanh Exponential, Logarithmic and Miscellaneous Functions: ExpMinus1 - The exponential function minus one, ex-1. Hypot - The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with specified sides. LambertW - Lambert's W function, the (real) solution W of x=WeW. Log1PlusX - The natural logarithm of 1+x. Pow - A number raised to an integer power.

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• Combine 3D objects in XNA 4

  - by Christoph

  Currently I am writing on my thesis for university, the theme I am working on is 3D Visualization of hierarchical structures using cone trees. I want to do is to draw a cone and arrange a number of spheres at the bottom of the cone. The spheres should be arranged according to the radius and the number of spheres correctly. As you can imagine I need a lot of these cone/sphere combinations. First Attempt I was able to find some tutorials that helped with drawing cones and spheres. Cone public Cone(GraphicsDevice device, float height, int tessellation, string name, List<Sphere> children) { //prepare children and calculate the children spacing and radius of the cone if (children == null || children.Count == 0) { throw new ArgumentNullException("children"); } this.Height = height; this.Name = name; this.Children = children; //create the cone if (tessellation < 3) { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("tessellation"); } //Create a ring of triangels around the outside of the cones bottom for (int i = 0; i < tessellation; i++) { Vector3 normal = this.GetCircleVector(i, tessellation); // add the vertices for the top of the cone base.AddVertex(Vector3.Up * height, normal); //add the bottom circle base.AddVertex(normal * this.radius + Vector3.Down * height, normal); //Add indices base.AddIndex(i * 2); base.AddIndex(i * 2 + 1); base.AddIndex((i * 2 + 2) % (tessellation * 2)); base.AddIndex(i * 2 + 1); base.AddIndex((i * 2 + 3) % (tessellation * 2)); base.AddIndex((i * 2 + 2) % (tessellation * 2)); } //create flate triangle to seal the bottom this.CreateCap(tessellation, height, this.Radius, Vector3.Down); base.InitializePrimitive(device); } Sphere public void Initialize(GraphicsDevice device, Vector3 qi) { int verticalSegments = this.Tesselation; int horizontalSegments = this.Tesselation * 2; //single vertex on the bottom base.AddVertex((qi * this.Radius) + this.lowering, Vector3.Down); for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments; i++) { float latitude = ((i + 1) * MathHelper.Pi / verticalSegments) - MathHelper.PiOver2; float dy = (float)Math.Sin(latitude); float dxz = (float)Math.Cos(latitude); //Create a singe ring of latitudes for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { float longitude = j * MathHelper.TwoPi / horizontalSegments; float dx = (float)Math.Cos(longitude) * dxz; float dz = (float)Math.Sin(longitude) * dxz; Vector3 normal = new Vector3(dx, dy, dz); base.AddVertex(normal * this.Radius, normal); } } // Finish with a single vertex at the top of the sphere. AddVertex((qi * this.Radius) + this.lowering, Vector3.Up); // Create a fan connecting the bottom vertex to the bottom latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { AddIndex(0); AddIndex(1 + (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); AddIndex(1 + i); } // Fill the sphere body with triangles joining each pair of latitude rings. for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { int nextI = i + 1; int nextJ = (j + 1) % horizontalSegments; base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + j); base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); } } // Create a fan connecting the top vertex to the top latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { base.AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 1); base.AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); base.AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - i); } base.InitializePrimitive(device); } The tricky part now is to arrange the spheres at the bottom of the cone. I tried is to draw just the cone and then draw the spheres. I need a lot of these cones, so it would be pretty hard to calculate all the positions correctly. Second Attempt So the second try was to generate a object that builds all vertices of the cone and all of the spheres at once. So I was hoping to render a cone with all its spheres arranged correctly. After a short debug I found out that the cone is created and the first sphere, when it turn of the second sphere I am running into an OutOfBoundsException of ushort.MaxValue. Cone and Spheres public ConeWithSpheres(GraphicsDevice device, float height, float coneDiameter, float sphereDiameter, int coneTessellation, int sphereTessellation, int numberOfSpheres) { if (coneTessellation < 3) { throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("{0} is to small for the tessellation of the cone. The number must be greater or equal to 3", coneTessellation)); } if (sphereTessellation < 3) { throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("{0} is to small for the tessellation of the sphere. The number must be greater or equal to 3", sphereTessellation)); } //set properties this.Height = height; this.ConeDiameter = coneDiameter; this.SphereDiameter = sphereDiameter; this.NumberOfChildren = numberOfSpheres; //end set properties //generate the cone this.GenerateCone(device, coneTessellation); //generate the spheres //vector that defines the Y position of the sphere on the cones bottom Vector3 lowering = new Vector3(0, 0.888f, 0); this.GenerateSpheres(device, sphereTessellation, numberOfSpheres, lowering); } // ------ GENERATE CONE ------ private void GenerateCone(GraphicsDevice device, int coneTessellation) { int doubleTessellation = coneTessellation * 2; //Create a ring of triangels around the outside of the cones bottom for (int index = 0; index < coneTessellation; index++) { Vector3 normal = this.GetCircleVector(index, coneTessellation); //add the vertices for the top of the cone base.AddVertex(Vector3.Up * this.Height, normal); //add the bottom of the cone base.AddVertex(normal * this.ConeRadius + Vector3.Down * this.Height, normal); //add indices base.AddIndex(index * 2); base.AddIndex(index * 2 + 1); base.AddIndex((index * 2 + 2) % doubleTessellation); base.AddIndex(index * 2 + 1); base.AddIndex((index * 2 + 3) % doubleTessellation); base.AddIndex((index * 2 + 2) % doubleTessellation); } //create flate triangle to seal the bottom this.CreateCap(coneTessellation, this.Height, this.ConeRadius, Vector3.Down); base.InitializePrimitive(device); } // ------ GENERATE SPHERES ------ private void GenerateSpheres(GraphicsDevice device, int sphereTessellation, int numberOfSpheres, Vector3 lowering) { int verticalSegments = sphereTessellation; int horizontalSegments = sphereTessellation * 2; for (int childCount = 1; childCount < numberOfSpheres; childCount++) { //single vertex at the bottom of the sphere base.AddVertex((this.GetCircleVector(childCount, this.NumberOfChildren) * this.SphereRadius) + lowering, Vector3.Down); for (int verticalSegmentsCount = 0; verticalSegmentsCount < verticalSegments; verticalSegmentsCount++) { float latitude = ((verticalSegmentsCount + 1) * MathHelper.Pi / verticalSegments) - MathHelper.PiOver2; float dy = (float)Math.Sin(latitude); float dxz = (float)Math.Cos(latitude); //create a single ring of latitudes for (int horizontalSegmentsCount = 0; horizontalSegmentsCount < horizontalSegments; horizontalSegmentsCount++) { float longitude = horizontalSegmentsCount * MathHelper.TwoPi / horizontalSegments; float dx = (float)Math.Cos(longitude) * dxz; float dz = (float)Math.Sin(longitude) * dxz; Vector3 normal = new Vector3(dx, dy, dz); base.AddVertex((normal * this.SphereRadius) + lowering, normal); } } //finish with a single vertex at the top of the sphere base.AddVertex((this.GetCircleVector(childCount, this.NumberOfChildren) * this.SphereRadius) + lowering, Vector3.Up); //create a fan connecting the bottom vertex to the bottom latitude ring for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { base.AddIndex(0); base.AddIndex(1 + (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); base.AddIndex(1 + i); } //Fill the sphere body with triangles joining each pair of latitude rings for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { int nextI = i + 1; int nextJ = (j + 1) % horizontalSegments; base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + j); base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); base.AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + nextJ); base.AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); } } //create a fan connecting the top vertiex to the top latitude for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { base.AddIndex(this.CurrentVertex - 1); base.AddIndex(this.CurrentVertex - 2 - (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); base.AddIndex(this.CurrentVertex - 2 - i); } base.InitializePrimitive(device); } } Any ideas how I could fix this?

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• Floor function returning EXC_BAD_ACCESS

  - by fastrack20

  The cod that I am using contains these snippets of code. I am calling ThetaG_JD with the argument 2455343.50000 which is just a sample Julian date. Every time I run the program, I receive a EXC_BAD_ACCESS on the indicated line. When using gdb and printing out the intermediary values and passing them through the floor function, I get no error, but when Frac() is used it always returns an error. double Frac(double arg) { /* Returns fractional part of double argument */ return arg - floor(arg); } double ThetaG_JD(double jd) { /* Reference: The 1992 Astronomical Almanac, page B6. */ double UT=0, TU=0, GMST=0; //THIS LINE UT=Frac(jd+0.5); // THAT ONE ^^ jd=jd-UT; TU=(jd-2451545.0)/36525; GMST=24110.54841+TU*(8640184.812866+TU*(0.093104-TU*6.2E-6)); GMST=Modulus(GMST+secday*omega_E*UT,secday); return (twopi*GMST/secday); }

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• SSAO Distortion

  - by Robert Xu

  I'm currently (attempting) to add SSAO to my engine, except it's...not really work, to say the least. I use a deferred renderer to render my scene. I have four render targets: Albedo, Light, Normal, and Depth. Here are the parameters for all of them (Surface Format, Depth Format): Albedo: 32-bit ARGB, Depth24Stencil8 Light: 32-bit ARGB, None Normal: 32-bit ARGB, None Depth: 8-bit R (Single), Depth24Stencil8 To generate my random noise map for the SSAO, I do the following for each pixel in the noise map: Vector3 v3 = Vector3.Zero; double z = rand.NextDouble() * 2.0 - 1.0; double r = Math.Sqrt(1.0 - z * z); double angle = rand.NextDouble() * MathHelper.TwoPi; v3.X = (float)(r * Math.Cos(angle)); v3.Y = (float)(r * Math.Sin(angle)); v3.Z = (float)z; v3 += offset; v3 *= 0.5f; result[i] = new Color(v3); This is my GBuffer rendering effect: PixelInput RenderGBufferColorVertexShader(VertexInput input) { PixelInput pi = ( PixelInput ) 0; pi.Position = mul(input.Position, WorldViewProjection); pi.Normal = mul(input.Normal, WorldInverseTranspose); pi.Color = input.Color; pi.TPosition = pi.Position; pi.WPosition = input.Position; return pi; } GBufferTarget RenderGBufferColorPixelShader(PixelInput input) { GBufferTarget output = ( GBufferTarget ) 0; float3 position = input.TPosition.xyz / input.TPosition.w; output.Albedo = lerp(float4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), input.Color, ColorFactor); output.Normal = EncodeNormal(input.Normal); output.Depth = position.z; return output; } And here is the SSAO effect: float4 EncodeNormal(float3 normal) { return float4((normal.xyz * 0.5f) + 0.5f, 0.0f); } float3 DecodeNormal(float4 encoded) { return encoded * 2.0 - 1.0f; } float Intensity; float Size; float2 NoiseOffset; float4x4 ViewProjection; float4x4 ViewProjectionInverse; texture DepthMap; texture NormalMap; texture RandomMap; const float3 samples[16] = { float3(0.01537562, 0.01389096, 0.02276565), float3(-0.0332658, -0.2151698, -0.0660736), float3(-0.06420016, -0.1919067, 0.5329634), float3(-0.05896204, -0.04509097, -0.03611697), float3(-0.1302175, 0.01034653, 0.01543675), float3(0.3168565, -0.182557, -0.01421785), float3(-0.02134448, -0.1056605, 0.00576055), float3(-0.3502164, 0.281433, -0.2245609), float3(-0.00123525, 0.00151868, 0.02614773), float3(0.1814744, 0.05798516, -0.02362876), float3(0.07945167, -0.08302628, 0.4423518), float3(0.321987, -0.05670302, -0.05418307), float3(-0.00165138, -0.00410309, 0.00537362), float3(0.01687791, 0.03189049, -0.04060405), float3(-0.04335613, -0.00530749, 0.06443053), float3(0.8474263, -0.3590308, -0.02318038), }; sampler DepthSampler = sampler_state { Texture = DepthMap; MipFilter = Point; MinFilter = Point; MagFilter = Point; AddressU = Clamp; AddressV = Clamp; AddressW = Clamp; }; sampler NormalSampler = sampler_state { Texture = NormalMap; MipFilter = Linear; MinFilter = Linear; MagFilter = Linear; AddressU = Clamp; AddressV = Clamp; AddressW = Clamp; }; sampler RandomSampler = sampler_state { Texture = RandomMap; MipFilter = Linear; MinFilter = Linear; MagFilter = Linear; }; struct VertexInput { float4 Position : POSITION0; float2 TextureCoordinates : TEXCOORD0; }; struct PixelInput { float4 Position : POSITION0; float2 TextureCoordinates : TEXCOORD0; }; PixelInput SSAOVertexShader(VertexInput input) { PixelInput pi = ( PixelInput ) 0; pi.Position = input.Position; pi.TextureCoordinates = input.TextureCoordinates; return pi; } float3 GetXYZ(float2 uv) { float depth = tex2D(DepthSampler, uv); float2 xy = uv * 2.0f - 1.0f; xy.y *= -1; float4 p = float4(xy, depth, 1); float4 q = mul(p, ViewProjectionInverse); return q.xyz / q.w; } float3 GetNormal(float2 uv) { return DecodeNormal(tex2D(NormalSampler, uv)); } float4 SSAOPixelShader(PixelInput input) : COLOR0 { float depth = tex2D(DepthSampler, input.TextureCoordinates); float3 position = GetXYZ(input.TextureCoordinates); float3 normal = GetNormal(input.TextureCoordinates); float occlusion = 1.0f; float3 reflectionRay = DecodeNormal(tex2D(RandomSampler, input.TextureCoordinates + NoiseOffset)); for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) { float3 sampleXYZ = position + reflect(samples[i], reflectionRay) * Size; float4 screenXYZW = mul(float4(sampleXYZ, 1.0f), ViewProjection); float3 screenXYZ = screenXYZW.xyz / screenXYZW.w; float2 sampleUV = float2(screenXYZ.x * 0.5f + 0.5f, 1.0f - (screenXYZ.y * 0.5f + 0.5f)); float frontMostDepthAtSample = tex2D(DepthSampler, sampleUV); if (frontMostDepthAtSample < screenXYZ.z) { occlusion -= 1.0f / 16.0f; } } return float4(occlusion * Intensity * float3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), 1.0); } technique SSAO { pass Pass0 { VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 SSAOVertexShader(); PixelShader = compile ps_3_0 SSAOPixelShader(); } } However, when I use the effect, I get some pretty bad distortion: Here's the light map that goes with it -- is the static-like effect supposed to be like that? I've noticed that even if I'm looking at nothing, I still get the static-like effect. (you can see it in the screenshot; the top half doesn't have any geometry yet it still has the static-like effect) Also, does anyone have any advice on how to effectively debug shaders?

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• XNA shield effect with a Primative sphere problem

  - by Sparky41

  I'm having issue with a shield effect i'm trying to develop. I want to do a shield effect that surrounds part of a model like this: http://i.imgur.com/jPvrf.png I currently got this: http://i.imgur.com/Jdin7.png (The red likes are a simple texture a black background with a red cross in it, for testing purposes: http://i.imgur.com/ODtzk.png where the smaller cross in the middle shows the contact point) This sphere is drawn via a primitive (DrawIndexedPrimitives) This is how i calculate the pieces of the sphere using a class i've called Sphere (this class is based off the code here: http://xbox.create.msdn.com/en-US/education/catalog/sample/primitives_3d) public class Sphere { // During the process of constructing a primitive model, vertex // and index data is stored on the CPU in these managed lists. List vertices = new List(); List indices = new List(); // Once all the geometry has been specified, the InitializePrimitive // method copies the vertex and index data into these buffers, which // store it on the GPU ready for efficient rendering. VertexBuffer vertexBuffer; IndexBuffer indexBuffer; BasicEffect basicEffect; public Vector3 position = Vector3.Zero; public Matrix RotationMatrix = Matrix.Identity; public Texture2D texture; /// <summary> /// Constructs a new sphere primitive, /// with the specified size and tessellation level. /// </summary> public Sphere(float diameter, int tessellation, Texture2D text, float up, float down, float portstar, float frontback) { texture = text; if (tessellation < 3) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("tessellation"); int verticalSegments = tessellation; int horizontalSegments = tessellation * 2; float radius = diameter / 2; // Start with a single vertex at the bottom of the sphere. AddVertex(Vector3.Down * ((radius / up) + 1), Vector3.Down, Vector2.Zero);//bottom position5 // Create rings of vertices at progressively higher latitudes. for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 1; i++) { float latitude = ((i + 1) * MathHelper.Pi / verticalSegments) - MathHelper.PiOver2; float dy = (float)Math.Sin(latitude / up);//(up)5 float dxz = (float)Math.Cos(latitude); // Create a single ring of vertices at this latitude. for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { float longitude = j * MathHelper.TwoPi / horizontalSegments; float dx = (float)(Math.Cos(longitude) * dxz) / portstar;//port and starboard (right)2 float dz = (float)(Math.Sin(longitude) * dxz) * frontback;//front and back1.4 Vector3 normal = new Vector3(dx, dy, dz); AddVertex(normal * radius, normal, new Vector2(j, i)); } } // Finish with a single vertex at the top of the sphere. AddVertex(Vector3.Up * ((radius / down) + 1), Vector3.Up, Vector2.One);//top position5 // Create a fan connecting the bottom vertex to the bottom latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { AddIndex(0); AddIndex(1 + (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); AddIndex(1 + i); } // Fill the sphere body with triangles joining each pair of latitude rings. for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { int nextI = i + 1; int nextJ = (j + 1) % horizontalSegments; AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + j); AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); } } // Create a fan connecting the top vertex to the top latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 1); AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - i); } //InitializePrimitive(graphicsDevice); } /// <summary> /// Adds a new vertex to the primitive model. This should only be called /// during the initialization process, before InitializePrimitive. /// </summary> protected void AddVertex(Vector3 position, Vector3 normal, Vector2 texturecoordinate) { vertices.Add(new VertexPositionNormal(position, normal, texturecoordinate)); } /// <summary> /// Adds a new index to the primitive model. This should only be called /// during the initialization process, before InitializePrimitive. /// </summary> protected void AddIndex(int index) { if (index > ushort.MaxValue) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index"); indices.Add((ushort)index); } /// <summary> /// Queries the index of the current vertex. This starts at /// zero, and increments every time AddVertex is called. /// </summary> protected int CurrentVertex { get { return vertices.Count; } } public void InitializePrimitive(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) { // Create a vertex declaration, describing the format of our vertex data. // Create a vertex buffer, and copy our vertex data into it. vertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(graphicsDevice, typeof(VertexPositionNormal), vertices.Count, BufferUsage.None); vertexBuffer.SetData(vertices.ToArray()); // Create an index buffer, and copy our index data into it. indexBuffer = new IndexBuffer(graphicsDevice, typeof(ushort), indices.Count, BufferUsage.None); indexBuffer.SetData(indices.ToArray()); // Create a BasicEffect, which will be used to render the primitive. basicEffect = new BasicEffect(graphicsDevice); //basicEffect.EnableDefaultLighting(); } /// <summary> /// Draws the primitive model, using the specified effect. Unlike the other /// Draw overload where you just specify the world/view/projection matrices /// and color, this method does not set any renderstates, so you must make /// sure all states are set to sensible values before you call it. /// </summary> public void Draw(Effect effect) { GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice = effect.GraphicsDevice; // Set our vertex declaration, vertex buffer, and index buffer. graphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(vertexBuffer); graphicsDevice.Indices = indexBuffer; graphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Additive; foreach (EffectPass effectPass in effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { effectPass.Apply(); int primitiveCount = indices.Count / 3; graphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, vertices.Count, 0, primitiveCount); } graphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; } /// <summary> /// Draws the primitive model, using a BasicEffect shader with default /// lighting. Unlike the other Draw overload where you specify a custom /// effect, this method sets important renderstates to sensible values /// for 3D model rendering, so you do not need to set these states before /// you call it. /// </summary> public void Draw(Camera camera, Color color) { // Set BasicEffect parameters. basicEffect.World = GetWorld(); basicEffect.View = camera.view; basicEffect.Projection = camera.projection; basicEffect.DiffuseColor = color.ToVector3(); basicEffect.TextureEnabled = true; basicEffect.Texture = texture; GraphicsDevice device = basicEffect.GraphicsDevice; device.DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Default; if (color.A < 255) { // Set renderstates for alpha blended rendering. device.BlendState = BlendState.AlphaBlend; } else { // Set renderstates for opaque rendering. device.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; } // Draw the model, using BasicEffect. Draw(basicEffect); } public virtual Matrix GetWorld() { return /*world */ Matrix.CreateScale(1f) * RotationMatrix * Matrix.CreateTranslation(position); } } public struct VertexPositionNormal : IVertexType { public Vector3 Position; public Vector3 Normal; public Vector2 TextureCoordinate; /// <summary> /// Constructor. /// </summary> public VertexPositionNormal(Vector3 position, Vector3 normal, Vector2 textCoor) { Position = position; Normal = normal; TextureCoordinate = textCoor; } /// <summary> /// A VertexDeclaration object, which contains information about the vertex /// elements contained within this struct. /// </summary> public static readonly VertexDeclaration VertexDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration ( new VertexElement(0, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Position, 0), new VertexElement(12, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Normal, 0), new VertexElement(24, VertexElementFormat.Vector2, VertexElementUsage.TextureCoordinate, 0) ); VertexDeclaration IVertexType.VertexDeclaration { get { return VertexPositionNormal.VertexDeclaration; } } } A simple call to the class to initialise it. The Draw method is called in the master draw method in the Gamecomponent. My current thoughts on this are: The direction of the weapon hitting the ship is used to get the middle position for the texture Wrap a texture around the drawn sphere based on this point of contact Problem is i'm not sure how to do this. Can anyone help or if you have a better idea please tell me i'm open for opinion? :-) Thanks.

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