I'm currently thinking hard about how to implement lighting in my game. The geometry is quite dynamic (fixed 3D grid with custom geometry in each cell) and needs some light to get more depth and in general look nicer.

A scene in my game always contains sunlight and local light sources like lamps (point lights). One can move underground, so sunlight must be able to illuminate as far as it can get.

Here's a render of a typical situation: The lamp is positioned behind the wall to the top, and in the hollow cube there's a hole in the back, so that light can shine through.

(I don't want soft shadows, this is just for illustration)

While spending the whole day searching through Google, I stumbled on some keywords like deferred rendering, forward rendering, ambient occlusion, screen space ambient occlusion etc. Some articles/tutorials even refer to "normal shading", but to be honest I don't really have an idea to even do simple shading.

OpenGL of course has a fixed lighting pipeline with 8 possible light sources. However they just illuminate all vertices without checking for occluding geometry.

I'd be very thankful if someone could give me some pointers into the right direction. I don't need complete solutions or similar, just good sources with information understandable for someone with nearly no lighting experience (preferably with OpenGL).